547:
753:
1102:
949:
485:
682:, which had been ruled as an independent kingdom by Sultan Uwais Barlas since 1408, was also subdued. The area under Shah Rukh's rule continued to be extended and consolidated over the following years, either through voluntary subjugation by minor rulers or through alliances. By 1420, the eastern portion of Timur's empire, as well as central and southern Persia, had been brought under Shah Rukh's rule.
53:
875:, who along with her sons and some state officials, maintained orderly continuity of state affairs. Some of the highest state officials appear to have been unusually talented individuals who were able to endure in their positions for several decades. These include Jalal-ud-din Firuz Shah, who was supreme commander of the army for thirty-five years,
717:, the Qara Qoyunlu had established themselves as dangerous neighbours to the Timurids. This threat was one which remained unresolved for decades. Shah Rukh made many attempts to pacify his western border, both through political and military means (having launched three campaigns against Azerbaijan), none of which proved entirely successful.
787:, approached the emperor under the pretence of presenting a petition, before stabbing him in the stomach. Lur however, failed to give a fatal blow and was quickly killed by Shah Rukh's servant. Shah Rukh recovered within a few days and an investigation was launched, which linked Lur to the Hurufis as well as to the family of Astarabadi.
2681:
610:, a maternal grandson of Timur who later aligned himself with Khalil Sultan, before betraying him in order to reassert his own claim. Sultan Husayn was defeated by his former ally and fled to Shah Rukh, who had him executed, with his body parts being displayed in the bazaars of Herat. Two more of Timur's grandsons,
384:, "unlike his father, Shahrukh ruled the Timurid empire, not as a Turco-Mongol warlord-conqueror, but as an Islamic sultan. In dynastic chronicles he is exalted as a man of great piety, diplomacy, and modesty—a model Islamic ruler who repaired much of the physical and psychological damage caused by his father."
1148:
The succession struggle among Shah Rukh's family continued for several years, initially between Ulugh Beg and Ala al-Dawla, in which the former emerged victorious. However, he was murdered by his son Abdal-Latif in 1449, and in the subsequent civil wars, control of the
Timurid Empire passed from Shah
870:
Shah Rukh's reign saw a marked improvement in economic standards and cultural achievements in many areas of the empire. Although this may partly be accredited to Shah Rukh's more diplomatic character in contrast to the ruthlessness of Timur, evidence does not assign Shah Rukh with superior skill as a
625:
in
Samarqand. His wife Shadi Mulk had been given a large amount of authority in court. Under her influence, low-ranking individuals were given high positions instead of Timur's old nobles. Additionally, several of the old emperor's widows and concubines were remarried (somewhat forcefully) to men of
648:
Following the deaths of Khalil Sultan, Sultan Husayn and Pir
Muhammad, Shah Rukh had no immediate Timurid rivals to contest his rule and he began his reign as Timur's successor. However, rather than ruling from Samarqand as his father had done, Shah Rukh held court in Herat, which had formerly been
511:
Historical sources give no explanation for their relationship, though there is some evidence which suggests that it was Shah Rukh's ancestry which had affected Timur's lack of favour, being the son of a concubine as opposed to a freeborn wife. Alternatively, there have been suggestions that Timur
939:
The
Timurid author Sain ad-Din Ali Turka Isfahani praised Shah Rukh for ruling by Islamic Law in the following words: “Absolutely everyone with a legal case has it heard in accordance with the Sharia, and thanks to the felicity of the favour of this Faith-promoting padshah (i.e. Shahrukh), not a
1120:
in March 1447. Despite initial attempts to conceal it, news of the emperor's death quickly spread. Chaos erupted in the military camp, rendering transport of Shah Rukh's body to the capital for burial impossible. It was only on the third day following his death that the body, accompanied by the
790:
There was an immediate backlash against the sect, which resulted in the execution of
Astarabadi's grandson, Azud. High-ranking members of the group were subject to extensive interrogations. These eventually extended beyond the sect, with many intellectuals residing in Herat having to defend
605:
In the years following Timur's death, Shah Rukh and Khalil Sultan had a series of unproductive negotiations as well as many military encounters, with Khalil Sultan frequently emerging victorious. During this time, other pretenders also pursued their own claims to the throne. Among these was
923:
Shah Rukh's religious advisor Jalal-Din al-Qayini, described the abolishment of the Mongol tribunals in 1411: "His
Majesty’s correct thinking on the subject of giving currency to the Sharia and reviving the customs of the Sunna has progressed so far at this time that, in Dhul-Qada 813
618:, also made bids for the throne. They were defeated by Shah Rukh and Khalil Sultan respectively, with each being spared by their subjugator. Pir Muhammad was later assassinated by one of his nobles in 1407, while Iskandar was executed in 1415 following a failed rebellion.
821:
In the early part of his reign, in what was likely an attempt to stave off rebellion amongst his relations, Shah Rukh regularly made transfers between the governorships they held. For example, Khalil Sultan was moved from
Samarqand to Rayy, Umar Mirza from Azerbaijan to
527:
in 1402. Shah Rukh commanded the left wing of the army, Miran Shah the right and Timur himself in the centre. The vanguard was headed by two of Shah Rukh's nephews. The battle resulted in a
Timurid victory, as well as the capture and subjugation of the Ottoman Sultan,
512:
believed Shah Rukh did not possess the personal qualities required for ruling; the prince by this point had acquired a reputation for excessive modesty as well as personal piety. It might also have been this
Islamic adherence and subsequent rejection of the laws of
720:
Qara Yusuf died during the first of the campaigns in
November 1420, which ended in the Timurid capture of Azerbaijan and Armenia. However, less than a year later Shah Rukh was forced to face off a rebellion by the late Turkoman prince's sons. One of these sons,
375:
Shah Rukh was a great patron of the arts and sciences, which flourished under his rule. He spent his reign focusing on the stability of his lands, as well as maintaining political and economic relations with neighbouring kingdoms. In the view of historians
641:. Samarqand, having been left abandoned, was taken unopposed by Shah Rukh. When he later captured Shadi Mulk, Khalil Sultan was forced to go to his uncle in Samarqand and submit to him. The prince had his wife returned to him and was appointed governor of
812:
The extent to which the Hurufis were involved in the assassination attempt has not yet been clearly established. However, the subsequent purges served to worsen the already strained relations between the Timurid court and the intellectuals of the empire.
