Timur - Knowledge

668: 2241: 6973:"In Temür's government, as in those of most nomad dynasties, it is impossible to find a clear distinction between civil and military affairs, or to identify the Persian bureaucracy as solely civil or the Turko-Mongolian solely with military government. In fact, it is difficult to define the sphere of either side of the administration and we find Persians and Chaghatays sharing many tasks. (In discussing the settled bureaucracy and the people who worked within it I use the word Persian in a cultural rather than ethnological sense. In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'diwan' was Persian and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin.) Temür's Chaghatay emirs were often involved in civil and provincial administration and even in financial affairs, traditionally the province of Persian bureaucracy." 2723: 6304:

Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.

1478:; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: 563: 1789:

and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.

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occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.

1205: 4385:, "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir.", "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir." 87: 1806: 7675: 2194: 2128: 7941: 2252: 1541: 1052:, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son 2803:, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole." Hafez, undaunted, replied, "It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty." It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. 5091:, p. 320: "One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkic population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..." 1091:

while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya

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in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially

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Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood

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to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!". Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most

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and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and

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Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligent – not only

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His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh

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In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where

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The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all

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in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran

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Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from

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There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: "The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings." However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a

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was a messianic title, implying that Timur might potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, possibly the last one before the end of time." Otherwise he depicted himself as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus claiming the lineage of both

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was one of Timur's largest and most devastating victories as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. The city of Delhi was sacked and reduced to ruins, with the population enslaved. After the fall of the city, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to

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Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the

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Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He became ill while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at

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In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of

1646:. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his 529:

in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people. Of all the areas he conquered,

364:. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as 1453:

Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son

3305:, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both 1016:

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with

2768:, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the 5062:) Quotation: "Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, the Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia." 3407:

in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the "South Siberian Mongoloid type". At 5 feet 8 inches (173 centimeters), Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was

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In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.

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ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.

2776:, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet 1497:

were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan

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The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 S̲h̲aʿbān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ , the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last

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It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, "When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble". It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read,

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on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the

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Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a

594:. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the "bond of fatherhood and sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the 2227:

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son,

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them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at

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since 1320 had declined. Most of the provincial governors had asserted their independence, and the Sultanate was reduced to only a part of its former extent. This anarchy drew the attention of Timur, who in 1398 invaded

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Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis

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Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan's son Chagatai's campaigns in that

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The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add.

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European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.

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The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the battle, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who had been captured previously in the Indian campaign. This was done out of fear that they might revolt.

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prisoner, it is no wonder that he has been misrepresented by the historians of those nations, who, in despite of truth, and against the dignity of history, have fallen into great excesses on this subject.

1662:. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. 1116:

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of

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To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He styled himself as a

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Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.

2096:, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. In 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur had the ambassadors 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 2220:, had died from battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, 764:, which states that Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by 2048:

assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in

4255:. Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377. 1575:. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned 3235:

remarked that the former presented Timur as a "liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince" while the latter painted him as "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles".

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The title was referring to the conjunction of the two "superior planets", Saturn and Jupiter, which was held to be an auspicious sign and the mark of a new era. According to A. Azfar Moin,

829: 1442:. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. 731:

Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian

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peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.

3423:] opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I." Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend, which became known as the 3343:

tells us, that there are calumnies and impostures, which have been published by authors of romances, and Turkish writers who were his enemies, and envious at his glory: among whom is

667: 2100:, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither the Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. 1891:, in his "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an anonymous contemporary historian who compared Timur's army to "ants and locusts covering the whole countryside, plundering and ravaging." 4227:

Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002.VIII.5-11): Summary of presentations

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Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as

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after a siege of six months. His invasion was unopposed as most of the nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance by a force of 2,000 under Malik

3073:. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of 7277: 1610:, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day 6751:

Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, edited by Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 86–87.

1379:. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son 4593: 2240: 2807:

purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.

2060:, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. 1462:, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of 1160:". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a "supernatural personal power" ordained by God. Timur's most famous title was 2694:. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the 822: 1029:

at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of

590:. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasized his role in the early history of the 6513:

William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Peter Avery, Lawrence Lockhart, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Richard Nelson Frye, Charles Melville, Gavin Hambly,

2889:, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile "as his very own son". 815: 1406:

revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the

4222:Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002.VIII.5-11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол 6905: 3587: 2892:

According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the "lord of

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culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.

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Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.

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intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the

2761:). However, it was Persian which was held in distinction by Timur as it was the language not only of his court, but also that of his chancellery. 8873: 5459: 3607: 3580: 3253:, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the 6255:

The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem: Styled Afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes, and at Present, the Knights of Malta

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and V. Ia. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed "typical

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he lost two fingers. Both injuries disabled him for life. Some believe that these injuries occurred while serving as a mercenary to the khan of

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to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.

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Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, "By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge

2896:" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from 1129:, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a "protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, 8506: 3637: 2878:, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the 2578: 7699: 4067: 7690: 6816: 3012:

praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the

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Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah

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in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.

8021: 4999:, Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:"Under his leadership, Timur united the Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.") 3956:

Manz, Beatrice F. (24 April 2012). "Tīmūr Lang". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

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Lady travelling. Samarkand or Central Asian painting, circa 1400. Possibly depicting the wedding of Timur with Dilshad Aqa in 1375.

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In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the

4607: 3033: 7747: 7737: 7636: 5831: 5804: 5427: 5380: 5120: 3618: 1371:. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until 6098:

Masters, Bruce (1999). "Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city". In Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Master, Bruce (eds.).

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suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur's campaigns have been characterized as

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The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur

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acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as "Demur han Gürgân" (

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and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.

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Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son

2037:, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the 513:

in the last years of his life. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the

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Knobler, Adam (2001). "Timur the (Terrible/Tartar) Trope: a Case of Repositioning in Popular Literature and History".

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cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in

1264:. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and 8499: 7542: 4351:

translated by A.M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p. 75.

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Ibn Khaldūn in Egypt: His Public Functions and His Historical Research, 1382–1406; a Study in Islamic Historiography

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The Mulfuzat Timury, Or, Autobiographical Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Timur: Written in the Jagtay Turky Language

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Teaching About Genocide: A Guidebook for College and University Teachers: Critical Essays, Syllabi, and Assignments

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First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan

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and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of

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Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end, Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes in the

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as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.

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Shterenshis, Michael V. "Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation." Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000).

7059:"So Despicable a Vessel: Representations of Tamerlane in Printed Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" 5016:, Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power." 8405: 8324: 8164: 8109: 7330: 3647: 2974: 2900:(China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of 2378: 2265: 2213: 1850: 1320: 842: 256: 6615: 6349: 2958: 8863: 8605: 6152: 5088: 4881: 4550: 4495: 4378: 4356: 3940: 3392: 2505: 1942:

on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year

1419: 1355:. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian 92: 6024: 1489:. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince 8463: 8152: 8079: 6917: 4466: 3596: 2851: 2837: 1596: 1572: 1244:

One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named

899: 6960: 6410: 8738: 8492: 8395: 8356: 8014: 6315: 2855: 2297:

Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;

911: 562: 4837: 2655:

school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the

2155:, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body "was 2140:

on 17–18 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death, the Ming envoys such as

8661: 8271: 8189: 8174: 8114: 4229:] (in Mongolian). OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377 – via Google Books. 3232: 3202: 3192: 2727: 1698: 761: 673: 603: 6169:

Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400–1800

2922:

A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from

8858: 8529: 8261: 8235: 5107: 3020:, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his 2885:

In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by

2879: 2443: 2119:, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. 935: 486:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a

7439: 5933: 5152: 5013: 4996: 3434:. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the 2886: 1946:

period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of

8378: 8251: 8224: 8204: 8194: 8157: 8049: 7986: 7769:

Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6

4949: 4697: 4632: 4246: 2746: 2595: 2221: 1607: 1173: 904: 736: 7757:, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). 8883: 8868: 8296: 8246: 8214: 8146: 7887: 7261: 5072: 3025: 2957:

Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as

2733: 2621: 1876: 1568: 1423: 1148:

As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world,

980: 928: 892: 432: 7151:

Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia: and the ethnogenesis of its peoples

5059: 3561:) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. 1879:. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. 1591:. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the 8600: 8431: 8256: 8229: 8124: 8007: 7568: 4116: 3632: 3313:. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for 3197: 3044: 3029: 2409: 1861: 1475: 1315:

Emir Timur's army attacks the survivors of the town of Nerges, in Georgia, in the spring of 1396.

1271: 918: 885: 607:

merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403,

8805: 8686: 7219: 7035: 4402:

Chann, Naindeep Singh (2009). "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction: Origins of the Ṣāḥib-Qirān".

