1171:
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416:
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3095:
970:
1195:
517:
866:
611:
1044:
1123:
806:
1071:
1227:
498:; Kafesoğlu (1958) proposes that Türkmen might be the Karluks' equivalent of the Göktürks' political term Kök Türk. Later during the Middle Ages, the term was extensively employed for Oghuz Turks, a western Turkic people, who established a large tribal confederation called Oghuz Yabgu in the 8th century A.D. This polity, whose inhabitants spoke Oghuz Turkic, occupied an area between the Aral and Caspian seas in Central Asia.
672:
2610:"Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq's last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country's population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation"
1147:
43:
2535:
2409:
Tsutsiev, Arthur. "18. 1886–1890: An
Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus". Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 48-50. "Tatars" (or in rarer cases, "Azerbaijani Tatars") to denote Turkic-speaking Transcaucasian populations that would later
706:
and further to
Anatolia during the Seljuk expansion in the 11th century, was widely spoken by Turkmens of the area until the 15th century. It is also one of the known ancient languages within the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, along with old Ottoman. It displays certain characteristics peculiar to
2838:
Only after five more years did Esma'il and the
Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and
1831:
Whatever the former significance of the Oghuz people in the
Eastern Asia, after the events of the 8th and 9th centuries, it focuses more and more on the West, on the border of the Pre-Asian cultural world, which was destined to be invaded by the Oghuz people in the 11th century, or, as they were
1974:: "The surviving Āq Qoyunlū tribes and groups were absorbed, in some cases years later, into the Qizilbāš tribes; in this process, the Afšār retained their tribal identity while others, such as the Ḥāǰǰīlū, Döḡer, Mawṣellū, and Pornāk, were merged into a new tribe called Turkman".
1506:
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan
Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tavārīkh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril
2592:
Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of
Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of
2839:
drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to
Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
1850:
The
Seljuks emerged in the beginning of the 11th century in Transoxania (present-day Uzbekistan). Until the early 14th century, they ruled over Khorasan, Khwarezm, Iran, Iraq, Hejaz, Syria, and Anatolia.
1708:
Al-Marwazī, Sharaf Al-Zämān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India, Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) (English translation and commentary by V. Minorsky) (London: The Royal
Asiatic Society, 1942), p. 94
823:, the term "Turkmen" was gradually supplanted by the term "Ottomans". The Ottoman ruling class identified themselves as Ottomans until the 19th century. In the late 19th century, as the Ottomans adopted
336:
in the 12th century, since by that time Oghuz Turks were overwhelmingly Muslim. Later, the term "Oghuz" was gradually supplanted by "Turkmen" among Oghuz Turks themselves, thus turning an exonym into an
2866:
695:. Kashgari had cited phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of the language of Oghuz-Turkmens; he also identified several dialects and presented a couple of examples displaying the differences.
912:
heritage and identity. Most Iraqi and Syrian
Turkmens are descendants of Ottoman soldiers, traders, and civil servants who were taken into Iraq from Anatolia during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
478:. In his work, which was completed in 987 A.D, al-Muqaddasi writes about Turkmens twice while depicting the region as the frontier of the Muslim possessions in Central Asia. According to medieval
572:
wrote about the arrival of Turkmens to Muslim lands, portraying them as people of noble character who are strong and persistent in battle because of their nomadic lifestyle, and calling them
1774:
One of those dialects appears to have been spoken by the Karluk Turkmen, who were identified by Kashgari as "A tribe of the Turks. They are nomads, not Oghuz, but they are also Turkmen."
579:"Turkoman" entered into the usage of the Western world through the Byzantines in the 12th century. By the beginning of 13th century, it became an endonym among Oghuz Turks themselves.
463:, with the resulting word meaning "like a Turk". While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now viewed as incorrect.
3422:
2950:
3630:
3609:
2388:
3625:
2651:
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4929:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
3490:
2000:
Selim was a devout Sunni who hated the Shia as much as Ismail despised the Sunni. He saw the Shia Turkman of Anatolia as a potential "fifth column"...
1695:
An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in the medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East
1637:
An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in the medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East
797:
is a collection of epics and stories bearing witness to the language, the way of life, religions, traditions and social norms of the Oghuz Turks.
2547:
3094:
3635:
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3604:
3474:
3469:
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854:, well into the early 20th century. In the early 21st century, "Turkmen" remains as the self-name for the semi-nomadic tribes of the
2705:
3677:
846:
The term continued to be used interchangeably with other ethnohistorical terms for the Turkic people of the area, including Turk,
4980:
633:
branches of Islam. Medieval Turkmens markedly contributed to the expansion of Islam with their extensive conquests of previously
2335:
Kushner, David S.. "Self-Perception and Identity in Contemporary Turkey." Journal of Contemporary History 32 (1997): pp. 220-221
4950:
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is considered an Oghuz masterpiece. Other prominent works of literature produced during the High Middle Ages also include the
2906:
2635:
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2362:
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2154:
2021:
1993:
1926:
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1604:
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Kushner, David S.. "Self-Perception and Identity in Contemporary Turkey." Journal of Contemporary History 32 (1997): p. 219
1170:
490:, the term Turkmen referred to the Oghuz who converted to Islam. There is evidence, however, that non-Oghuz Turks such as
2957:
2892:
2608:, Middle East Report N°81, 13 November 2008: International Crisis Group, archived from the original on 12 January 2011,
739:
4965:
3284:
1672:
1614:
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However some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to rule until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by
2447:
1564:
466:
The first-known mention of the term "Turkmen", "Turkman" or "Turkoman" occurs near the end of the 10th century A.D in
4985:
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2429:
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2264:
1889:
1767:
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723:. Such Old Anatolian Turkic features as bol- "to be(come)", also present in modern Turkmen and Khorasani Turkic, is
4975:
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2660:
3394:
3377:
4970:
399:, the main population of Turkmenistan, who have sizeable groups in Iran, Afghanistan and Russia, as well as
4491:
3670:
1730:
Then the name "Turkmen" was assigned to one of the most powerful tribal associations - to the Oghuz people.
