594:
700:
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565:) was compared to the capped core diameter (calculated via effective mass approximation model) to better understand the effect of core-shell strain. Type I heterostructures were found to induce compressive strain and âsqueezeâ the core, while the type II heterostructures had the effect of stretching the core under tensile strain. Because the fluorescent properties of quantum dots are dictated by nanocrystal size, induced changes in core dimensions can lead to shifting of emission wavelength, further proving why an intermediate semiconductor layer is necessary to rectify lattice mismatch and improve quantum yield.
653:
1601:
2008:
557:. Inverse type I quantum dots have a semiconductor layer with a smaller bandgap which leads to delocalized charge carriers in the shell. For type II and inverse type II dots, either the conduction or valence band of the core is located within the bandgap of the shell, which can lead to spatial separation of charge carriers in the core and shell. For all of these core/shell systems, the deposition of the outer layer can lead to potential lattice mismatch, which can limit the ability to grow a thick shell without reducing photoluminescent performance.
1427:
1832:, three regimes can be defined. In the 'strong confinement regime', the quantum dot's radius is much smaller than the exciton Bohr radius, respectively the confinement energy dominates over the Coulomb interaction. In the 'weak confinement' regime, the quantum dot is larger than the exciton Bohr radius, respectively the confinement energy is smaller than the Coulomb interactions between electron and hole. The regime where the exciton Bohr radius and confinement potential are comparable is called the 'intermediate confinement regime'.
1177:
1157:
2424:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{\textrm {confinement}}&={\frac {\hbar ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{2a^{2}}}\left({\frac {1}{m_{\rm {e}}}}+{\frac {1}{m_{\rm {h}}}}\right)={\frac {\hbar ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{2\mu a^{2}}}\\E_{\textrm {exciton}}&=-{\frac {1}{\varepsilon _{\rm {r}}^{2}}}{\frac {\mu }{m_{\rm {e}}}}R_{y}=-R_{y}^{*}\\E&=E_{\textrm {bandgap}}+E_{\textrm {confinement}}+E_{\textrm {exciton}}\\&=E_{\textrm {bandgap}}+{\frac {\hbar ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{2\mu a^{2}}}-R_{y}^{*}\end{aligned}}}
1202:(higher-energy) light. Recent articles suggest that the shape of the quantum dot may be a factor in the coloration as well, but as yet not enough information is available . Furthermore, it was shown that the lifetime of fluorescence is determined by the size of the quantum dot. Larger dots have more closely spaced energy levels in which the electronâhole pair can be trapped. Therefore, electronâhole pairs in larger dots live longer causing larger dots to show a longer lifetime.
265:
791:
10863:
738:. The size, shape, surface and composition of quantum dots can all be controlled in nonthermal plasma. Doping that seems quite challenging for quantum dots has also been realized in plasma synthesis. Quantum dots synthesized by plasma are usually in the form of powder, for which surface modification may be carried out. This can lead to excellent dispersion of quantum dots in either organic solvents or water (i. e., colloidal quantum dots).
277:
10069:
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1379:, where the large extinction coefficient and spectral purity of these fluorophores make them superior to molecular fluorophores It is also worth noting that the broad absorbance of QDs allows selective excitation of the QD donor and a minimum excitation of a dye acceptor in FRET-based studies. The applicability of the FRET model, which assumes that the Quantum Dot can be approximated as a point dipole, has recently been demonstrated
1966:). This results in the increase in the total emission energy (the sum of the energy levels in the smaller band gaps in the strong confinement regime is larger than the energy levels in the band gaps of the original levels in the weak confinement regime) and the emission at various wavelengths. If the size distribution of QDs is not enough peaked, the convolution of multiple emission wavelengths is observed as a continuous spectra.
1112:
size-dependent intracellular pathways that concentrate these particles in cellular organelles that are inaccessible by metal ions, which may result in unique patterns of cytotoxicity compared to their constituent metal ions. The reports of QD localization in the cell nucleus present additional modes of toxicity because they may induce DNA mutation, which in turn will propagate through future generation of cells, causing diseases.
1004:
utilizing technical components for mixing and growth as well as transport and temperature adjustments. For the production of CdSe based semiconductor nanoparticles this method has been investigated and tuned to production amounts of kilograms per month. Since the use of technical components allows for easy interchange in regards of maximum throughput and size, it can be further enhanced to tens or even hundreds of kilograms.
1176:
1254:
50:
882:. A strength of this type of quantum dots is that their energy spectrum can be engineered by controlling the geometrical size, shape, and the strength of the confinement potential with gate electrodes. These quantum dots can be easily connected by tunnel barriers to conducting leads, which allows the application of the techniques of tunneling spectroscopy for their investigation.
645:, yielding an improbable distribution of nearly monodispersed particles. The size focusing is optimal when the monomer concentration is kept such that the average nanocrystal size present is always slightly larger than the critical size. Over time, the monomer concentration diminishes, the critical size becomes larger than the average size present, and the distribution
878:. This pattern can then be transferred to the electron or hole gas by etching, or by depositing metal electrodes (lift-off process) that allow the application of external voltages between the electron gas and the electrodes. Such quantum dots are mainly of interest for experiments and applications involving electron or hole transport and they are also used as
1120:
toxicity. Therefore, factors determining the QD endocytosis that determine the effective intracellular concentration, such as QD size, shape, and surface chemistry determine their toxicity. Excretion of QDs through urine in animal models also have demonstrated via injecting radio-labeled ZnS-capped CdSe QDs where the ligand shell was labeled with
1418:, quantum dots can be efficiently delivered without inducing aggregation, trapping material in endosomes, or significant loss of cell viability. Moreover, it has shown that individual quantum dots delivered by this approach are detectable in the cell cytosol, thus illustrating the potential of this technique for single-molecule tracking studies.
1000:
growth is maintained by the periodic addition of precursors at moderate temperatures until the desired particle size is reached. The molecular seeding process is not limited to the production of cadmium-free quantum dots; for example, the process can be used to synthesise kilogram batches of high-quality IIâVI quantum dots in just a few hours.
1836:
1638:
blue LED or using a quantum dot infused diffuser sheet in the backlight optical stack. Blank pixels are also used to allow the blue LED light to still generate blue hues. This type of white light as the backlight of an LCD panel allows for the best color gamut at lower cost than an RGB LED combination using three LEDs.