2810:

Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase

1931: 671:

Depiction of Timur granting audience on the occasion of his accession, in the near-contemporary

8615: 8426: 8084: 7945: 7686: 7095:

Knobler, Adam (November 1995). "The Rise of Timur and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

7030: 5227: 4598: 3527: 3491: 3475: 2626: 2614: 1737: 1275: 1265: 956: 608: 341: 34: 6970: 6765: 6420: 6364: 6253: 6182: 5906: 5881: 5852: 5794: 4487: 1108:, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. 8817: 8722: 8473: 8385: 8361: 8281: 8276: 8266: 8241: 8209: 8140: 8119: 7572: 7166: 6625: 6319: 6274:

The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413

6226: 6209: 5598: 4804: 4787: 4748: 4542: 4382: 4370: 4190: 4086: 2500: 2282: 2217: 2116: 1872: 1535: 1295: 1069: 975: 871: 26: 7193: 4671:

The Ocean and the Steppe: The Life and Times of the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan, 1155–1227

1248:. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern 8853: 8848: 8785: 8774: 8764: 8754: 8732: 8666: 8641: 8436: 8400: 8286: 8179: 6761: 6489:

Tombs of Paradise: The Shah-e Zende in Samarkand and Architectural Ceramics of Central Asia

4483: 3435: 3431: 3325: 3314: 3298: 3103:

Statue of Tamerlane in Uzbekistan. In the background are the ruins of his summer palace in

2942: 2912: 2867: 2847: 2765: 2535: 2474: 1779: 1490: 961: 732: 8620: 6858:. "Often known as Tamerlane chess, is traditionally attributed to the conqueror himself." 6289:

Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu

4165: 8: 8768: 8610: 8595: 8585: 8549: 8515: 8458: 8446: 8219: 8199: 8099: 4294: 3454: 3302: 2842: 2372: 2361: 2311: 1979: 1966: 1943: 1919: 1904: 1717: 1311: 942: 800:, which is the origin of Tamerlane, the name by which he is generally known in the West. 377: 251: 8795: 5967: 2726:

Timur leading his troops at the 1393 Conquest of Baghdad. Near-contemporary portrait in

1887:

out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. British historian

1375:

ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a general to capture rebellious

1327:, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the 1184:

to designate themselves. In that regard, he simply pursued an existing tradition in the

1075: 8878: 8744: 8580: 8421: 8329: 8184: 8094: 8089: 7832: 7824: 7594: 7479: 7112: 5313: 4974: 4427: 4290: 3884: 3347:... As Timur-Bec had conquered the Turks and Arabians of Syria, and had even taken the 3344: 3207: 3187: 3176: 3085: 2754: 2590: 2530: 1987: 1975:

or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.

1835: 1816: 1675: 1328: 1283: 866: 765: 644: 464: 8712: 8681: 7782: 7462:

Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405".

6555: 5102: 3210:

wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into

635:

recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary

500: 8799: 8291: 8104: 8069: 7914: 7875: 7848: 7836: 7816: 7758: 7733: 7661: 7651: 7632: 7611: 7598: 7584: 7538: 7519: 7483: 7390: 7240: 7199: 7172: 7116: 6988: 6947: 6851: 6796: 6771: 6679: 6534: 6329: 6325: 6232: 6188: 6148: 5939: 5912: 5885: 5856: 5827: 5800: 5735: 5708: 5681: 5602: 5591: 5530: 5491: 5423: 5386: 5376: 5353: 5343: 5317: 5221: 5116: 5084: 5051: 5030: 4966: 4918: 4887: 4877: 4810: 4754: 4724: 4648: 4636: 4546: 4491: 4449: 4419: 4415: 4374: 4352: 4328: 4304: 4196: 4169: 4124: 4009: 3936: 3858:. Vol. 9. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1847. p. 377. 3719: 3522: 3510: 3404: 3262: 3127: 3093: 3078: 3074: 2780:, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a 2278: 2104: 2025:). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of 1983: 1857: 1843: 1486: 1105: 706: 546:, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of 487: 483: 456: 235: 202: 8780: 8656: 5373:

The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality : Studies in Anthropological History

4207:

Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor

2324:

Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of

1684: 1445: 1064: 651:

identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the

8726: 8696: 8590: 8559: 8390: 8169: 7925:

Yüksel, Musa Şamil. "Timur'un Yükselişi ve Batı'nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405."

7906: 7867: 7808: 7725: 7576: 7500: 7471: 7410: 7104: 7070: 6939: 6867:

Document preserved at Le Musée de l'Histoire de France, code AE III 204. Mentioned

5305: 4958: 4910: 4603: 4411: 4098: 3809: 3776: 3695: 3601: 3592: 3568: 3533: 3515: 3470: 3157: 3056: 2916: 2875: 2871: 2750: 2742: 2607: 2152: 2030: 1939: 1900: 1693:

Map of Timur's invasion of India in 1398-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the

1658:

explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian

1403: 1387: 1356: 1299: 1157: 1138: 1084: 1026: 999: 923: 797: 717: 694: 595: 514: 468: 404: 158: 22: 8811: 5790: 4914: 4806:

The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia

4523: 3172: 2403:

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa

2179:, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. 807: 455:, which fragmented shortly after his death. He spoke several languages, including 8646: 8575: 8441: 8373: 8306: 7960: 7767: 7626: 7562: 7513: 7149: 6127: 5821: 5729: 5702: 5675: 5524: 5443: 5417: 5337: 4718: 4701: 4669: 4640: 4361: 4298: 4250: 4220: 4158: 4003: 3877: 3550: 3538: 3503: 3498: 3161: 2946: 2825: 2461: 2453: 1971: 1958: 1793: 1712: 1708: 1694: 1004: 994: 539: 509: 479: 440: 424: 361: 299: 7008: 3261:, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–1638, supposedly after discovering the 2863: 2002:, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. 792:. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise to the nickname "Timur the Lame" or 760:

powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown in the

8843: 8074: 8030: 7976: 7871: 7799:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy".

6637:"The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia" by Devin 3554: 3463: 3424: 3396: 3361: 3221: 3147: 3139: 2938:

A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.

2525: 2271:

Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of

2188: 2093: 2089: 1947: 1926: 1922:

never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it

1045: 1022: 861: 710: 636: 579: 482:, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting 475: 460: 452: 436: 345: 104: 8651: 7910: 7812: 7475: 7108: 7075: 7058: 6700:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

6460:

Beyond the Architecture of Death: Shrine of the Shah-i Zinda in Samarqand

5771:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

4962: 3297:, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as 3099: 2690:" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the 2288:

Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz;

2068: 1755:. Jasrat was defeated and taken away as captive. Next he captured the fort of 1394:. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of 8837: 8671: 8468: 8349: 8054: 7991: 7918: 7879: 7820: 7703:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 994–995. 7694: 7681: 7665: 7221:

Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

5390: 5357: 5147: 4970: 4423: 4029: 3575: 3558: 3254: 3021: 2982: 2962: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2664: 2636: 2517: 2291:

Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;

2272: 2145: 1913:

This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:

1888: 1864:

were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked

1515: 1499: 1229:. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in 1204: 756: 591: 583: 571: 551: 496: 388: 137: 7504: 6391: 4947:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1988). "Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty".

4891: 4706:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 9. 4218: 3366: 8368: 7773: 7717: 7308:"Facial Reconstruction, Nazis, and Siberia: The story of Mikhail Gerasimov" 7263:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress

7009:"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica" 5823:

The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture, c.1000–c.1500

4645:

Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson

4366: 4102: 3914: 3428: 3389: 3215: 3150: 3135: 3089: 2989: 2882:

a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.

2699: 2448: 2332: 2085: 2081: 1995: 1732:

and massacred its inhabitants. He sent an advance guard under his grandson

1615: 1587:

causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of

1584: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1523: 1368: 1253: 1185: 1126: 1122: 785: 769: 724: 575: 526: 522: 491: 448: 428: 416: 408: 373: 357: 30: 7729: 7580: 5309: 4574: 3622:(2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled "Tamerlane". 3427:, persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, 2232:

was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.

1176:, the paternal uncle of Muhammad and which was taken by the Mamluk Sultan 1141:

ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title

8748: 8691: 8453: 8344: 7858:

Novosel'tsev, A. P. (1973). "On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane".

6944:

The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant

3652: 3448: 3279: 3218: 3048: 3013: 3009: 2683: 2304: 2294:

Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;

1725: 1434:, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured 1407: 1291: 1274:

tradition states that later, in 1395, having reached the frontier of the

1249: 1218: 1056:

over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.

1053: 789: 773: 744: 632: 587: 396: 365: 349: 325: 86: 8716: 7828: 5009: 4992: 4431: 4068:"Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history" 3092:

but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the

1805: 1040:

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to

8789: 8339: 7356: 4978: 4792:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 37. 4530: 3889: 3382: 3371: 3258: 3112: 3104: 3017: 2923: 2901: 2769: 2687: 2672: 2652: 2585: 2384: 2318: 2205: 2197: 2176: 2164: 2112: 2073: 2053: 2045: 1838:. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in 1655: 1643: 1564: 1552: 1519: 1494: 1479: 1455: 1431: 1427: 1399: 1391: 1380: 1348: 1261: 1245: 1222: 1088: 686: 682: 624: 616: 612: 412: 400: 261: 186: 154: 121: 8484: 7334: 6795:. New Delhi: Westminster, Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 47–48. 5878:

History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period

3231:

s present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.