940:
trace has remained anywhere of the Yarghu Tribunal which (God preserve us!) had for a long time exercised its tyranny over the minds of rulers and polluted the lands of Islam, and no creature has the power this type of interrogation except in secret."
1125:, began its journey east. However, within a few days Abdal-Latif took both his grandmother and the corpse hostage, possibly in the hopes of launching his own bid for the vacant throne, or to support that of his father, Shah Rukh's last surviving son
845:
These attempts did not prove to be entirely successful, as Shah Rukh had to repeatedly suppress rebellions by his various family members. Iskandar Mirza, after encouraging his brother to revolt in 1413, himself rebelled and devastated the cities of
349:, the western territories having been lost to invaders in the aftermath of Timur's death. In spite of this, Shah Rukh's empire remained a cohesive dominion of considerable extent throughout his reign, as well as a dominant power in
1045:
in 1419–22 and were hosted with lavish banquets and the exchange of gifts. Shah Rukh sent two letters in Arabic & Persian to the Yongle emperor inviting him to Islam & praising the virtues of Islamic Law (as opposed to the
740:. Although this campaign did not result in a final resolution of the Turkoman issue, it did achieve stability in the region for the remainder of Shah Rukh's reign with the installation of Qara Iskander's less bellicose brother
472:. Khwandamir used a genealogical record written during Shah Rukh's reign as his source for this assertion. Regardless of his maternal origins, the prince was personally raised by Saray Mulk, alongside Timur's grandson
858:, after his initial defeat in Fars, rebelled once more soon after in Shiraz. These insurrections even continued into Shah Rukh's old age. In 1446, at nearly seventy years old, he had to march against his grandson
589:
but made no offensive move against his nephew at this point. This was likely due to Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan's father, who posed a serious threat as he, along with his other son Abu Bakr, had led an army out of
546:
725:, continued his attempts to reassert Turkoman authority over the following years, necessitating the second campaign in 1429. This too resulted in a Timurid victory and the installation of a Qara Qoyunlu prince,
972:
was finished in 1418. The mixed ethnic origins of the ruling dynasty led to a distinctive character in its cultural outlook, which was a combination of Persian civilization and art, with borrowings from
463:
princess and Timur's chief consort; she had been captured by Timur from the harem of Amir Husayn Qara'unas several years prior to Shah Rukh's birth. However, it was stated by the 15th-century historian
772:
sect who based their doctrine on the mysticism of letters. In the late 14th century, the group was accused of heresy by traditional Islamic scholars. As a result, in 1394 the founder of the movement,
602:, who took advantage of the death of the old emperor to seize territory. Miran Shah was killed in battle in 1408 whilst attempting to repel the invaders, with Abu Bakr dying similarly the year after.
1093:, however, were increasingly tense due to Shah Rukh's attempts to assert dominance. They eventually normalised on the ascension of Sultan Jaqmaq, under whom the two rulers were amicable, but equal.
805:
was expelled from the capital on Shah Rukh's orders. These accusations even went beyond Shah Rukh's court in Herat, with Ma'ruf-i Khattat, a prominent calligrapher under the patronage of Prince
372:. This was to become the political centre of the Timurid empire and residence of his principal successors, though both cities benefited from the wealth and privilege of Shah Rukh's court.
570:. He was reported to have said on his deathbed that he "had no other desire than to see the Mirza Shah Rukh once more" and had lamented the fact that he did not have time to do so.
1053:
Through his promotion of commercial and political relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Shah Rukh also maintained contact with several other contemporary rulers. Monarchs of the
492:
Timur appears not to have had particularly close relations with Shah Rukh, despite the latter never having incurred his displeasure. In 1397, Shah Rukh was appointed governor of
1379:
Alternatively, historian Maria Subtelny attributes the final transfer of Shah Rukh's body, as well as the commissioning of his marble tombstone, to his daughter Payanda Sultan.
736:
This action prompted the third and final campaign in 1434, in which Qara Iskander was once more forced to flee. He was later assassinated by his son Qubad in the fortress of
1224:(1397–1433) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Shah Rukh's artistic third son never had a vice-royal position, but played an important part in his father's government in Samarqand.
504:
when the latter had been thirteen years old. Shah Rukh was never promoted beyond this position during his father's lifetime. Further to this, during Timur's campaign to
452:, Timur, who was a talented chess player, was involved in a match when he received the news of Shah Rukh's birth, using this chess move as a name for the newborn child.
629:
Following a famine which further spread discontent among the populace, Khalil Sultan was eventually taken captive by the powerful emir Khudaidad Hussain, leader of the
776:, had been arrested and executed on Timur's orders by his son Miran Shah. The death of their leader led Astarabadi's followers to have a specific hatred against the
1370:
Khalil Sultan's marriage to Shadi Mulk several years earlier had caused a great scandal due to her being the widow of one of Timur's most powerful amirs.
1301:
reconstructed the facial features of Timur, his son Shah Rukh and grandson Ulugh Beg. Relative to the others, Timur appears to have been phenotypically
594:
in support of the younger prince. They were both forced to withdraw prior to joining with Khalil Sultan however, due to invasions to their rear by the
573:
Timur had no unambiguously appointed heir at the time of his death; as a result, a succession dispute erupted among his surviving sons and grandsons.
1033:(the first emperor of Ming China) who almost started a war with each other (which was only averted by the death of Timur). Chinese embassies, led by
997:, the history of Shah Rukh's reign through 1413-14 (816 AH). It was later incorporated by its author into larger "universal history" compilations,
1137:
in Herat. When Ulugh Beg captured the city the following year, he ordered his father's body to be exhumed before reburying it with Timur's in the
1050:). The letters were also meant to assert Shah Rukh's independence & to clarify that the Timurids were not the vassals of the Ming dynasty.