1172:. In a simplified model, the energy of the emitted photon can be understood as the sum of the band gap energy between the highest occupied level and the lowest unoccupied energy level, the confinement energies of the hole and the excited electron, and the bound energy of the exciton (the electronâhole pair):
1993:
There is
Coulomb attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged hole. The negative energy involved in the attraction is proportional to Rydberg's energy and inversely proportional to square of the size-dependent dielectric constant of the semiconductor. When the size of
1143:
are not applicable for QDs. Therefore, researchers are focusing on introducing novel approaches and adapting existing methods to include this unique class of materials. Furthermore, novel strategies to engineer safer QDs are still under exploration by the scientific community. A recent novelty in the
1131:
While significant research efforts have broadened the understanding of toxicity of QDs, there are large discrepancies in the literature, and questions still remain to be answered. Diversity of this class of material as compared to normal chemical substances makes the assessment of their toxicity very
585:
one such study, intensely luminescent all-inorganic nanocrystals (ILANs) were synthesized via a ligand exchange process which substituted metal salts for the oleic acid ligands, and were found to have comparable photoluminescent quantum yields to that of existing red- and green-emitting quantum dots.
1387:
delivery of quantum dot probes. Fast-growing tumor cells typically have more permeable membranes than healthy cells, allowing the leakage of small nanoparticles into the cell body. Moreover, tumor cells lack an effective lymphatic drainage system, which leads to subsequent nanoparticle accumulation.
1310:
The use of quantum dots for highly sensitive cellular imaging has seen major advances. The improved photostability of quantum dots, for example, allows the acquisition of many consecutive focal-plane images that can be reconstructed into a high-resolution three-dimensional image. Another application
1003:
Another approach for the mass production of colloidal quantum dots can be seen in the transfer of the well-known hot-injection methodology for the synthesis to a technical continuous flow system. The batch-to-batch variations arising from the needs during the mentioned methodology can be overcome by
640:
concentrations, the critical size (the size where nanocrystals neither grow nor shrink) is relatively small, resulting in growth of nearly all particles. In this regime, smaller particles grow faster than large ones (since larger crystals need more atoms to grow than small crystals) resulting in the
568:
One such core/double-shell system is the CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS nanocrystal. In a study comparing CdSe/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe nanocrystals, the former was found to have PL yield 84% of the latterâs, due to a lattice mismatch. To study the double-shell system, after synthesis of the core CdSe nanocrystals, a layer
2466:
Although the above equations were derived using simplifying assumptions, they imply that the electronic transitions of the quantum dots will depend on their size. These quantum confinement effects are apparent only below the critical size. Larger particles do not exhibit this effect. This effect of
1637:
that are color filtered to produce red, green, and blue pixels. Quantum dot displays use blue-emitting LEDs rather than white LEDs as the light sources. The converting part of the emitted light is converted into pure green and red light by the corresponding color quantum dots placed in front of the
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conditions employ two targeting schemes: active targeting and passive targeting. In the case of active targeting, quantum dots are functionalized with tumor-specific binding sites to selectively bind to tumor cells. Passive targeting uses the enhanced permeation and retention of tumor cells for the
5476:
Yoneda, Jun; Takeda, Kenta; Otsuka, Tomohiro; Nakajima, Takashi; Delbecq, Matthieu R.; Allison, Giles; Honda, Takumu; Kodera, Tetsuo; Oda, Shunri; Hoshi, Yusuke; Usami, Noritaka; Itoh, Kohei M.; Tarucha, Seigo (18 December 2017). "A quantum-dot spin qubit with coherence limited by charge noise and
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by adding different dusts and powdered elements such as silver, gold and cadmium and then played with different temperatures to produce shades of glass. In the 19th century, scientists started to understand how glass color depended on elements and heating-cooling techniques. It was also found that
1674:
Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs) can be fabricated either via solution-processing, or from conventional single-crystalline semiconductors. Conventional single-crystalline semiconductor QDPs are precluded from integration with flexible organic electronics due to the incompatibility of their growth
1649:
displays. Previous LCD displays can waste energy converting red-green poor, blue-yellow rich white light into a more balanced lighting. By using QDs, only the necessary colors for ideal images are contained in the screen. The result is a screen that is brighter, clearer, and more energy-efficient.
584:
stability and control nanocrystal growth, and can even be used to initiate a second round of ligand exchange and surface functionalization. However, because of the detrimental effect organic ligands have on PL efficiency, further studies have been conducted to obtain all-inorganic quantum dots. In
2996:
of classical artificial atoms" has been described for two-dimensional quantum dots. As well, several connections have been reported between the three-dimensional
Thomson problem and electron shell-filling patterns found in naturally occurring atoms found throughout the periodic table. This latter
1539:
Nanowires with quantum dot coatings on silicon nanowires (SiNW) and carbon quantum dots. The use of SiNWs instead of planar silicon enhances the antiflection properties of Si. The SiNW exhibits a light-trapping effect due to light trapping in the SiNW. This use of SiNWs in conjunction with carbon
1022:
for the use of their low-temperature molecular seeding method for bulk manufacture of cadmium-free quantum dots for electronic displays, and on 24 September 2014 Dow commenced work on the production facility in South Korea capable of producing sufficient quantum dots for "millions of cadmium-free
1413:
Delivery of undamaged quantum dots to the cell cytoplasm has been a challenge with existing techniques. Vector-based methods have resulted in aggregation and endosomal sequestration of quantum dots while electroporation can damage the semi-conducting particles and aggregate delivered dots in the
1249:
Tuning the size of quantum dots is attractive for many potential applications. For instance, larger quantum dots have a greater spectrum shift toward red compared to smaller dots and exhibit less pronounced quantum properties. Conversely, the smaller particles allow one to take advantage of more
1119:
studies using animal models, no alterations in animal behavior, weight, hematological markers, or organ damage has been found through either histological or biochemical analysis. These findings have led scientists to believe that intracellular dose is the most important determining factor for QD
999:
process, provides a reproducible route to the production of high-quality quantum dots in large volumes. The process utilises identical molecules of a molecular cluster compound as the nucleation sites for nanoparticle growth, thus avoiding the need for a high temperature injection step. Particle
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applied to the solutions. Consequently, the specific recognition properties of the virus can be used to organize inorganic nanocrystals, forming ordered arrays over the length scale defined by liquid crystal formation. Using this information, Lee et al. (2000) were able to create self-assembled,
1342:
Quantum dots can have antibacterial properties similar to nanoparticles and can kill bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. One mechanism by which quantum dots can kill bacteria is through impairing the functions of antioxidative system in the cells and down regulating the antioxidative genes. In
1281:
in the photoluminescent excitation spectrum of (CdSe)ZnS nanocrystals. High-quality quantum dots are well suited for optical encoding and multiplexing applications due to their broad excitation profiles and narrow/symmetric emission spectra. The new generations of quantum dots have far-reaching
1641:
Another method by which quantum dot displays can be achieved is the electroluminescent (EL) or electro-emissive method. This involves embedding quantum dots in each individual pixel. These are then activated and controlled via an electric current application. Since this is often light emitting
1298:
are used. However, as technology advances, greater flexibility in these dyes is sought. To this end, quantum dots have quickly filled in the role, being found to be superior to traditional organic dyes on several counts, one of the most immediately obvious being brightness (owing to the high
1095:
characteristics (size, shape, composition, surface functional groups, and surface charges) and their environment. Assessing their potential toxicity is complex as these factors include properties such as QD size, charge, concentration, chemical composition, capping ligands, and also on their
1046:
For commercial viability, a range of restricted, heavy-metal-free quantum dots has been developed showing bright emissions in the visible and near-infrared region of the spectrum and have similar optical properties to those of CdSe quantum dots. Among these materials are InP/ZnS, CuInS/ZnS,
1285:
CdSe nanocrystals are efficient triplet photosensitizers. Laser excitation of small CdSe nanoparticles enables the extraction of the excited state energy from the quantum dots into bulk solution, thus opening the door to a wide range of potential applications such as photodynamic therapy,
1111:
after exposure to light, which in turn can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. Some studies have also demonstrated that addition of a ZnS shell inhibits the process of reactive oxygen species in CdSe QDs. Another aspect of QD toxicity is that there are, in vivo,
966:
techniques. A template is created by causing an ionic reaction at an electrolyteâmetal interface which results in the spontaneous assembly of nanostructures, including quantum dots, onto the metal which is then used as a mask for mesa-etching these nanostructures on a chosen substrate.
569:
of ZnSe was coated prior to the ZnS outer shell, leading to an improvement in fluorescent efficiency by 70%. Furthermore, the two additional layers were found to improve resistance of the nanocrystals against photo-oxidation, which can contribute to degradation of the emission spectra.
900:). The transistor displays Coulomb blockade due to progressive charging of electrons (holes) one by one. The number of electrons (holes) confined in the channel is driven by the gate voltage, starting from an occupation of zero electrons (holes), and it can be set to one or many.
8178:
Xie, Chao; Nie, Biao; Zeng, Longhui; Liang, Feng-Xia; Wang, Ming-Zheng; Luo, Linbao; Feng, Mei; Yu, Yongqiang; Wu, Chun-Yan (22 April 2014). "CoreâShell
Heterojunction of Silicon Nanowire Arrays and Carbon Quantum Dots for Photovoltaic Devices and Self-Driven Photodetectors".
1492:(PCE) of 10.7%. The SAM is positioned between ZnOâPbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD) film junction to modify band alignment via the dipole moment of the constituent SAM molecule, and the band tuning may be modified via the density, dipole and the orientation of the SAM molecule.
8131:
Leschkies, Kurtis S.; Divakar, Ramachandran; Basu, Joysurya; Enache-Pommer, Emil; Boercker, Janice E.; Carter, C. Barry; Kortshagen, Uwe R.; Norris, David J.; Aydil, Eray S. (1 June 2007). "Photosensitization of ZnO Nanowires with CdSe
Quantum Dots for Photovoltaic Devices".
7748:
Sharei, A.; Zoldan, J.; Adamo, A.; Sim, W. Y.; Cho, N.; Jackson, E.; Mao, S.; Schneider, S.; Han, M.-J.; Lytton-Jean, A.; Basto, P. A.; Jhunjhunwala, S.; Lee, J.; Heller, D. A.; Kang, J. W.; Hartoularos, G. C.; Kim, K.-S.; Anderson, D. G.; Langer, R.; Jensen, K. F. (2013).
1453:(MEG). This compares favorably to today's photovoltaic cells which can only manage one exciton per high-energy photon, with high kinetic energy carriers losing their energy as heat. On the other hand, the quantum-confined ground-states of colloidal quantum dots (such as
3084:
reported on a hot-injection synthesis method for producing reproducible quantum dots with well-defined size and with high optical quality. The method opened the door to the development of large-scale technological applications of quantum dots in a wide range of areas.
7984:
Kim, Gi-Hwan; Arquer, F. Pelayo GarcĂa de; Yoon, Yung Jin; Lan, Xinzheng; Liu, Mengxia; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Yang, Zhenyu; Fan, Fengjia; Ip, Alexander H. (2 November 2015). "High-Efficiency
Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics via Robust Self-Assembled Monolayers".
560:
One such reason for the decrease in performance can be attributed to the physical strain being put on the lattice. In a case where ZnSe/ZnS (type I) and ZnSe/CdS (type II) quantum dots were being compared, the diameter of the uncoated ZnSe core (obtained using
22:
1440:
The tunable absorption spectrum and high extinction coefficients of quantum dots make them attractive for light harvesting technologies such as photovoltaics. Quantum dots may be able to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of today's typical silicon
979:
which has been scaled by multiple companies for commercial applications that require large quantities (hundreds of kilograms to tons) of quantum dots. This reproducible production method can be applied to a wide range of quantum dot sizes and compositions.
8865:"On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure"
535:
or trapping in defect states), which reduces fluorescent quantum yield, or the conversion efficiency of absorbed photons into emitted fluorescence. To combat this, a semiconductor layer can be grown surrounding the quantum dot core. Depending on the
526:
Quantum dots are usually coated with organic capping ligands (typically with long hydrocarbon chains, such as oleic acid) to control growth, prevent aggregation, and to promote dispersion in solution. However, these organic coatings can lead to
1934:
750:
needed to create a quantum dot can be realized with several methods. These include external electrodes, doping, strain, or impurities. Self-assembled quantum dots are typically between 5 and 50 nm in size. Quantum dots defined by
5205:
Petta, J. R.; Johnson, A. C.; Taylor, J. M.; Laird, E. A.; Yacoby, A.; Lukin, M. D.; Marcus, C. M.; Hanson, M. P.; Gossard, A. C. (30 September 2005). "Coherent
Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots".