1430:

as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of

1398:, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to 1256:. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of 647:

suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century

8821: 8539: 8064: 8059: 7795:. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. 6836:(Second Printing, 1962 ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 59–60. 3606:(2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by 3482: 3400: 3375: 3348: 3329: 3318: 3290: 3120: 3070: 2927: 2796: 2569: 2404: 2390: 2325: 2256: 2229: 2201: 2057: 1827: 1626:. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. 1623: 1619: 1485:

Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking

1415: 1372: 1352: 1340: 1324: 1181: 1169: 1041: 772:. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of 740: 690: 640: 543: 518: 266: 190: 4087:"Mémoire sur une correspondance inédite de Tamerlan avec Charles VI" 3196:, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, 2193: 72: 8758: 8636: 8334: 7847:, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. 6100:

The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul

5136:[Son of Bek Taragai from the Turkified Mongol Barlas tribe] 3545: 3116: 3060: 3008:, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, 2978: 2926:, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over 2686:

in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-

2417: 2156: 2008: 1951: 1839: 1752: 1603: 1592: 1507: 1376: 1360: 1336: 1093: 1030: 1018: 582:

was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son

535: 531: 420: 7845:

The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world

7680:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6061: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5397: 2175:

coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried". His tomb, the

735:

suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of

601:

The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The

8676: 8534: 7999: 5296:

Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Tamerlane's Career and Its Uses".

5111:(in Russian). Vol. 32: Televizionnaya bashnya - Ulan-Bator. 4720:

Indo-Central Asian Relations: From Early Times to Medieval Period

4303:. Translated by M. M. Khorramia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 4. 4188: 3856:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3762: 3310: 3052: 2800: 2711: 2546: 2108: 2049: 1883: 1853: 1756: 1729: 1639: 1635: 1511: 1471: 1463: 1439: 1344: 1332: 1287: 1238: 1234: 1177: 1153: 1049: 1034: 752: 656: 384: 294: 6145:

The Mongol Warlords Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane

5339:

The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam

4905:

Sinor, Denis (1990). "Introduction: The concept of Inner Asia".

4030:"Timur | Biography, Conquests, Empire, & Facts | Britannica" 3051:, and, in most of the territories that he incorporated into his 2945:

who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a

7940: 5760: 5112: 5080: 4538: 4121:

After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000

3642: 3306: 3294: 3001: 2993: 2986: 2931: 2897: 2893: 2781: 2758: 2691: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2127: 1991: 1962: 1831: 1813: 1810: 1760: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1654:

may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian

1611: 1576: 1503: 1467: 1459: 1435: 1411: 1395: 1279: 1230: 1209: 1149: 781: 748: 652: 628: 392: 65: 7234: 6822:(via Google Books). London: MacMillan & Co., 1874, p. 252. 3791: 3710: 3385:

from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the

1571:. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the 7198:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 3. 3487: 3266: 3211: 3143: 3065: 3005: 2966: 2777: 2668: 2540: 2172: 2168: 2141: 2137: 2097: 2026: 1930:

Painting depicting Bayezid I being held captive by Timur, by

1865: 1820: 1614:. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed 1588: 1364: 1257: 1226: 1130: 1121:

or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of

1101: 768:, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn 547: 444: 369: 174: 127: 7625:

Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine; Steinberg, Mark D. (2005).

6228:

Medusas Gaze: The Extraordinary Journey of the Tazza Farnese

5624:

Fisher, W.B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J.A. :

2915:, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in 1938:

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the

681:

Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern

21:"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. For the poem, see 7418: 7364: 7147: 4511:(Second Printing ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 61. 4289: 3797: 3409: 3386: 2997: 2970: 2773: 2160: 1950:

authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of

1766:

While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the

1659: 1363:

dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with

1134: 702: 353: 340:(8 April 1336 – 17–18 February 1405), was a 100: 7718:"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia" 6432:

James Louis Garvin, Franklin Henry Hooper, Warren E. Cox,

6184:

The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History

6042: 5631: 5567: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 4047: 3077:

came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an

2663:, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor 2144:

and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson

623:, written decades later, says that she was related to the 407:

by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across

7748:

Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand

5134:Сын бека Тарагая из тюркизированного монг. племени барлас 4753:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 20. 4578:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2007. 3785: 3701: 3579:(1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by 3419: 2679: 2251: 2088:. The Ming dynasty during the reigns of its founder, the 1767: 1651: 1642:

village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in

1540: 949: 58: 6556:"Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Century Conqueror of Asia" 6081: 6079: 5274: 3903:

A Century of Princes: Sources on Timurid History and Art

3146:. He also gives important details on the then incumbent 1701:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600). 1506:

protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the

570:

Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of

566:

Genealogical relationship between Timur and Genghis Khan

7888:"Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam" 6742:, University of California Press, 1967, p. 51, footnote 6590: 6530:

Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources

5655: 5643: 5483: 5342:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 40–43. 5241: 4767: 2870:

and that of Timur played an important part in medieval

1990:, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in 1728:

on 30 September 1398 with a force of 90,000, he sacked

1665: 6533:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 201–203. 6271: 5978: 5543: 5504: 3915:ʻInāyat Khān; Muḥammad Ṭāhir Āšnā ʿInāyat Ḫān (1990). 3518:

which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.

2063: 7722:

The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia

6717: 6076: 5555: 5484:

Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996).

5262: 5198: 4270:. Vol. 14. P. F. Collier & son. p. 46. 4219:

International Association for Mongol Studies (2002).

3800: 3684:'royal son-in-law') to a princess of Chinggisid line. 3335:

In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's

3111:

Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in

2076:

was strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur.

1414:

was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of

1145:(royal son-in-law) to a princess of Chinggisid line. 1125:. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatayid Khan, 7624: 6356: 6354: 6352: 5796:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5754: 5593:

The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda

5403: 3867: 3865: 3794: 3782: 3698: 2216:, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson 1526:; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. 403:) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western 7561:Melville, Charles (2020). Melville, Charles (ed.). 7328: 7024: 7022: 6903: 6834:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

6770:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–. 6705: 6610:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6476:

Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2

6267: 6265: 6224: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5529:. Cambridge University Press. pp. vii–xxxvii. 4876:(Rev. ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 4678: 4509:

Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1

4490:(page 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1971, 4446:

Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements

3788: 3779: 3707: 3704: 1567:. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the 837: 7927:Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7389:(Spanish ed.). Planeta Colombiana Editorial. 7001: 6702:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114. 6114:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought 5875: 5773:(New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 116. 5590: 4573: 4157: 2019:), alongside his own as "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" ( 1871:Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking 1606:region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the 7535:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 7266:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A7238. 6641:, Vol. 115, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1995), pp. 612–634 6470: 6468: 6218: 6207: 5364: 4265: 4160:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World 4137: 4084: 3955: 3862: 3164:follows a fictionalized version of Timur's life. 2791:I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. 2347:Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; 2300:Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; 2281:(m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of 1826:Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with 1111: 490:on either side, he shared a common ancestor with 8835: 7857: 7564:The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran, Volume IX 7552:May, Timothy. "Timur ("the Lame") (1336–1405)". 7129: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7019: 6653:, Volume 1 By Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold p. 19 6639:DeWeese Journal of the American Oriental Society 6262: 6251: 5846: 5579: 4860:The Story of the Turks: From Empire to Democracy 4639:; Michel M. Mazzaoui; Vera Basch Moreen (eds.). 4591: 3676:To legitimize his rule, Timur claimed the title 2303:Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan 1860:. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 1563:, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded 1518:returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from 747:, who died in that year. He was a member of the 7384: 6793:The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan (1398–1707 A.D) 5419:Icons and Saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4285: 4283: 4281: 3355: 3278:Timur arguably had a significant impact on the 1137:meaning general, and acting in the name of the 1092:Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to 471:, in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence. 7278:"Uzbekistan: On the bloody trail of Tamerlane" 7168:Diverging Paths of Development in Central Asia 6904:Frances Carney Gies (September–October 1978). 6846:Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). 6465: 6378:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 5291: 5289: 3088:, which had previously been a major branch of 2432: 2005:During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son 1544:Emir Timur and his forces advance against the 1172:a title that was used before him to designate 8500: 8015: 7440:"Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review" 7083: 7028: 6754: 6694: 6692: 5219: 4909:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–18. 4661: 4627: 4625: 4001: 3816: 3747: • Historically best known as 3506:, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. 2815: 2020: 2014: 2006: 1982:in February 1402, Timur was furious with the 1622:, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's 1559:In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the 1168:, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in 823: 91:Facial reconstruction from Timur's skull, by 7648:Perpetual Happiness: the Ming Emperor Yongle 6502:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran 6258:. J.W. Leonard & Company. pp. 104–. 6180: 4828: 4826: 4349:Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube 4278: 4189:Donald M. Seekins; Richard F. Nyrop (1986). 3494:, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. 3186:The earliest known history of his reign was 2824:). He is credited with the invention of the 2428:Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha 987: 968: 689:), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of 619:, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The 427:, defeating in the process the Khans of the 7650:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7164: 6734: 6732: 6651:Four studies on the history of Central Asia 6553: 6187:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 164–. 6174: 6142: 5880:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 489– 5826:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 374, 390. 5673: 5286: 4343: 4341: 4149: 3831: 3761:'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his 3758: 3732: 3681: 3638:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 3043:Timur's short-lived empire also melded the 3024:. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of 8507: 8493: 8022: 8008: 7899:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 7608:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 7154:. Vol. 2. Peabody Museum. p. 39. 7050: 6815:Cowell, Professor (first name not given). 6689: 6389: 6201: 6126:ʻArabshāh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn (1976). 5597:. University of California Press. p. 5101:Kravets, S. L.; et al., eds. (2016). 4809:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 4710: 4622: 4325:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 3920:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–17. 3823: 3724: 3537:(published 1827): first published poem of 2563: 2344:Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; 1800: 1773: 830: 816: 447:, becoming the most powerful ruler in the 85: 7787:(Hardback). London: Thorndon Butterworth. 7074: 7056: 6825: 6308: 6286: 6231:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–. 6125: 6102:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 5799:. Rutgers University Press. p. 444. 5215: 5213: 4907:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4823: 4737: 4667: 4085:Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine-Isaac (1822). 3567:(The Lame Man; published 1932): story by 3206:drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. 1449:Timur's empire and his military campaigns 1152:, because the "office was limited to the 7685: 7560: 7141: 6938: 6840: 6831: 6760: 6729: 6579: 6515:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume VI 6314: 6116:, (Harvard University Press, 2008), 207. 5965: 5789: 5661: 5573: 5549: 5510: 5256: 5077:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4796: 4506: 4338: 4241: 4239: 3930: 3365: 3227:As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two 3171: 3098: 3063:of administration and literary culture ( 2841: 2831: 2721: 2710:, and Timur's own attack on Ismailis at 2250: 2239: 2192: 2126: 2067: 2021: 2015: 1925: 1842:. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the 1830:, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the 1804: 1539: 1444: 1426:invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through 1310: 1203: 1074: 1063: 666: 627:tribe, whose lands bordered that of the 561: 525:, and had even attempted to restore the 8514: 7532: 7490: 7461: 7415: – Full Cast & Crew" 7235:Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov (1971). 7094: 6723: 6245: 6097: 6048: 5984: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5700: 5637: 5448:. Moscow Patriarchate. 1989. p. 3. 5415: 5280: 5268: 5204: 5100: 4785: 4779: 4155: 4065: 4053: 3989: 3892:, Vol I, p. 49. Printed in Lahore, 1985 3289:When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan 2235: 2131:Timurid Empire at Timur's death in 1405 1894: 1763:chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it. 1618:, the capital of the Golden Horde, and 1529: 1502:fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan 878: 451:. From these conquests, he founded the 29:. For people named Timur or Temur, see 8874:Royalty and nobility with disabilities 8836: 7746:Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: " 7715: 6790: 6321:The Great Wall of China 221 BC–1644 AD 6143:Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). 5966:Phillips, Charles (10 December 2023). 5851:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 5727: 5680:. Psychology Press. pp. 144–189. 5589:Chaliand, Gerard; Arnaud Blin (2007). 5210: 4871: 4716: 4115: 3964:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2659:scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In 2317:Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of 2033:. After Mehmed established himself in 1634:In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the 1386:Timur then headed west to capture the 1282:and started advancing towards Moscow. 1199: 574:, a male-line ancestor he shared with 503:, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. 8488: 8003: 7896: 7605: 7284:. London. 9 July 2006. Archived from 6596: 6383: 6171:; published by Continium, 2008; p. 58 6085: 5931: 5819: 5522: 5370: 5331: 5329: 5327: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4904: 4743: 4696: 4684: 4631: 4587: 4585: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4300:Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir 4245: 4236: 4123:. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 29, 92. 3619:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition 3167: 3134:. The book begins with the praise of 3084:Tamerlane virtually exterminated the 2511: 2397: 2310:Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of 1359:by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the 1306: 811: 776:is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. 542:sultan, astronomer and mathematician 8153:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391) 7801:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7798: 7780: 7645: 7511: 7464:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7259: 7138:Punctuation and spelling modernized. 7097:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6966: 6711: 6621: 6580:Nogueira, Adeilson (28 March 2020). 6554:Szczepanski, Kallie (21 July 2019). 6526: 6416: 6360: 6291:. Yapı ve Kredi Bankası. p. 64. 6129:Tamerlane: Or, Timur, the Great Amir 6025:"Battle of Delhi | 17 December 1398" 5776: 5649: 5561: 5335: 5295: 4946: 4802: 4773: 4521: 4143: 4066:Shahane, Girish (28 December 2016). 3871: 3737: • Sometimes spelled 3663: 3238: 3138:, Timur, and particularly the first 2911:A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to 2874:diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the 2255:Emir Timur feasts in the gardens of 1666:Campaign against the Delhi Sultanate 1303:Holy Mother of God was established. 