739:
52:
575:
2654:
847:
3786:
774:, who reportedly made Armenia a "desert" and subjected it to "devastation and plunder, to slaughter, and captivity". Iskander's wars with and eventual defeat by the Timurids invited further destruction in Armenia, as many Armenians were taken captive and sold into slavery and the land was subjected to outright pillaging, forcing many of them to leave the region. Iskander did attempt to reconcile with the Armenians by appointing an Armenian from a noble family, Rustum, as one of his advisers.
910:
6473:
2587:
10954:
9775:
1035:
10964:
9785:
3719:
9834:
5015:
10974:
10984:
891:
the Qara
Qoyunlu dynasty, there is a conscious love for Ali (caliph). However, the names of four caliphs are seen on the coins of Qara Yusuf, Isqandar and Jahan Shah. In addition to that, there is no record in the contemporary Aq Qoyunlu, Mamluk and Timurid sources that the Qara Qoyunlu rulers were inclined to Shi'ism.
5882:
The disintegration of Timur's empire into a growing number of
Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu
954:
Keeping with a
Persianate culture, the Qara Qoyunlu used the Persian language for diplomacy, poetry, and as a court language. Diplomatic letters to the Timurids and Ottomans were written in Persian, while the correspondence with the Mamluk sultans were in Arabic. Official internal documents (farmān,
701:
In 1410, the Qara
Qoyunlu captured Baghdad. The installation of a subsidiary Qara Qoyunlu line there hastened the downfall of the Jalairids they had once served. Despite internal fighting among Qara Yusuf's descendants after his death in 1420, The Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed after Qara Yusif. After
890:
During the Qara period, Shi'ism became widespread. Successful activities of Shaykh Junayd-i Safavi in
Azerbaijan and Anatolia, and the Musha'sha'iyyah in Khuzestan are the most important pieces of evidence that Shi'ism was spread by the sword. It can be said, like Yar Ali (brother of Qara Yusuf) in
725:
Due to the mistakes of his predecessor, the
Timurid Shah Rukh, was the first to convene a party in the palace. They brought the Timurids to the capital. But he went to war with his enemies, the Aq Qoyunlular. Jahanshah Haqiqi died in the battle of Mus. Qara Qoyunlu was almost destroyed. This time
656:
5275:, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the
710:, using the fact that none of his sons was accompanying his father. Despite defeating Iskander, twice in 1420–21 and 1429, only in the third expedition of Shahrukh Mirza in 1434–35 did the Timurids succeed, when he entrusted the government to Iskander's own brother,
5091:"It is somewhat astonishing that a sturdy Turkman like Jihan-shah should have been so restricted in his ways of expression. Altogether the language of the poems belongs to the group of the southern Turkman dialects which go by the name of 'Azarbayjan Turkish'."
817:
as well as
Timurid-controlled western Iran. Though much territory was gained during his rule, Jahān Shāh's reign was troubled by his rebellious sons and the almost autonomous rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464. In 1466, Jahan Shah attempted to take
986:
Under Timur, the cultural entity of Iran was renewed by
Persian literature, art and culture being patronized throughout the Timurid Empire. Consequently, Qara Qoyunlu art was notably influenced by the Timurids. Jahan Shah wrote his poetry in
871:
As to the religious affiliations of the Qara
Qoyunlu, although some of the later members of the family had Shi'i-type names and there were occasional Shi'i coin legends, there seems no strong evidence for definite Shi'i sympathies among many
443:, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads. Another hypothesis is that the name refers to the predominant color of their flocks.
51:
7218:
857:
The argument that there was a clear-cut contrast between the
Sunnism of the Āq Qoyunlū and the Shiʿism of the Qara Qoyunlū and the Ṣafawīya rests mainly on later Safavid sources and must be considered doubtful.
6072:
Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and
826:("White Sheep Turkomans"), however, this was a catastrophic failure resulting in Jahān Shāh's death and the collapse of the Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans' control in the Middle East. By 1468, at their height under
802:
in 1441. For all this, Jihanshah continued to attack Armenian towns and take Armenian captives as the country saw further devastation in the final years of Jihanshah's failed struggles with the Aq Qoyunlu.
777:
When the Timurids launched their final incursion into the region, they convinced Jihanshah, Iskander's brother, to turn on his brother. Jihanshah pursued a policy of persecution against the Armenians in
5889:
Bauden, Frédéric (2019). "Diplomatic Entanglements between Tabriz, Cairo, and Herat: a Reconstructed Qara Qoyunlu Letter Datable to 818/1415". In Bauden, Frédéric; Dekkiche, Malika (eds.).
8277:
1083:
644:
agreed to capture Qara Yusuf and Ahmad Jalayir and hand them over to him. Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Ahmad Jalayir should keep
601:
from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe ruled Mosul. However, they rebelled against the Jalayirids and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of
5883:
in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.
3511:
652:. When Timur died in 1405, an-Nasir Faraj released them both. However, according to Faruk Sümer, they were released on the orders of rebellious wali of Damascus, Sheykh Mahmud.
8267:
10216:
3521:
1725:
7229:
5864:
Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). "Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century".
1671:
7209:
7205:
345:
331:
306:
292:
770:, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place. This peaceful period was, however, shattered with the rise of
1761:
1707:
500:
7232:
11070:
7203:
7262:
7120:
1779:
11065:
10245:
2320:
1797:
1743:
974:, that looked after financial and administrative affairs, and also had political powers. The şehzades and beys had their own soldiers which were called
970:
in each of the provinces. The governance by military governors (beys) generally passed on from father to son. In the cities there were officials called
10515:
9436:
8289:
1689:
9542:
7073:
813:; however, this soon fell apart. When Shahrukh Mirza died in 1447, the Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans annexed portions of Iraq and the eastern coast of the
10129:
1653:
7228:
738:
536:
8956:
8947:
8691:
8203:
2615:
714:(1436-1467) as his vassal. In 1436 he obtained the help of Shah Rukh to defeat Iskander and seize the throne for himself. He was also adopted by
2653:
8188:
6028:
6397:
2195:
1058:
8479:
7184:
6407:
6145:
Colophons of Armenian manuscripts, 1301-1480: A Source for Middle Eastern History, Selected, Translated, and Annotated by Avedis K. Sanjian
3589:
2256:
439:
The name Qara Qoyunlu literally means " black sheep". It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to
5690:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century
8257:
7223:
7141:
6179:
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3747:
7150:
8625:
8141:
7230:
7216:
7215:
7192:
7191:
6622:
5489:
tribes... created the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu, which in the 15th century successively ruled Azerbaijan and most of Iran."
3672:
3577:
512:
7224:
7187:
7159:
7146:
686:
tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted a decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which
10133:
7255:
7165:
5688:
Kouymjian, Dickran (1997), "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Migration under Shah Abbas (1604)" in
5043:
3567:
2446:
524:
7212:
7189:
10505:
7177:
7170:
7166:
7113:
5469:
5467:
532:
480:
11085:
11080:
11035:
8176:
6705:
4937:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7171:
7157:
7152:
7144:
7143:
5916:
Kouymjian, Dickran (2004). "Armenia from the fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the forced emigration under Shah Abbas". In
11020:
8801:
8652:
8415:
6607:
6599:
7210:
7204:
7199:
11015:
9821:
9147:
8977:
8922:
8791:
8657:
7555:
7225:
6579:
5931:
5428:
1318:
9799:
1730:
1676:
11075:
11040:
10257:
10164:
8309:
8299:
7248:
7174:
7066:
6417:
6192:
5499:
Sümer, F. (30 May 2021). "Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3491:
2475:
2375:
2342:
2331:
2288:
2092:
1280:
7219:
7217:
7156:
5923:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
56:
Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans, lighter blue shows their greatest extent in Iraq and Arabian East Coast for a small period of time
10159:
9507:
9457:
9183:
8717:
7106:
3630:
3481:
2608:
790:
with the Armenians, allotting land to feudal lords, rebuilding churches, and approving the relocation of the seat of the
10510:
10426:
10149:
10114:
8732:
8721:
8666:
8614:
8469:
8272:
7140:
6683:
6525:
5540:
7169:
7158:
11090:
11030:
11025:
10554:
9162:
9106:
9086:
8902:
8877:
8773:
8697:
8599:
8229:
8071:
7211:
6515:
6376:
6220:
6055:
5761:
5701:
5650:
5327:
5260:
5182:
3655:
3547:
2500:
2495:
2081:
2049:
2027:
1054:
8996:
7145:
6432:
11045:
10642:
10627:
10223:
10211:
9627:
9193:
7271:
6867:
6832:
6796:
6791:
5132:
3682:
2147:
7196:
2393:
1590:
11050:
10500:
10486:
10238:
9888:
9137:
8677:
8513:
8508:
8247:
7874:
7151:
6970:
6947:
6786:
6761:
6668:
6366:
6172:
5062:
4404:
3740:
2278:
1825:
1298:
913:
7326:
7180:
10104:
9742:
9567:
9447:
9431:
8917:
8852:
8753:
8702:
8474:
8425:
8410:
8314:
8304:
8284:
8076:
7735:
7206:
7190:
7022:
6781:
6725:
6700:
6453:
6412:
5057:
4971:
4146:
3215:
2601:
2490:
2485:
2245:
1632:
1522:
1483:
1014:
574:
484:
159:
9375:
8146:
8086:
7175:
7164:
7147:
11060:
11055:
9601:
9042:
9025:
8932:
8907:
8763:
8671:
8661:
7179:
7149:
7040:
6975:
6917:
6882:
6877:
6690:
6493:
5036:
3709:
3660:
3461:
1766:
1712:
7202:
2165:
10250:
9605:
9441:
9157:
8897:
8887:
8635:
8491:
8091:
7220:
6720:
6617:
6584:
6569:
6532:
6508:
3677:
2681:
563:
9371:
7181:
7155:
2696:
1404:
766:
to contemporary manuscripts. According to Tovma, although the Qara Qoyunlu levied heavy taxes against the
10799:
10564:
10527:
10459:
10228:
9396:
9390:
9341:
9152:
8982:
8861:
8486:
7492:
7200:
7197:
6564:
6437:
6240:
6235:
5008:
4996:
3835:
3557:
3345:
2708:
2435:
2174:
1748:
1694:
1168:
1066:
679:
670:, Izzaddin Shir, to submit, while capturing Altamış, another viceroy set up by Timur, and sending him to
7221:
7176:
7160:
7148:
7142:
1044:
10977:
10652:
10632:
10474:
10464:
10454:
10154:
10144:
9923:
9611:
9072:
8937:
8405:
8183:
8081:
7461:
7182:
6957:
6837:
6756:
6673:
6658:
6472:
6422:
6165:
6047:
6022:
5067:
4966:
4927:
3733:
3667:
3471:
2633:
2480:
2413:
2353:
2215:
779:
659:
7214:
7207:
7188:
10604:
10449:
10019:
9814:
9715:
9306:
9076:
8857:
8783:
8645:
8620:
8543:
8294:
8193:
8136:
7548:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7154:
6995:
6751:
6678:
6520:
6037:
5126:
4908:
4812:
4071:
3692:
1355:
1230:
1151:
791:
7183:
5666:
Orly R. Rahimiyan. "Anjuman-i Markazī-yi Tashkīlat-i Ṣiyyonīt-i Irān". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.).