2519:
2490:
871:
statesman. It is instead believed that other influences on his government led to the relative success of his rule. These include his empress,
902:. He did not however, claim the title of Küregen (son-in-law) which had been enjoyed by Timur. He similarly did not employ Timur's title of
621:
It was not until 1409 that the war started to turn in Shah Rukh's favour. During this time, Khalil Sultan began to lose support among his
670:
The new emperor began his reign by launching expeditions against regions which had begun to break away during the war of succession.
1734:
Richardson, S.; Osborne, T.; Hitch, C.; Millar, A.; Rivington, John; Crowder, S.; Davey, P.; Law, B.; Longman, T.; Ware, C. (1759).
1037:, visited Samarqand and Herat several times in 1414–1420, while a large embassy sent by Shah Rukh (and immortalized by its diarist,
2767:
3275:
2649:
2578:
2087:
2060:
2005:
1910:
1868:
1790:
1718:
1676:
1505:
1475:
1438:
1411:
341:
in 1370. However, Shah Rukh ruled only over the eastern portion of the empire established by his father, comprising most of
1133:, another grandson, defeated his cousin's troops and liberated Gawhar Shad, and afterwards had Shah Rukh interred in the
516:, which had always been so strongly revered by Timur, that had resulted in the alienation of Shah Rukh from his father.
2259:
2448:
2419:
2390:
2361:
2334:
2117:
2033:
1637:
3047:
3151:
3070:
2910:
2855:
1286:
1264:
876:
500:. Although this was a significant region, it was also the same post that had been awarded to Shah Rukh's brother
886:
concepts of authority. He abandoned the institution of a figurehead Khan and replaced the Mongol tribunals with
879:, supreme secretary for thirty-one years and Amir Alika Kokultash, head of state finance for forty-three years.
3270:
2692:
1298:
58:
1038:
3209:
2898:
2825:
2408:(1978), "Chapter 10, Communications and commerce", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
3141:
3102:
2760:
3260:
3017:
2935:
2920:
2860:
2103:
882:
In regards to his policies, Shah Rukh distanced himself from Timur, with less importance being placed on
796:
3255:
3007:
2981:
827:
783:
While leaving a mosque in 1426, Shah Rukh became the victim of an assassination attempt. The attacker,
611:
20:
1403:
Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters
581:
soon after his grandfather's death and seized the royal treasury, as well as Timur's imperial capital
3265:
3124:
2997:
2970:
2950:
2940:
2903:
2795:
2198:
1776:
1586:
1113:
1034:
859:
615:
541:
2414:, vol. 8, "The Ming Dynasty: 1368–1644", Part 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 583–584,
3042:
2992:
2960:
2892:
2635:
1497:
Amir Timur Beg (1336-1396): English rendering of Molana Sharf-ud-din Ali Yezdi's Persian Zafarnamah
1086:
1523:
1259:
Maryam Sultan Agha (d. 1441) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Married to Muhammad Jahangir Mirza, son of
519:
Shah Rukh, alongside most of the royal family, accompanied Timur west in his campaign against the
3177:
3002:
2975:
2870:
2753:
1537:
1491:
792:
726:
607:
508:, Shah Rukh's young sons took pride of place in the procession while he himself was passed over.
2307:
1755:
3172:
2830:
2664:
2376:
1570:
1553:
1077:, exchanged embassies with the Timurid court and swore their loyalty to the emperor, while the
2639:
2409:
2380:
2107:
2050:
1858:
1780:
1735:
1708:
1401:
3219:
3131:
3107:
3027:
3022:
3012:
2987:
2955:
2886:
2865:
2568:
2438:
2249:
2077:
1610:
1282:
1260:
1134:
1082:
1666:
3245:
3240:
3182:
3146:
3032:
2925:
2669:
2193:
1854:
1211:
1116:'s revolt, Shah Rukh, by this point weakened by ill-health, died in his winter quarters in
773:
214:
1831:. Vol. V The Delhi Sultanat: (A.D. 1206-1526. People's Publishing House. p. 131.
989:. Shah Rukh commissioned the production of a number of historical and geographic works by
8:
3204:
3192:
2965:
2945:
2845:
1569:
McNeill, William; Bentley, Jerry; Christian, David; Croizier, Ralph; McNeill, J. (2010).
1177:
899:
2379:; Tay, C. N. (1976), "Ch'en Ch'eng", in Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (eds.),
3167:
3075:
2930:
2840:
2835:
2513:
2484:
2215:
1549:
1130:
449:
3037:
2850:
2815:
2645:
2574:
2444:
2415:
2386:
2357:
2330:
2302:
2255:
2113:
2083:
2056:
2029:
2001:
1991:
1906:
1864:
1786:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1633:
1501:
1471:
1434:
1407:
1302:
1122:
982:
752:
685:
However, despite Shah Rukh's successes, the western portion of the empire, including
456:
342:
201:
1500:. Vol. 1. Translated by K̲h̲ān Muḥammad ʻĀt̤if. New Royal Book Co. p. 93.
3136:
2915:
2631:
2320:
2207:
1668:
Lives of the Prophets: The Illustrations to Hafiz-i Abru's "Assembly of Chronicles"
1078:
978:
969:
524:
493:
460:
397:
311:
1025:
and his descendants, were normalised. This was contrasted by the preceding era of
791:
themselves against accusations of blasphemy. These included the Persian historian
3187:
3119:
3052:
2709:
2564:
2351:
2324:
2251:
Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran
1995:
1900:
1826:
1627:
1590:
1495:
1465:
1457:
1428:
1070:
986:
855:
705:
several years previously. With the conquests of several prominent cities such as
679:
675:
437:
377:
338:
267:
364:, and became immensely wealthy as a result. He chose to have his capital not in
3250:
2820:
2776:
2727:
1896:
1818:
1606:
1461:
1310:
1066:
1030:
1022:
520:
381:
323:
67:
2211:
440:,"a fabulous bird; perhaps the condor". This is also the Persian term for the
3234:
3214:
3095:
2800:
2720:
2434:
2405:
2021:
1595:. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 19.