1208:Timur besieges the historic city of 8545:Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) 7331:"Timurid Architecture in Samarkand" 7195:Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead 7191: 6982: 6767:The History of the Mongol Conquests 6147:. Brockhampton Press. p. 161. 6014:Ibn Tagrîbirdi, 1956, XII: 262–263. 5904: 5898: 5869: 5422:. Getty Publications. p. 177. 4488:The history of the Mongol conquests 3813: 2816: 2494: 2084:collapsed and was succeeded by the 2064:Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty 2044:While Timur was still in Anatolia, 1493:rebelled but was defeated, and the 1470:. When he arrived with his army at 1438:with little resistance, along with 1133:". Timur instead used the title of 13: 8272:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449) 8190:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488) 8029: 7897:Sykes, P. M. (1915). "Tamerlane". 7843:Marozzi, Justin. "Tamerlane", in: 7709: 7385:Enrique Serrano (2 January 2011). 6586:. Clube de Autores. pp. 9–10. 5840: 5324: 4931: 4582: 4388: 4078: 2828:variant, played on a 10×11 board. 2642: 1418:, where he began planning for his 1410:, was ravaged, and its capital at 1083:In this period, Timur reduced the 855: 803: 655:scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of 360:, becoming the first ruler of the 16:Turco-Mongol conqueror (1336–1405) 14: 8895: 8406:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi 7933: 7130:ad-DīnʿAlī Yazdī, Sharaf (1723). 6608:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6474:Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, 6132:. Progressive Books. p. 168. 5707:. University Press. p. 235. 5029:, Oxford University Press, 2005, 4467:"The Rehabilitation of Tamerlane" 3273: 2736:in 1424–28. Published in 1435–36. 2702:in high regard for attacking the 2671:who is buried alongside Timur in 1969:, thus he referred to himself as 1021:, the dethroner and destroyer of 578:. Tumanay's great-great-grandson 25:. For people named Tamerlan, see 8225:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505) 8165:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403) 7939: 7673: 7432: 7403: 7378: 7349: 7322: 7300: 7270: 7253: 7228: 7212: 7185: 7158: 7148:Lev Vasil'evich Oshanin (1964). 7123: 6976: 6932: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6809: 6784: 6745: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6631: 6602: 6573: 6547: 6520: 6507: 6494: 6481: 6452: 6439: 6426: 6370: 6295: 6280: 6161: 6136: 6119: 6106: 6091: 5908:Ganga: The Many Pasts of a River 5755:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 5404:Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005 4647:. University of Utah Press: 97. 4416:10.1163/160984909X12476379007927 4327:A–L, Macmillan Reference, 2004, 4091:Mémoires de l'Institut de France 3775: 3694: 2422:Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha 2366: 2341:Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; 1965:, a stronghold of the Christian 1722:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1683: 1674: 1059: 538:. He was the grandfather of the 474:Timur was the last of the great 241: 8706:Neighbouring rulers and leaders 8325:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 8215:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511) 8158:Battle of the Terek River(1395) 8110:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah 7772: – Full text at 7755:Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406 7551: 7136:. Vol. 1. pp. xii–ix. 6272:Dimitris J. Kastritsis (2007). 6054: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5959: 5925: 5813: 5734:. Routledge. pp. 167–184. 5721: 5694: 5667: 5618: 5516: 5477: 5452: 5436: 5409: 5223:A brief history of eastern Asia 5185: 5172: 5140: 5094: 5065: 5040: 5019: 5002: 4985: 4898: 4865: 4852: 4690: 4602:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). 4566: 4515: 4500: 4477: 4459: 4438: 4317: 4259: 4212: 4182: 4109: 4059: 4022: 3995: 3949: 3648:Timurid conquests and invasions 2820:, meaning "truth is safety" or 2788:For the black mole on thy cheek 2732:, commissioned by his grandson 2338:Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; 2268:, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; 1846:, they took refuge behind him. 1647: 1510:prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern 1294:. The clergy brought the famed 1290:and halted at the banks of the 8606:Siege of Constantinople (1411) 7646:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002). 7610:. Cambridge University Press. 7518:. Cambridge University Press. 7515:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane 7512:Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). 6380:, see: "Northern Yuan Dynasty" 6005:Ibn Hacer, 1994, pp. II: 9–10. 5911:. Penguin Random House India. 5847:Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). 5375:. Leiden: Brill. p. 132. 5115:: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 4836:. AsianHistory. Archived from 3924: 3908: 3895: 3848: 3768: 3687: 3670: 3460:Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet 3453:(English, 1563–1594): play by 3441: 3265:originals in the library of a 2907:The French archives preserve: 2717: 2355: 1707:In the late 14th century, the 1196:Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. 1112:Legitimization of Timur's rule 114:9 April 1370 – 93:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov 1: 8464:Timurid relations with Europe 8396:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif 8080:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor 7333:. Oxuscom.com. Archived from 5674:Shterenshis, Michael (2002). 5626:The Cambridge History of Iran 5058:, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. ( 4915:10.1017/chol9780521243049.002 4874:The new encyclopedia of Islam 4674:. Vantage Press. p. 322. 4005:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3658: 3119:now occupies the place where 2852:Timurid relations with Europe 2838:Timurid relations with Europe 2647:Timur was a practising Sunni 2331:Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of 2182: 1597:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1573:Battle of the Kondurcha River 1514:, but he was driven out when 1180:and by various rulers of the 662: 376:and his reign introduced the 8739:Demetrios Laskaris Leontares 6225:Marina Belozerskaya (2012). 6214:. P.F.Collier. pp. 51–. 6062:"The Turco-Mongol Invasions" 4668:Mackenzie, Franklin (1963). 4529:. In Freedman-Apsel, Joyce; 3841: 3526:(1811): equestrian drama by 3356:Exhumation and alleged curse 2992:, he is vilified by many in 2651:, possibly belonging to the 2107:and prepared all the way to 1759:which was being defended by 1595:region and destroyed at the 693:, part of what was then the 550:(1483–1530), founder of the 7: 8630:Ottoman princes and leaders 8287:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449) 8180:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461) 8175:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406) 8115:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara 7784:Tamerlane: The Earth Shaker 7631:. Oxford University Press. 7387:Tamerlan (Biblioteca Breve) 7239:. Hutchinson. p. 135. 7224:. Harvard University. 1964. 6906:"The Man Who Met Tamerlane" 6791:Holden, Edward S. (2004) . 5996:Ibn Arabşah, 1986: 164–166. 5938:. Harman Publishing House. 5876:Henry Miers Elliot (2013). 4786:Fischel, Walter J. (1952). 4195:. The Studies. p. 11. 4192:Afghanistan A Country Study 3817: 3626: 3132:The Travels of Dean Mahomet 3130:published his travel book, 2880:Kingdom of León and Castile 2541:Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur 2433:Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I 1720:during the reign of Sultan 1711:which had been ruling over 1699:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq 1629: 1104:. He married Husayn's wife 557: 10: 8900: 8530:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 8262:Occupation of Balkh (1447) 8236:Timurid wars of succession 8220:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512) 8200:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501) 7872:10.2753/RSH1061-1983120337 7753:González de Clavijo, Ruy; 7454: 7057:Milwright, Marcus (2006). 6987:. I.B. Tauris. p. 7. 6436:, Volume 22 (1929), p. 233 6394:The Last Great Nomad Power 6208:Henry Cabot Lodge (1913). 5156:. 5 September 2023. § Life 5108:Great Russian Encyclopedia 5105:[Timúr Tamerlan]. 5027:The Turks in World History 4991:"Central Asia, history of 4266:Henry Cabot Lodge (1916). 4205:– via Google Books. 4008:. Routledge. p. 812. 3822: 3723: 3595:novel by Colombian writer 3359: 2835: 2784:with the following verse: 2393:– with Toghay Turkhan Agha 2359: 2186: 1898: 1777: 1751:river between Tulamba and 1650:and view of himself as an 1533: 433:Mamluks of Egypt and Syria 344:conqueror who founded the 20: 8705: 8629: 8568: 8522: 8414: 8317: 8307:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03) 8302:Siege of Samarkand (1494) 8252:Battle of Nishapur (1447) 8205:Siege of Samarkand (1501) 8195:Siege of Samarkand (1497) 8133: 8050:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 8037: 7987:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir 7983: 7974: 7968: 7954: 7911:10.1080/03068371508724717 7860:Soviet Studies in History 7813:10.1017/S1356186300016412 7606:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 7537:. London: HarperCollins. 7476:10.1017/S135618630000660X 7329:Mark & Ruth Dickens. 7260:Congress, United States. 7165:Berna Özcan, Gül (2018). 7109:10.1017/s135618630000660x 7076:10.1163/22118993-90000105 6392:"Tamerlane (1336–1405) – 6252:Vertot (abbé de) (1856). 5921:– via Google Books. 5731:Medieval Persia 1040–1797 5416:Tradigo, Alfredo (2006). 5191:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 5178:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, 4963:10.1080/00210868808701711 4789:Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane 4592:Beatrice F. Manz (2000). 4448:, Canongate Books, 2011, 4164:. Da Capo Press. p. 3935:. Routledge. p. 27. 3890:Khafi Khan Nizam-ul-Mulki 3451:the Great, Parts I and II 2952: 2586:Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur 1608:Battle of the Terek River 1188:to designate conquerors. 1174:Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib 852: 709:, his mother-tongue (cf. 677:(1424–1428), 1467 edition 484:Islamic gunpowder empires 348:in and around modern-day 321: 313: 305: 293: 284: 279: 275: 234: 208: 198: 181: 164: 147: 143: 133: 120: 110: 99: 84: 49: 44: 8297:Battle of Sarakhs (1459) 8292:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447) 8247:Battle of Damghan (1447) 8185:Battle of Qarabagh(1469) 7533:Marozzi, Justin (2004). 7133:The History of Timur-Bec 5820:Singh, Surinder (2023). 