1363:
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1256:. The surfactant lowers the surface tension between water and oil, making the solution transparent. The water nanodroplets act as nanoreactors for synthesizing nanoparticles. The shape of the water pool is spherical. The size of the nanoparticles will depend on size of the water pool to a great extent. Thus, the size of the spherical nanoparticles can be tailored and tuned by changing the size of the water pool.
2422:
33:
814:
974:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{m}={\begin{cases}{\frac {V\chi }{2\mu _{0}}}\mathbf {\nabla } \left|\mathbf {B} \right|^{2}&\qquad {\text{in a weak magnetic field}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {\nabla } \left(\mathbf {m} _{sat}\cdot \mathbf {B} \right)&\qquad {\text{in a strong magnetic field}}\end{cases}}}
1366:
The magneto-mechano-chemical synthesis (1) is accompanied by splitting of electron energy levels (SEELs) and electron transfer in magnetic field (2) from nanoparticles Fe3O4 to doxorubicin. The concentration of paramagnetic centers (free radicals) is increased in the magneto-sensitive complex (MNC)
602:
greater than one and are attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic moment drops to zero when the applied field is removed. But in a ferromagnetic material, all the atomic moments are aligned even without an external field. A ferrimagnetic material is similar to a ferromagnet but has two different
1420:
with antitumor magnetic complex and lesser side effects in normal tissues. Magnetic complexes with magnetic memory that consist of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with antitumor drug have additional advantages over conventional antitumor drugs due to their ability to be remotely controlled while
730:
manipulate the path of iron oxide particles. A spatially uniform magnetic field can result in a torque on the magnetic particle, but cannot cause particle translation; therefore, the magnetic field must be a gradient to cause translational motion. The force on a point-like magnetic dipole moment
1251:
film of surface-active molecules. Microemulsions may be categorized further as oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o), depending on the dispersed and continuous phases. Water-in-oil is more popular for synthesizing many kinds of nanoparticles. The water and oil are mixed with an amphiphillic
1473:
of malignant tumor. Cancer cells are then particularly vulnerable to an oxidative assault and induction of high levels of oxidative stress locally in tumor tissue, that has the potential to destroy or arrest the growth of cancer cells and can be thought as therapeutic strategy against cancer.
729:
Furthermore, the unique superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles allows them to be manipulated magnetically from a distance. In the latter sections, external manipulation will be discussed in regards to biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. Forces are required to
1268:; and the nanoparticles are easily dispersed. For biomedical applications like magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic cell separation or magnetorelaxometry, where particle size plays a crucial role, magnetic nanoparticles produced by this method are very useful. Viable iron precursors include
717:
with time. (Its Curie temperature is hard to determine). Both magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature. This superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles can be attributed to their size. When the size gets small enough (<10 nm),
1057:
of the particles. It also determines to a great extent the distribution and type of structural defects or impurities in the particles. All these factors affect magnetic behavior. Recently, many attempts have been made to develop processes and techniques that would yield
2219:
Orel VE, Dasyukevich O, Rykhalskyi O, Orel VB, Burlaka A, Virko S (November 2021). "Magneto-mechanical effects of magnetite nanoparticles on Walker-256 carcinosarcoma heterogeneity, redox state and growth modulated by an inhomogeneous stationary magnetic field".
987:
Another important consideration is the force acting against the magnetic force. As iron oxide nanoparticles translate toward the magnetic field source, they experience Stokes' drag force in the opposite direction. The drag force is expressed below.
603:
types of atoms with opposing magnetic moments. The material has a magnetic moment because the opposing moments have different strengths. If they have the same magnitude, the crystal is antiferromagnetic and possesses no net magnetic moment.
2374:
Karakatsanis A, Daskalakis K, StĂĄlberg P, Olofsson H, Andersson Y, Eriksson S, et al. (November 2017). "Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as the sole method for sentinel node biopsy detection in patients with breast cancer".