2744:
552:
Type I quantum dots are composed of a semiconductor core encapsulated in a second semiconductor material with a larger bandgap, which can passivate non-radiative recombination sites at the surface of the quantum dots and improve
2931:
1213:
of a larger bandgap semiconductor material around them. The improvement is suggested to be due to the reduced access of electron and hole to non-radiative surface recombination pathways in some cases, but also due to reduced
627:
decompose forming monomers which then nucleate and generate nanocrystals. Temperature is a critical factor in determining optimal conditions for the nanocrystal growth. It must be high enough to allow for rearrangement and
1527:
Another potential use involves capped single-crystal ZnO nanowires with CdSe quantum dots, immersed in mercaptopropionic acid as hole transport medium in order to obtain a QD-sensitized solar cell. The morphology of the
1773:
Quantum dots are theoretically described as a point-like, or zero dimensional (0D) entity. Most of their properties depend on the dimensions, shape, and materials of which QDs are made. Generally, QDs present different
1398:
allows for quantum dots to be introduced into a stable aqueous solution, reducing the possibility of cadmium leakage. Then again, only little is known about the excretion process of quantum dots from living organisms.
2013:
1976:
with the hydrogen nucleus replaced by the hole of positive charge and negative electron mass. Then the energy levels of the exciton can be represented as the solution to the particle in a box at the ground level
1661:
and show a bright emission in the visible and near infrared region of the spectrum. A QD-LED integrated at a scanning microscopy tip was used to demonstrate fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy
2649:
5546:
Turchetti, Marco; Homulle, Harald; Sebastiano, Fabio; Ferrari, Giorgio; Charbon, Edoardo; Prati, Enrico (2015). "Tunable single hole regime of a silicon field effect transistor in standard CMOS technology".
5389:
Stranski, Ivan N.; Krastanow, Lubomir (1938). "Zur
Theorie der orientierten Ausscheidung von Ionenkristallen aufeinander" [On the theory of oriented precipitation of ionic crystals upon each other].
1168:. The electron and the hole can bind to each other to form an exciton. When this exciton recombines (when the electron resumes its ground state), the exciton's energy can be emitted as light. This is called
540:
of the core and shell materials, the fluorescent properties of the nanocrystals can be tuned. Furthermore, adjusting the thicknesses of each of the layers and overall size of the quantum dots can affect the
457:, with colors such as orange, or red. Smaller QDs (2â3 nm) emit shorter wavelengths, yielding colors like blue and green. However, the specific colors vary depending on the exact composition of the QD.
5817:
2798:
6326:
Fischer, Hans C.; Hauck, Tanya S.; GĂłmez-AristizĂĄbal, Alejandro; Chan, Warren C. W. (18 June 2010). "Exploring
Primary Liver Macrophages for Studying Quantum Dot Interactions with Biological Systems".
1282:
potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.
636:
is another critical factor that has to be stringently controlled during nanocrystal growth. The growth process of nanocrystals can occur in two different regimes: "focusing" and "defocusing". At high
7629:
Algar, W. Russ; Krull, Ulrich J. (7 November 2007). "Quantum dots as donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer for the bioanalysis of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biological molecules".
2495:
A variety of theoretical frameworks exist to model optical, electronic, and structural properties of quantum dots. These may be broadly divided into quantum mechanical, semiclassical, and classical.
692:
quantum dots. These quantum dots can contain as few as 100 to 100,000 atoms within the quantum dot volume, with a diameter of approximately 10 to 50 atom diameters. This corresponds to about 2 to 10
4049:
Wagner, Christian; Green, Matthew F. B.; Leinen, Philipp; Deilmann, Thorsten; KrĂŒger, Peter; Rohlfing, Michael; Temirov, Ruslan; Tautz, F. Stefan (6 July 2015). "Scanning
Quantum Dot Microscopy".
1584:
light, they can be more efficient than light sources which must be color filtered. QD-LEDs can be fabricated on a silicon substrate, which allows them to be integrated onto standard silicon-based
549:
tends to blueshift the emission spectra as the quantum dot decreases in size. There are 4 major categories of quantum dot heterostructures: type I, inverse type I, type II, and inverse type II.
9319:
Rossetti, R.; Nakahara, S.; Brus, L. E. (15 July 1983). "Quantum size effects in the redox potentials, resonance Raman spectra, and electronic spectra of CdS crystallites in aqueous solution".
7366:
Dwarakanath, S.; Bruno, J. G.; Shastry, A.; Phillips, T.; John, A.; Kumar, A.; Stephenson, L. D. (2004). "Quantum dot-antibody and aptamer conjugates shift fluorescence upon binding bacteria".
1307:
is a minor drawback. However, there have been groups which have developed quantum dots which are essentially nonblinking and demonstrated their utility in single-molecule tracking experiments.
8721:
RamĂrez, H. Y.; Santana, A. (2012). "Two interacting electrons confined in a 3D parabolic cylindrically symmetric potential, in presence of axial magnetic field: A finite element approach".
1277:, amplifiers, and biological sensors. Quantum dots may be excited within a locally enhanced electromagnetic field produced by gold nanoparticles, which then can be observed from the surface
1390:
Quantum dot probes exhibit in vivo toxicity. For example, CdSe nanocrystals are highly toxic to cultured cells under UV illumination, because the particles dissolve, in a process known as
8505:
Zhao, Jing; Holmes, Michael A.; Osterloh, Frank E. (2013). "Quantum
Confinement Controls Photocatalysis: A Free Energy Analysis for Photocatalytic Proton Reduction at CdSe Nanocrystals".
1394:, to release toxic cadmium ions into the culture medium. In the absence of UV irradiation, however, quantum dots with a stable polymer coating have been found to be essentially nontoxic.
8214:
Gupta, Vinay; Chaudhary, Neeraj; Srivastava, Ritu; Sharma, Gauri Datt; Bhardwaj, Ramil; Chand, Suresh (6 July 2011). "Luminscent Graphene Quantum Dots for Organic Photovoltaic Devices".