5701:Strange, Guy Le (1905). 5298:Journal of World History 5073:Clifford Edmund Bosworth 4723:. Manohar. p. 126. 4717:Haidar, Mansura (2004). 4156:Marozzi, Justin (2006). 3571:in which Timour appears. 3432:invaded the Soviet Union 3339:, the translator wrote: 2757:, Timur could not speak 2753:languages (according to 2678:Timur was known to hold 2633:Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan 2425:Bikijan – by Mengli Agha 2264:Turmish Agha, mother of 2122: 1957:In December 1402, Timur 1221:and to the banks of the 1079:Timur enthroned at Balkh 739:, the last ruler of the 459:, an ancestor of modern 8432:Turco-Persian tradition 8257:Battle of Tarnab (1448) 8230:Battle of Bajaur (1519) 8170:Battle of Ankara (1402) 7700:Encyclopædia Britannica 7687:Goldsmid, Frederic John 7569:University of Cambridge 7554:The Encyclopedia of War 7505:10.1163/157006701X00102 7192:Yah, Lim Chong (2001). 6832:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 6738:Walter Joseph Fischel, 6665:By Barbara Brend p. 130 6434:Encyclopædia Britannica 5932:Singh, Raj Pal (1988). 5336:Moin, A. Azfar (2012). 5153:Encyclopædia Britannica 5083:Regional Office, 1998, 5014:Encyclopædia Britannica 4997:Encyclopædia Britannica 4507:Barthold, V.V. (1962). 4404:Iran & the Caucasus 4252:Timur and Chinggis Khan 3931:Johanson, Lars (1998). 3633:List of largest empires 3328:, to send embassies to 3198:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi 3045:Turko-Persian tradition 2941:In addition, Byzantine 2887:Ruy González de Clavijo 2570:Mirza Muhammad Taraghay 2564:Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza 2410:Sultan Husayn Tayichiud 1801:Campaigns in the Levant 1774:Capture of Delhi (1398) 1652:executor of divine will 1476:immediately surrendered 844:conquests and invasions 586:in the governorship of 8662:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha 8437:Indo-Persian tradition 8427:Turco-Mongol tradition 8085:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 7791:Marlowe, Christopher. 7716:Abazov, Rafis (2008). 7029:Hameed ud-Din (2011). 6676:Tamerlane and the Jews 6527:Sims, Eleanor (2002). 6500:Beatrice Forbes Manz, 6487:Marthe Bernus-Taylor, 6211:The History of Nations 5728:Morgan, David (2014). 5677:Tamerlane and the Jews 5500:– via google.ca. 5371:Aigle, Denise (2014). 5226:. T.F. Unwin. p. 5220:Ian C. Hannah (1900). 4872:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 4637:Martin Bernard Dickson 4599:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4268:The History of Nations 4103:10.3406/minf.1822.1201 4002:Josef W. Meri (2005). 3492:George Frideric Handel 3378: 3353: 3183: 3123:'s statue once stood. 3108: 2859: 2737: 2615:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza 2462:Sultan Husayn Bayqarah 2260: 2245: 2209: 2132: 2077: 2007: 1935: 1924: 1823: 1556: 1450: 1316: 1276:Principality of Ryazan 1213: 1080: 1072: 737:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan 723:). It is cognate with 678: 567: 439:, as well as the late 35:Timur (disambiguation) 33:. For other uses, see 8864:Genocide perpetrators 8745:Nasireddin Mehmed Bey 8723:Manuel II Palaiologos 8474:Karsakpay inscription 8386:Great Mosque of Herat 8374:Herat Musalla Complex 8362:Ulugh Beg Observatory 8335:Registan of Samarkand 8282:Siege of Herat (1448) 8277:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8267:Siege of Herat (1448) 8242:Siege of Balkh (1447) 8210:Siege of Kabul (1504) 8141:Siege of Balkh (1370) 8134:Battles and conflicts 8120:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza 7929:1.18 (2005): 231–243. 7793:Tamburlaine the Great 7781:Lamb, Harold (1929). 7730:10.1057/9780230610903 7581:10.5040/9781838606169 7573:Bloomsbury Publishing 6983:Roy, Olivier (2007). 6818:MacMillan's Magazine, 6398:. Silkroad Foundation 6181:Kevin Reilly (2012). 5935:Rise of the Jat power 5905:Sen, Sudipta (2019). 5310:10.1353/jwh.2002.0017 4543:Human Rights Internet 4524:"Genocide in History" 3610:, and in maturity by 3417:"Whomsoever [ 3369: 3341: 3175: 3102: 2850:, 1402, a witness to 2845: 2832:Exchanges with Europe 2725: 2501:Muhammad Sultan Mirza 2254: 2243: 2196: 2130: 2071: 2000:The Ottoman Centuries 1929: 1915: 1808: 1724:. After crossing the 1648:religious persuasions 1585:very long summer days 1543: 1536:Karsakpay inscription 1448: 1314: 1296:Theotokos of Vladimir 1286:went with an army to 1207: 1078: 1068:Timur commanding the 1067: 784:in what is today the 670: 565: 391:confederation of the 27:Tamerlan (given name) 8765:Philibert de Naillac 8733:John VII Palaiologos 8687:Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey 8667:Imamzade Halil Pasha 8550:Crusade of Nicopolis 8147:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 8125:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza 7948:at Wikimedia Commons 7036:Encyclopædia Iranica 6985:The new Central Asia 6850:, p. 31. McFarland. 6698:Virani, Shafique N. 6674:Michael Shterenshis 6276:. Brill. p. 49. 5849:The History of India 5769:Virani, Shafique N. 5445:Moscow Church Herald 4522:Foss, Clive (1992). 4295:McChesney, Robert D. 3933:The Turkic Languages 3436:Battle of Stalingrad 3393:Mikhail M. Gerasimov 3326:Henry III of Castile 3299:Charles VI of France 2943:John VII Palaiologos 2913:Charles VI of France 2868:Henry III of Castile 2848:Charles VI of France 2766:John Joseph Saunders 2714:was equally brutal. 2622:Sultan Ibrahim Mirza 2536:Umar Shaikh Mirza II 2475:Muhammad Zaman Mirza 2236:Wives and concubines 1932:Stanisław Chlebowski 1895:Invasion of Anatolia 1809:Timur defeating the 1780:Sack of Delhi (1398) 1569:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1530:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 1458:, who may have been 893:Tokhtamysh–Timur war 755:tribe that had been 733:Beatrice Forbes Manz 8611:Treaty of Selymbria 8596:Battle of Kosmidion 8586:Treaty of Gallipoli 8516:Ottoman Interregnum 8459:Timurid Renaissance 8100:Sultan Mahmud Mirza 7628:A History of Russia 7493:Medieval Encounters 7446:. 12 November 2019. 7288:on 20 December 2013 7031:"Abū Ṭāleb Ḥosaynī" 6916:(5). Archived from 6869:Dossier II, 7, J936 6447:Muslims in the USSR 6051:, pp. 269–274. 6029:History on this day 5652:, pp. 123–125. 5640:, pp. 267–287. 5025:Carter V. Findley, 4776:, pp. 164–165. 4703:The Timurid dynasty 4641:"Timur's Genealogy" 4323:Richard C. Martin, 4056:, pp. 341–342. 3455:Christopher Marlowe 3345:Ahmed Bin Arabschah 3303:Henry IV of England 3059:became the primary 2862:Timur had numerous 2856:Archives Nationales 2846:Letter of Timur to 2381:– with Turmish Agha 2373:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2362:Timurid family tree 2312:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 2305:Khizr Khawaja Oglan 2092:, and his son, the 1980:Treaty of Gallipoli 1967:Knights Hospitalers 1944:Ottoman Interregnum 1905:Ottoman Interregnum 1862:of the local people 1792:The capture of the 1718:Indian subcontinent 1319:After the death of 1241:and Northern Iraq. 1200:Period of expansion 1156:, the tribe of the 1087:to the position of 378:Timurid Renaissance 252:Umar Shaikh Mirza I 8741:(Byzantine Empire) 8735:(Byzantine Empire) 8581:Battle of Tripolje 8330:Bibi-Khanym Mosque 8095:Sultan Ahmed Mirza 7724:. pp. 56–57. 7013:www.britannica.com 6910:Saudi Aramco World 6517:(1986), pp. 99–101 6449:(1980), pp. 63–64. 6445:Abdulla Vakhabov, 6287:Nuri Pere (1968). 6112:Margaret Meserve, 5972:www.britannica.com 5576:, pp. 97–100. 5490:. Dumbarton Oaks. 5195:(1424–1428), p. 75 5182:(1424–1428), p. 35 5071:M.S. Asimov & 5046:G. R. Garthwaite, 4803:Sela, Ron (2011). 4750:The Turks in India 4610:on 7 February 2015 4473:. 17 January 1999. 4291:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 4034:www.britannica.com 3885:Muntakhab-al Lubab 3379: 3315:Christian pilgrims 3208:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3188:Nizam al-Din Shami 3184: 3177:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 3168:Historical sources 3115:. His monument in 3109: 3086:Church of the East 2860: 2755:Ahmad ibn Arabshah 2738: 2591:Ala al-Dawla Mirza 2572:– better known as 2512:Sons of Miran Shah 2398:Daughters of Timur 2387:– with Mengli Agha 2261: 2246: 2224:as his successor. 2210: 2133: 2115:sent his grandson 2078: 2022:محمد بن بايزيد خان 1936: 1836:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1824: 1817:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj 1557: 1474:in 1387, the city 1451: 1408:Mihrabanid dynasty 1390:, passing through 1317: 1307:Conquest of Persia 1284:Vasily I of Moscow 1278:, Timur had taken 1214: 1081: 1073: 679: 568: 476:nomadic conquerors 285:Shuja-ud-din Timur 218:Aljaz Turkhan Agha 8859:Founding monarchs 8831: 8830: 8621:Battle of Çamurlu 8616:Battle of İnceğiz 8482: 8481: 8357:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 8105:Mirza Shah Mahmud 8070:Abdal-Latif Mirza 7998: 7997: 7984:Succeeded by 7944:Media related to 7739:978-1-4039-7542-3 7638:978-0-19-515394-1 7310:. 25 January 2011 6940:Axworthy, Michael 6893:Dossier II, 7 ter 6881:Dossier II, 7 bis 6599:, pp. 17–19. 6326:Osprey Publishing 6316:Turnbull, Stephen 5968:"Battle of Delhi" 5833:978-1-032-65440-9 5806:978-0-8135-1304-1 5564:, pp. 67–71. 5429:978-0-89236-845-7 5382:978-90-04-27749-6 5283:, pp. 41–42. 5122:978-5-85270-369-9 5103:"ТИМУ́Р ТАМЕРЛАН" 4840:on 5 October 2011 4456:, section "Timur" 4347:Gérard Chaliand, 3901:W. M. Thackston, 3664:Explanatory notes 3565:Lord of Samarkand 3549:(1924): opera by 3523:Timour the Tartar 3514:(1772): opera by 3511:Il gran Tamerlano 3502:(1735): opera by 3381:Timur's body was 3370:Tomb of Timur in 3263:Chagatai language 3249:and the appended 3247:Malfuzat-i Timurī 3240:Malfuzat-i Timuri 3128:Sake Dean Mahomed 3094:Assyrian Triangle 3079:official language 3069:), regardless of 2553:Jahangir Mirza II 2375:– with Tolun Agha 2279:Saray Mulk Khanum 2198:Timur's mausoleum 2105:Mongolian Plateau 1959:besieged and took 1487:Persian Kurdistan 1420:Georgian campaign 1367:, capital of the 1106:Saray Mulk Khanum 1013: 1012: 727:'s birth name of 707:Chagatai language 499:and according to 488:direct descendant 331: 330: 289: 288: 215:Chulpan Mulk Agha 203:Saray Mulk Khanum 8891: 8796:Stefan Lazarević 8727:Byzantine Empire 8697:Sheikh Bedreddin 8601:Battle of Edirne 8591:Battle of Ulubad 8560:Battle of Ankara 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8391:Goharshad Mosque 8024: 8017: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7969:Preceded by 7952: 7951: 7943: 7922: 7883: 7840: 7788: 7743: 7704: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7642: 7621: 7602: 7557: 7548: 7529: 7508: 7487: 7466:. Third Series. 7448: 7447: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7099:. Third Series. 