1238:
883:
802:
722:
671:
574:
473:
432:
means "the face or figure; also, the cheek; the countenance", "the castle or
227:
1101:
714:
3114:
1822:
1169:
1018:
990:
891:
757:
737:
698:
599:
567:
566:
Timur died in 1405, whilst leading his army east in a campaign against the
551:
513:
433:
413:
330:
179:
1737:
The Modern Part of an Universal History: From the Earliest Account of Time
948:
3199:
3090:
1751:
1331:
1205:
1173:
1163:
957:
895:
872:
690:
654:
469:
346:
295:
166:
1281:
Payanda Sultan Agha with Aq Sultan Agha. Married to Yahya Mirza, son of
936:
which had been observed by Turko-Mongolian rulers since ancient times."
701:(Black Sheep Turkoman), who had defeated and killed Shah Rukh's brother
649:
his viceregal capital. Samarqand was instead bestowed on his eldest son
420:, "used as a prefix meaning 'the best, greatest, main', etc. Ex. شاهکار
3085:
2219:
1221:
1138:
1106:
1074:
1054:
806:
741:
702:
694:
686:
633:
tribe and a former mentor of the prince. Hussain took Khalil Sultan to
595:
591:
501:
465:
219:
155:
147:
1828:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat: (A.D. 1206-1526)
2810:
2737:
2570:
Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
1326:
1314:
1201:
1142:
1126:
1117:
890:
courts. Like his father, Shah Rukh was married to a Mongol princess;
784:
747:
650:
642:
586:
582:
529:
365:
361:
209:
151:
135:
118:
95:
3080:
2326:
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433
1306:
916:
831:
823:
777:
765:
729:, as a puppet ruler. However, Qara Iskander reoccupied the city of
645:, but died in 1411, with Shadi Mulk committing suicide soon after.
634:
630:
578:
445:
43:
39:
2112:. Translated by Hubert Evans. London: Athlone Press. p. 260.
1105:
Shah Rukh's headstone (third from the left) beside Timur's in the
1017:
During Shah Rukh's reign, relations between the Timurid state and
801:, and his teacher Sain-ud-din Turka. The prominent poet and Sufi,
484:
2745:
1558:. Translated by J.H. Sanders. London: Luzac & Co. p. 47.
1313:
Europoids. Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg, however, had predominantly
1246:
1242:
1042:
965:
847:
835:
706:
638:
555:
468:
that Shah Rukh's mother was a certain Taghay Tarkhan Agha of the
262:
1227:
Soyurghatmish Mirza (1399–1426) – with Malikat Agha. Viceroy of
52:
1710:
Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
1568:
1232:
1215:
961:
910:
887:
851:
839:
769:
730:
710:
409:
357:
35:
2534:
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations
2440:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
2790:
1228:
1090:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1026:
974:
505:
497:
441:
417:
393:
369:
334:
277:
85:
1733:
356:
Shah Rukh controlled the main trade routes between Asia and
2693:
Ich suchte Gesichter. Author:Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich Gerasimov
904:
622:
405:
350:
1785:. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1121:
now-dowager empress Gawhar Shad and Shah Rukh's grandson
1185:
Aq Sultan Agha, daughter of Charkas bin Timan Ilchigiday
424:, masterpiece" or "a bridegroom" (synonymous with داماد
2382:
Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Volume I (A-L)
1575:(2 ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 2514.
322:; 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447) was the ruler of the
2196:(1988). "Tamerlane and the symbolism of sovereignty".
1305:, while Shah Rukh, the son of a Tajik woman, had more
1085:, had sought his military support. Relations with the
862:, who had revolted in the empire's western provinces.
392:
Shah Rukh was born on 20 August 1377, the youngest of
908:, instead adopting the Islamic and Persian styles of
455:
Some sources suggest that his mother was the Empress
2477:اسناد و مکاتبات تاریخی ایران از تیمور تا شاه اسماعیل
2536:. Harvard University Press. 1968. pp. 211–212.
2629:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2443:, University of California Press, pp. 34–38,
1430:Mughal-Iranian relations: during sixteenth century
748:Conflict with Hurufis and anti-intellectual purges
693:, remained out of his control. These were held by
488:Shahrukh Mirza illustration from Timurid miniature
400:, his name's elements have multiple meanings: شاه
1902:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World
1629:The state under Timur: a study in empire building
1241:(1402–1444) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Viceroy of
1204:(1394–1449) – with Gawhar Shad Begum. Viceroy of
585:. Shah Rukh marched his army out of Herat to the
3232:
496:by his father, with his viceregal capital being
2540:
2385:, Columbia University Press, pp. 144–145,
2356:, University of Washington Press, p. 162,
2286:
2180:
2000:. Vol. 1. Variorum Reprints. p. 176.
1978:
1959:
1940:
1928:
1805:
1775:
2573:. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 79.
2231:
2229:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1924:
1922:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1760:. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 136.
1452:
1450:
1317:features, and no obvious Caucasoid influence.
932:court of investigation and the customs of the
2761:
2329:. New York: Pearson Longman. pp. 60–61.
1309:features. Shah Rukh appeared more similar to
16:Ruler of the Timurid Empire from 1405 to 1447
2682:Greater Iran: a 20th-century odyssey. Author
2557:
2353:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
2295:
2132:
2102:
1860:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran
1548:
1433:. Indian Bibliographies Bureau. p. 17.
1278:Sa'adat Sultan Agha – with Gawhar Shad Begum
1269:Qutlugh Turkan Agha – with Gawhar Shad Begum
665:
2658:
2375:
2226:
2174:
2055:. Cambridge University Press. p. 302.