3352:
415:
3372:
1882:
Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
4557:
2496:
64:
3362:
2801:
Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens".
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1438:
1424:
1329:
1315:
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By the 10th century A.D, Turkmens were predominantly Muslim. They later found themselves divided into
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4848:
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1549:
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emerged. After the fall of Aq Qoyunlu, the Turkmen tribes—partly under their own name, for example
2850:
Encyclopaedia Iranica, (1990), page 773. Great Britain: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1725:
935:"Turkoman", "Turkmen", "Turkman" and "Torkaman" were – and continue to be – used interchangeably.
4056:
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3745:
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1971:
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Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1499:
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epics, which are part of the literary history of Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey, and Turkmens.
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3182:
1880:
Golden, Peter B. (1996) . "The Turkic peoples and Caucasia". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.).
1717:
1347:
1094:
784:
720:
104:
2548:"Afghans in Quetta: Settlements, Livelihoods, Support Net works and Cross-Border Linkages"
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and neighboring regions, originally one of them, the Ottomans, turned into an empire. See
8:
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2702:
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762:
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In the early 21st century, the ethnonyms "Turkoman" and "Turkmen" are still used by the
777:
4419:
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1807:
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are descendants of Oghuz Turks (Turkmens), and the languages they speak belong to the
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1989:
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1811:
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1353:
505:. Muslim Oghuz people, generally identified as Turkmens by then, rallied around the
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365:
349:
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301:
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120:
112:
969:
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Turkmens primarily spoke languages that belong or belonged to the Oghuz branch of
352:, "Turkmen" was superseded by the term "Ottoman", which came from the name of the
4894:
4501:
4412:
4251:
4231:
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2734:
2723:"An Onomastic Study of Turkish Family Names, Their Origins, and Related Matters."
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909:
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392:
353:
305:
287:
82:
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2712:: "The term 'Terekem' is usually associated with the ethnonym 'Turkmen' ".
1862:
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4858:
4663:
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era, the sultans of the dynasty created military settlements in parts of the
529:
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329:
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245:
180:
48:
1803:
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828:
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family. As of the early 21st century, this ethnonym is still used by the
257:
241:
237:
86:
52:
1744:
in Eckmann et al. (eds.), pp. 121-133. cited in Golden, Peter B. (1992)
1130:
The ruling dynasty descended from the Bayandur tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
18:
Medieval ethnohistorical term used for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin
4593:
3840:
3316:
3242:
3119:
3014:
1217:
1113:
1008:
929:
893:
630:
591:
376:
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tribe that made up the core of the future Seljuq tribal union and the
341:, a process which was completed by the beginning of the 13th century.
4808:
4798:
4745:
4712:
4598:
4384:
4346:
4327:
4307:
4282:
4188:
3722:
3568:
3029:
3024:
2232:"Intangible Heritage: Nine elements inscribed on Representative List"
988:
932:(sub-ethnic group of Azerbaijanis) are also referred to as Turkmens.
805:
768:
599:
540:
to strengthen their power; large Turkmen settlements were created in
533:
483:
444:
321:
1790:
of Ottoman and Safavid lands? An overlooked early modern identity".
1070:
439:, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'" A
4918:
4763:
4707:
4693:
4678:
4653:
4643:
4613:
4302:
4289:
4275:
3856:
3131:
1475:
1247:
1226:
908:, descendants of the Oghuz Turks who mostly adhere to an Anatolian
897:
699:
642:
565:
549:
495:
361:
345:
325:
253:
157:
2314:Этногенез турок: происхождение и основные этапы этнической истории
2106:
Lars Johanson; Christiane Bulut; Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2006).
938:
671:
586:
and Bayandur tribes, from which the ruling clans of the states of
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4803:
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4673:
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4297:
4146:
3915:
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3655:
3573:
3531:
3126:
2344:
1740:
Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. (1958) “Türkmen Adı, Manası ve Mahiyeti,” in
1327:
1313:
1301:
1077:
618:
595:
491:
338:
149:
2287:. Translated by Lewis, Geoffrey. London: Penguin. 1974. p.
4828:
4818:
4768:
4717:
4668:
4658:
4638:
4618:
4603:
4517:
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4371:
4356:
4351:
4332:
4160:
4074:
3599:
3407:
3347:
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3075:
2218:
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet Literature, Vol.2
2108:
Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects
1146:
925:
921:
824:
743:
The cover of the Gonbad manuscript of "the Book of Dede Korkut"
573:
317:
279:
702:
by Seljuk Turkmens who migrated westward from Central Asia to
42:
4926:
4823:
4783:
4688:
4648:
4366:
4361:
4193:
3908:
3335:
3109:
2497:"US Library of Congress Country Studies-Afghanistan: Turkmen"
541:
501:
The Seljuqs appeared in the beginning of the 11th century in
479:
313:
141:
135:
2935:
423:
The current majority view for the etymology of the ethnonym
4922:
4914:
3311:
3264:
1988:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. p. 44.