5122:"KARAKOYUNLULAR Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan, İran ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1351-1469)."
1658:
10691:
10662:
10306:
9426:
9216:
9096:
9047:
9019:
8882:
8420:
8334:
8063:
7198:
7195:
7193:
6985:
6776:
6695:
6645:
6351:
5029:
4991:
4986:
4976:
3765:
1835:
629:
191:
7162:
7161:
7153:
7035:
10919:
10667:
10331:
10064:
9657:
9631:
9622:
9492:
9452:
9056:
8992:
8952:
8687:
8538:
8395:
8354:
7612:
7186:
6990:
6965:
6937:
6806:
6715:
6663:
6574:
6557:
6481:
6225:
6215:
4554:
4310:
3891:
2136:
1390:
1366:
1193:
1117:
1050:
707:
7240:
7194:
5753:
5470:
https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_4_Iran-Kha/page/583/mode/2up
10622:
10481:
10351:
10326:
10196:
9948:
9747:
9386:
9127:
9082:
8806:
8768:
8496:
8252:
7178:
7167:
6980:
6922:
6892:
6710:
6636:
6589:
5917:
5693:
4871:
4374:
3848:
3697:
2671:
2402:
2235:
1784:
476:
460:
440:
7185:
6010:
5322:(F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction.
11010:
10987:
10726:
10594:
10206:
10079:
10058:
9978:
9938:
9829:
9035:
8987:
8962:
8682:
8430:
8208:
8126:
7743:
7700:
7517:
7213:
7201:
7059:
6942:
6907:
6820:
6801:
6739:
6653:
6612:
6547:
6503:
6381:
6200:
4252:
4172:
4110:
3125:
2060:
1023:
997:
799:
763:
5745:
5418:
3882:
1425:
1001:, a history of the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu, was written by Abu Bakr Tehrani in Persian.
10821:
10703:
10637:
10599:
10495:
10421:
10416:
10341:
10189:
9807:
9586:
9488:
9381:
9321:
9296:
9275:
9255:
9228:
9030:
8972:
8867:
8630:
8595:
8359:
7541:
7522:
7005:
6912:
6887:
6872:
6847:
6766:
5267:"In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic
4981:
3291:
2470:
988:
370:
119:
7401:
5942:
8:
10763:
10721:
10647:
10522:
10444:
9973:
9943:
9928:
9326:
9015:
8748:
8640:
8239:
8234:
8198:
8131:
7980:
7668:
7507:
7502:
7366:
7129:
7082:
7012:
6932:
6902:
6897:
6852:
6552:
6542:
6537:
4714:
4584:
4013:
3809:
3650:
3635:
3385:
3115:
3082:
2974:
2887:
1985:
1930:
1919:
850:
590:
403:
7336:
975:
846:
10894:
10889:
10874:
10836:
10811:
10748:
10609:
10544:
10179:
9988:
9903:
9690:
9652:
9597:
9592:
9497:
9412:
9052:
8912:
8872:
8712:
8707:
8605:
8590:
8349:
8151:
7972:
7941:
7834:
7591:
7381:
7351:
7321:
7208:
7030:
6862:
6371:
6255:
6250:
6230:
6097:
6080:
Savory, R. M. (2009). "The Struggle for Supremacy in Persia after the death of Tīmūr".
5979:
5971:
5316:
5301:"Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep,
5233:
4917:
4704:
4324:
3795:
3645:
3501:
3305:
3090:
2205:
2114:
2038:
1502:
1344:
1134:
1100:
396:
338:
10736:
5675:
5530:
3095:
1802:
10963:
10914:
10879:
10716:
10657:
10559:
10469:
10439:
10434:
10301:
10296:
10280:
10169:
10109:
10029:
10024:
9933:
9784:
9700:
9617:
9523:
9513:
9422:
9331:
9316:
9311:
9280:
9270:
9260:
9250:
9237:
9092:
8796:
8610:
8548:
8523:
8503:
8453:
8373:
8221:
7850:
7842:
7767:
7719:
7456:
7426:
7087:
6771:
6265:
6260:
6101:
6051:
5983:
5927:
5757:
5746:
5697:
5646:
5536:
5434:
5424:
5323:
5256:
5178:
4744:
4644:
4634:
4344:
4334:
4292:
4192:
4136:
3687:
3640:
3355:
3281:
3165:
3155:
3135:
3105:
2642:
2591:
1414:
1379:
1263:
1219:
835:
814:
759:
755:
695:
555:
544:
492:
472:
5305:
tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."
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1974:
1857:
1621:
1465:
992:
625:
384:
113:
10904:
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10321:
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9893:
9878:
9865:
9853:
9705:
9642:
9577:
9552:
9537:
9476:
9265:
9117:
9007:
8829:
8528:
8464:
8368:
8216:
8118:
7890:
7866:
7802:
7783:
7775:
7751:
7636:
7578:
7391:
7346:
6927:
6842:
6280:
6270:
6041:
5921:
4654:
4604:
4504:
4474:
4414:
4354:
4272:
4242:
4212:
4182:
3977:
3822:
3785:
3774:
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3205:
3185:
3145:
3004:
2757:
1996:
1846:
1610:
1307:
1253:
1243:
783:
675:
5584:
5360:
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690:
was killed. In 1409 fall, Qara Yusuf entered Tabriz and sent a raiding party to
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7411:
7311:
6245:
5954:
Minorsky, V. (1954). "Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9)".
4764:
4444:
4424:
4364:
4000:
3911:
3453:
3225:
2299:
2267:
2070:
1908:
1868:
1642:
1552:
810:
641:
613:
6093:
5967:
5877:
5438:
11004:
10957:
10909:
10899:
10864:
10816:
10793:
10768:
10532:
10361:
10356:
10233:
10034:
9883:
9778:
9682:
9667:
9637:
9582:
9462:
9417:
9366:
9336:
8039:
7933:
7898:
7620:
7331:
6427:
6346:
6301:
5891:
Mamluk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies:Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics
5447:, and the seats of their power in the fourteenth century lay to the north of
4843:
4832:
4574:
4494:
4454:
3901:
3861:
3723:
3625:
3315:
2364:
2125:
1897:
1886:
1814:
1492:
1445:
919:
The Qara Qoyunlu state organization was based mainly on of its predecessors,
771:
637:
178:
65:
819:
648:
while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan. Ahmad also adopted Qara Yusuf's son
10783:
10549:
10346:
10054:
10049:
9873:
9710:
9695:
9647:
9556:
9101:
8967:
8390:
8339:
8047:
8031:
7957:
7512:
7441:
7000:
6356:
6341:
6331:
4961:
4890:
4853:
4821:
4754:
4674:
4514:
4080:
3425:
3395:
3245:
2555:
2309:
2006:
1963:
1941:
1599:
1435:
940:
909:
559:
452:
263:
10967:
10929:
10778:
10614:
10539:
10336:
9898:
9788:
9752:
9503:
9188:
9111:
8942:
7451:
7431:
7361:
7341:
6498:
6316:
5444:
5072:
5019:
4664:
4624:
4384:
4262:
3618:
3325:
3273:
2847:
715:
667:
582:
456:
206:
22:
6043:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
5626:
5609:
5443:
Their ruling family seems to have come from the Yïwa or Iwa clan of the
5251:
Philippe, Beaujard (2019). "Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf".
10044:
9142:
8533:
8055:
8023:
7949:
7917:
7727:
7386:
7291:
6402:
6361:
6336:
6321:
6311:
6188:
5608:
Shahmoradi, Seyyed; Moradian, Mostafa; Montazerolghaem, Asghar (2013).
5361:"Kara Koyunlu | History, Meaning, & Capital | Britannica"
4880:
4794:
4614:
4594:
4564:
4524:
4484:
4316:
4282:
4202:
4156:
3801:
3435:
3405:
2807:
2728:
2663:
2570:
2185:
2016:
1952:
1572:
1512:
1455:
1034:
971:
920:
827:
823:
806:
795:
743:
727:
711:
687:
683:
606:
578:
508:
496:
407:
324:
297:
137:
7098:
6157:
6036:
Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Turkmen dynasties". In Lockhart, Laurence;
5975:
5483:
Shiism and its social face in Iran at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries
959:
674:. He later moved on to the territories of Azerbaijan. He defeated the
10854:
10826:
10773:
10311:
10003:
9963:
8268:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
7988:
7965:
7759:
7692:
7660:
7446:
7356:
6326:
5486:
4724:
4694:
4684:
4394:
4232:
4090:
3415:
3235:
2560:
2535:
1542:
1532:
924:
767:
703:
488:
2363: •
2352: •
2266: •
1984: •
1796: •
1760: •
1706: •
1202:
10371:
10201:
10184:
9958:
9953:
9178:
8518:
8400:
7652:
7406:
7396:
7371:
7306:
7301:
5448:
4544:
4534:
4100:
3987:
3375:
3175:
2955:
2817:
2747:
2565:
2520:
2445: •
2423: •
2330: •
2135: •
2124: •
2113: •
2102: •
2059: •
2037: •
958:
As for the provincial organization, the provinces were governed by
948:
936:
932:
873:
666:
Qara Yusuf, having returned from exile, forced Timur's governor of
649:
640:
also came to Damascus. Not wanting to worsen relations with Timur,
633:
547:'s claim that this subtribe belonged to the Yiwa is probably true.
504:
464:
311:
152:
5420:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
5177:(in Turkish). Vol. 1. Turkish Historical Society. p. 8.