1007:
In 2011 a consortium of U.S. and Dutch companies reported a milestone in high-volume quantum dot manufacturing by applying the traditional high temperature dual injection method to a
892:. Ultra small (20 nm Ă 20 nm) CMOS transistors behave as single electron quantum dots when operated at cryogenic temperature over a range of â269 °C (4
446:
even at room temperature. Precise assembly of quantum dots can form superlattices that act as artificial solid-state materials that exhibit unique optical and electronic properties.
8372:
Hoshino, Kazunori; Gopal, Ashwini; Glaz, Micah S.; Vanden Bout, David A.; Zhang, Xiaojing (2012). "Nanoscale fluorescence imaging with quantum dot near-field electroluminescence".
1519:
into organic photovoltaics have been commercialized using full roll-to-roll processing. A 13.2% power conversion efficiency is claimed in Si nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cells.
5633:
Whaley, S. R.; English, D. S.; Hu, E. L.; Barbara, P. F.; Belcher, A. M. (2000). "Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly".
2593:
1679:. On the other hand, solution-processed QDPs can be readily integrated with an almost infinite variety of substrates, and also postprocessed atop other integrated circuits. Such
1430:
Spin-cast quantum dot solar cell built by the Sargent Group at the University of Toronto. The metal disks on the front surface are the electrical connections to the layers below.
1303:). It has been estimated that quantum dots are 20 times brighter and 100 times more stable than traditional fluorescent reporters. For single-particle tracking, the irregular
4804:
Knipping, J.; Wiggers, H.; Rellinghaus, B.; Roth, P.; Konjhodzic, D.; Meier, C. (2004). "Synthesis of high purity silicon nanoparticles in a low Pressure microwave reactor".
4245:
Gorbachev, I. A.; Goryacheva, I. Yu; Glukhovskoy, E. G. (June 2016). "Investigation of Multilayers Structures Based on the Langmuir-Blodgett Films of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots".
9435:
Reed, M. A.; Bate, R. T.; Bradshaw, K.; Duncan, W. M.; Frensley, W. R.; Lee, J. W.; Shih, H. D. (January 1986). "Spatial quantization in GaAsâAlGaAs multiple quantum dots".
6742:
Achermann, M.; Petruska, M. A.; Smith, D. L.; Koleske, D. D.; Klimov, V. I. (2004). "Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well".
6005:
Tsoi, Kim M.; Dai, Qin; Alman, Benjamin A.; Chan, Warren C. W. (19 March 2013). "Are Quantum Dots Toxic? Exploring the Discrepancy Between Cell Culture and Animal Studies".
4169:
Coe-Sullivan, S.; Steckel, J. S.; Woo, W.-K.; Bawendi, M. G.; BuloviÄ, V. (July 2005). "Large-Area Ordered Quantum-Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting".
1083:
Some quantum dots pose risks to human health and the environment under certain conditions. Notably, the studies on quantum dot toxicity have focused on particles containing
9362:
Brus, L. E. (May 1984). "Electronâelectron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state".
3563:
Septianto, Ricky Dwi; Miranti, Retno; Kikitsu, Tomoka; Hikima, Takaaki; Hashizume, Daisuke; Matsushita, Nobuhiro; Iwasa, Yoshihiro; Bisri, Satria Zulkarnaen (23 May 2023).
1132:
challenging. As their toxicity may also be dynamic depending on the environmental factors such as pH level, light exposure, and cell type, traditional methods of assessing
4288:
Achermann, Marc; Petruska, Melissa A.; Crooker, Scott A.; Klimov, Victor I. (December 2003). "Picosecond Energy Transfer in Quantum Dot LangmuirâBlodgett Nanoassemblies".
4118:
RamĂrez, H. Y.; FlĂłrez, J.; Camacho, A. S. (2015). "Efficient control of coulomb enhanced second harmonic generation from excitonic transitions in quantum dot ensembles".
7537:
Abdolmohammadi, Mohammad Hossein; Fallahian, Faranak; Fakhroueian, Zahra; Kamalian, Mozhgan; Keyhanvar, Peyman; M Harsini, Faraz; Shafiekhani, Azizollah (December 2017).
8756:
ZumbĂŒhl, D. M.; Miller, J. B.; Marcus, C. M.; Campman, K.; Gossard, A. C. (2002). "Spinâorbit coupling, antilocalization, and parallel magnetic fields in quantum dots".
7586:
Resch-Genger, Ute; Grabolle, Markus; Cavaliere-Jaricot, Sara; Nitschke, Roland; Nann, Thomas (28 August 2008). "Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels".
3486:
Cherniukh, Ihor; RainĂČ, Gabriele; Stöferle, Thilo; Burian, Max; Travesset, Alex; Naumenko, Denys; Amenitsch, Heinz; Erni, Rolf; Mahrt, Rainer F.; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I.;
7539:"Application of new ZnO nanoformulation and Ag/Fe/ZnO nanocomposites as water-based nanofluids to consider in vitro cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells"
4354:
Xiao, Pengwei; Zhang, Zhoufan; Ge, Junjun; Deng, Yalei; Chen, Xufeng; Zhang, Jian-Rong; Deng, Zhengtao; Kambe, Yu; Talapin, Dmitri V.; Wang, Yuanyuan (4 January 2023).
6378:
1546:
quantum dots have also been blended with organic electronic materials to improve efficiency and lower cost in photovoltaic devices and organic light emitting diodes (
1860:
954:
precursor solution. This system allowed them to vary both the length of bacteriophage and the type of inorganic material through genetic modification and selection.
755:
patterned gate electrodes, or by etching on two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductor heterostructures can have lateral dimensions between 20 and 100 nm.
1504:. These solar cells are attractive because of the potential for low-cost fabrication and relatively high efficiency. Incorporation of metal oxides, such as ZnO, TiO
870:
Individual quantum dots can be created from two-dimensional electron or hole gases present in remotely doped quantum wells or semiconductor heterostructures called
1461:) can allow the generation of photocurrent from photons with energy below the host bandgap, via a two-photon absorption process, offering another approach (termed
1839:
Splitting of energy levels for small quantum dots due to the quantum confinement effect. The horizontal axis is the radius, or the size, of the quantum dots and a
1550:) compared to graphene sheets. These graphene quantum dots were functionalized with organic ligands that experience photoluminescence from UVâvisible absorption.