1884:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 45–67.
889:
851:
545:
309:
225:
219:
210:
60:
56:
47:
Enthroned figure usually identified as the last Oghuz Turk
1504:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
598:, Hajilu, Pornak, Deger, and Mavsellu—united in a Turkmen
2918:"TÜRKMENLER XI. yüzyıldan itibaren Oğuzlar'a verilen ad."
2574:
Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective
1986:
Immortal, A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces
360:. It remains as an endonym of semi-nomadic tribes of the
2749:
Turkey and Iraq: The Perils (and Prospects) of Proximity
2678:
XVI. Yüzyılda Maraş ve Çevresinde Dulkadirli Türkmenleri
1942:
Zachariadou, Elizabeth (1991). Alexander Kazhdan (ed.).
1562:
556:, the Oghuz extensively settled throughout Anatolia and
2114:
1898:
715:
languages, rather than western Oghuz languages such as
2834:
Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran
1444:
1430:
1416:
843:
was used to exclusively refer to Anatolian peasants.
228:
216:
2606:
Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?
2163:
1746:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
213:
207:
2615:
2126:
2057:
2045:
222:
204:
2865:
2346:
2280:
2080:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 284.
675:Territories where Oghuz languages are spoken today
621:, built during the Seljuq era (early 12th century)
560:. In the 11th century, Turkmens densely populated
1367:
1359:
1351:
831:, they preferred to return to a more common term
4942:
2915:
2863:
2831:
1844:A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
1843:
683:, which included such languages and dialects as
375:Today, a significant percentage of residents of
2182:Ziyayeva, Zemine (2006). "Khorasan languages".
2039:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
2012:Zarcone, Thierry; Hobart, Angela, eds. (2013).
939:List of states and dynasties of Turkoman origin
2489:
2147:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
443:, dating back to the Middle Ages and found in
3671:
3423:
2951:
2622:Suwaed, Muhammad (2015), "Turkmen, Israeli",
2424:(in Russian). Nauka (Science). pp. 3–7.
2257:Istoriya Vostoka (History of the East), Vol.2
2011:
1436:
1422:
1410:
782:
291:
31:
2765:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2000. p. 1655.
2345:Kemp, Geoffrey; Stein, Janice Gross (1995).
2316:(in Russian). Наука, ГРВЛ. pp. 130–137.
2259:(in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura. 2002.
2041:. Oxford University Press. pp. 393–394.
2016:. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. pp. 98–101.
1286:
1246:Turkomans also founded many small states in
286:, along with the ancient and familiar name "
2385:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1941:
1921:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 148.
1916:
1785:
1670:
1612:
3678:
3664:
3430:
3416:
2958:
2944:
2893:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2457:
1946:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–32.
1829:(in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 558.
41:
2901:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 682–685.
2763:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia
2220:. University of Michigan. pp. 13–15.
2653:The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens of Lebanon
2445:https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4211260
2419:
2181:
2120:
2075:
2036:
1832:called only in the west, by the Turkmen.
1824:
1677:History of civilizations of Central Asia
1619:History of civilizations of Central Asia
864:
804:
738:
670:
609:
515:
414:
410:
407:, the other descendants of Oghuz Turks.
328:Turks. It entered into the usage of the
2800:
2785:
2311:
2090:
2005:
1563:Qadirov, Sh; Abubakirova-Glazunova, N.
707:eastern Oghuz languages such as modern
248:that, in the 8th century A.D, formed a
4943:
2788:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
2746:
2737:- Apa Publications (UK) Limited, 2015.
2621:
2571:
2565:
2200:
1904:
1879:
1786:Karamustafa, A. (2020). "Who were the
1711:
1692:
1634:
1234:The ruling dynasty descended from the
1102:The ruling dynasty descended from the
1023:The ruling dynasty descended from the
977:The ruling dynasty descended from the
698:Old Anatolian language, introduced to
476:Ahsan Al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat Al-Aqalim
3659:
3411:
2939:
2649:
2624:Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins
2215:
2169:
2144:
2132:
2063:
2051:
1956:
1757:
1650:
1592:
2391:from the original on 13 January 2012
2353:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
1983:
1848:. Infobase Publishing. p. 515.
1679:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 127.
1621:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 127.
1302:
494:also have been called Turkomans and
316:sources were calling Oghuz Turks as
73:Regions with significant populations
2604:International Crisis Group (2008),
2525:. Open Society Institute: Tashkent.
2093:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
1762:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 14.
1411:
1287:
1154:Was Turkish-speaking and Turkified.
892:, Afghanistan, Russia, Uzbekistan,
13:
3685:
3285:Central District (Torkaman County)
2864:Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara (2000).
2857:
1972:Encyclopaedia Iranika «AQ QOYUNLŪ»
1846:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1076:Founded by Turkoman tribal leader
435:and the Turkic emphasizing suffix
14:
5002:
2811:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
1697:. Harrassowitz. pp. 213–214.
1639:. Harrassowitz. pp. 213–214.