682:
on 14 October 1406 and reoccupied Tabriz. Abu Bakr and his father
655:
78:
10831:
10788:
9968:
9913:
9721:
7644:
7471:
7376:
7270:
6285:
5607:
4734:
4222:
4053:
4043:
4033:
3951:
3924:
3195:
2984:
2964:
2897:
2877:
2837:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2545:
2540:
1331:
751:
691:
645:
594:
550:
Duharlu Turkmens, a branch of Qara Qoyunlu first appeared in the
528:
520:
516:
411:
400:
92:
830:(1452–1478), Aq Qoyunlu defeated the Qara Qoyunlu and conquered
782:
and colophons to Armenian manuscripts record the sacking of the
259:
10711:
10366:
9527:
8847:
7676:
7296:
4120:
4023:
3539:
3044:
3014:
2937:
2867:
2827:
2550:
944:
928:
671:
602:
598:
463:, who by the fourteenth century possessed territories north of
419:
125:
98:
82:
7533:
7139:
558:. It is probable that the Duharlu tribe came to Anatolia from
406:
monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day
10924:
9908:
8385:
5585:"Kara Koyunlu | History, Meaning, & Capital | Britannica"
5452:
3928:
3064:
3054:
3034:
3024:
2994:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2857:
967:
621:
617:
468:
88:
5234:"Coins from the tribal federation of Qara Qoyunlu – Numista"
10119:
10096:
9839:
9833:
8165:
7628:
7564:
7286:
5721:
5719:
3941:
2737:
2525:
831:
566:, as testified by the legendary tradition of Qara Qoyunlu.
423:
415:
754:
fell under the control of the Qara Qoyunlu. The principal
9143:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
5770:
5383:
5196:
5194:
963:
758:
sources available in this period come from the historian
589:
The Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans were initially vassals of the
5716:
5416:
5338:... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
5144:
5142:
5806:
5782:
5743:
5610:"The Religion of the Kara Koyunlu Dynasty: An Analysis"
5371:
5213:
5211:
5209:
6015:
Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
5956:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5842:
5341:
5191:
5173:
Faruk Sümer (1992). "Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah'a Kadar".
5154:
539:, the Qara Qoyunlu tribe was undoubtedly a sub-tribe (
5139:
475:. The tribes that comprised the Qara Qoyunlu besides
16:
Persianate, Muslim Turkoman confederation (1374–1468)
5643:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
5466:"KARÁ-KOYUNLU. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition.
5404:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
5206:
6067:
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750
5830:
5818:
939:appeared on the coinage. They also used the titles
5315:
620:defeated the Qara Qoyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to
5794:
718:and crowned on 19 April 1438, taking the epithet
378:
11002:
5423:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 273–274.
5255:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–521.
5119:
726:Hasanali Mirza came to power, but was killed by
628:. Qara Yusuf was welcomed by Sheikh Mahmud, the
8204:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
6127:ԺԵ դարի հայերեն ձեռագրերի հիշատակարաններ, մաս 1
5513:
5485:"These tribes, which later became known as the
5401:
706:tried to take Azerbaijan from Qara Yusuf's son
8290:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
8189:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
6000:Quiring-Zoche, R. (2009-10-29). "AQ QOYUNLŪ".
5993:Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook
11071:States and territories disestablished in 1468
9815:
8072:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
7549:
7256:
7114:
6173:
6008:
5999:
5776:
5665:
5389:
5037:
3741:
2609:
2196:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
35:
9148:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
6147:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.
6131:Fifteenth Century Armenian Colophons, Part 1
5744:Stearns, Peter N.; Leonard, William (2001).
5279:(" Black Sheep"), who took Baghdad in 1412."
2277: •
2255: •
1995: •
1973: •
1962: •
1951: •
1940: •
1929: •
1918: •
1907: •
1896: •
1885: •
1867: •
1856: •
1845: •
1824: •
1778: •
1742: •
1724: •
1688: •
1670: •
1652: •
1354: •
1317: •
1229: •
746:(countermarked issue), dated AH 871 (1466-7)
8258:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
5172:
2434: •
2412: •
2374: •
2341: •
2319: •
2298: •
2184: •
2146: •
2091: •
2080: •
2048: •
2026: •
1631: •
1620: •
1609: •
1424: •
1403: •
1389: •
1365: •
11066:States and territories established in 1375
9822:
9808:
8764:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
8626:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
8142:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
7556:
7542:
7263:
7249:
7121:
7107:
6180:
6166:
6027:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5940:
5848:
5560:"KARAKOYUNLULAR - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"
5044:
5030:
3748:
3734:
2616:
2602:
702:the death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420,
50:
10130:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
8273:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
5915:
5668:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
5625:
5498:
5347:
5228:
5226:
955:suyūrghāl) were also written in Persian.
914:Graveyard in Argavand, fragment in Arabic
251:520.000 km (200.773 sq mi)
9954:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
8092:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
5953:
5897:
5863:
5812:
5788:
5640:
5377:
5250:
5200:
5160:
5148:
908:
845:
737:
654:
573:
379:
8878:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
7128:
6187:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
636:. Not long after, the Jalayirid sultan
11003:
8416:History of democracy in classical Iran
6079:
6035:
5888:
5696:, New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 4.
5223:
5217:
730:and the Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed.
10689:
10581:
10403:
10278:
9851:
9803:
9214:
9138:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
8923:Iran and the World Trade Organization
8827:
8570:
8451:
7576:
7537:
7244:
7102:
6161:
5990:
5906:
5836:
5824:
5554:
5552:
5287:
5285:
927:. Qara Qoyunlu rulers used the title
786:by his forces. But he, too, sought a
581:in the battle of Kura coast with the
451:The ruling family descended from the
10983:
10925:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
8310:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
8300:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
6408:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
5941:Lugal, Necati; Sümer, Faruk (2002).
5909:Persian Art: Image-making in Eurasia
5528:
5104:
2289:Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic
10973:
9543:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
9184:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
9158:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
8957:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
8692:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
6064:
5800:
935:by Qara Yusuf. Sometimes the title
388:
36:
13:
8082:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
6109:
5577:
5549:
5532:Mameluke Or Slave Dynasty Of Egypt
5522:
5492:
5475:
5410:
5353:
5308:
5282:
1084:Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivan
14:
11102:
9153:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
8774:Supreme National Security Council
8600:Persian Constitutional Revolution
8230:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
8137:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
8127:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
6138:The Oxford Dynasties of the World
5752:. Houghton Muffin Books. p.
5748:The Encyclopedia of World History
5676:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_000228
5417:Clifford Edmund Bosworth (2004).
3296:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
978:, who were trained and salaried.
116:(official court language, poetry)
10982:
10972:
10962:
10953:
10952:
10258:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
9832:
9783:
9774:
9773:
8749:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
7272:States in late medieval Anatolia
6471:
5013:
3784:
3717:
3260:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
2652:
2585:
2148:Special Transcaucasian Committee
1033:
343:
329:
304:
290:
21:For the district in Turkey, see
10737:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
10160:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
10150:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
9889:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
8948:Military equipment manufactured
8514:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
8278:United States withdrawal (2018)
8199:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
7563:
5737:
5728:
5707:
5682:
5659:
5634:
5601:
5507:
5460:
5395:
5063:Turkmen incursions into Georgia
2279:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
11086:Former monarchies of West Asia
11081:1468 disestablishments in Asia
11036:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
10020:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
9508:modern / contemporary
8754:Expediency Discernment Council
8077:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
8066:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
7590:
6454:History of the name Azerbaijan
6413:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
5898:Bosworth, Clifford E. (1996).
5857:
5734:Kouymjian. "Armenia", pp. 6–7.
5516:The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461
5253:The Worlds of the Indian Ocean
5244:
5166:
5085:
5058:List of rulers of Qara Qoyunlu
3116:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
2246:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1:
11021:Former countries in West Asia
10279:
8722:state-sponsorship allegations
8452:
6377:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
6152:The Byzantine Turks 1204-1461
6017:. New York. pp. 163–168.
5911:. Edinburgh University Press.
5866:Journal of Persianate Studies
5135:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
5098:
4161:
4125:
4005:
3992:
3969:
3956:
3933:
3916:
3866:
3853:
3840:
3827:
3814:
2686:
1877:
1873:
1395:
1371:
1336:
1323:
1272:
1268:
1235:
1211:
1207:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1071:
904:
141:
11016:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
10516:in ISIL-controlled territory
10404:
9179:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
8571:
8480:twin towns and sister cities
7786:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
7663:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
7639:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
5902:. Columbia University Press.
809:made peace with the Timurid
434:
7:
11076:1375 establishments in Asia
11041:Medieval Iranian Azerbaijan
10690:
10582:
10427:Council of Representatives
10165:Weapons of mass destruction
9852:
9458:Water supply and sanitation
9215:
9189:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
8828:
8248:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
7623:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
7577:
7493:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6438:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
6367:Russo-Persian War (1804–13)
5725:Kouymjian. "Armenia", p. 5.
5713:Kouymjian. "Armenia", p. 4.
3631:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3346:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2175:Transcaucasian Commissariat
1826:Division of Afsharid Empire
1004:
841:
10:
11107:
10155:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
8938:Economy of the Middle East
8315:2021–2022 Iranian protests
8305:2019–2020 Iranian protests
8285:2017–2018 Iranian protests
7746:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
6423:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
6048:Cambridge University Press
6009:Quiring-Zoche, R. (1986).
5133:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
5068:Mausoleum of Turkmen emirs
2216:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
1726:Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II)
981:
931:since the enthronement of
733:
660:Mausoleum of Turkmen emirs
624:, seeking refuge with the
446:
429:
20:
10948:
10847:
10702:
10698:
10685:
10590:
10577:
10412:
10399:
10287:
10274:
10095:
10012:
9864:
9860:
9847:
9769:
9735:
9681:
9484:
9475:
9405:
9357:
9289:
9236:
9227:
9223:
9210:
9171:
9163:National Development Fund
9126:
9083:Telecommunications and IT
9077:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
9006:
8903:Foreign direct investment
8848:Bonyad (charitable trust)
8840:
8836:
8823:
8782:
8741:
8583:
8579:
8566:
8460:
8447:
8327:
8194:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
8184:Interim Government (1979)
8163:
8111:
8104:
8000:
7910:
7827:
7818:
7795:
7712:
7605:
7598:
7589:
7585:
7572:
7480:
7279:
7136:
7053:
7021:
6956:
6828:
6819:
6747:
6738:
6644:
6635:
6598:
6489:
6480:
6469:
6446:
6390:
6294:
6208:
6199:
6117:The New Islamic Dynasties
6094:10.1515/islm.1964.40.1.35
5968:10.1017/s0041977x00105981
5900:The New Islamic Dynasties
5878:10.1163/18747167-12341292
5614:Asian Culture and History
5127:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
5120:Faruk Sümer (1988–2016).