641:. The ordering of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials decreases with increasing temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their magnetization beyond the
1092:
ions). The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size. In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs:
803:
1508:
which contains iron oxide is injected to the tumor and then heated up by an alternating high frequency magnetic field. The temperature distribution produced by this heat generation may help to destroy cancerous cells inside the tumor.
1637:
Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L, Muller RN (June 2008). "Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications".
1312:
in organic solvents with surfactant molecules. A combination of
Xylenes and Sodium Dodecylbenezensulfonate as a surfactant are used to create nanoreactors for which well dispersed iron(II) and iron (III) salts can react.
1469:. The experimental data was received about correlation between the frequency of electromagnetic field radiation with magnetic properties and quantity paramagnetic centres of complex. It is possible to control the
1875:
Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Limbach LK, et al. (July 2006). "In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility".
1379:
deregulation in the mitochondrion (5). Magnetic nanotherapy has more effectively inhibited the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria of tumor cell and induced the death of tumor cells compared to conventional
1084:
are partially oxidized with different oxidizing agents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow size distribution with mean diameters between 30 and 100 nm can be obtained from a
1040:
398:, separation of biomolecules, and targeted drug and gene delivery for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain
2153:
Orel V, Shevchenko A, Romanov A, Tselepi M, Mitrelias T, Barnes CH, et al. (January 2015). "Magnetic properties and antitumor effect of nanocomplexes of iron oxide and doxorubicin".
808:
In biological applications, iron oxide nanoparticles will be translate through some kind of fluid, possibly bodily fluid, in which case the aforementioned equation can be modified to:
395:
1546:
Colombo M, Carregal-Romero S, Casula MF, Gutiérrez L, Morales MP, Böhm IB, Heverhagen JT, Prosperi D, Parak WJ (2012). "Biological applications of magnetic nanoparticles".
1264:
The decomposition of iron precursors in the presence of hot organic surfactants results in samples with good size control, narrow size distribution (5-12 nm) and good
748:
699:
669:
2345:
Heydari M, Javidi M, Attar MM, Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Haghpanahi M, Amanpour S (2015). "Magnetic Fluid
Hyperthermia in a Cylindrical Gel Contains Water Flow".
1329:
and potentially non-toxic to humans. Iron oxide is easily degradable and therefore useful for in vivo applications. Results from exposure of a human
1367:(3). The local combined action of constant magnetic and electromagnetic fields and MNC in tumor (4) initiated SEELs, free radicals, leading to
984:
Based on these equations, there will be the greatest force in the direction of the largest positive slope of the energy density scalar field.
2091:
Orel VE, Tselepi M, Mitrelias T, Rykhalskyi A, Romanov A, Orel VB, et al. (June 2018). "Nanomagnetic
Modulation of Tumor Redox State".
1581:
Pai AB (2019). "Chapter 6. Iron Oxide
Nanoparticle Formulations for Supplementation". In Sigel A, Freisinger E, Sigel RK, Carver PL (eds.).
2347:
1429:(below 40 °C). The combined influence of inhomogeneous constant magnetic and electromagnetic fields during nanotherapy has initiated
69:
2044:"Iron oxide nanoparticle agglomeration influences dose rates and modulates oxidative stress-mediated dose-response profiles in vitro"
594:
state, the individual atomic magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the substance has a zero net magnetic moment if there is no
59:
2426:
1489:
transmission through magnetic nanoparticles to the tumor due to the action of the inhomogeneous stationary magnetic field reflects
1045:
In this equation, η is the fluid viscosity, R is the hydrodynamic radius of the particle, and 𝑣 is the velocity of the particle.
2451:
290:
64:
2446:
2135:
1598:
1512:
The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) can also be used as a tracer in sentinel node biopsy instead of radioisotope.
1347:
mechanism for uncoated iron oxide. Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. Labelling cells (e.g.
2306:"Evaluation of the effects of injection velocity and different gel concentrations on nanoparticles in hyperthermia therapy"
994:
1786:
Sugimoto T (1980). "Formation of uniform spherical magnetite particles by crystallization from ferrous hydroxide gels".
107:
1840:
Laughlin R (1976). "An expedient technique for determining solubility phase boundaries in surfactant–water systems".