4991:Historical ethnic groups of Asia
4961:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
4921:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
3437:
3093:
2691:Flat-woven rugs made by "Yürüks"
2076:Schiewer, Gesine Lenore (2022).
1225:
1193:
1169:
1145:
1121:
1093:
1069:
1042:
968:
419:Turkomania of the Ottoman Empire
236:), was a term for the people of
200:
2844:
2825:
2794:
2779:
2755:
2751:. Purdue University. p. 7.
2740:
2728:
2715:
2696:
2683:
2670:
2643:
2598:
2540:
2528:
2515:
2503:
2478:
2438:
2413:
2403:
2371:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2305:
2273:
2249:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2184:Journal of Caucasian University
2175:
2138:
2099:
2084:
2069:
2030:
1977:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1910:
1873:
1855:
1837:
1818:
1779:
1751:
1468:
920:, Turkish sub-ethnic groups of
582:The Turkmens also included the
240:origin, widely used during the
4981:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
2693:. Ak Yayınları, 1977, page 60.
2078:Language and Emotion. Volume 1
1919:Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol
1734:
1702:
1675:. In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.).
1657:. Harrassowitz. pp. 4–5.
1644:
1617:. In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.).
1586:
1556:
1512:
1492:
1268:
888:, who have sizeable groups in
1:
4951:History of the Turkish people
2965:
2931:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
2349:Powder Keg in the Middle East
2091:Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad (2006).
1485:
1061:
800:
734:
637:lands, specifically those of
451:, instead derives the suffix
296:), and tribal names such as "
244:. Oghuz Turks were a western
2836:. Vol. 10. p. 33.
1961:. Penguin Books. p. 10.
1917:Hillenbrand, Carole (2007).
1571:(in Russian). Archived from
1336:
1322:
1308:
1178:Descended from Qara Qoyunlu.
858:, a sub-ethnic group of the
7:
1599:. Harrassowitz. p. 4.
1445:
1431:
1417:
648:
10:
5007:
2929:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
2803:Journal of Islamic Studies
2790:. Routledge. p. 1223.
2523:Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan
2454:"Big Russian Encyclopedia"
2420:Hajiyeva, Sakinat (1990).
2149:. Elsevier. p. 1117.
2037:Robbeets, Martine (2020).
1524:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1328:
1314:
746:
652:
605:
65:Philadelphia Museum of Art
4966:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
4903:
4867:
4841:
4586:
4544:
4490:
4462:
4260:
4202:
4169:
4088:
4065:
4022:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
3895:
3849:
3804:
3773:
3702:
3693:
3618:
3587:
3556:
3549:
3514:
3483:
3452:
3445:
3295:Torkaman, West Azerbaijan
3223:
3175:
3149:
3140:
3102:
3091:
3043:
2982:
2973:
2923:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
2916:Faruk Sümer (1988–2016).
2832:Charles Melville (2021).
2536:Tajikistani census (2010)
2387:(in Russian). 1890–1907.
2205:. Routledge. p. 266.
2095:. Routledge. p. 207.
1760:Turkmen Reference Grammar
1722:Genealogy of the Turkmens
1654:Turkmen Reference Grammar
1596:Turkmen Reference Grammar
1437:
1423:
1244:
1238:tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
1210:tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
1106:tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
1027:tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
981:tribe of the Oghuz Turks.
178:
173:
133:
128:
97:
92:
77:
72:
40:
29:
4986:Medieval history of Iran
4890:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
4558:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
2927:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
2628:Rowman & Littlefield
2521:Alisher Ilhamov (2002).
2410:be called "Azerbaijanis"
2379:
2312:Eremeev, Dmitry (1971).
2216:Weber, Harry B. (1978).
1957:Lewis, Geoffrey (1974).
1671:Annanepesov, M. (1999).
1613:Annanepesov, M. (1999).
1569:Big Russian Encyclopedia
1261:
320:Turkmens, as opposed to
312:". By the 10th century,
4976:History of Turkmenistan
4047:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
3703:Azerbaijani communities
2659:, ORSAM, archived from
2485:CIA World Factbook Iran
2283:The Book of Dede Korkut
1959:The Book of Dede Korkut
1804:10.1515/islam-2020-0030
659:Middle Turkic languages
511:state they would create
470:by the Arab geographer
252:in an area between the
4880:Crimean Tatar diaspora
4057:Western Thracian Turks
3992:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
3305:Qarah Tappeh, Torkaman
2786:Skutsch, Carl (2013).
2747:Barkey, Henri (2005).
2572:Triana, María (2017),
2422:Terekemes of Daghestan
1825:Barthold, V.V (1966).
1693:Golden, Peter (1992).
1635:Golden, Peter (1992).
1520:"Turkoman: definition"
1460:
1397:
1384:
1368:
1360:
1352:
877:
816:
812:in national costumes,
783:
749:Azerbaijani literature
744:
676:
622:
602:tribal confederation.
525:
431:is that it comes from
420:
292:
270:Turkic language family
32:
4587:Extinct Turkic groups
4545:Turkic minorities in
4492:Turkic minorities in
4463:Turkic minorities in
4261:Turkic minorities in
3739:Georgian Azerbaijanis
2735:Insight Guides Turkey
2650:Orhan, Oytun (2010),
2145:Brown, Keith (2010).
1984:Ward, Steven (2014).
1758:Clark, Larry (1998).
1651:Clark, Larry (1996).
1593:Clark, Larry (1996).