1798:
3D confined electron wave functions in a quantum dot. Here, rectangular and triangular-shaped quantum dots are shown. Energy states in rectangular dots are more
703:
Idealized image of colloidal nanoparticle of lead sulfide (selenide) with complete passivation by oleic acid, oleyl amine, and hydroxyl ligands (size â5 nm)
5821:
726:
synthesis has evolved to be one of the most popular gas-phase approaches for the production of quantum dots, especially those with covalent bonds. For example,
688:. Dots may also be made from ternary compounds such as cadmium selenide sulfide. Further, recent advances have been made which allow for synthesis of colloidal
1343:
addition, quantum dots can directly damage the cell wall. Quantum dots have been shown to be effective against both gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria.
1311:
that takes advantage of the extraordinary photostability of quantum dot probes is the real-time tracking of molecules and cells over extended periods of time.
2470:
The Coulomb interaction between confined carriers can also be studied by numerical means when results unconstrained by asymptotic approximations are pursued.
2660:
3631:
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. (2000). "Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies".
3411:
Cui, Jiabin; Panfil, Yossef E.; Koley, Somnath; Shamalia, Doaa; Waiskopf, Nir; Remennik, Sergei; Popov, Inna; Oded, Meirav; Banin, Uri (16 December 2019).
1023:
televisions and other devices, such as tablets". Mass production was due to commence in mid-2015. On 24 March 2015, Dow announced a partnership deal with
6489:"Collective optical Kerr effect exhibited by an integrated configuration of silicon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles embedded in ion-implanted silica"
7494:
Lu, Zhisong; Li, Chang Ming; Bao, Haifeng; Qiao, Yan; Toh, Yinghui; Yang, Xu (20 May 2008). "Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of CdTe quantum dots".
3020:
in the 1930s first explored the idea that material properties can depend on the macroscopic dimensions of a small particle due to quantum size effects.
2809:
1148:, a new generation of optically active nanoparticles potentially capable of replacing semiconductor QDs, but with the advantage of much lower toxicity.
10107:
3059:
6277:
Soo Choi, Hak; Liu, Wenhao; Misra, Preeti; Tanaka, Eiichi; Zimmer, John P.; Itty Ipe, Binil; Bawendi, Moungi G.; Frangioni, John V. (1 October 2007).
9582:
Norris, D. J. (1995). "Measurement and Assignment of the Size-Dependent Optical Spectrum in Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) Quantum Dots, PhD thesis, MIT".
7672:
Beane, Gary; Boldt, Klaus; Kirkwood, Nicholas; Mulvaney, Paul (7 August 2014). "Energy Transfer between Quantum Dots and Conjugated Dye Molecules".
1350:
imaging of pre-labeled cells. The ability to image single-cell migration in real time is expected to be important to several research areas such as
6156:
Parak, W. J.; Boudreau, R.; Le Gros, M.; Gerion, D.; Zanchet, D.; Micheel, C. M.; Williams, S. C.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Larabell, C. (18 June 2002).
5348:
Clark, Pip; Radtke, Hanna; Pengpad, Atip; Williamson, Andrew; Spencer, Ben; Hardman, Samantha; Neo, Darren; Fairclough, Simon; et al. (2017).
593:
8031:
Krebs, Frederik C.; Tromholt, Thomas; JĂžrgensen, Mikkel (2010). "Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing".
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9616:
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Zaini, Muhammad Safwan; Ying Chyi Liew, Josephine; Alang Ahmad, Shahrul Ainliah; Mohmad, Abdul Rahman; Kamarudin, Mazliana Ahmad (January 2020).
2467:
quantum confinement on the quantum dots has been repeatedly verified experimentally and is a key feature of many emerging electronic structures.
8540:
Jungnickel, V.; Henneberger, F. (October 1996). "Luminescence related processes in semiconductor nanocrystals âThe strong confinement regime".
4622:. Proceedings of the Fifth International Topical Conference on Optical Probes of Conjugated Polymers and Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures.
4460:
Zhang, Wenda; Zhuang, Weidong; Liu, Ronghui; Xing, Xianran; Qu, Xiangwei; Liu, Haochen; Xu, Bing; Wang, Kai; Sun, Xiao Wei (19 November 2019).
3992:
Michalet, X.; Pinaud, F. F.; Bentolila, L. A.; Tsay, J. M.; Doose, S.; Li, J. J.; Sundaresan, G.; Wu, A. M.; Gambhir, S. S.; Weiss, S. (2005).
1160:
Fluorescence spectra of CdTe quantum dots of various sizes. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement.
1107:
or oxidation by air, CdSe QDs release free cadmium ions causing cell death. Group IIâVI QDs also have been reported to induce the formation of
623:. The main difference is the product neither precipitates as a bulk solid nor remains dissolved. Heating the solution at high temperature, the
10308:
9297:
1855:
The band gap can become smaller in the strong confinement regime as the energy levels split up. The exciton Bohr radius can be expressed as:
9611:
8450:
Vaillancourt, J.; Lu, X.-J.; Lu, Xuejun (2011). "A High Operating Temperature (HOT) Middle Wave Infrared (MWIR) Quantum-Dot Photodetector".
5170:
Pi, X.-D.; Yu, T.; Yang, D. (2014). "Water-dispersible silicon-quantum-dot-containing micelles self-assembled from an amphiphilic polymer".
3761:
Lodahl, Peter; Mahmoodian, Sahand; Stobbe, SĂžren (2015). "Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures".
1091:
studies, based on cell cultures, on quantum dots (QD) toxicity suggest that their toxicity may derive from multiple factors including their
696:, and at 10 nm in diameter, nearly 3 million quantum dots could be lined up end to end and fit within the width of a human thumb.
8347:
6460:
Leatherdale, C. A.; Woo, W.-K.; Mikulec, F. V.; Bawendi, M. G. (2002). "On the Absorption Cross Section of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots".
1164:
In semiconductors, light absorption generally leads to an electron being excited from the valence to the conduction band, leaving behind a
7808:
Schaller, R.; Klimov, V. (2004). "High Efficiency Carrier Multiplication in PbSe Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Energy Conversion".