1474:
Multifunctional magnetic complexes with magnetic memory can combine cancer magnetic nanotherapy, tumor targeting and
2456:
722:
can change the direction of magnetization of the entire crystal. A material with many such crystals behaves like a
1821:
Massart R, Cabuil V (1987). "Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles: preparation and dispersion in water and oils".
599:
181:
1751:
Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J (2003). "Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine".
1384:
Iron oxide nanoparticles are used in cancer magnetic nanotherapy that is based on the magneto-spin effects in
1919:
Bulte JW, Kraitchman DL (November 2004). "Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging".
1359:. Some forms of Iron oxide nanoparticle have been found to be toxic and cause transcriptional reprogramming.
1356:
383:
201:
49:
141:
74:
1355:) with iron oxide nanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time by
283:
1698:
Teja AS, Koh PY (2009). "Synthesis, properties, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles".
387:
2257:"Cylindrical agar gel with fluid flow subjected to an alternating magnetic field during hyperthermia"
1493:
converting iron-induced reactive oxygen species generation to the modulation of biochemical signals.
1405:
1397:
391:
156:
54:
838:
1454:
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553:
have 5 unpaired electrons in 3d shell. Therefore, when crystals are formed from iron atoms or ions
234:
186:
2255:
Javidi M, Heydari M, Attar MM, Haghpanahi M, Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Amanpour S (February 2015).
2441:
1425:
with a constant magnetic field and further strengthening of their antitumor activity by moderate
1389:
1145:
ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment. Being highly susceptibile to oxidation, magnetite (
714:
1445:, acquires the magnetic properties of paramagnetic substances. Electromagnetic radiation at the
511:
vacancies. The cations are distributed randomly over the 8 tetrahedral and 16 octahedral sites.
419:
2134:
Orel VE, Tselepi M, Mitrelias T, Shevchenko AD, Rykhalskiy OY, Golovko TS, et al. (2018).
1462:
1430:
1422:
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276:
1441:. In particular, anthracycline antitumor antibiotic doxorubicin, the native state of which is
798:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{m}=\mathbf {\nabla } \left(\mathbf {m} \cdot \mathbf {B} \right)}
459:. Maghemite differs from magnetite in that all or most of the iron is in the trivalent state (
2461:
1993:
Kodali V, Littke MH, Tilton SC, Teeguarden JG, Shi L, Frevert CW, et al. (August 2013).
1526:
1426:
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liquids consisting of nanosized domains of one or both liquids in the other stabilized by an
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magnetic material (e. g. magnetic nanoparticles) that has no hysteresis loop is said to be
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151:
112:
92:
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Sharma G, Kodali V, Gaffrey M, Wang W, Minard KR, Karin NJ, et al. (September 2014).
726:, except that the moments of entire crystals are fluctuating instead of individual atoms.
8:
1458:
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196:
161:
102:
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1962:
Geraldes CF, Delville MH (2021). "Chapter 9. Iron Oxide
Nanoparticles for Bio-Imaging".
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1585:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 157–180.
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Javidi M, Heydari M, Karimi A, Haghpanahi M, Navidbakhsh M, Razmkon A (December 2014).
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2019:
1994:
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cell line to seven industrially important nanoparticles showed a nanoparticle specific
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Essential Metals in
Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic
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Orel V, Mitrelias T, Tselepi M, Golovko T, Dynnyk O, Nikolov N, et al. (2014).
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is ferrimagnetic at room temperature, unstable at high temperatures, and loses its
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because there is more than one stable magnetic state for each field. Therefore, a
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are also highly magnetic materials, they are toxic and easily oxidized) including
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to target iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles can result in enhanced tumor growth.
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1995:"Dysregulation of macrophage activation profiles by engineered nanoparticles"
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When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the
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functionalities in theranostics approach for personalized cancer medicine.
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The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting pH,
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The preparation method has a large effect on shape, size distribution, and
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is ferrimagnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 850
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properties and their potential applications in many fields (although
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and antiferromagnetic materials lose their magnetization beyond the
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1209:
1077:. This method can be further divided into two types. In the first,
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will be present even after removing the external magnetic field.