868:
839:, whereas previously
808:
742:
689:Old Anatolian Turkish
674:
663:Old Anatolian Turkish
613:
519:
513:in the 11th century.
418:
411:Etymology and history
174:Related ethnic groups
4971:Central Asian people
4905:Central Asian (i.e.
4875:Azerbaijani diaspora
4212:Iranian Azerbaijanis
3850:Turkmen communities
3746:Western Azerbaijanis
3716:Iranian Azerbaijanis
3550:Üçoks (Three arrows)
3446:Bozoks (Grey arrows)
2578:Taylor & Francis
1867:Encyclopedia Iranica
1718:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
1548:: CS1 maint: year (
876:in traditional dress
250:tribal confederation
3896:Turkish communities
3762:Javanshir Qizilbash
3373:Türkmen, Vezirköprü
2819:10.1093/jis/13.1.75
2703:Article "Terekimes»
2201:Backus, Ad (2014).
2014:Shamanism and Islam
1206:descended from the
819:In Anatolia in the
795:Book of Dede Korkut
763:Book of Dede Korkut
564:. The 12th-century
554:Battle of Manzikert
26:
4420:Siberian Bukharans
4222:Chaharmahali Turks
4203:Turkic minorities
4170:Turkic minorities
4089:Turkic minorities
3805:Kyrgyz communities
3774:Kazakh communities
3363:Türkmen, Gölpazarı
2708:2018-01-09 at the
2450:2019-07-07 at the
2238:. 28 November 2018
2203:Colloquial Turkish
1742:Jean Deny Armağanı
1162:Qutb Shahi dynasty
878:
860:Azerbaijani people
817:
757:Turkmen literature
753:Turkish literature
745:
677:
639:Byzantine Anatolia
623:
526:
468:Islamic literature
449:Mahmud al-Kashgari
421:
370:Azerbaijani people
55:(1176–1194), from
24:
4938:
4937:
4837:
4836:
4748:
4741:
4702:
4578:Tatars of Romania
4551:
4520:
4477:Mongolian Kazakhs
4448:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4155:
4121:
4032:Palestinian Turks
4027:Montenegrin Turks
3951:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3881:
3872:
3865:
3825:
3796:Mongolian Kazakhs
3764:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3545:
3544:
3405:
3404:
3219:
3218:
3089:
3088:
3071:Lebanese Turkmens
3005:Anatolian beyliks
2908:978-90-04-11211-7
2637:978-1-4422-5451-0
2587:978-1-317-42368-3
2364:978-0-8476-8075-7
2156:978-0-080-87775-4
2023:978-1-84885-602-8
1995:978-1-62616-032-3
1928:978-0-7486-2572-7
1907:, pp. 45–67.
1686:978-92-3-103876-1
1664:978-3-447-04019-8
1628:978-92-3-103876-1
1606:978-3-447-04019-8
1259:
1258:
1252:Anatolian beyliks
282:, dates from the
186:
185:
169:
124:
4998:
4885:Turkish diaspora
4744:
4737:
4698:
4549:
4531:Karategin Uzbeks
4516:
4444:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4378:Astrakhan Tatars
4376:
4341:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4247:Iranian Turkmens
4179:Crimean Karaites
4151:
4117:
4017:Macedonian Turks
3982:Dodecanese Turks
3947:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3879:Iranian Turkmens
3877:
3868:
3861:
3821:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3699:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3554:
3553:
3450:
3449:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3358:Türkmen, Emirdağ
3341:Turkmen Mountain
3253:Türkmən, Goychay
3147:
3146:
3097:
3066:Israeli Turkmens
2980:
2979:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2912:
2888:Heinrichs, W. P.
2869:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2676:Solak, İbrahim.
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2619:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1668:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1272:
1229:
1204:Afsharid dynasty
1197:
1173:
1149:
1125:
1097:
1073:
1066:
1065: 1299–1922
1063:
1046:
972:
943:
942:
821:late Middle Ages
788:
713:Khorasani Turkic
681:Turkic languages
366:sub-ethnic group
350:Late Middle Ages
295:
284:High Middle Ages
278:, originally an
264:, and spoke the
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
199:
191:, also known as
139:
102:
45:
35:
27:
23:
5006:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4899:
4895:Kazakh diaspora
4863:
4833:
4582:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4502:Afghan Turkmens
4493:
4486:
4464:
4458:
4413:Siberian Tatars
4337:
4262:
4256:
4252:Iranian Kazakhs
4232:Khorasani Turks
4204:
4198:
4171:
4165:
4108:Chinese Kazakhs
4090:
4084:
4067:
4066:Turkic peoples
4061:
3962:Bulgarian Turks
3938:Abkhazian Turks
3891:
3863:Afghan Turkmens
3845:
3800:
3791:Iranian Kazakhs
3786:Chinese Kazakhs
3769:
3689:
3684:
3654:
3645:
3614:
3583:
3541:
3510:
3479:
3441:
3436:
3406:
3401:
3353:Türkmen, Çüngüş
3324:Northern Cyprus
3300:Tappeh Torkaman
3290:Bandar Torkaman
3280:Torkaman County
3258:Türkmən, Qabala
3215:
3171:
3136:
3098:
3085:
3061:Syrian Turkmens
3039:
2969:
2964:
2909:
2880:Bosworth, C. E.
2860:
2858:Further reading
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2725:2005 , page 50.