8659:
Khare, Ankur; Wills, Andrew W.; Ammerman, Lauren M.; Noris, David J.; Aydil, Eray S. (2011). "Size control and quantum confinement in Cu
8074:
Park, Kwang-Tae; Kim, Han-Jung; Park, Min-Joon; Jeong, Jun-Ho; Lee, Jihye; Choi, Dae-Geun; Lee, Jung-Ho; Choi, Jun-Hyuk (15 July 2015).
7209:
Howarth, M.; Liu, W.; Puthenveetil, S.; Zheng, Y.; Marshall, L. F.; Schmidt, M. M.; Wittrup, K. D.; Bawendi, M. G.; Ting, A. Y. (2008).
1472:
Colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics would theoretically be cheaper to manufacture, as they can be made using simple chemical reactions.
8296:
5041:
Ni, Z. Y.; Pi, X. D.; Ali, M.; Zhou, S.; Nozaki, T.; Yang, D. (2015). "Freestanding doped silicon nanocrystals synthesized by plasma".
3718:
Huffaker, D. L.; Park, G.; Zou, Z.; Shchekin, O. B.; Deppe, D. G. (1998). "1.3 ÎŒm room-temperature GaAs-based quantum-dot laser".
2997:
work originated in classical electrostatic modeling of electrons in a spherical quantum dot represented by an ideal dielectric sphere.
2981:
The classical electrostatic treatment of electrons confined to spherical quantum dots is similar to their treatment in the Thomson, or
2604:
1074:
86:
10831:
6097:
Liu, Wei; Zhang, Shuping; Wang, Lixin; Qu, Chen; Zhang, Changwen; Hong, Lei; Yuan, Lin; Huang, Zehao; Wang, Zhe (29 September 2011).
795:
76:
8934:
Bedanov, V. M.; Peeters (1994). "Ordering and phase transitions of charged particles in a classical finite two-dimensional system".
7401:
Zherebetskyy, D.; Scheele, M.; Zhang, Y.; Bronstein, N.; Thompson, C.; Britt, D.; Salmeron, M.; Alivisatos, P.; Wang, L.-W. (2014).
1299:
extinction coefficient combined with a comparable quantum yield to fluorescent dyes) as well as their stability (allowing much less
10157:
7459:
Ballou, B.; Lagerholm, B. C.; Ernst, L. A.; Bruchez, M. P.; Waggoner, A. S. (2004). "Noninvasive Imaging of Quantum Dots in Mice".
6962:
3124:
779:. Sub-monolayer shells can also be effective ways of passivating the quantum dots, such as PbS cores with sub-monolayer CdS shells.
521:
2755:
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than higher-dimensional structures. As a result, they have superior transport and optical properties. They have potential uses in
10843:
6604:
6234:
Hauck, T. S.; Anderson, R. E.; Fischer, H. C.; Newbigging, S.; Chan, W. C. W. (2010). "In vivo Quantum-Dot Toxicity Assessment".
6181:
4653:
Dong, Angang; Ye, Xingchen; Chen, Jun; Kang, Yijin; Gordon, Thomas; Kikkawa, James M.; Murray, Christopher B. (2 February 2011).
1994:
the semiconductor crystal is smaller than the exciton Bohr radius, the Coulomb interaction must be modified to fit the situation.
307:
9574:</ref> Methods to produce quantum-confined semiconductor structures (quantum wires, wells, and dots via grown by advanced
3669:
1725:
in the surrounding liquid. Generally, the photocatalytic activity of the dots is related to the particle size and its degree of
839:. The islands can be subsequently buried to form the quantum dot. A widely used type of quantum dots grown with this method are
10527:
10100:
9923:
1395:
1183:
81:
8977:
LaFave, T. Jr. (2013). "Correspondences between the classical electrostatic Thomson Problem and atomic electronic structure".
3879:
Senellart, Pascale; Solomon, Glenn; White, Andrew (2017). "High-performance semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources".
867:. The main limitations of this method are the cost of fabrication and the lack of control over positioning of individual dots.
699:
10461:
9567:
6974:
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1709:
Quantum dots also function as photocatalysts for the light driven chemical conversion of water into hydrogen as a pathway to
6660:
Bux, Sabah K.; Fleurial, Jean-Pierre; Kaner, Richard B. (2010). "Nanostructured materials for thermoelectric applications".
1828:
between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged hole. By comparing the quantum dot's size to the exciton
10384:
6435:
5582:
Lee, S. W.; Mao, C.; Flynn, C. E.; Belcher, A. M. (2002). "Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses".
995:
nucleation and growth via a high temperature dual injection synthesis. An alternative method of quantum dot synthesis, the
8249:
6705:"Toward high-performance nanostructured thermoelectric materials: the progress of bottom-up solution chemistry approaches"
5684:
Jawaid, A. M.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Wink, D. J.; Page, L. E.; Snee, P. T. (2013). "Cluster-Seeded Synthesis of Doped CdSe:Cu
1972:
The exciton entity can be modeled using the particle in the box. The electron and the hole can be seen as hydrogen in the
1376:
10012:
9651:
3633:
1230:
and ultrafast optical nonlinearities with potential applications for developing all-optical systems. They operate like a
9218:
Ekimov, A. I.; Onushchenko, A. A. (1982). "Quantum size effect in the optical-spectra of semiconductor micro-crystals".
8271:
1488:) can be used to improve the band alignment at electrodes for better efficiencies. This technique has provided a record
660:
There are colloidal methods to produce many different semiconductors. Typical dots are made of binary compounds such as
25:
Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Differently sized quantum dots emit different colors of light due to
9771:
5750:
124:
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Mangolini, L.; Thimsen, E.; Kortshagen, U. (2005). "High-yield plasma synthesis of luminescent silicon nanocrystals".
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10130:
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6704:
5350:"The Passivating Effect of Cadmium in PbS / CdS Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells Probed by nm-Scale Depth Profiling"
4940:
Pi, X. D.; Kortshagen, U. (2009). "Nonthermal plasma synthesized freestanding siliconâgermanium alloy nanocrystals".
2473:
Besides confinement in all three dimensions (that is, a quantum dot), other quantum confined semiconductors include:
1642:
itself, the achievable colors may be limited in this method. Electro-emissive QD-LED TVs exist in laboratories only.
824:
9504:
8583:
Richter, Marten (26 June 2017). "Nanoplatelets as material system between strong confinement and weak confinement".