7092: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7026: 7017: 7016: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6980: 6974: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6848:A World of Chess 6844: 6838: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6687: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6524: 6518: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6390:Adela C.Y. Lee. 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6358: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6178: 6172: 6167:Rhoads Murphey, 6165: 6159: 6158: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6064:. 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Archived from 4589: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4498: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4399: 4386: 4345: 4336: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4287: 4276: 4275: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4163: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3835: 3834:'Timur the Lame' 3833: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3734: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3593:Spanish-language 3569:Robert E. Howard 3516:Josef Myslivecek 3474:(1701): play by 3462:(1675): play by 3413:beard were red. 3403:features", i.e. 3036:along with also 2876:Battle of Ankara 2819: 2818: 2667:, a leader from 2608:Yadigar Muhammad 2495:Sons of Jahangir 2481:Muzaffar Hussein 2385:Miran Shah Mirza 2333:Aq Sufi Qongirat 2153:Clements Markham 2117:Öljei Temür Khan 2072:The fortress at 2056:, leader of the 2052:, where he gave 2031:Battle of Ulubad 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 1940:Battle of Ankara 1901:Battle of Ankara 1834:sultan of Egypt 1687: 1678: 1638:, crippling the 1388:Zagros Mountains 1272:Russian Orthodox 1158:Prophet Muhammad 847: 845: 832: 825: 818: 809: 808: 695:Chagatai Khanate 515:Chagatai Khanate 405:Chagatai Khanate 336:, also known as 277: 276: 257:Jahangir Mirza I 245: 177:, Timurid Empire 171: 168:18 February 1405 159:Chagatai Khanate 116:18 February 1405 89: 42: 41: 23:Tamerlane (poem) 8899: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8884:Timurid dynasty 8869:Muslim monarchs 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8806:Đurađ Branković 8775:Íñigo de Alfaro 8701: 8682:Pasha Yiğit Bey 8642:Süleyman Çelebi 8625: 8576:Siege of Smyrna 8564: 8518: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8442:Timurid dynasty 8410: 8313: 8129: 8090:Abu Sa'id Mirza 8033: 8028: 7994: 7989: 7980: 7972: 7964: 7961:Timurid dynasty 7957: 7936: 7740: 7712: 7710:Further reading 7707: 7674: 7672: 7658: 7639: 7618: 7591: 7545: 7526: 7457: 7452: 7451: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7282:The Independent 7276: 7275: 7271: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7237:The face finder 7233: 7229: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7146: 7142: 7128: 7124: 7093: 7084: 7055: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7027: 7020: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6981: 6977: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6845: 6841: 6830: 6826: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6762:Saunders, J. J. 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6690: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6636: 6632: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6431: 6427: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6359: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6313: 6309: 6301:Stevens, John. 6300: 6296: 6285: 6281: 6270: 6263: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6223: 6219: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6179: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6141: 6137: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6107: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5788: 5777: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5383: 5369: 5365: 5350: 5334: 5325: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5173: 5159: 5157: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5099: 5095: 5070: 5066: 5045: 5041: 5024: 5020: 5007: 5003: 4990: 4986: 4950:Iranian Studies 4945: 4932: 4925: 4903: 4899: 4884: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4630: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4590: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4482: 4478: 4471:Chicago Tribune 4465: 4464: 4460: 4444:Matthew White: 4443: 4439: 4400: 4389: 4362:Limited preview 4346: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4288: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4244: 4237: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4114: 4110: 4083: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3975: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3746: 3736: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3629: 3597:Enrique Serrano 3551:Giacomo Puccini 3539:Edgar Allan Poe 3504:Antonio Vivaldi 3444: 3390:anthropologists 3364: 3358: 3276: 3243: 3200:wrote a second 3179:'s work on the 3170: 3162:Edgar Allan Poe 3075:Chagatai Turkic 2955: 2947:Dominican friar 2840: 2834: 2826:Tamerlane chess 2822:"veritas salus" 2720: 2645: 2643:Religious views 2603:Sultan Muhammad 2566: 2531:Abu Sa'id Mirza 2514: 2497: 2484:Ibrahim Hussein 2471:Muhammed Mu'min 2435: 2400: 2391:Shah Rukh Mirza 2369: 2364: 2358: 2238: 2218:Muhammad Sultan 2191: 2185: 2125: 2066: 2016:تيمور خان كركان 1907: 1899:Main articles: 1897: 1868:in Asia Minor. 1849:In 1400, Timur 1844:Turkoman rulers 1803: 1794:Delhi Sultanate 1782: 1776: 1713:Delhi Sultanate 1709:Tughlaq dynasty 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1695:Sultan of Delhi 1690: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1632: 1538: 1532: 1323:, ruler of the 1309: 1202: 1167: 1114: 1062: 1014: 1009: 900:Kondurcha River 848: 843: 838: 836: 806: 804:Military leader 743:descended from 665: 621:Mu'izz al-Ansab 560: 501:Gérard Chaliand 480:Eurasian Steppe 441:Delhi Sultanate 435:, the emerging 425:Southern Russia 399:(in modern-day 362:Timurid dynasty 271: 239: 238: 230: 194: 173: 169: 152: 115: 95: 78: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8897: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8793: 8783: 8781:İsfendiyar Bey 8778: 8777:(Hospitallers) 8772: 8762: 8752: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8720: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8657:Mustafa Çelebi 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8075:Abdallah Mirza 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8031:Timurid Empire 8027: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8004: 7996: 7995: 7985: 7982: 7977:Timurid Empire 7973: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7935: 7934:External links 7932: 7931: 7930: 7923: 7894: 7891: 7886:Paksoy, H. B. 7884: 7855: 7853:978-1847242594 7841: 7796: 7789: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7763:978-1843821984 7751: 7744: 7738: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7695:Chisholm, Hugh 7670: 7657:978-0295981246 7656: 7643: 7637: 7622: 7617:978-0521439916 7616: 7603: 7590:978-1838606152 7589: 7558: 7549: 7543: 7530: 7525:978-0521633840 7524: 7509: 7499:(1): 101–112. 7488: 7470:(3): 341–349. 7458: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7431: 7402: 7396:978-9584205407 7395: 7377: 7348: 7337:on 2 July 2013 7321: 7299: 7269: 7252: 7246:978-0091055103 7245: 7227: 7211: 7205:978-9813105843 7204: 7184: 7178:978-1351739429 7177: 7157: 7140: 7122: 7103:(3): 341–349. 7082: 7049: 7018: 7015:. 2 June 2023. 7000: 6994:978-1845115524 6993: 6975: 6959: 6953:978-1850437062 6952: 6946:. I.B.Tauris. 6931: 6920:on 8 July 2011 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6856:978-0786494279 6839: 6824: 6808: 6802:978-8120618831 6801: 6783: 6777:978-0812217667 6776: 6753: 6744: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6688: 6684:978-1136873669 6667: 6655: 6643: 6630: 6614: 6601: 6589: 6572: 6546: 6540:978-0300090383 6539: 6519: 6506: 6493: 6480: 6464: 6462:(1991), p. 238 6458:Roya Marefat, 6451: 6438: 6425: 6409: 6382: 6376:C. P. Atwood. 6369: 6348: 6335:978-1846030048 6334: 6328:. p. 23. 6307: 6294: 6279: 6261: 6244: 6238:978-0199876426 6237: 6217: 6200: 6194:978-1442213845 6193: 6173: 6160: 6153: 6135: 6118: 6105: 6090: 6088:, p. 314. 6075: 6053: 6041: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5987:, p. 267. 5977: 5958: 5945:978-8185151052 5944: 5924: 5918:978-9353054489 5917: 5897: 5891:978-1108055857 5890: 5868: 5862:978-1615301225 5861: 5839: 5832: 5812: 5805: 5791:Grousset, René 5775: 5759: 5747: 5741:978-1317871408 5740: 5720: 5714:978-1107600140 5713: 5693: 5687:978-0700716968 5686: 5666: 5664:, p. 109. 5654: 5642: 5630: 5617: 5613:isfahan Timur. 5608:978-0520247093 5607: 5578: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5536:978-1108056021 5535: 5523:Timur (2013). 5515: 5503: 5497:978-0884022350 5496: 5487:Mughal Gardens 5476: 5451: 5435: 5428: 5408: 5396: 5381: 5363: 5349:978-0231504713 5348: 5323: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5259:, p. 994. 5240: 5209: 5197: 5184: 5171: 5139: 5121: 5093: 5064: 5056:978-1557868602 5039: 5035:978-0195177268 5018: 5001: 4984: 4930: 4924:978-0521243049 4923: 4897: 4882: 4864: 4851: 4822: 4816:978-1139498340 4815: 4795: 4778: 4766: 4760:978-0898755343 4759: 4736: 4730:978-8173045080 4729: 4709: 4698:Woods, John E. 4689: 4677: 4660: 4654:978-0874803426 4653: 4633:Woods, John E. 4621: 4581: 4565: 4551: 4545:. p. 27. 4514: 4499: 4476: 4458: 4454:978-0857861252 4437: 4387: 4337: 4333:978-0028656045 4316: 4310:978-1784531706 4309: 4277: 4258: 4247:Woods, John E. 4235: 4211: 4202:978-0160239298 4201: 4181: 4175:978-0306814655 4174: 4148: 4136: 4130:978-1596917606 4129: 4108: 4097:(1): 470–522. 