3512:Decline and modernization
3462:Periods of Ottoman Empire
1672:Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I)
883:The New Islamic Dynasties
792:Armenian Apostolic Church
426:from about 1374 to 1468.
269:
255:
245:
240:
236:
226:
216:
212:
202:
198:
185:
172:
168:
158:
148:
133:
107:
71:
61:
49:
44:
30:
11091:1370s in the Middle East
11031:Medieval history of Iraq
11026:Medieval history of Iran
10506:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
10417:Administrative divisions
8913:International oil bourse
8678:Ministry of Intelligence
8263:Syrian civil war (2011–)
8087:1921 Persian coup d'état
6608:Administrative divisions
6398:Armenian–Tatar massacres
6352:Khanates of the Caucasus
5991:Price, Massoume (2005).
5514:Rustam Shukurov (2016).
5481:Miklukho-Maklay, N. D.
5455:region of northern Iraq.
5402:Peter B. Golden (1992).
5297:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5131:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
5078:
2257:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
2082:Second Russo-Persian War
2028:Fourth Russo-Persian War
1836:Khanates of the Caucasus
11046:15th century in Armenia
10065:Mandate for Mesopotamia
9939:First Babylonian Empire
9437:scientists and scholars
8943:Milad Tower and complex
8733:Women's rights movement
8728:White Revolution (1963)
8396:Peoples of the Caucasus
7738:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
7631:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
6241:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
6236:Khojaly–Gadabay culture
5943:"KİTÂB-ı DİYARBEKRİYYE"
5918:Hovannisian, Richard G.
5641:Grousset, René (1970).
5564:TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi
5318:The Book of Dede Korkut
3836:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
2436:II Nagorno-Karabakh War
2137:Elizavetpol Governorate
2050:Fifth Russo-Persian War
1169:Khojaly–Gadabay culture
1067:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
698:, which was fruitless.
569:
11051:Medieval Islamic world
10224:Insurgency (2011–2013)
10145:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
9949:Middle Assyrian Empire
9748:Anti-Iranian sentiment
9743:Science and technology
9568:Intellectual movements
9448:International rankings
9432:Intellectual movements
8918:International rankings
8411:Heads of state of Iran
8217:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
7778:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
7615:culture (3400–2000 BC)
6433:Independent Azerbaijan
5926:. Palgrave Macmillan.
5849:Lugal & Sümer 2002
5694:Richard G. Hovannisian
5529:Muir, William (1986).
5501:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4375:Masmughans of Damavand
3849:Zayandeh River Culture
3683:Constitutional history
3568:Provisional government
3522:Defeat and dissolution
2672:Prehistory of Anatolia
2414:I Nagorno-Karabakh War
2403:Republic of Azerbaijan
2376:Republic of Azerbaijan
2236:Mughan Soviet Republic
1762:Nakhchivan Sanjak (II)
916:
902:
887:
868:
853:
747:
663:
586:
441:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
374:
228:• Disestablished
10511:in post-invasion Iraq
10217:U.S. troop withdrawal
9979:Neo-Babylonian Empire
9036:Shetab Banking System
9026:Banking and insurance
8988:Tehran Stock Exchange
8908:Intellectual property
8253:PJAK conflict (2004–)
8026:Turcomans (1378–1508)
8018:Turcomans (1374–1468)
7967:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
7770:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
7518:Philaretos Brachamios
6382:Treaty of Turkmenchay
6088:. De Gruyter: 35–65.
6065:Roy, Kaushik (2014).
4253:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
4207:3rd-century BC–132 BC
4173:Kingdom of Cappadocia
4129: 6th century BC
4111:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3126:Kingdom of Cappadocia
2682:Palaeolithic Anatolia
2592:Azerbaijan portal
2061:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1708:Nakhchivan Sanjak (I)
1152:Talish–Mughan culture
998:Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya
912:
888:
876:elements of the time.
869:
855:
849:
800:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
741:
658:
577:
393:Black Sheep Turkomans
391:), also known as the
108:Common languages
11061:15th century in Asia
11056:14th century in Asia
10460:Council of Ministers
10342:Mesopotamian Marshes
8997:Technology start-ups
8898:Environmental issues
8888:Economic Reform Plan
8802:Provincial governors
8492:Environmental issues
8240:Iran Air Flight 655
7981:Jalayirid Sultanate
7853:Caliphate (750–1258)
7695:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
6623:World Heritage Sites
6115:Bosworth, Clifford.
6002:Encyclopedia Iranica
5907:Kadoi, Yuka (2019).
5277:Turkmen Kara Koyunlu
3292:Eastern Roman Empire
2394:Contemporary history
2093:Caucasus Viceroyalty
1953:Shamshadil sultanate
1591:Early modern history
864:Encyclopædia Iranica
838:, and western Iran.
680:Battle of Nakhchivan
543:) of the Oghuz, and
459:, specifically, the
395:, were a culturally
10722:Mesopotamian Arabic
10528:Freedom of religion
9974:Neo-Assyrian Empire
9944:Old Assyrian Period
9929:Neo-Sumerian Empire
9397:Freedom of religion
8983:Supreme Audit Court
8862:Automotive industry
8509:Iranian Balochistan
8235:1987 Mecca incident
8132:Iran crisis of 1946
8121:dynasty (1925–1979)
8050:Dynasty (1751–1794)
7991:dynasty (1338–1357)
7983:dynasty (1335–1432)
7975:dynasty (1314–1393)
7960:dynasty (1244–1381)
7944:dynasty (1077–1231)
7928:dynasty (1011–1215)
7845:Caliphate (661–750)
7837:Caliphate (632–661)
7805:Empire (AD 224–651)
7722:Empire (550–330 BC)
7703:Empire (626–539 BC)
7687:Empire (678–549 BC)
7671:Empire (911–609 BC)
7508:Knights Hospitaller
7503:Empire of Trebizond
7130:History of Anatolia
6226:Kura–Araxes culture
6221:Bronze and Iron age
6143:Sanjian, Avedis K.
6125:Khachikyan, Levon.
5947:İslâm Ansıklopedısı
5645:. RUTGERS UNIV PR.
5627:10.5539/ach.v5n2p95
5406:. pp. 367–368.
4909:Contemporary period
4813:Early modern period
4715:Jalayirid Sultanate
4585:Khwarazmian dynasty
4014:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3892:Kura–Araxes culture
3810:Baradostian culture
3636:History of Anatolia
3558:War of Independence
3386:Empire of Trebizond
3250:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
2697:Mesolithic Anatolia
2447:Ceasefire Agreement
2321:Transcaucasian SFSR
1986:Treaty of Kurakchay
1931:Qutqashen Sultanate
1920:Nakhichevan Khanate
1426:Emirate of Arminiya
1405:Emirate of Arminiya
1118:Kura–Araxes culture
1057: •
1053: •
898:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
851:Blue Mosque, Tabriz
591:Jalayirid Sultanate
422:, and northeastern
218:• Established
10653:Telecommunications
10628:Foreign Investment
10565:Wars and conflicts
10501:in pre-Saddam Iraq
10465:Presidency Council
10251:2019–2021 protests
10180:Invasion of Kuwait
10004:Sassanid Asorestan
9999:Parthian Babylonia
9994:Seleucid Babylonia
9989:Achaemenid Assyria
9904:Jemdet Nasr period
9528:Persian New Year (
8933:Main economic laws
8504:Iranian Azerbaijan
8406:Monarchs of Persia
8350:Persianate society
8058:Empire (1789–1925)
8042:Empire (1736–1796)
8034:Empire (1501–1736)
8010:Empire (1370–1507)
7936:Empire (1037–1194)
7901:dynasty (934–1062)
7893:dynasty (931–1090)
7885:dynasty (861–1003)
7754:Empire (312–63 BC)
7655:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
7382:Kadi Burhan al-Din
6797:Telecommunications
6792:Petroleum industry
6372:Treaty of Gulistan
6256:Leyla-Tepe culture
6251:Jar-Burial Culture
6231:Nakhchivan culture
6150:Shukurov, Rustam.
5777:Quiring-Zoche 2009
5589:www.britannica.com
5390:Quiring-Zoche 1986
5365:www.britannica.com
4928:Interim Government
4918:Iranian Revolution
4705:Muzaffarid dynasty
4409:864 – 14th century
4399:791 – 11th century
4325:Rashidun Caliphate
4147:Kingdom of Armenia
3796:Prehistoric period
3678:Diplomatic history
3590:Multi-party period
3540:Republic of Turkey
3316:Great Seljuk State
3306:Rashidun Caliphate
3091:Classical Anatolia
2709:Neolithic Anatolia
2514:Historical regions
2115:Erivan Governorate
2039:Treaty of Gulistan
1780:Tiflis Eyalet (II)
1503:Khwarazmian Empire
1345:Rashidun Caliphate
1319:Satrapy of Albania
1135:Nakhchivan culture
1101:Leyla-Tepe culture
966:, who had smaller
917:
862:R. Quiring-Zoche,
854:
748:
664:
587:
339:Qutb Shahi dynasty
122:(dynastic, poetry)
10996:
10995:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10930:Mandaean New Year
10681:
10680:
10573:
10572:
10555:Political parties
10450:Foreign relations
10395:
10394:
10302:Lower Mesopotamia
10297:Upper Mesopotamia
10270:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10030:Abbasid Caliphate
10025:Umayyad Caliphate
9934:Isin-Larsa period
9797:
9796:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9731:
9730:
9638:Opium consumption
9471:
9470:
9307:Ethnic minorities
9281:Iranian languages
9206:
9205:
9202:
9201:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8698:Political parties
8636:Children's rights
8621:Foreign relations
8615:2009 presidential
8562:
8561:
8524:Iranian Kurdistan
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8323:
8322:
8295:COVID-19 pandemic
8154:Revolution (1979)
8100:
8099:
7920:Empire (977–1186)
7877:dynasty (864–928)
7869:dynasty (821–873)
7861:dynasty (819–999)
7814:
7813:
7730:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
7531:
7530:
7238:
7237:
7096:
7095:
7049:
7048:
6971:Ethnic minorities
6913:Novruz (New Year)
6883:National identity
6815:
6814:
6787:Natural resources
6734:
6733:
6706:Political parties
6701:National Assembly
6684:Children's rights
6669:Foreign relations
6631:
6630:
6467:
6466:
6418:Soviet Azerbaijan
6266:Caucasian Albania
6261:Achaemenid Empire
6133:). Yerevan, 1955.