1965:
1946:
1919:
1863:. Cambridge University Press. p. 163.
1817:
1764:
1612:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
1447:
1406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
733:two years later and had Abu Said executed.
2768:
2754:
2518:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2489:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1625:
1456:
51:
2665:BĀYSONḠOR, ḠĪĀT-AL-DĪN B. ŠĀHROḴ B. TĪMŪR
2644:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 350.
2506:مطلع سعدين و مجمع بحرين؛ جلد دوم؛ جزء أول
2301:Maria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville,
1905:. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 396.
1615:. Vol. 2. Brill Archive. p. 24.
1065:and (in the early part of his reign) the
2641:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2605:
2563:
2551:
2462:
2287:ابن محمد الترکه, صائن الدین علی (1351).
2274:
2247:
2235:
1990:
1883:
1841:
1691:
1664:
1652:
1605:
1426:
1292:
1100:
947:
809:, also being arrested and interrogated.
751:
545:
483:
2503:
1895:
1572:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
1096:
674:, which was held by Shah Rukh's nephew
3233:
2508:(in Persian). لاهور. pp. 131–134.
2479:(in Persian). طهران. pp. 133–137.
2319:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2075:
1703:
1399:
2749:
2474:
2433:
2427:
2404:
2082:. Oneworld Publications. p. 34.
2020:
1750:
1585:
1490:
1188:Mihr Nigar Agha, an Uzbek Bisut lady;
943:
678:, was taken in 1414. Two years later
660:
2899:Battle of the Kondurcha River (1391)
2617:
2593:
2349:
2192:
2079:Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
2048:
1853:
1272:Qutlugh Sultan Agha – with Tuti Agha
1012:
535:
2398:
1740:. Vol. V. London. p. 366.
1275:Taghay Turkan Agha – with Tuti Agha
1166:, daughter of Ghiyas-ud-din Tarkhan
315:
253:Sultan Mahmud Moin-ud-din Shah Rukh
13:
3018:Revolt of Abdal-Latif Mirza (1449)
2936:Battle of the Chirciq River (1488)
2775:
1555:Tamerlane or Timur: The Great Amir
760:'s Majma al-tawarikh. "Noah's Ark"
233:
57:Forensic facial reconstruction by
14:
3287:
3152:Khanqah of Baha ad-Din Naqshbandi
2630:Asimov, Muchammed Sajfiddinoviĉ;
2291:(in Persian). تهران. p. 171.
2049:Ames, Christine Caldwell (2015).
960:, funded the construction of two
865:
479:
2971:Battle of Qalat-i-Ghilzai (1505)
2911:Invasions of Georgia (1386-1403)
1997:Medieval Iran and its neighbours
1607:Barthold, Vasilii Vladimirovitch
1152:
653:, who was appointed governor of
637:and had him proclaimed ruler in
554:'s Majma al-tawarikh. "Story of
77:20 February 1405 – 13 March 1447
3071:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
2961:Battle of Ab Darrah Pass (1511)
2904:Battle of the Terek River(1395)
2856:Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah
2686:
2675:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2526:
2497:
2468:
2456:
2369:
2343:
2313:
2280:
2268:
2241:
2186:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2096:
2069:
2042:
2014:
1984:
1934:
1889:
1877:
1847:
1835:
1811:
1799:
1744:
1727:
1697:
1685:
1665:Ghiasian, Mohamad Reza (2018).
1658:
1646:
1619:
1599:
1579:
1427:Barzegar, Karim Najafi (2000).
1373:
1364:
1069:made homage to him. Successive
1001:(a universal history work) and
877:Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ahmad Khvafi
368:as his father had done, but in
2411:The Cambridge History of China
2350:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002),
1562:
1542:
1535:New Persian-English dictionary
1528:
1521:New Persian-English dictionary
1514:
1484:
1420:
1393:
1344:
1299:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
1182:Tuti Agha, a Narin Mughal lady
1007:Zobdat al-tawāriḵ-e Bāysonḡori
577:proclaimed himself emperor at
404:means "a king, a sovereign. ,
1:
3276:15th-century monarchs in Asia
3210:Timurid relations with Europe
3142:Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif
2826:Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor
2028:. Brill Archive. p. 89.
1782:The Cambridge History of Iran
1779:; Lockhart, Lawrence (1986).
1386:
1208:, later succeeded his father.
816:
626:undistinguished backgrounds.
559:
558:", commissioned by Shah Rukh
387:
337:(Tamerlane), who founded the
2504:سمرقندي, عبد الرزاق (1946).
2181:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
2104:Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich
1979:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1960:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1941:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1929:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1806:Jackson & Lockhart (1986
1400:Binbas, İlker Evrim (2016).
1253:
977:, and literature written in
964:and theological colleges in
7:
3033:Battle of Farhadgerd (1449)
2926:Siege of Shahrukhiya (1461)
2921:Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)
2861:Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara
1470:. Smithsonian. p. 80.
1467:Timur & Princely Vision
1320:
1157:
10:
3292:
3008:Occupation of Balkh (1447)
2982:Timurid wars of succession
2966:Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)
2946:Battle of Sar-e-Pul (1501)
539:
523:, which culminated in the
360:, including the legendary
21:Shah Rukh (disambiguation)
18:
3160:
3063:
3053:Battle of Akhsi (1502-03)
3048:Siege of Samarkand (1494)
2998:Battle of Nishapur (1447)
2951:Siege of Samarkand (1501)
2941:Siege of Samarkand (1497)
2879:
2796:Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir
2783:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2703:
2636:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2596:, pp. 257–8, 263–64)
2212:10.1080/00210868808701711
1713:. ABC-CLIO. p. 140.
1632:. Har-Anand. p. 78.
1626:Jamaluddin, Syed (1995).