2720:
2716:
2710:Wayback Machine
2701:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2630:, p. 237,
2620:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2580:, p. 168,
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2452:Wayback Machine
2443:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2214:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1687:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1629:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1528:Merriam Webster
1518:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1343:
1298:Ottoman Turkish
1293:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1064:
1051:
1018:
1003:
998:
941:
914:Turks of Israel
906:Syrian Turkmens
803:
759:
747:Main articles:
737:
693:Ottoman Turkish
669:
667:Ottoman Turkish
655:Oghuz languages
653:Main articles:
651:
608:
413:
405:Syrian Turkmens
389:Turkic language
203:
197:
196:
138:
101:
68:
36:
22:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5004:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4936:
4935:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Yenisei Kyrgyz
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Finnish Tatars
4560:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:Crimean Tatars
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Chinese Uzbeks
4124:
4123:
4122:
4113:Chinese Kyrgyz
4110:
4105:
4103:Chinese Tatars
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4052:Tunisian Turks
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Romanian Turks
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Lebanese Turks
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Egyptian Turks
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Croatian Turks
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3943:Algerian Turks
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3817:Chinese Kyrgyz
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:Turkic peoples
3683:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Türkmen, Keşan
3365:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Türkmən, Barda
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:Turkman Valley
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:Syrian Turkmen
3200:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3076:Yoruk Turkmens
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Iraqi Turkmens
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2884:van Donzel, E.
2872:Bearman, P. J.
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2824:
2793:
2778:
2771:
2754:
2739:
2727:
2721:İbrahim Aksu,
2714:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2642:
2636:
2614:
2597:
2586:
2564:
2539:
2527:
2514:
2511:Russian census
2502:
2488:
2477:
2456:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2402:
2370:
2363:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2304:
2297:
2272:
2265:
2248:
2223:
2208:
2193:
2190:. Baku: 91–97.
2174:
2172:, p. 513.
2162:
2155:
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 393.
2113:
2098:
2083:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2029:
2022:
2004:
1994:
1976:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1927:
1909:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1854:
1836:
1817:
1778:
1768:
1750:
1733:
1726:Commentary 132
1710:
1701:
1685:
1673:"The Turkmens"
1663:
1643:
1627:
1615:"The Turkmens"
1605:
1585:
1555:
1511:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1057:Ottoman Empire
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
985:
984:
983:
982:
973:
966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
940:
937:
802:
799:
778:Danishmendname
736:
733:
650:
647:
607:
604:
548:, and Eastern
524:Turkmen helmet
441:folk etymology
412:
409:
379:, Turkey, and
358:ruling dynasty
354:Ottoman Empire
184:
183:
176:
175:
171:
170:
134:Predominantly
131:
130:
126:
125:
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:South Caucasus
75:
74:
70:
69:
46:
38:
37:
30:
20:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5003:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4933:territories).
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Black Klobuks
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4550:(exc. Russia)
4543:
4537:
4536:Afghan Kyrgyz
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:Mishar Tatars
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:in Uzbekistan
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Serbian Turks
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Kosovan Turks
4000:
3998:
3997:Israeli Turks
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Cypriot Turks
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Bosnian Turks
3955:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Afghan Kyrgyz
3829:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:Türkmenakören
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Turkmen Sahra
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Iraqi Turkmen
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Middle Turkic
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:Bianquis, Th.
2873:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2772:0-87779-017-5
2768:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2689:Yusuf Durul:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2666:on 2016-03-03
2662:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2554:on 2012-10-16
2553:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2431:5-02-016761-4
2427:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2298:0-14-044298-7
2294:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2266:5-02-017711-3
2262:
2258:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2135:, p. 15.
2134:
2129:
2122:
2121:Robbeets 2020
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2066:, p. 14.
2065:
2060:
2054:, p. 13.
2053:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1891:0-472-09617-6
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1771:
1769:3-447-04019-X
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1575:on 2019-07-07
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1283:Middle Turkic
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Afsharid Iran
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
980:
976:
975:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
961:Seljuq Empire
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
936:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:, as well as
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
811:
807:
798:
796:
791:
789:
787:
786:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:
758:
754:
750:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
694:
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686:
682:
673:
668:
664:
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646:
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616:
612:
603:
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597:
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563:
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547:
543:
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531:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
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493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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454:
450:
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438:
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430:
426:
417:
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402:
398:
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390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
335:
331:
330:Western world
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Turkic people
243:
239:
233:
194:
190:
182:
181:Turkic people
177:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:
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127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Seljuk Empire
44:
39:
34:
28:
16:
4738:
4573:Lipka Tatars
4446:Tozhu Tuvans
4406:Volga Tatars
4119:Akto Turkmen
4012:Libyan Turks
3972:Cretan Turks
3887:Akto Turkmen
3836:Tajik Kyrgyz
3823:Akto Turkmen
3710:Azerbaijanis
3439:Oghuz tribes
3385:Turkmenistan
3275:Torkamanchay
3020:Qara Qoyunlu
3000:Khwarazmians
2974:
2966:
2925:(44+2 vols.)
2921:
2898:
2891:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2730:
2717:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2661:the original
2652:
2645:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2542:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2505:
2491:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2465:"Ethnologue"
2459:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2384:
2373:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2282:
2275:
2256:
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2110:. p. 5.