6023:cite encyclopedia
5933:978-1-4039-6421-2
5430:978-0-7486-2137-8
5334:"Better known as
5054:
5053:
4946:
4945:
4899:
4898:
4862:
4861:
4803:
4802:
4745:Afrasiyab dynasty
4645:Khorshidi dynasty
4635:Pishkinid dynasty
4525:Ghaznavid dynasty
4345:Abbasid Caliphate
4335:Umayyad Caliphate
4301:
4300:
4297:550s–11th century
4193:Kingdom of Pontus
4137:Achaemenid Empire
4101:Anshanite Kingdom
4062:
4061:
3965:Oxus Civilization
3873:
3872:
3758:
3757:
3724:Turkey portal
3641:History of Thrace
3598:
3597:
3548:Periods of Turkey
3530:
3529:
3444:
3443:
3356:Anatolian beyliks
3282:Medieval Anatolia
3264:
3263:
3166:Kingdom of Pontus
3156:Ptolemaic Kingdom
3106:Achaemenid Empire
3073:
3072:
2946:
2945:
2719:
2718:
2626:
2625:
2455:
2454:
2384:
2383:
2156:
2155:
1798:Kazak Sanjak (II)
1744:Revan Eyalet (II)
1581:
1580:
1474:
1473:
1415:Abbasid Caliphate
1380:Umayyad Caliphate
1299:Early Middle Ages
1289:
1288:
1264:Caucasian Albania
1220:Achaemenid Empire
1203:Kingdom of Iškuza
1184:
1183:
815:Arabian Peninsula
556:Michael Panaretos
473:Upper Mesopotamia
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
317:
316:
187:• 1467–1468
174:• 1374–1378
11098:
10986:
10985:
10976:
10975:
10966:
10956:
10955:
10700:
10699:
10687:
10686:
10618:
10579:
10578:
10430:
10401:
10400:
10387:Sinjar Mountains
10377:Zagros Mountains
10317:Hamrin Mountains
10276:
10275:
10239:Mosul liberation
10212:Iraqi insurgency
10134:National Command
10123:
9959:Simurrum culture
9862:
9861:
9849:
9848:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9801:
9800:
9787:
9777:
9776:
9628:National symbols
9482:
9481:
9297:Iranian citizens
9234:
9233:
9225:
9224:
9212:
9211:
9194:Research centers
8883:Economic history
8838:
8837:
8825:
8824:
8759:Guardian Council
8581:
8580:
8568:
8567:
8449:
8448:
8426:Electric history
8421:Military history
8335:Ancient Persians
8243:
8242:shootdown (1988)
8225:
8212:
8209:Iranian Embassy
8179:
8168:
8166:Islamic Republic
8155:
8147:1953 coup d'état
8122:
8109:
8108:
8067:
8064:Khanates of the
8059:
8051:
8043:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8011:
7992:
7984:
7976:
7968:
7961:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7902:
7894:
7886:
7878:
7870:
7862:
7854:
7846:
7838:
7825:
7824:
7806:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7731:
7723:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7680:
7672:
7664:
7656:
7648:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7616:
7603:
7602:
7587:
7586:
7574:
7573:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7535:
7534:
7498:Empire of Nicaea
7488:Byzantine Empire
7481:Christian states
7437:Sultanate of Rum
7265:
7258:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7100:
7099:
7076:
7069:
7062:
6826:
6825:
6782:Mineral industry
6772:Manat (currency)
6745:
6744:
6642:
6641:
6487:
6486:
6475:
6459:The Land of Fire
6307:Sallarid dynasty
6276:Arran (Caucasus)
6206:
6205:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6158:
6124:
6105:
6076:
6061:
6032:
6026:
6018:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5950:
5937:
5912:
5903:
5894:
5885:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5751:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5714:
5711:
5705:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5479:
5473:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5321:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5289:
5280:
5266:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5230:
5221:
5215:
5204:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5117:
5092:
5089:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5018:
5017:
5016:
4987:Military history
4977:Economic history
4955:Related articles
4938:Islamic Republic
4914:
4913:
4877:
4876:
4818:
4817:
4775:Kar-Kiya dynasty
4695:Chobanid dynasty
4685:Ilkhanate Empire
4465:Sallarid dynasty
4435:Saffarid dynasty
4321:
4320:
4166:
4163:
4131:–11th century AD
4130:
4127:
4091:Scythian Kingdom
4077:
4076:
4007:
3994:
3971:
3958:
3935:
3918:
3888:
3887:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3788:
3778:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3688:Cultural history
3673:Military history
3668:Economic history
3614:Turkic migration
3578:One-party period
3554:
3553:
3468:
3467:
3366:County of Edessa
3336:Sultanate of Rum
3298:Empire of Nicaea
3288:
3287:
3102:
3101:
3096:Classical Thrace
2961:
2960:
2798:Achaeans (Homer)
2734:
2733:
2701:c. 11,000–
2688:
2678:
2677:
2656:
2646:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2491:Military history
2486:Economic history
2425:Bishkek Protocol
2399:
2398:
2226:Republic of Aras
2171:
2170:
2104:Baku Governorate
1975:Karabakh Khanate
1879:
1875:
1858:Kazakh sultanate
1806:
1788:
1770:
1752:
1734:
1716:
1698:
1690:Revan Eyalet (I)
1680:
1662:
1622:Safavid Karabakh
1596:
1595:
1489:
1488:
1484:High Middle Ages
1466:Sallarid dynasty
1397:
1373:
1356:Islamic conquest
1338:
1332:Khazar Khaganate
1325:
1304:
1303:
1274:
1270:
1237:
1231:Satrapy of Media
1213:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1037:
1027:
1009:
1008:
900:
885:
881:C. E. Bosworth,
866:
760:Tovma Metsopetsi
678:Abu Bakr at the
626:Mamluk Sultanate
564:Mongol invasions
390:
382:
381:
347:
346:
333:
332:
321:
320:
308:
307:
294:
293:
287:
286:
271:
270:
54:
39:
38:
28:
27:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11001:
11000:
10997:
10992:
10936:
10920:Public holidays
10843:
10694:
10677:
10616:
10586:
10569:
10428:
10408:
10391:
10322:Iraqi Kurdistan
10312:Euphrates river
10283:
10262:
10229:War (2014–2017)
10175:Operation Opera
10121:
10091:
10087:Arab Federation
10075:Kingdom of Iraq
10008:
9984:Fall of Babylon
9919:Akkadian Empire
9894:Samarra culture
9879:Hassuna culture
9856:
9843:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9798:
9793:
9757:
9727:
9706:Rap and hip-hop
9677:
9658:Public holidays
9643:Persian gardens
9632:Imperial Anthem
9623:National Jewels
9578:Iranian studies
9467:
9401:
9353:
9285:
9246:Persian (Farsi)
9219:
9198:
9167:
9129:
9122:
9057:Pharmaceuticals
9002:
8993:Venture capital
8968:Rial (currency)
8953:Nuclear program
8832:
8811:
8778:
8737:
8688:Nuclear program
8653:Judicial system
8575:
8558:
8529:Iranian plateau
8456:
8435:
8319:
8241:
8223:
8210:
8178:History (1979–)
8177:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8153:
8120:
8096:
8065:
8057:
8049:
8041:
8033:
8025:
8017:
8009:
7996:
7990:
7982:
7974:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7943:
7935:
7927:
7919:
7906:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7836:
7820:
7810:
7804:
7791:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7721:
7708:
7702:
7701:Neo-Babylonian
7694:
7686:
7679:(860 BC–590 BC)
7678:
7670:
7662:
7654:
7647:(c.2300–675 BC)
7646:
7638:
7630:
7622:
7614:
7594:
7581:
7568:
7562:
7532:
7527:
7523:Zaccaria family
7476:
7275:
7269:
7239:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7132:
7127:
7097:
7092:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7045:
7041:National emblem
7036:National anthem
7017:
6976:Gender equality
6952:
6918:Public holidays
6811:
6730:
6691:Law enforcement
6627:
6594:
6580:Protected areas
6494:Bodies of water
6476:
6463:
6442:
6386:
6290:
6281:Sasanian Empire
6271:Parthian Empire
6195:
6186:
6122:
6112:
6110:Further reading
6058:
6020:
6019:
5934:
5860:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5687:
5683:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5639:
5635:
5606:
5602:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5569:
5567:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5512:
5508:
5503:(2nd ed.).
5497:
5493:
5480:
5476:
5465:
5461:
5431:
5415:
5411:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5330:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5263:
5249:
5245:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5207:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5175:Kara Koyunlular
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5140:
5118:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5095:
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4605:Atabegs of Yazd
4505:Rawadid dynasty
4475:Ziyarid dynasty
4415:Tahirid dynasty
4313:
4311:Medieval period
4303:
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4287:6th century–785
4273:Sasanian Empire
4243:Kings of Persis
4213:Parthian Empire
4183:Seleucid Empire
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4072:Imperial period
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3978:Akkadian Empire
3925:Lullubi Kingdom
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3216:Armenian Empire
3206:Parthian Empire
3186:Attalid kingdom
3146:Seleucid Empire
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2758:Akkadian Empire
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1997:Shirvan Khanate
1847:Elisu Sultanate
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1611:Safavid Shirvan
1593:
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1308:Sasanian Empire
1301:
1291:
1290:
1258:247 BC – AD 224
1254:Parthian Empire
1244:Seleucid Empire
1238:550 BC – 323 BC
1196:
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784:Tatev monastery
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720:Muzaffar al-Din
662:, 1838 painting
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535:. According to
449:
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414:, northwestern
380:قاراقویونلولار
344:
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93:winter pastures
83:summer pastures
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8807:Supreme Leader
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8769:Local councils
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8497:Climate change
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8369:Iranic peoples
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8345:Persianization
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8013:
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7986:
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7952:(1135/36-1225)
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7809:
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7762:(c.295–220 BC)
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7706:
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7621:Proto-Elamite
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7412:Ottoman Empire
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7312:Candaroğulları
7309:
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6759:
6754:
6748:
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6736:
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6729:
6728:
6723:
6721:Prime Minister
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6687:
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6681:
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6666:
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6604:
6602:
6596:
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6585:State reserves
6582:
6577:
6572:
6570:National parks
6567:
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6561:
6560:
6555:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Extreme points
6530:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6509:Climate change
6501:
6496:
6490:
6484:
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6477:
6470:
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6405:
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6394:
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6388:
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6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6246:Mughan culture
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6154:. Brill, 2016.