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frequency can increase the time that radical pairs are in the
1400:. The magnetic nanotherapy is remotely controlled by external
2303:
2218:
1725:
Benz M (2012). "Superparamagnetism:Theory and
Applications".
2254:
2152:
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World
Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
1992:
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Progress in
Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials
410:. They have been used in formulations for supplementation.
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967:
407:
320:
32:
2190:"Imaging of Guerin Carcinoma During Magnetic Nanotherapy"
1065:" consisting of nanoparticles uniform in size and shape.
471:
2344:
2041:
1120:
348:). They have attracted extensive interest due to their
1874:
426:. In magnetite, all tetrahedral sites are occupied by
1437:
from iron oxide nanoparticles to anticancer drug and
1035:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{d}=6\pi \,\eta \,R\,v\,}
997:
817:
751:
680:
650:
614:) increases with the strength of the magnetic field (
1636:
1260:
High-temperature decomposition of organic precursors
1727:Discussion of Two Papers on Magnetic Nanoparticles
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973:
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693:
663:
622:. Over some range of fields the magnetization has
367:Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include
310:particles with diameters between about 1 and 100
2433:
1961:
2310:Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering
1918:
1500:may also be used in magnetic hyperthermia as a
1388:and semiconductor material ability to generate
542:have also 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell and
477:in the octahedral sites. Maghemite has a cubic
2194:Journal of Nanopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
481:in which each cell contains 32 oxygen ions, 21
2136:"Magnetic resonance cancer nanotheranostics."
1820:
284:
2348:Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
2222:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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437:and octahedral sites are occupied by both
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2018:
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1481:Yet, the use of inhomogeneous stationary
1321:Magnetite and maghemite are preferred in
1119:Optimum conditions for this reaction are
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2142:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 651–654.
1842:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
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1788:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
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1396:in biological media under inhomogeneous
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1465:of magnetic particles depends on their
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1878:Environmental Science & Technology
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1623:
1504:treatment method. In this method, the
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2261:International Journal of Hyperthermia
1753:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
314:. The two main forms are composed of
1964:Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques
1724:
422:with oxygen forming a face-centered
1718:
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1431:splitting of electron energy levels
1073:By far the most employed method is
13:
1404:reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
1068:
916:
869:
768:
598:. These materials have a relative
14:
2473:
2415:
1433:in magnetic complex and unpaired
1227:
1088:salt, a base and a mild oxidant (
2420:
1156:) is transformed to maghemite (Îł
1000:
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1712:10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2008.08.003
1678:Hand Book of Magnetic Materials
1406:reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
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895:
19:Part of a series of articles on
2452:Experimental cancer treatments
2377:The British Journal of Surgery
1966:. Springer. pp. 271–297.
1779:
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1733:
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1:
1532:
1453:and hence the probability of
1357:magnetic resonance tomography
1200:, temperature, nature of the
1167:) in the presence of oxygen:
384:superparamagnetic relaxometry
2447:Nanoparticles by composition
2274:10.3109/02656736.2014.988661
2060:10.3109/17435390.2013.822115
1862:10.1016/0021-9797(76)90030-8
1808:10.1016/0021-9797(80)90187-3
1457:and so the concentration of
1048:
527:, an iron atom has a strong
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7:
1765:10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201
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396:magnetic fluid hyperthermia
10:
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2242:10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168314
2167:10.1016/j.nano.2014.07.007
2105:10.1016/j.nano.2018.03.002
961:in a strong magnetic field
742:is given by the equation:
388:magnetic resonance imaging
2361:10.1142/S0219519415500888
1972:10.1515/9783110685701-015
1591:10.1515/9783110527872-012
1398:electromagnetic radiation
470:) and by the presence of
392:magnetic particle imaging
1676:Buschow KH, ed. (2006).