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1900:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1713:
1704:
1694:
1676:
1653:
1646:
1636:
1618:
1595:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1558:
1532:. Retrieved
1523:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1470:
1275:
1274:also called
1270:
1138:Safavid Iran
1086:Qara Qoyunlu
934:
886:Turkmenistan
879:
845:
840:
836:
832:
818:
814:Turkmenistan
792:
781:
767:
761:
760:
724:
697:
678:
624:
615:Jameh Mosque
588:Qara Qoyunlu
581:
578:
552:. After the
527:
522:Qara Qoyunlu
500:
475:
472:al-Muqaddasi
465:
460:
452:
436:
432:
428:
424:
422:
397:Central Asia
381:Turkmenistan
374:
348:, since the
343:
332:through the
275:
274:
266:Oghuz branch
262:Central Asia
238:Oghuz Turkic
192:
188:
187:
166:Twelver Shia
161:
153:
145:
116:
108:
99:Oghuz Turkic
79:Central Asia
21:Ethnic group
15:
4956:Oghuz Turks
4794:Toquz Oghuz
4733:Oghuz Turks
4700:Sir-Kıvchak
4494:Afghanistan
4237:Qarai Turks
4153:Tor Uyghurs
4132:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4080:Karakalpaks
3949:Kouloughlis
3753:Karapapakhs
3395:Türkmenbaşy
3390:Türkmenabat
3231:Afghanistan
3183:Azerbaijani
1944:"Turkomans"
1905:Golden 1996
1827:Sochineniya
1748:. p 347-348
1534:20 December
1461:Turcomannus
1348:Azerbaijani
1202:The ruling
835:instead of
829:nationalism
721:Azerbaijani
538:Middle East
503:Mawarannahr
385:Oghuz group
242:Middle Ages
105:Azerbaijani
87:Middle East
53:Tughril III
4945:Categories
3841:Van Kyrgyz
3723:Shahsevans
3619:Dingiz Han
3515:Yılduz Han
3329:Turkmenkoy
3317:Turkmeneli
3243:Azerbaijan
3015:Aq Qoyunlu
2558:2020-09-15
2395:29 January
2242:2018-11-29
2170:Clark 1998
2133:Clark 1998
2064:Clark 1998
2052:Clark 1998
1798:(2): 477.
1579:2020-06-30
1565:"Turkmens"
1486:References
1222:1789-1925
1218:Qajar Iran
1190:1736–1796
1166:1518–1687
1142:1501–1736
1118:1378–1503
1114:Aq Qoyunlu
1090:1374–1468
1039:1127–1250
1013:1148–1282
1009:Salghurids
993:1122–1225
965:1037–1194
930:Karapapaks
894:Tajikistan
801:Modern use
774:Battalname
735:Literature
727:in modern
691:, and old
592:Aq Qoyunlu
576:(rulers).
570:al-Marwazi
558:Azerbaijan
528:Since the
488:al-Marwazi
377:Azerbaijan
334:Byzantines
33:Türkmenler
4868:Diasporas
4809:Xueyantuo
4799:Uriankhai
4746:Pechenegs
4739:Turkomans
4713:Kutrigurs
4385:Kryashens
4347:Kumandins
4328:Karachays
4308:Besermyan
4283:Telengits
4189:Krymchaks
4172:in Crimea
4137:Ili Turks
3730:Küresünni
3605:Alayuntlu
3142:Languages
3081:Terekemes
3030:Afsharids
3025:Qizilbash
2967:Turkomans
2897:Volume X:
2867:"Türkmen"
2813:: 75–76.
2593:Planning.
1812:222317436
1792:Der Islam
1288:تُركْمانْ
989:Ahmadilis
874:Balıkesir
872:girls of
827:ideas of
769:Oghuzname
635:Christian
600:Qizilbash
520:Medieval
484:Al-Biruni
455:from the
445:al-Biruni
322:Shamanist
198:English:
93:Languages
25:Turkomans
4919:Turkmens
4907:Turkmeni
4764:Saragurs
4708:Kurykans
4694:Kipchaks
4679:Keraites
4664:Göktürks
4654:Dughlats
4644:Dingling
4614:Berendei
4465:Mongolia
4435:Tofalars
4399:Nağaybäk
4303:Bashkirs
4290:Tubalars
4276:Chelkans
4270:Altaians
4091:in China
3923:Tahtacıs
3916:Muhacirs
3857:Turkmens
3574:Çavuldur
3569:Pecheneg
3564:Bayandur
3475:Karaevli
3470:Alkaevli
3224:Toponomy
3205:dialects
3132:Bektashi
3103:Religion
3051:Turkmens
3010:Ottomans
2983:Historic
2975:Ethnonym
2890:(eds.).
2706:Archived
2470:8 August
2448:Archived
2389:Archived
1544:cite web
1476:Ismail I
1446:tarâkeme
1432:torkamân
1418:torkaman
1409:: sing.
1370:Tərakimə
1350:: sing.
1337:Terâkime
1300:: sing.