6148:
6141:
6134:
6120:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6077:
6069:. Bloomsbury.
6062:
6056:
6038:Jackson, Peter
6033:
6006:
5997:
5988:
5951:
5938:
5932:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5815:, p. 279.
5805:
5793:
5791:, p. 274.
5781:
5769:
5762:
5736:
5727:
5715:
5706:
5681:
5658:
5651:
5633:
5600:
5576:
5548:
5542:978-1142162863
5541:
5535:. Nabu Press.
5521:
5518:. p. 289.
5506:
5491:
5474:
5459:
5429:
5409:
5394:
5382:
5380:, p. 273.
5370:
5352:
5348:Kouymjian 2004
5340:
5328:
5307:
5293:"Kara Koyunlu"
5281:
5261:
5243:
5238:en.numista.com
5222:
5220:, p. 423.
5205:
5203:, p. 283.
5190:
5183:
5165:
5163:, p. 282.
5153:
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5102:
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5097:
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5026:
5023:
5022:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Heads of state
4969:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4944:
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4934:
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4907:
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4797:
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4777:
4771:
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4765:Timurid Empire
4761:
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4751:
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4727:
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4707:
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4607:
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4581:
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4560:
4557:
4555:Nasrid dynasty
4551:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4521:
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4517:
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4507:
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4487:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4449:pre-879 – 1215
4447:
4445:Ghurid dynasty
4441:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:Samanid Empire
4421:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:Alid dynasties
4401:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4001:Avestan period
3997:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3912:Jiroft culture
3908:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3886:
3883:Ancient period
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:5th millennium
3864:
3858:
3857:
3856:6th millennium
3851:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:(1945–present)
3592:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:Transformation
3488:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:Roman Republic
3222:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3049:859–595/585 BC
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:859–595/585 BC
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:500,000–
2684:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:Jewish history
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Heads of state
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:Azerbaijan SSR
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:Azerbaijan SSR
2327:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:Treaty of Kars
2295:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:Battle of Baku
2263:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2166:Modern history
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:Russian Empire
2067:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:Talysh Khanate
1904:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1869:Djaro-Belokani
1864:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1654:Shirvan Eyalet
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:Ottoman Empire
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:Chokhur-e Sa'd
1628:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:Timurid Empire
1549:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:27 BC – AD 395
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:312 BC – 63 BC
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1003:
983:
980:
906:
903:
893:
878:
859:
843:
840:
811:Shahrukh Mirza
735:
732:
642:An-Nasir Faraj
614:Timurid Empire
571:
568:
448:
445:
436:
433:
431:
428:
375:Qaraqoyunlular
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
327:
318:
315:
314:
309:
301:
300:
295:
283:
282:
277:
267:
266:
257:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
203:Historical era
200:
199:
196:
195:
189:
186:
183:
182:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
135:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
117:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
86:
75:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11103:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
10999:
10989:
10981:
10979:
10971:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10959:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10794:Iraqi Turkmen
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10684:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10580:
10576:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10497:
10494:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10429:(legislative)
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10402:
10398:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10362:Syrian Desert
10360:
10358:
10357:Shatt al-Arab
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10292:Faw peninsula
10290:
10289:
10286:
10282:
10277:
10273:
10259:
10256:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10244:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10234:Fall of Mosul
10232:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10207:U.S. invasion
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10170:Iran–Iraq War
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10135:
10131:
10128:
10127:
10124:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10035:Buyid dynasty
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9884:Halaf culture
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9846:
9841:
9835:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9813:
9811:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9780:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9673:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9613:
9610:
9607:
9603:
9602:news agencies
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9302:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8963:Privatization
8961:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8569:
8565:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8432:
8431:Years in Iran
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:Turco-Persian
8353:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8224:War (1980–88)
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8020:
8016:Qara Qoyunlu
8014:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7954:
7948:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7857:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7817:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7758:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:550 BC–AD 224
7711:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7675:
7673:
7669:Neo-Assyrian
7667:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7566:
7559:
7554:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7332:Danishmendids
7330:
7328:
7327:Çubukoğulları
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:Muslim states
7278:
7273:
7266:
7261:
7259:
7254:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Black January
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Afsharid Iran
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Sajid dynasty
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6136:Morby, John.
6135:
6132:
6128:
6123:(in Armenian)
6121:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6057:0-521-20094-6
6053:
6049:
6046:. Cambridge:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:(2): 271–97.
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5850:
5845:
5839:, p. 83.
5838:
5833:
5827:, p. 54.
5826:
5821:
5814:
5813:Minorsky 1954
5809:
5803:, p. 38.
5802:
5797:
5790:
5789:Bosworth 1996
5785:
5778:
5773:
5765:
5763:0-395-65237-5
5759:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5720:
5710:
5703:
5702:1-4039-6422-X
5699:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5652:0-8135-1304-9
5648:
5644:
5637:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5378:Bosworth 1996
5374:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5331:
5329:0-292-70787-8
5325:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5262:9781108341219
5258:
5254:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5201:Minorsky 1954
5197:
5195:
5186:
5184:9789751748478
5180:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5161:Minorsky 1954
5157:
5151:, p. 11.
5150:
5149:Arjomand 2016
5145:
5143:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4872:Modern period
4868:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:Afsharid Iran
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:Hotak dynasty
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:Seljuk Empire
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:Buyid dynasty
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:Sajid dynasty
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:132 BC–224 AD
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:141 BC–222 AD
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:147 BC–224 AD
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:247 BC–224 AD
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4177:320s BC–17 AD
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4165: 323 BC
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:331 BC–428 AD
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:550 BC–330 BC
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:626 BC–539 BC
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4105:635 BC–550 BC
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:Median Empire
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:Proto-Elamite
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3865:
3863:
3862:Dalma culture
3860:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:20,000–10,000
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:36,000–18,000
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Turkification
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:Classical Age
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:190 BC–428 AD
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:247 BC–224 AD
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:Classical Age
3079:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:Median Empire
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:Black January
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:Zakatal okrug
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:Ganja Khanate
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:Shaki Khanate
1884:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:Afsharid Iran
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:Mongol Empire
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:Seljuk Empire
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:550 BC–330 BC
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
911:
899:
896:Faruk Sümer,
892:
884:
877:
875:
865:
858:
852:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:rapprochement
785:
781:
775:
773:
772:Qara Iskander
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
740:
731:
729:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
694:, especially
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Ahmad Jalayir
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:In 1400, the
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
580:
576:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
386:
376:
372:
368:
364:
342:
340:
337:
336:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
313:
310:
303:
302:
299:
296:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
244:
239:
235:
231:
225:
221:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
184:
180:
179:Bayram Khwaja
177:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
67:
66:Confederation
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
29:
24:
19:
11011:Qara Qoyunlu
10998:
10822:Christianity
10704:Demographics
10638:Oil reserves
10633:Oil Industry
10600:Central Bank
10496:Human rights
10422:Constitution
10367:Tigris river
10347:Persian Gulf
10055:Ottoman Iraq
10040:Qara Qoyunlu
10039:
9874:Ubaid period
9736:Other topics
9720:
9648:Persian name
9587:Islamization
9529:
9489:Architecture
9442:universities
9387:Zoroastrians
9382:Christianity
9372:Baháʼí Faith
9322:Azerbaijanis
9229:Demographics
9043:Construction
9031:Central Bank
8973:Space Agency
8868:Child labour
8703:Principlists
8683:Cyberwarfare
8631:Human rights
8596:Constitution
8391:Azerbaijanis
8360:Indo-Persian
8340:Greater Iran
8211:siege (1980)
8170:1979–present
8015:
7821:early modern
7819:Medieval and
7613:Kura-Araxes
7513:Latin Empire
7442:Sahib Ataids
7422:Qara Qoyunlu
7421:
7274:(after 1071)
7074:Bibliography
6958:Demographics
6838:Architecture
6757:Central Bank
6674:Human rights
6659:Constitution
6600:Subdivisions
6357:Zand dynasty
6342:Safavid Iran
6332:Kara Koyunlu
6317:Shirvanshahs
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6042:
6014:
6011:"Āq Qoyunlū"
6001:
5992:
5959:
5955:
5946:
5922:
5908:
5899:
5890:
5881:
5869:
5865:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5747:
5739:
5730:
5709:
5689:
5684:
5667:
5661:
5642:
5636:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5592:. Retrieved
5588:
5579:
5568:. Retrieved
5566:(in Turkish)
5563:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5500:
5494:
5482:
5477:
5462:
5442:
5419:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5350:, p. 4.
5343:
5335:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5296:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5252:
5246:
5237:
5174:
5168:
5156:
5129:(44+2 vols.)