1216:, and nitrates), or the
898:in a weak magnetic field
736:due to a magnetic field
420:inverse spinel structure
404:alkyl-substituted amines
333:) and its oxidized form
304:Iron oxide nanoparticles
235:Nanocrystalline material
211:Nanostructured materials
2457:Transition metal oxides
2427:Magnetite nanoparticles
1392:, furthermore, control
1317:Biomedical applications
1427:inductive hyperthermia
1386:free-radical reactions
1381:
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628:remanent magnetization
618:) until it approaches
2429:at Wikimedia Commons
2206:10.1166/jnd.2014.1044
1527:Regenerative medicine
1402:electromagnetic field
1365:
1224:concentration ratio.
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694:{\displaystyle T_{N}}
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664:{\displaystyle T_{C}}
600:magnetic permeability
265:Technology portal
60:Mechanical properties
995:
815:
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720:thermal fluctuations
678:
648:
424:cubic crystal system
230:Nanoporous materials
93:Buckminsterfullerene
2234:2021JMMM..53868314O
1890:2006EnST...40.4374B
1854:1976JCIS...55..239L
1800:1980JCIS...74..227S
1447:hyperfine splitting
515:Magnetic properties
132:Carbon quantum dots
1921:NMR in Biomedicine
1560:10.1039/c2cs15337h
1491:mechanical stimuli
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1123:between 8 and 14,
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521:unpaired electrons
253:Science portal
65:Optical properties
2425:Media related to
2389:10.1002/bjs.10606
2383:(12): 1675–1685.
2011:10.1021/nn402145t
1898:10.1021/es052069i
1884:(14): 4374–4381.
1759:(13): R167–R181.
1740:Magnetic tweezers
1652:10.1021/cr068445e
1600:978-3-11-052691-2
1554:(11): 4306–4334.
1522:Neuroregeneration
1435:electron transfer
1325:because they are
1079:ferrous hydroxide
1055:surface chemistry
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643:Curie temperature
639:superparamagnetic
581:antiferromagnetic
418:Magnetite has an
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350:superparamagnetic
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541:
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510:
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490:
489:
485:
469:
468:
467:
458:
457:
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446:
445:
436:
435:
434:
372:magnetic storage
347:
332:
293:
286:
279:
263:
262:
251:
250:
202:Titanium dioxide
41:Carbon nanotubes
35:
16:
15:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2432:
2431:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2372:
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2343:
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2302:
2298:
2253:
2249:
2217:
2213:
2186:
2182:
2151:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2089:
2085:
2040:
2036:
1991:
1987:
1960:
1956:
1933:10.1002/nbm.924
1917:
1913:
1873:
1869:
1838:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1784:
1780:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1667:
1635:
1624:
1601:
1579:
1575:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1518:
1483:magnetic fields
1476:medical imaging
1390:oxygen radicals
1353:dendritic cells
1319:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1085:
1075:coprecipitation
1071:
1069:Coprecipitation
1051:
1004:
999:
998:
996:
993:
992:
965:
964:
959:
956:
946:
931:
926:
925:
924:
920:
915:
905:
902:
901:
896:
893:
887:
878:
874:
873:
868:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
834:
833:
824:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
785:
777:
776:
772:
767:
758:
753:
752:
750:
747:
746:
737:
731:
685:
681:
679:
676:
675:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
575:they can be in
571:
569:
568:
567:
565:
560:
558:
557:
556:
554:
549:
547:
546:
545:
543:
538:
536:
535:
534:
532:
529:magnetic moment
517:
507:
503:
502:
497:
495:
494:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:
466:
464:
463:
462:
460:
455:
453:
452:
451:
449:
444:
442:
441:
440:
438:
433:
431:
430:
429:
427:
416:
346:
342:
338:
331:
325:
319:
297:
257:
245:
142:Aluminium oxide
12:
11:
5:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Iron compounds
2417:
2416:External links
2414:
2411:
2410:
2366:
2355:(5): 1550088.
2337:
2316:(4): 151–162.
2296:
2247:
2211:
2180:
2145:
2126:
2083:
2054:(6): 663–675.
2048:Nanotoxicology
2034:
1985:
1954:
1927:(7): 484–499.