1492:Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʻAlī
926:i.e., February–March 1411
898:and widow of his brother
666:War with the Qara Qoyunlu
542:Timurid War of Succession
291:
283:
273:
261:
252:
247:
243:
200:
172:
162:
142:
125:
105:
101:
91:
81:
73:
65:
50:
33:
28:
3043:Battle of Sarakhs (1459)
3038:Urdu Bazar Revolt (1447)
2993:Battle of Damghan (1447)
2931:Battle of Qarabagh(1469)
2248:Subtelny, Maria (2007).
2076:Bashir, Shahzad (2012).
1337:
1214:(1394–1435). Viceroy of
1021:, under the rule of the
408:, title of the ruler of
3178:Turco-Persian tradition
3003:Battle of Tarnab (1448)
2976:Battle of Bajaur (1519)
2916:Battle of Ankara (1402)
2377:Goodrich, L. Carrington
1752:Sykes, Percy Molesworth
1195:
1112:Soon after suppressing
999:Majmuʿa-ye Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru
793:Sharaf-ud-din Ali Yazdi
744:as the Turkoman ruler.
608:Sultan Husayn Tayichiud
326:between 1405 and 1447.
3183:Indo-Persian tradition
3173:Turco-Mongol tradition
2831:Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza
2565:Sengupta, Nitish Kumar
1297:Soviet anthropologist
1174:Khizr Ughlan Chaghatay
1109:
1039:Ghiyāth-ud-dīn Naqqāsh
953:
761:
563:
489:
329:He was the son of the
3271:People from Samarkand
3220:Karsakpay inscription
3132:Great Mosque of Herat
3120:Herat Musalla Complex
3108:Ulugh Beg Observatory
3081:Registan of Samarkand
3028:Siege of Herat (1448)
3023:Siege of Balkh (1447)
3013:Siege of Herat (1448)
2988:Siege of Balkh (1447)
2956:Siege of Kabul (1504)
2887:Siege of Balkh (1370)
2880:Battles and conflicts
2866:Yadgar Muhammad Mirza
2254:. Brill. p. 25.
2194:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
1855:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
1655:, pp. 32–33, 37)
1293:Facial reconstruction
1283:Muhammad Sultan Mirza
1261:Muhammad Sultan Mirza
1135:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1104:
1083:Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah
951:
755:
549:
487:
2893:Tokhtamysh–Timur war
2871:Badi' al-Zaman Mirza
2670:Encyclopedia Iranica
2308:Encyclopædia Iranica
2026:Secrecy in Religions
1823:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
1808:, pp. 100, 102)
1671:. BRILL. p. 7.
1212:Sultan Ibrahim Mirza
1149:Rukh's descendants.
1097:Death and succession
928:), he abolished the
774:Fazlallah Astarabadi
436:" in chess; and the
59:Mikhail M. Gerasimov
19:For other uses, see
3205:Timurid Renaissance
2846:Sultan Mahmud Mirza
1757:A History of Persia
1592:The Timurid dynasty
1550:ibn Arabshah, Ahmad
1239:Muhammad Juki Mirza
1178:Umar Shaikh Mirza I
900:Umar Shaikh Mirza I
287:Taghay Tarkhan Agha
3261:Monarchs of Persia
3076:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
2841:Sultan Ahmed Mirza
2289:چهارده رساله فارسی
2133:Petrushevsky (1985
1992:Minorsky, Vladimir
1110:
1003:Majmaʿ al-tawāriḵ
970:Gawhar Shad Mosque
956:Shah Rukh's wife,
954:
952:Gawhar Shad Mosque
944:Cultural influence
762:
661:Military campaigns
564:
490:
3256:People from Herat
3228:
3227:
3103:Ulugh Beg Madrasa
2851:Mirza Shah Mahmud
2816:Abdal-Latif Mirza
2744:
2743:
2735:Succeeded by
2651:978-81-208-1595-7
2632:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
2580:978-0-14-341678-4
2554:, pp. 13–14)
2321:Dreyer, Edward L.
2159:, pp. 17–18)
2089:978-1-78074-192-5
2062:978-1-107-02336-9
2052:Medieval Heresies
2007:978-0-86078-114-1
1943:, pp. 101–2)
1912:978-0-00-736973-7
1886:, pp. 70–71)
1870:978-1-139-46284-6
1844:, pp. 65–66)
1792:978-0-521-20094-3
1720:978-1-59884-429-0
1678:978-90-04-37722-6
1507:978-81-89267-61-2
1477:978-0-87474-706-5
1440:978-81-85004-60-0
1413:978-1-107-05424-0
1013:Foreign relations
995:Tāriḵ-e Šāhroḵ(i)
536:War of succession
457:Saray Mulk Khanum
396:'s four sons. In
301:
300:
257:
256:
3283:
3266:Timurid monarchs
3137:Goharshad Mosque
2770:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2718:Preceded by
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2317:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2206:(1–2): 105–122.
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1458:Lentz, Thomas W.
1454:
1445:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1348:
1079:Sultan of Bengal
1073:, starting with
1071:Sultans of Delhi
993:. Among them is
795:, author of the
561:
525:Battle of Ankara
448:". According to
317:
245:
244:
138:, Timurid Empire
132:
121:, Timurid Empire
115:
113:
55:
26:
25:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3188:Timurid dynasty
3156:
3059:
2875:
2836:Abu Sa'id Mirza
2779:
2774:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2713:
2710:Timurid dynasty
2706:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2199:Iranian Studies
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1966:
1958:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1897:Marozzi, Justin
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1819:Habib, Mohammad
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1774:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1705:Tucker, Spencer
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:Lowry, Glenn D.
1455:
1448:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1323:
1295:
1256:
1198:
1191:La'l Takin Agha
1160:
1155:
1114:Sultan Muhammad
1099:
1041:) travelled to
1015:
968:and Herat. The
946:
868:
860:Sultan Muhammad
819:
756:Miniature from
750:
668:
663:
550:Miniature from
544:
538:
482:
390:
378:Thomas W. Lentz
339:Timurid dynasty
239:
196:
193:La'l Takin Agha
190:Mihr Nigar Agha
158:
134:
130:
117:
111:
109:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Abdallah Mirza
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:Timurid Empire
2773:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:Timurid Empire
2724:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2674:
2657:
2650:
2622:
2620:, p. 262)
2610:
2608:, p. 179)
2606:Subtelny (2007
2598:
2586:
2579:
2556:
2552:Ghiasian (2018
2539:
2525:
2496:
2475:نوائى (1977).