5125:
5087:
4982:LGBT history
4942:1979–present
4891:Pahlavi Iran
4854:Zand dynasty
4822:Safavid Iran
4785:Qara Qoyunlu
4784:
4675:Kurt dynasty
4515:Hasanwayhids
4315:
4293:Qarinvandids
4197:281 BC–62 BC
4187:312 BC–63 BC
3800:
3698:LGBT history
3656:Christianity
3426:Kara Koyunlu
3396:Latin Empire
3274:Medieval Age
3246:Ancient Rome
3240:163 BC–72 AD
2975:Neo-Hittites
2888:Neo-Hittites
2872:1300–1250 BC
2852:1500–1290 BC
2842:1500–1300 BC
2832:1500–1320 BC
2822:1680–1220 BC
2812:1650–1450 BC
2802:1700–1300 BC
2792:1780–1680 BC
2782:1950–1750 BC
2772:2300–1400 BC
2762:2400–2150 BC
2752:2500–2000 BC
2407:1991–present
2354:World War II
2310:Soviet Union
2206:Baku Commune
2007:Zand dynasty
1964:Quba Khanate
1942:Baku Khanate
1600:Safavid Iran
1563:Qara Qoyunlu
1562:
1436:Shirvanshahs
1281:Roman Empire
996:
995:, while the
985:
957:
953:
918:
897:
889:
882:
870:
863:
856:
805:
787:
776:
762:and several
749:
724:
719:
700:
665:
611:
588:
583:Shirvanshahs
560:Central Asia
551:
549:
540:
531:region, the
523:region, the
499:region, the
450:
438:
392:
367:Kara Koyunlu
366:
363:Qara Qoyunlu
362:
360:
280:Succeeded by
279:
274:
247:• Total
32:Qara Qoyunlu
18:
10978:WikiProject
10779:Marsh Arabs
10764:Circassians
10445:Foreign aid
10337:Mesopotamia
9899:Uruk period
9753:Tehrangeles
9716:Traditional
9453:Nationality
9391:persecution
9376:persecution
9327:Circassians
9276:Neo-Aramaic
9256:Azerbaijani
9128:State-owned
9053:Health care
9016:Agriculture
8853:Brain drain
8792:Ambassadors
8487:Earthquakes
8024:Aq Qoyunlu
7973:Muzaffarid
7950:Eldiguzids
7942:Anushtegin
7768:Kingdom of
7744:Kingdom of
7736:Kingdom of
7728:Atropatene
7720:Achaemenid
7661:Kingdom of
7606:3400–539 BC
7462:Tanrıbermiş
7457:Tacettinids
7452:Sarukhanids
7432:Shah-Armens
7417:Pervâneoğlu
7402:Mengüjekids
7362:Germiyanids
7342:Dulkadirids
6996:LGBT rights
6938:Tea culture
6752:Agriculture
6521:Environment
6516:Earthquakes
6499:Caspian Sea
6295:Middle Ages
6073:Azerbaijan.
5995:. ABC-CLIO.
5858:Works cited
5451:and in the
5218:Bauden 2019
5073:Qutb Shahis
4665:Mihrabanids
4625:Hazaraspids
4385:Baduspanids
4263:Paratarajas
4257:19 AD–224/5
3775:History of
3619:Oghuz Turks
3584:(1930–1945)
3582:(1923–1930)
3572:(1920–1923)
3562:(1919–1922)
3526:(1908–1922)
3516:(1789–1908)
3506:(1703–1789)
3496:(1566–1703)
3486:(1453–1566)
3476:(1299–1453)
3454:Ottoman Era
3440:(1378–1501)
3430:(1375–1468)
3420:(1256–1335)
3410:(1250–1487)
3400:(1204–1261)
3390:(1204–1461)
3380:(1101–1409)
3370:(1098–1150)
3360:(1081–1423)
3350:(1078–1375)
3340:(1077–1307)
3330:(1071–1178)
3326:Danishmends
3320:(1037–1194)
3039:1000–545 BC
3029:1000–700 BC
3019:1000–560 BC
3009:1100–560 BC
2999:1150–547 BC
2989:1200–700 BC
2979:1200–800 BC
2969:1200–800 BC
2932:1000–545 BC
2922:1000–700 BC
2912:1150–547 BC
2902:1200–700 BC
2892:1200–800 BC
2882:1200–800 BC
2862:1450–350 BC
2848:Hayasa-Azzi
2742:3000–700 BC
2643:History of
2250:1918 - 1920
1801: [
1783: [
1765: [
1747: [
1729: [
1711: [
1693: [
1675: [
1657: [
1024:History of
989:Azerbaijani
742:Coinage of
716:Gawhar Shad
562:during the
537:Faruk Sümer
457:Oghuz Turks
389:قره قویونلو
371:Azerbaijani
275:Preceded by
207:Middle Ages
120:Azerbaijani
37:قره قویونلو
23:Karakoyunlu
11005:Categories
10895:Television
10875:Literature
10837:Irreligion
10812:Secularism
10749:Minorities
10617:(currency)
10610:Corruption
10455:Government
10246:Insurgency
10045:Aq Qoyunlu
9866:Chronology
9653:Philosophy
9612:newspapers
9593:Literature
9498:architects
9493:Achaemenid
9413:Corruption
8873:Corruption
8713:Reformists
8708:Propaganda
8606:Corruption
8591:Censorship
8534:Lake Urmia
8222:Iran–Iraq
7918:Ghaznavid
7796:AD 224–651
7760:Frataraka
7592:Prehistory
7427:Ramadanids
7387:Karamanids
7337:Dilmachids
7292:Aq Qoyunlu
6986:Healthcare
6893:Literature
6777:Metallurgy
6646:Government
6403:March Days
6362:Qajar Iran
6337:Aq Qoyunlu
6322:Eldiguzids
6312:Shaddadids
6189:Azerbaijan
5837:Kadoi 2019
5825:Price 2005
5594:2022-04-07
5570:2022-04-07
5439:1001660530
5099:References
4881:Qajar Iran
4795:Aq Qoyunlu
4779:1370s–1592
4615:Salghurids
4595:Eldiguzids
4565:Shabankara
4539:990/1–1117
4283:Zarmihrids
4203:Fratarakas
4157:Atropatene
4095:652–625 BC
4085:678–550 BC
3502:Old Regime
3436:Ak Koyunlu
3406:Karamanids
3190:282–129 BC
3140:306–168 BC
3136:Antigonids
3130:322–130 BC
3120:334–301 BC
3110:559–331 BC
3069:685–547 BC
3059:678–549 BC
2808:Kizzuwatna
2729:Bronze Age
2664:Prehistory
2571:Paytakaran
2186:March Days
2017:Qajar Iran
1573:Aq Qoyunlu
1513:Eldiguzids
1456:Shaddadids
1055:Bronze Age
1045:Prehistory
1026:Azerbaijan
923:, and the
921:Jalayirids
905:Governance
836:Azerbaijan
828:Uzun Hasan
824:Aq Qoyunlu
820:Diyarbakır
807:Jahan Shah
796:Catholicos
744:Jahan Shah
728:Uzun Hasan
712:Jahan Shah
688:Miran Shah
684:Miran Shah
607:Qara Yusuf
579:Qara Yusuf
485:Nakhchevan
453:Yıwa tribe
418:, eastern
408:Azerbaijan
397:Persianate
325:Aq Qoyunlu
298:Jalayirids
149:Government
138:Shia Islam
10915:Squatting
10880:Education
10827:Mandaeism
10796:/Turkoman
10774:Mandaeans
10759:Assyrians
10754:Armenians
10717:Languages
10605:Companies
10560:Judiciary
10470:President
10440:Elections
10435:Democracy
10281:Geography
10197:Sanctions
10115:2003–2011
10110:1968–2003
10105:1958–1968
9964:Babylonia
9618:Mythology
9524:Calendars
9514:Astronomy
9423:Education
9332:Georgians
9317:Assyrians
9312:Armenians
9238:Languages
9130:companies
9093:Transport
9073:Petroleum
8858:Companies
8797:President
8784:Officials
8718:Terrorism
8667:Air Force
8611:Elections
8549:Provinces
8544:Mountains
8454:Geography
8374:languages
8112:1925–1979
8040:Afsharid
8001:1370–1925
7989:Chobanid
7883:Saffarid
7835:Rashidun
7803:Sasanian
7784:Kings of
7776:Parthian
7752:Seleucid
7693:Scythian
7653:Kassites
7637:Akkadian
7447:Saltukids
7357:Eshrefids
7322:Chobanids
6991:Languages
6966:Education
6908:Mythology
6833:Animation
6807:Transport
6762:Companies
6726:Migration
6716:President
6664:Elections
6575:Orography
6558:Mountains
6482:Geography
6327:Ilkhanate
6216:Stone Age
6102:162340735
6082:Der Islam
5984:154352923
5872:(1): 11.
5670:. Brill.
5487:Qizilbash
5336:Turkomans
4895:1925–1979
4885:1789–1925
4858:1751–1794
4848:1736–1796
4838:1722–1729
4826:1501–1736
4799:1468–1508
4789:1406–1468
4769:1370–1507
4759:1359–1596
4755:Mar'ashis
4749:1349–1504
4739:1335–1357
4729:1337–1376
4725:Sarbadars
4719:1337–1376
4709:1335–1393
4699:1335–1357
4689:1256–1335
4679:1244–1396
4669:1236–1537
4659:1223-1306
4649:1184-1597
4639:1155–1231
4629:1155–1424
4619:1148–1282
4609:1141–1319
4599:1135–1225
4589:1077–1231
4579:1037–1194
4569:1030–1355
4559:1029–1236
4549:1008–1141
4395:Justanids
4365:Bavandids
4233:Characene
3995:1500–1155
3982:2400–2150
3972:2400–1700
3959:2550-2020
3919:3100–2200
3906:3200–2700
3896:3400–2000
3843:6000–5000
3416:Ilkhanate
3310:(637–656)
3236:Commagene
3230:133–27 BC
3200:281–64 BC
3180:297–74 BC
3170:302–64 BC
3160:305–30 BC
3150:305–64 BC
2691:10,000 BC
2561:Balasagan
2536:Cambysene
2418:1988–1994
2358:1941–1945
2347:1936–1991
2336:1922–1936
2325:1922–1936
2314:1922–1991
2293:1920–1922
2261:1918–1920
2230:1918–1919
2179:1917–1918
2141:1867–1920
2130:1859–1918
2119:1849–1917
2108:1846–1920
2097:1801–1917
2086:1722–1723
2075:1721–1917
2054:1826–1828
2032:1804–1813
2021:1789–1925
2011:1751–1794
2001:1748–1820
1979:1748–1822
1968:1747–1806
1957:1747–1801
1946:1747–1806
1935:1747–1841
1924:1747–1828
1913:1747–1828
1902:1747–1805
1891:1743–1819
1862:1605–1801
1851:1604–1844
1840:1604–1844
1819:1736–1796
1809:1723–1735
1791:1723–1735
1773:1724–1736
1755:1724–1736
1737:1725–1735
1719:1583–1604
1701:1583–1604
1683:1588–1606
1665:1578–1607
1647:1299–1922
1637:1502–1736
1626:1501–1747
1615:1501–1736
1604:1501–1736
1577:1378–1503
1567:1374–1468
1557:1370–1507
1547:1335–1357
1543:Chobanids
1537:1256–1335
1533:Ilkhanate
1527:1206–1368
1517:1135–1225
1507:1077–1231
1497:1037–1194
1271:200 BC –
1194:Antiquity
1051:Stone Age
925:Ilkhanids
822:from the
768:Armenians
764:colophons
750:In 1410,
704:Shah Rukh
552:Chronicle
489:Karamanlu
479:were the
435:Etymology
192:Hasan Ali
134:Religion
45:1374–1468
10958:Category
10807:Religion
10784:Persians
10668:Railways
10663:Airlines
10545:Military
10406:Politics
10382:Wildlife
10372:Umm Qasr
10202:Iraq War
10185:Gulf War
10097:Republic
10050:Safavids
10013:638–1958
9779:Category
9672:football
9663:Scouting
9573:Iranians
9563:Folklore
9359:Religion
9271:Georgian
9251:Armenian
9112:shipping
9107:railways
9097:airlines
9063:Industry
8928:Taxation
8742:Councils
8658:Military
8573:Politics
8554:Wildlife
8519:Caucasus
8401:Persians
8328:See also
8152:Iranian
8119:Pahlavi
8032:Safavid
8008:Timurid
7911:977–1432
7891:Ziyarid
7867:Tahirid
7859:Samanid
7851:Abbasid
7843:Umayyad
7828:632–1090
7645:Lullubi
7629:Elamite
7407:Menteshe
7392:Karasids
7372:Hamidids
7367:Hacıemir
7352:Erzincan
7347:Eretnids
7307:Aydinids
7302:Artuqids
7083:Category
6923:Religion
6888:Language
6878:Holidays
6873:Folklore
6711:Politics
6696:Military
6637:Politics
6590:Wildlife
6447:By topic
6193:articles
6040:(eds.).