4077: 4058: 4046: 4021: 4015:978-0415966900 4014: 3994: 3973: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3907: 3905:(1989), p. 239 3894: 3876: 3861: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3818:Temūr(-i) Lang 3767: 3686: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3612:Gani Kulzhanov 3599: 3584: 3572: 3562: 3555:Giuseppe Adami 3542: 3530: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3479: 3467: 3464:Jacques Pradon 3457: 3443: 3440: 3425:Curse of Timur 3397:Lev V. Oshanin 3362:Curse of Timur 3360:Main article: 3357: 3354: 3349:Sultan Bajazet 3275: 3274:European views 3272: 3251:Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī 3242: 3237: 3222:Jacobus Golius 3169: 3166: 3148:Mughal Emperor 3140:Mughal emperor 2954: 2951: 2936: 2935: 2920: 2836:Main article: 2833: 2830: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2734:Ibrahim Sultan 2719: 2716: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2627:Abdullah Mirza 2619: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2526:Muhammad Mirza 2523: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467:Badi' al-Zaman 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2379:Jahangir Mirza 2376: 2368: 2365: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2276: 2269: 2266:Jahangir Mirza 2237: 2234: 2200:is located in 2189:Timurid Empire 2187:Main article: 2184: 2181: 2124: 2121: 2094:Yongle Emperor 2090:Hongwu Emperor 2065: 2062: 1896: 1893: 1882:Timur invaded 1802: 1799: 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1631: 1628: 1531: 1528: 1369:Kartid dynasty 1308: 1305: 1201: 1198: 1166:صَاحِبِ قِرَان 1165: 1113: 1110: 1085:Chagatai khans 1070:Siege of Balkh 1061: 1058: 1046:Tughlugh Timur 1023:Volga Bulgaria 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 984: 983: 978: 965: 964: 959: 946: 945: 936:North Caucasia 932: 931: 926: 921: 908: 907: 902: 889: 888: 875: 874: 869: 864: 853: 850: 849: 835: 834: 827: 820: 812: 805: 802: 794:Temūr(-i) Lang 664: 661: 649:Books of Timur 596:Chagatai Khans 580:Qarachar Noyan 559: 556: 453:Timurid Empire 437:Ottoman Empire 383:Born into the 346:Timurid Empire 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 297: 291: 290: 287: 286: 282: 281: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 246: 232: 231: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 212: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 185: 183: 179: 178: 172:(aged 68) 166: 162: 161: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 126:9 April 1370, 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 105:Timurid Empire 97: 96: 90: 82: 81: 77: 76: 69: 62: 52: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8896: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8812:Vuk Lazarević 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8672:Bayezid Pasha 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8469:Mughal Empire 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8350:Dorut Tilavat 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 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7566: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7544:9780306815430 7540: 7536: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7366: 7362: 7360: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7265: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7171:. Routledge. 7170: 7169: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7004: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6748: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6725: 6720: 6714:, p. 16. 6713: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6634: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6612:(1963), p. 31 6611: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6504:(2007), p. 16 6503: 6497: 6491:(2003), p. 27 6490: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6469: 6461: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6063: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5986: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5757:, p. 94. 5756: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5663: 5662:Melville 2020 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5574:Melville 2020 5570: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 56. 5551: 5550:Melville 2020 5546: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5513:, p. 32. 5512: 5511:Melville 2020 5507: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5406:, p. 93. 5405: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5271:, p. 40. 5270: 5265: 5258: 5257:Goldsmid 1911 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5214: 5207:, p. 31. 5206: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5135: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5010:Islamic world 5005: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4862:(1959), p. 24 4861: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4687:, p. 90. 4686: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4576: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4484:J.J. Saunders 4480: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410:(1): 93–110. 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3874:, p. 14. 3873: 3868: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3829: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3754:Sahib-i-Qiran 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608:Emir Baygazin 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581:Yusif Veliyev 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559:Renato Simoni 3556: 3553:(libretto by 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3528:Matthew Lewis 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476:Nicholas Rowe 3473: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3233:William Jones 3230: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3181:Life of Timur 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3038:sacking Delhi 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022:own campaigns 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:According to 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Sayyid Baraka 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2637:Muhammad Juki 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596:Ibrahim Mirza 2594: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518:Khalil Sultan 2516: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2367:Sons of Timur 2363: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2273:Amir Qazaghan 2270: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2171:, laid in an 2170: 2167:, wrapped in 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2146:Khalil Sultan 2143: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080:In 1368, the 2075: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2041:in Anatolia. 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2011: 2010: 2009:Mehmed Çelebi 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1889:David Nicolle 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1677: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Ahmad Jalayir 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Ahmad Jalayir 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1266:burned Moscow 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Suyurghatmish 1124: 1120: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1060:Rise to power 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025:, he invaded 1024: 1020: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 970: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 941: 940: 939: 938: 937: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 913: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 887: 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 851: 846: 841: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 813: 810: 801: 799: 795: 791: 788:in southwest 787: 783: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 675: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605: 599: 597: 593: 592:Mongol Empire 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:Tumbinai Khan 564: 555: 553: 552:Mughal Empire 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 504: 502: 498: 497:Mongol Empire 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 463:, as well as 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 324: 320: 317:Tekina Khatun 316: 312: 309:Amir Taraghai 308: 304: 301: 298: 296: 292: 283: 278: 274: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 244: 243: 237: 233: 226: 224:Dil Shad Agha 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 167: 163: 160: 156: 150: 146: 142: 139: 138:Khalil Sultan 136: 132: 129: 125: 123: 119: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 88: 83: 80: 75: 74: 70: 68: 67: 63: 61: 60: 56: 55: 54: 51: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 8769:Hospitallers 8554: 8401:Green Mosque 8369:Shah-i-Zinda 8318:Architecture 8234: 8145: 8044: 7975: 7959: 7926: 7905:(1): 17–33. 7902: 7898: 7866:(3): 37–70. 7863: 7859: 7844: 7807:(1): 21–41. 7804: 7800: 7792: 7783: 7774:Google Books 7768: 7754: 7721: 7698: 7647: 7627: 7607: 7563: 7553: 7534: 7514: 7496: 7492: 7467: 7463: 7443: 7434: 7422:. Retrieved 7412: 7405: 7386: 7380: 7368:. Retrieved 7358: 7351: 7339:. Retrieved 7335:the original 7324: 7312:. Retrieved 7302: 7290:. Retrieved 7286:the original 7281: 7272: 7262: 7255: 7236: 7230: 7220: 7214: 7194: 7187: 7167: 7160: 7150: 7143: 7132: 7125: 7100: 7096: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7042:17 September 7040:. Retrieved 7034: 7012: 7003: 6984: 6978: 6962: 6943: 6934: 6922:. Retrieved 6918:the original 6913: 6909: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6847: 6842: 6833: 6827: 6817: 6811: 6792: 6786: 6766: 6756: 6747: 6739: 6726:, p. 9. 6724:Marozzi 2004 6719: 6707: 6699: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6633: 6617: 6609: 6604: 6592: 6582: 6575: 6563:. Retrieved 6559: 6549: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6475: 6459: 6454: 6446: 6441: 6433: 6428: 6412: 6400:. Retrieved 6393: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6339:. Retrieved 6320: 6310: 6302: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6254: 6247: 6227: 6220: 6210: 6203: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6163: 6144: 6138: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6066:. Retrieved 6056: 6049:Marozzi 2004 6044: 6034:28 September 6032:. Retrieved 6028: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5985:Marozzi 2004 5980: 5971: 5961: 5949:. Retrieved 5934: 5927: 5907: 5900: 5877: 5871: 5848: 5842: 5822: 5815: 5795: 5770: 5750: 5730: 5723: 5703: 5696: 5676: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5638:Strange 1905 5633: 5625: 5620: 5612: 5592: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5525: 5518: 5506: 5486: 5479: 5467:. Retrieved 5463: 5454: 5444: 5438: 5418: 5411: 5399: 5372: 5366: 5338: 5301: 5297: 5281:Marozzi 2004 5276: 5269:Marozzi 2004 5264: 5231:. Retrieved 5222: 5205:Marozzi 2004 5200: 5192: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5165: 5158:. Retrieved 5151: 5142: 5133: 5126:. Retrieved 5106: 5096: 5076: 5067: 5048:The Persians 5047: 5042: 5026: 5021: 5004: 4987: 4954: 4948: 4906: 4900: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4838:the original 4805: 4798: 4788: 4781: 4769: 4749: 4745:Keene, H. G. 4739: 4719: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4680: 4670: 4663: 4644: 4612:. Retrieved 4608:the original 4597: 4594:"Tīmūr Lang" 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4534: 4517: 4508: 4502: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4445: 4440: 4407: 4403: 4367:Google Books 4360: 4348: 4324: 4319: 4299: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4251: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4191: 4184: 4159: 4151: 4146:, p. 1. 4139: 4120: 4117:Darwin, John 4111: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4071: 4061: 4054:Marozzi 2004 4049: 4039:28 September 4037:. 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