1248:Anatolia
898:Pakistan
882:Turkmens
856:Terekime
825:European
810:Turkmens
704:Khorasan
700:Anatolia
649:Language
643:Caucasus
641:and the
550:Anatolia
496:Turkmens
482:authors
429:Turcoman
393:Turkmens
362:Terekeme
356:and its
346:Anatolia
326:Buddhist
308:", and "
302:Bayandur
260:seas in
193:Turcoman
189:Turkoman
158:Bektashi
129:Religion
4931:Ottoman
4915:Iranian
4911:Afghani
4859:Mughals
4854:Hazaras
4804:Utigurs
4779:Türgesh
4754:Onogurs
4728:Nushibi
4723:Naimans
4684:Khazars
4674:Karluks
4629:Chigils
4624:Bulgars
4609:Barsils
4547:Europe
4526:Ansarlu
4472:Khotons
4430:Teleuts
4323:Dolgans
4318:Chuvash
4313:Chulyms
4298:Balkars
4242:Qashqai
4227:Khalajs
4205:in Iran
4147:Uyghurs
3870:Ansarlu
3781:Kazakhs
3695:Peoples
3610:Yüreğir
3588:Tak Han
3557:Gök Han
3532:Begdili
3506:Yaparlı
3501:Dodurga
3453:Gün Han
3348:Turkiye
3211:Turkmen
3193:Turkish
3188:Afshari
3167:Ottoman
3150:Extinct
3127:Alevism
2995:Zengids
2990:Seljuqs
1788:Türkmen
1435:), pl.
1407:Persian
1398:Türkmen
1394:Turkmen
1385:Türkmen
1381:Turkish
1362:Türkman
1354:Türkmən
1326:), pl.
1323:Türkmân
1309:Türkmen
1276:Turkman
1078:Osman I
1035:Zengids
918:Lebanon
910:Turkish
837:Turkmen
785:Köroğlu
729:Turkish
717:Turkish
709:Turkmen
619:Isfahan
606:Culture
596:Afshars
574:sultans
568:writer
566:Persian
492:Karluks
480:Islamic
461:-mānind
459:suffix
457:Persian
425:Türkmen
387:of the
368:of the
339:endonym
314:Islamic
276:Turkmen
268:of the
258:Caspian
121:Turkish
113:Turkmen
4927:Syrian
4849:Abdals
4842:Others
4829:Yabaku
4819:Yueban
4769:Shatuo
4759:Sabirs
4718:Merkit
4669:Kangly
4659:Esegel
4639:Cumans
4619:Bulaqs
4604:Basmyl
4568:Gagauz
4518:Timuri
4512:Aimaqs
4507:Afshar
4454:Yakuts
4440:Tuvans
4372:Tatars
4367:Soyots
4357:Nogais
4352:Kumyks
4339:Koibal
4333:Khakas
4263:Russia
4217:Afshar
4161:Yugurs
4075:Uzbeks
3930:Yörüks
3812:Kyrgyz
3631:Büğdüz
3579:Chepni
3537:Kargın
3522:Afshar
3484:Ay Han
3176:Modern
3162:Seljuq
3044:Modern
3035:Qajars
2905:
2886:&
2769:
2634:
2584:
2428:
2361:
2295:
2263:
2236:UNESCO
2153:
2020:
1992:
1925:
1888:
1863:"Gozz"
1810:
1766:
1683:
1661:
1625:
1603:
1439:تراکمه
1425:ترکمان
1366:, pl.
1330:تراكمه
1316:تركمان
1208:Afshar
955:Notes
949:Years
926:Manavs
922:Yoruks
755:, and
685:Seljuq
665:, and
530:Seljuk
318:Muslim
306:Afshar
280:exonym
179:Other
162:·
160:
154:·
152:
146:·
144:
117:·
115:
109:·
107:
51:ruler
4923:Iraqi
4824:Yagma
4789:Torks
4784:Tuhsi
4774:Tiele
4689:Kimek
4649:Duolu
4482:Dukha
4362:Shors
4194:Urums
4142:Salar
3909:Gajal
3903:Turks
3641:Qiniq
3626:Iğdır
3600:Eymür
3595:Salur
3527:Qiziq
3496:Döger
3491:Yazır
3465:Bayat
3336:Syria
3115:Sunni
3110:Islam
2870:. In
2809:(1).
2664:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2534:2002
2509:2002
2380:Тюрки
1808:S2CID
1530:. n.d
1457:Latin
1421:) or
1412:ترکمن
1312:) or
1303:تركمن
1262:Notes
1236:Bayat
1025:Salur
979:Qiniq
946:Name
902:Iraqi
870:Yörük
848:Tatar
627:Sunni
562:Arran
542:Syria
507:Qinik
401:Iraqi
298:Bayat
164:
156:
150:Alevi
148:
142:Sunni
136:Islam
119:
111:
4925:and
4913:and
4594:Alat
4098:Äynu
3636:Yiwa
3460:Kayı
3312:Iraq
3265:Iran
3120:Shia
2903:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2472:2018
2426:ISBN
2397:2012
2359:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1550:link
1536:2022
1507:III.
1104:Yiwa
952:Map
928:and
916:and
904:and
896:and
890:Iran
852:Ajam
850:and
841:Turk
833:Turk
793:The
711:and
631:Shia
629:and
590:and
584:Yiva
546:Iraq
536:and
534:Near
486:and
453:-men
447:and
437:-men
433:Türk
403:and
364:, a
310:Kayi
304:", "
300:", "
293:türk
288:Turk
256:and
254:Aral
61:Iran
57:Rayy
2899:T–U
2815:doi
2355:214
1800:doi
1720:, «
1358:or
884:of
719:or
617:of
474:in
427:or
395:of
344:In
324:or
290:" (
4947::
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