5893:. Brill.
5801:Roy 2014
5449:Lake Van
5009:Timeline
4967:Monarchs
4545:Kakuyids
4535:Annazids
4529:977–1186
4519:959–1095
4509:955–1070
4499:934–1062
4485:Ilyasids
4479:930–1090
4469:919–1062
4439:861–1003
4389:665–1598
4369:651–1349
4355:Dabuyids
4349:750–1258
4008:1500–500
3988:Kassites
3946:2700–539
3936:3100-675
3802:BCE / BC
3766:a series
3764:Part of
3710:Timeline
3646:Religion
3607:By topic
3376:Artuqids
3176:Bithynia
3025:Tuwanuwa
2956:Iron Age
2918:Tuwanuwa
2818:Hittites
2748:Hattians
2715:5,500 BC
2703:9,000 BC
2634:a series
2632:Part of
2566:Caspiane
2521:Sakasene
1470:919–1062
1460:951–1199
1440:861–1538
1419:750–1258
1059:Iron Age
1015:a series
1013:Part of
1005:See also
949:padishah
933:Pirbudag
894:—
879:—
860:—
842:Religion
756:Armenian
708:Iskander
650:Pirbudag
634:Damascus
545:Minorsky
513:Dukharlu
505:Agacheri
503:and the
465:Lake Van
404:Turkoman
312:Sutayids
256:Currency
153:Monarchy
142:possibly
10988:Commons
10905:Smoking
10870:Culture
10865:Cuisine
10848:General
10832:Yazidis
10789:Solluba
10742:Persian
10732:Kurdish
10727:Aramaic
10692:Society
10673:Tourism
10584:Economy
10332:Islands
10307:Borders
10132: (
10122:present
10057:(incl.
9969:Assyria
9914:Subartu
9854:History
9722:Ey Iran
9670: (
9630: (
9606:student
9604: (
9600: (
9585: (
9553:Cuisine
9538:Fashion
9526: (
9506: (
9491: (
9477:Culture
9425: (
9389: (
9374: (
9347:Turkmen
9299: (
9290:Peoples
9261:Kurdish
9217:Society
9118:Tourism
9095: (
9085: (
9075: (
9055: (
9048:Defense
9018: (
9008:Sectors
8995: (
8955: (
8860: (
8841:General
8830:Economy
8720: (
8690: (
8660: (
8613: (
8598: (
8584:General
8539:Islands
8475:largest
8465:Borders
7934:Seljuk
7926:Ghurid
7875:Alavid
7685:Median
7677:Urartu
7599:Ancient
7579:History
7472:Tzachas
7377:Inalids
7060:Outline
7023:Symbols
6948:Wedding
6943:Theatre
6853:Cuisine
6821:Culture
6802:Tourism
6740:Economy
6654:Cabinet
6613:Borders
6548:Geology
6504:Climate
6286:Shirvan
6201:History
6140:, 2002.
6119:, 1996.
5920:(ed.).
5303:Turkmen
5273:Turkmen
5269:Turkmen
4735:Injuids
4489:932–968
4459:889–929
4429:819–999
4419:821–873
4379:651–760
4359:642–760
4339:661–750
4329:632-661
4317:CE / AD
4277:224–651
4267:125–300
4223:Elymais
4167:–226 AD
4058:720-670
4054:Saparda
4048:750-521
4044:Zikirti
4038:850–616
4034:Mannaea
4028:860–590
4018:911–609
3952:Marhaši
3661:Judaism
3196:Galatia
3015:Aeolis
2985:Phrygia
2965:Diauehi
2898:Phrygia
2878:Diauehi
2838:Mitanni
2788:Kussara
2778:Assyria
2768:Luwians
2546:Shirvan
2541:Gardman
1450:889–929
1430:705–884
1409:705–884
1398:650–705
1384:661–750
1374:650–705
1360:633–654
1349:632–661
1339:650–969
1326:252–636
1312:224–651
1214:590s BC
1210:700 BC–
1146:2000 BC
1129:2000 BC
1112:4000 BC
1095:3800 BC
1078:4000 BC
993:Persian
982:Culture
972:darugha
960:şehzade
937:bahadur
874:Turkmen
752:Armenia
734:Decline
692:Shirvan
676:Timurid
646:Baghdad
595:Baghdad
585:, 1412.
529:Ardabil
525:Jagirlu
521:Bayburt
517:Erzurum
515:in the
509:Mar'ash
497:Barda'a
477:Baharlu
461:Baharlu
455:of the
447:Origins
430:History
412:Armenia
385:Persian
181:(first)
114:Persian
72:Capital
10968:Portal
10910:Sports
10885:Health
10860:Cinema
10712:Iraqis
10615:Dinar
10550:Police
10352:Places
9842:topics
9789:Portal
9548:Cinema
9530:Nowruz
9427:higher
9301:abroad
9266:Hebrew
9172:Places
9068:Mining
8893:Energy
8470:Cities
8386:Aryans
8105:Modern
8056:Qajar
7899:Buyid
7567:topics
7297:Alaiye
7088:Portal
7001:People
6981:Health
6863:Dances
6848:Cinema
6767:Energy
6618:Cities
6526:issues
6391:Modern
6191:
6100:
6054:
5982:
5976:609169
5974:
5930:
5760:
5700:
5692:, ed.
5649:
5539:
5437:
5427:
5326:
5271:. The
5259:
5181:
4121:Sogdia
4024:Urartu
3768:on the
3045:Urartu
3005:Doris
2938:Urartu
2868:Assuwa
2828:Arzawa
2645:Turkey
2636:on the
2556:Mughan
2551:Maskut
2464:Topics
1876:1600s–
1446:Sajids
1275:AD 800
1180:700 BC
1163:700 BC
1017:on the
976:nökers
968:divans
945:khagan
929:sultan
780:Syunik
672:Barquq
616:under
603:Tabriz
599:Tabriz
533:Hajilu
511:, the
501:Alpaut
487:, the
481:Saadlu
420:Turkey
401:Muslim
194:(last)
164:
126:Arabic
99:Tabriz
62:Status
10900:Music
10890:Media
10817:Islam
10769:Kurds
10595:Banks
10533:Women
10327:Lakes
10120:2011–
10080:Kings
9909:Sumer
9683:Music
9668:Sport
9598:Media
9583:Islam
9519:Blogs
9463:Women
9418:Crime
9406:Other
9367:Islam
9337:Kurds
9102:metro
9020:fruit
8978:Setad
8048:Zand
7958:Kart
7397:Ladik
7317:Canik
7067:Index
7013:Women
6933:Sport
6903:Music
6898:Media
6868:Dress
6565:Lakes
6553:Caves
6543:Flora
6538:Fauna
6209:Early
6098:S2CID
5980:S2CID
5972:JSTOR
5620:(2).
5453:Mosul
5445:Oghuz
5079:Notes
3929:Zamua
3651:Islam
3065:Lydia
3035:Ionia
2995:Caria
2928:Ionia
2908:Caria
2858:Lycia
2531:Arran
1880:1800s
1805:]
1787:]
1769:]
1751:]
1733:]
1715:]
1697:]
1679:]
1661:]
1391:Arran
1367:Arran
1176:1300–
1159:1400–
1142:3000–
1125:3400–
1108:4350–
1091:4945–
1074:6000–
696:Shaki
630:nāʾib
622:Egypt
618:Timur
493:Ganja
469:Mosul
264:Tanka
160:Ruler
89:Mosul
79:Erciş
10800:Jews
10523:LGBT
10487:List
10475:List
9840:Iraq
9711:Rock
9696:Jazz
9691:Folk
9557:wine
9342:Jews
8672:Navy
8662:Army
8641:LGBT
7565:Iran
7467:Teke
7287:Ahis
7031:Flag
7006:list
6857:wine
6679:LGBT
6052:ISBN
6029:link
5928:ISBN
5758:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5647:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5435:OCLC
5425:ISBN
5324:ISBN
5257:ISBN
5179:ISBN
4997:Wars
4962:Name
4932:1979
4922:1979
3942:Elam
3777:Iran
3472:Rise
2738:Troy
2526:Utik
2501:Wars
2471:Name
2451:2020
2440:2020
2429:1994
2380:1991
2369:1990
2304:1921
2283:1920
2272:1918
2240:1919
2220:1918
2210:1918
2200:1918
2190:1918
2152:1917
2065:1828
2043:1813
1990:1805
1830:1747
991:and
964:beys
962:and
947:and
941:khan
832:Iraq
597:and
570:Rise
495:and
467:and
424:Iraq
416:Iran
361:The
260:Akçe
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