1911:
1867:
1848:(1): 239–241.
1832:
1813:
1794:(1): 227–243.
1778:
1743:
1732:
1717:
1706:(1–2): 22–45.
1683:
1665:
1622:
1599:
1573:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1487:Magnetic force
1463:The reactivity
1318:
1315:
1306:
1290:
1278:
1261:
1258:
1229:
1228:Microemulsions
1226:
1198:ionic strength
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:2 Fe + Fe + 8
1070:
1067:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1002:
982:
981:
968:
957:
954:
949:
945:
940:
937:
934:
929:
923:
918:
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909:
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894:
890:
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881:
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862:
858:
854:
849:
846:
840:
839:
837:
832:
827:
822:
806:
805:
793:
788:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
761:
756:
715:susceptibility
688:
684:
658:
654:
596:magnetic field
570:
559:
548:
537:
516:
513:
496:
465:
454:
443:
432:
415:
412:
344:
340:
329:
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37:
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28:
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21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2110:
2106:
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2098:
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2087:
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2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
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1823:J. Chem. Phys
1817:
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1569:
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1538:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:nanoparticles
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:free radicals
1456:
1452:
1451:triplet state
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:biocompatible
1324:
1314:
1301:
1273:
1267:
1266:crystallinity
1257:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:microemulsion
1225:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1122:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
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1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
991:
990:
989:
985:
952:
943:
938:
935:
932:
921:
910:
907:
888:
883:
875:
860:
856:
852:
847:
844:
835:
830:
825:
811:
810:
809:
791:
782:
773:
764:
759:
745:
744:
743:
740:
734:
727:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
686:
682:
674:
656:
652:
644:
640:
636:
635:single domain
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:magnetization
604:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
585:ferrimagnetic
582:
578:
577:ferromagnetic
530:
526:
522:
519:Due to its 4
512:
480:
476:
473:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
365:
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336:
328:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
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272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
254:
249:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Nanocomposite
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
182:Iron–platinum
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:nanoparticles
120:
119:
114:
111:
109:
108:Health impact
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:C70 fullerene
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:Nanomaterials
23:
22:
18:
17:
2462:Biomagnetics
2419:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2267:(1): 33–39.
2264:
2260:
2250:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2161:(1): 47–55.
2158:
2155:Nanomedicine
2154:
2148:
2139:
2129:
2096:
2093:Nanomedicine
2092:
2086:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1963:
1957:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1677:
1643:
1639:
1582:
1576:
1551:
1548:Chem Soc Rev
1547:
1541:
1511:
1495:
1480:
1455:dissociation
1418:chemotherapy
1383:
1380:doxorubicin.
1320:
1263:
1236:is a stable
1231:
1206:perchlorates
1195:
1118:
1072:
1060:monodisperse
1052:
1044:
986:
983:
807:
738:
732:
728:
632:
615:
611:
605:
592:paramagnetic
589:
518:
417:
366:
303:
302:
176:
157:Cobalt oxide
137:Quantum dots
70:Applications
1680:. Elsevier.
1496:Iron oxide
1443:diamagnetic
1439:tumor cells
1331:mesothelium
1323:biomedicine
1249:interfacial
1082:suspensions
400:fatty acids
2436:Categories
2228:: 168314.
1829:: 967–973.
1533:References
1506:ferrofluid
1467:spin state
1349:stem cells
1341:fibroblast
1254:surfactant
1245:immiscible
1241:dispersion
724:paramagnet
624:hysteresis
620:saturation
501:ions and 2
312:nanometers
308:iron oxide
177:Iron oxide
84:Fullerenes
2200:: 58–68.