2467:
2463:Subtelny (2007
2455:
2449:
2435:Brook, Timothy
2426:
2420:
2406:Brook, Timothy
2397:
2391:
2368:
2362:
2342:
2335:
2312:
2303:"Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru"
2294:
2279:
2275:Subtelny (2007
2267:
2261:978-9004160316
2260:
2240:
2236:Ghiasian (2018
2225:
2185:
2183:, p. 104)
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2135:, p. 262)
2125:
2118:
2095:
2088:
2068:
2061:
2041:
2034:
2022:Bolle, Kees W.
2013:
2006:
1983:
1981:, p. 103)
1964:
1962:, p. 102)
1945:
1933:
1931:, p. 101)
1918:
1911:
1888:
1884:Barthold (1963
1876:
1869:
1846:
1842:Barthold (1963
1834:
1810:
1798:
1791:
1777:Jackson, Peter
1763:
1743:
1726:
1719:
1696:
1692:Barthold (1963
1684:
1677:
1657:
1653:Barthold (1963
1645:
1638:
1618:
1598:
1587:Woods, John E.
1578:
1561:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1506:
1483:
1476:
1446:
1439:
1419:
1412:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1350:Alternatives:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1311:brachycephalic
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:Jahangir Mirza
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:Jahangir Mirza
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1172:, daughter of
1167:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1098:
1095:
1067:Ottoman Empire
1031:Hongwu Emperor
1023:Yongle Emperor
1014:
1011:
945:
942:
894:, daughter of
867:
866:Administration
864:
828:Iskandar Mirza
818:
815:
749:
746:
667:
664:
662:
659:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
521:Ottoman Empire
481:
480:Reign of Timur
478:
389:
386:
382:Glenn D. Lowry
324:Timurid Empire
308:Shahrukh Mirza
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
259:
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:
241:
240:
238:
237:
234:Several others
230:
225:
222:
217:
215:Sultan Ibrahim
212:
206:
204:
198:
197:
195:
194:
191:
188:
187:Aq Sultan Agha
185:
182:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
144:
140:
139:
133:(aged 69)
127:
123:
122:
116:20 August 1377
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
68:Timurid Empire
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Mughal Empire
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
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3176:
3174:
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3159:
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3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:Dorut Tilavat
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3054:
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3046:
3044:
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3036:
3034:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
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2952:
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2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
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2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
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2878:
2872:
2869:
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2864:
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2844:
2842:
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2837:
2834:
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2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Khalil Sultan
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:Khalil Sultan
2716:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2465:, p. 25)
2464:
2459:
2452:
2450:0-520-21091-3
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2421:0-521-24333-5
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2392:0-231-03801-1
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2363:0-295-98124-5
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2336:9780321084439
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2277:, p. 27)
2276:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2238:, p. 13)
2237:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2171:, p. 18)
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2147:, p. 17)
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2119:9780887060700
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:Islam in Iran
2105:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2035:90-04-08342-1
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1862:
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1856:
1850:
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1838:
1830:
1829:
1824:
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1814:
1807:
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1772:
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1759:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1694:, p. 33)
1693:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1639:9788124102589
1635:
1631:
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1608:
1602:
1594:
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1473:
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1404:
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1300:
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1234:
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1210:
1207:
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1199:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1153:Personal life
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1092:
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1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
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976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
950:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
921:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
814:
810:
808:
804:
803:Qasem-e Anvar
800:
799:
794:
788:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
754:
745:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:Qara Iskander
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
658:
656:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Khalil Sultan
571:
569:
557:
553:
548:
543:
533:
531:
526:
522:
517:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
486:
477:
475:
474:Khalil Sultan
471:
467:
462:
459:, formerly a
458:
453:
451:
450:Ibn 'Arabshah
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Central Asian
327:
325:
321:
313:
309:
305:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
251:
246:
242:
236:
235:
231:
229:
228:Muhammad Juki
226:
224:Soyurghatmish
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
203:
199:
192:
189:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:13 March 1447
128:
124:
120:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:Ruler of the
64:
60:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3147:Green Mosque
3115:Shah-i-Zinda
3064:Architecture
2980:
2891:
2805:
2726:
2708:
2688:
2677:
2668:
2660:
2640:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2569:
2559:
2533:
2528:
2505:
2499:
2476:
2470:
2458:
2439:
2429:
2410:
2400:
2381:
2371:
2352:
2345:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2176:
2169:Binbas (2016
2164:
2157:Binbas (2016
2152:
2145:Binbas (2016
2140:
2128:
2108:
2098:
2078:
2071:
2051:
2044:
2025:
2016:
1996:
1986:
1936:
1901:
1891:
1879:
1859:
1849:
1837:
1827:
1813:
1801:
1781:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1729:
1709:
1699:
1687:
1667:
1660:
1648:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1516:
1496:
1486:
1466:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1395:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1296:
1170:Malikat Agha
1147:
1131:Ala al-Dawla
1111:
1052:
1016:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
991:Hafiz-i Abru
955:
938:
933:
929:
925:
922:
915:
909:
903:
892:Malikat Agha
881:
869:
844:
820:
811:
797:
789:
782:
763:
758:Hafiz-i Abru
735:
719:
699:Qara Qoyunlu
684:
669:
647:
628:
620:
616:Pir Muhammad
604:
600:Qara Qoyunlu
572:
568:Ming Dynasty
565:
552:Hafiz-i Abru
518:
514:Genghis Khan
510:
491:
454:
429:
425:
421:
401:
391:
374:
355:
328:
319:
307:
303:
302:
232:
180:Malikat Agha
131:(1447-03-13)
34:
3246:1447 deaths
3241:1377 births
3200:Timurid art
3193:family tree
3091:Shakhrisabz
1332:Miraj Nameh
1206:Transoxiana
1176:, widow of
1164:Gawhar Shad
1123:Abdal-Latif
981:as well as
958:Gawhar Shad
896:Khizr Khoja
873:Gawhar Shad
691:Mesopotamia
655:Transoxiana
470:Qara Khitai
347:Transoxiana
296:Sunni Islam
167:Gawhar Shad
82:Predecessor
3235:Categories
3168:Persianate
3086:Gur-e-Amir
2732:1405–1447
2705:Shah Rukh
2618:Manz (2007
2594:Manz (2007
1538:p. V1-0926
1524:p. V2-0164
1387:References
1303:East Asian
1222:Baysunghur
1139:Gur-e-Amir
1107:Gur-e-Amir
1075:Khizr Khan
1055:Aq Qoyunlu
1035:Chen Cheng
1019:Ming China
817:Rebellions
807:Baysunghur
742:Jahan Shah
715:Diyarbakır
703:Miran Shah
695:Qara Yusuf
687:Azerbaijan
596:Jalayirids
592:Azerbaijan
587:Oxus river
502:Miran Shah
466:Khwandamir
388:Early life
333:conqueror
220:Baysunghur
156:Uzbekistan
148:Gur-e-Amir
112:1377-08-20
2811:Ulugh Beg
2806:Shah Rukh
2738:Ulugh Beg
2514:cite book
2485:cite book
1327:Ahmed Lur
1315:Mongoloid
1285:, son of
1263:, son of
1254:Daughters
1202:Ulugh Beg
1143:Samarqand
1127:Ulugh Beg
1005:(section
798:Zafarnama
785:Ahmed Lur
651:Ulugh Beg
583:Samarqand
530:Bayezid I
461:Chaghatai
366:Samarqand
362:Silk Road
304:Shah Rukh
210:Ulugh Beg
184:Tuti Agha
152:Samarkand
119:Samarkand
96:Ulugh Beg
92:Successor
29:Shah Rukh
3161:See also
3125:Minarets
2784:Emperors
2638:(1992).
2567:(2011).
2437:(1998),
2323:(2007).
2106:(1985).
2024:(1987).
1994:(1931).
1899:(2012).
1857:(2007).
1825:(1970).
1754:(1915).
1707:(2011).
1609:(1963).
1589:(1990).
1552:(1936).
1494:(2008).
1464:(1989).
1360:Shāhrukh
1356:Shāhrokh
1321:See also
1307:Europoid
1158:Consorts
1029:and the
983:Chagatay
832:Ferghana
824:Astrabad
778:Timurids
727:Abu Said
635:Ferghana
612:Iskandar
598:and the
579:Tashkent
494:Khorasan
446:castling
412:", "the
292:Religion
2220:4310596
1352:Shāhruh
1247:Khuttal
1243:Garmsir
1087:Mamluks
1043:Beijing
979:Persian
966:Mashhad
962:mosques
917:Padshah
856:Bayqara
848:Isfahan
836:Hamadan
768:were a
766:Hurufis
707:Baghdad
697:of the
676:Bayqara
639:Andijan
631:Dughlat
556:Hushang
422:shahkar
398:Persian
320:Šāhrokh
312:Persian
268:Timurid
263:Dynasty
163:Consort
44:Bahadur
40:Padshah
2648:
2577:
2447:
2418:
2389:
2360:
2333:
2258:
2218:
2116:
2086:
2059:
2032:
2004:
1909:
1867:
1789:
1717:
1675:
1636:
1504:
1474:
1437:
1410:
1233:Ghazni
1216:Persia
1063:Hurmuz
987:Arabic
930:yarghu
911:Sultan
888:Sharia
884:Mongol
852:Kerman
840:Shiraz
738:Alinja
731:Tabriz
711:Qazvin
680:Kirman
444:move "
428:); رخ
410:Persia
358:Europe
343:Persia
284:Mother
274:Father
143:Burial
36:Sultan
3251:Herat
2791:Timur
2216:JSTOR
1338:Notes
1229:India
1091:Egypt
1059:India
1027:Timur
975:China
842:etc.
830:from
623:emirs
506:China
498:Herat
442:chess
426:dâmâd
418:chess
416:" in
394:Timur
370:Herat
335:Timur
316:شاهرخ
278:Timur
248:Names
202:Issue
173:Wives
86:Timur
74:Reign
2667:in
2646:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2520:link
2491:link
2445:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2030:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1245:and
1231:and
1196:Sons
1118:Rayy
1048:Yasa
985:and
934:törä
914:and
905:Amir
850:and
770:Sufi
764:The
713:and
689:and
672:Fars
643:Rayy
614:and
562:1400
434:rook
430:rokh
414:king
406:shah
402:shah
380:and
351:Asia
345:and
136:Rayy
126:Died
106:Born
2305:at
2208:doi
1358:or
1141:in
1089:of
1009:).
838:to
834:to
438:roc
306:or
3237::
2634:;
2542:^
2516:}}
2512:{{
2487:}}
2483:{{
2228:^
2214:.
2204:21
2202:.
1967:^
1948:^
1921:^
1821:;
1766:^
1460:;
1449:^
1354:,
1145:.
1129:.
1081:,
1061:,
1057:,
920:.
854:.
826:,
780:.
709:,
657:.
560:c.
532:.
476:.
353:.
318:,
314::
154:,
150:,
42:,
38:,
2769:e
2762:t
2755:v
2654:.
2583:.
2522:)
2493:)
2339:.
2264:.
2222:.
2210::
2122:.
2092:.
2065:.
2038:.
2010:.
1915:.
1873:.
1795:.
1723:.
1681:.
1642:.
1510:.
1480:.
1443:.
1416:.
1249:.
1235:.
1218:.
924:(
310:(
114:)
110:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