1980:233704325
1773:250870659
1617:216683956
1423:targeting
1373:electron-
1345:cytotoxic
1334:cell line
1238:isotropic
1210:chlorides
1049:Synthesis
1021:η
1017:π
944:⋅
917:∇
870:∇
857:μ
848:χ
783:⋅
769:∇
711:Maghemite
703:Magnetite
479:unit cell
475:vacancies
414:Structure
376:catalysis
374:devices,
335:maghemite
316:magnetite
147:Cellulose
103:Chemistry
55:Chemistry
50:Synthesis
2405:28479096
2397:28877348
2332:25599061
2283:25523967
2175:25101880
2113:29597047
2078:23837572
2029:23808590
1999:ACS Nano
1949:19434047
1941:15526347
1906:16903273
1660:18543879
1609:30855107
1568:22481569
1516:See also
1471:kinetics
1410:toxicity
1214:sulfates
1063:colloids
587:states.
525:3d shell
225:Nanofoam
192:Platinum
75:Timeline
2323:4289522
2230:Bibcode
2121:4931512
2069:5587777
2020:3756554
1886:Bibcode
1850:Bibcode
1796:Bibcode
1416:during
1412:in the
1222:Fe(III)
1184:→ 2 γFe
1110:↓ + 4 H
1090:nitrate
590:In the
531:. Ions
506:⁄
486:⁄
380:sensors
369:terabit
152:Ceramic
2403:
2395:
2330:
2320:
2291:881157
2289:
2281:
2173:
2119:
2111:
2076:
2066:
2027:
2017:
1978:
1947:
1939:
1904:
1771:
1658:
1615:
1607:
1597:
1566:
1502:cancer
1338:murine
1336:and a
1286:Fe(CO)
1218:Fe(II)
1086:Fe(II)
472:cation
406:, and
358:nickel
354:cobalt
197:Silver
162:Copper
121:Other
2401:S2CID
2287:S2CID
2117:S2CID
1976:S2CID
1945:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1729:: 27.
1613:S2CID
1414:tumor
1296:, or
1243:of 2
1202:salts
1102:→ Fe
583:, or
408:diols
187:Lipid
2393:PMID
2328:PMID
2279:PMID
2171:PMID
2109:PMID
2074:PMID
2025:PMID
1937:PMID
1902:PMID
1656:PMID
1605:PMID
1595:ISBN
1564:PMID
1375:and
1371:and
1300:acac
1172:2 Fe
564:and
448:and
356:and
306:are
172:Iron
167:Gold
2385:doi
2381:104
2357:doi
2318:PMC
2269:doi
2238:doi
2226:538
2202:doi
2163:doi
2101:doi
2064:PMC
2056:doi
2015:PMC
2007:doi
1968:doi
1929:doi
1894:doi
1858:doi
1804:doi
1761:doi
1708:doi
1648:doi
1644:108
1587:doi
1556:doi
1298:Fe(
1272:Cup
1270:Fe(
1180:+ O
523:in
337:(Îł-
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2391:.
2379:.
2353:15
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2312:.
2308:.
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2072:.
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2050:.
2046:.
2023:.
2013:.
2001:.
1997:.
1974:.
1943:.
1935:.
1925:17
1923:.
1900:.
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1755:.
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1668:^
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1351:,
1284:,
1232:A
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1208:,
1158:Fe
1147:Fe
1136:Fe
1125:Fe
1121:pH
1100:OH
709:.
701:.
633:A
579:,
566:Fe
555:Fe
544:Fe
533:Fe
492:Fe
461:Fe
450:Fe
439:Fe
428:Fe
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394:,
390:,
382:,
378:,
364:.
339:Fe
321:Fe
2407:.
2387::
2363:.
2359::
2334:.
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2009::
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1970::
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1186:2
1182:2
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1160:2
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1134:/
1114:O
1112:2
1108:4
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1029:v
1025:R
1014:6
1011:=
1006:d
1001:F
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948:B
939:t
936:a
933:s
928:m
922:(
911:2
908:1
889:2
884:|
880:B
876:|
861:0
853:2
845:V
836:{
831:=
826:m
821:F
792:)
787:B
779:m
774:(
765:=
760:m
755:F
739:B
733:m
707:K
687:N
683:T
657:C
653:T
616:H
612:M
610:(
508:3
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488:3
484:1
345:3
343:O
341:2
330:4
327:O
324:3
318:(
292:e
285:t
278:v
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