10240:
9883:
9621:
3154:
3010:
1806:-type. However, in a triangular dot the wave functions are mixed due to confinement symmetry. (Click for animation)
1532:
allowed the electrons to have a direct pathway to the photoanode. This form of solar cell exhibits 50â60% internal
860:
562:
509:
477:
5790:
5425:
Leonard, D.; Pond, K.; Petroff, P. M. (1994). "Critical layer thickness for self-assembled InAs islands on GaAs".
1449:(PbSe) can produce more than one exciton from one high-energy photon via the process of carrier multiplication or
874:. The sample surface is coated with a thin layer of resist and a lateral pattern is then defined in the resist by
383:) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the
10798:
10507:
10502:
10225:
7699:
Choi, H.-S.; Liu, W.; Misra, P.; Tanaka, E.; Zimmer, J. P.; Ipe, B. I.; Bawendi, M. G.; Frangioni, J. V. (2007).
4616:"Low polydispersity core/shell nanocrystals of CdSe/ZnSe and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS type: preparation and optical studies"
3028:
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after photogeneration, meaning the generated charge carriers can be dissipated without photon emission (e.g. via
489:
9152:
7113:
Tokumasu, F; Fairhurst, R. M.; Ostera, G. R.; Brittain, N. J.; Hwang, J.; Wellems, T. E.; Dvorak, J. A. (2005).
6487:
Torres Torres, C.; LĂłpez SuĂĄrez, A.; Can Uc, B.; Rangel Rojo, R.; Tamayo Rivera, L.; Oliver, A. (24 July 2015).
4655:"A Generalized Ligand-Exchange Strategy Enabling Sequential Surface Functionalization of Colloidal Nanocrystals"
414:
in the box that are reminiscent of atomic spectra. For these reasons, quantum dots are sometimes referred to as
10810:
10482:
9644:
9298:"Optical Technologies Silver Nanoclusters Influence on Formation of Quantum Dots in Fluorine Phosphate Glasses"
8478:
3043:
in 1982. It was quickly identified that the optical changes that appeared for very small particles were due to
1589:
1243:
379:. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. This light emission (
198:
8817:
Iafrate, G. J.; Hess, K.; Krieger, J. B.; Macucci, M. (1995). "Capacitive nature of atomic-sized structures".
4714:, X=Cl, Br, and/or I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut Profiling"
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Pereira, R. N.; Almeida, A. J. (2015). "Doped semiconductor nanoparticles synthesized in gas-phase plasmas".
4848:
4356:"Surface passivation of intensely luminescent all-inorganic nanocrystals and their direct optical patterning"
836:
632:
of atoms during the synthesis process while being low enough to promote crystal growth. The concentration of
449:
Quantum dots have properties intermediate between bulk semiconductors and discrete atoms or molecules. Their
218:
66:
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whose energy terms may be obtained as solutions of the Schrödinger equation. The definition of capacitance,
2503:
Quantum mechanical models and simulations of quantum dots often involve the interaction of electrons with a
1559:
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emission can be tuned by changing the size of the quantum dot during its synthesis. The larger the dot, the
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9505:"One Small Quantum Dot, One Giant Leap for Nanoscience: Moungi Bawendi '82 Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
6379:"Frequency-Dependent Spontaneous Emission Rate from CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals: Influence of Dark States"
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8076:"13.2% efficiency Si nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cell using a transfer-imprinted Au mesh electrode"
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Classical models of electrostatic properties of electrons in quantum dots are similar in nature to the
1985:. Thus by varying the size of the quantum dot, the confinement energy of the exciton can be controlled.
1339:
on cells. Researchers were able to observe quantum dots in lymph nodes of mice for more than 4 months.
1304:
1231:
546:
505:
481:
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properties change as a function of both size and shape. Larger QDs of 5â6 nm diameter emit longer
6203:
Green, Mark; Howman, Emily (2005). "Semiconductor quantum dots and free radical induced DNA nicking".
4615:
4521:
4421:"Quantum Confinement Effect and Photoenhancement of Photoluminescence of PbS and PbS/MnS Quantum Dots"
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7158:
Dahan, M. (2003). "Diffusion Dynamics of Glycine Receptors Revealed by Single-Quantum Dot Tracking".
5899:"A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors"
3565:"Enabling metallic behaviour in two-dimensional superlattice of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots"
2480:, which confine electrons or holes in two spatial dimensions and allow free propagation in the third.
1407:
875:
173:
71:
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6488:
6158:"Cell Motility and Metastatic Potential Studies Based on Quantum Dot Imaging of Phagokinetic Tracks"
4564:"Interface Strain Effects on ZnSe/ (CdSe) based Type I and ZnSe/CdS Type II Core/Shell Quantum Dots"
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5818:"LG Electronics Partners with Dow to Commercialize LGs New Ultra HD TV with Quantum Dot Technology"
3114:
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1779:
1481:
827:(MOVPE), when a material is grown on a substrate to which it is not lattice matched. The resulting
496:. Their small size allows for some QDs to be suspended in solution, which may lead to their use in
406:
model. The quantum dot absorption and emission features correspond to transitions between discrete
251:
203:
5392:
Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse IIb. Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien
10412:
10338:
9992:
9965:
9553:
7004:"High-Precision Tracking with Non-blinking Quantum Dots Resolves Nanoscale Vertical Displacement"
4206:"Oscillatory barrier-assisted LangmuirâBlodgett deposition of large-scale quantum dot monolayers"
3202:"Selected I-III-VI2 Semiconductors: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Photovoltaic Cells"
2486:, which confine electrons or holes in one dimension and allow free propagation in two dimensions.
1108:
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16:
Zero-dimensional, nano-scale semiconductor particles with novel optical and electronic properties
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There are several ways to fabricate quantum dots. Possible methods include colloidal synthesis,
10737:
10512:
10492:
10417:
10285:
10002:
9997:
9970:
8872:
5127:
Mangolini, L.; Kortshagen, U. (2007). "Plasma-assisted synthesis of silicon nanocrystal inks".
3139:
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1929:{\displaystyle a_{\rm {B}}^{*}=\varepsilon _{\rm {r}}\left({\frac {m}{\mu }}\right)a_{\rm {B}}}
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in quantum dots resemble the ones in real atoms. By coupling two or more such quantum dots, an
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10275:
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9928:
9791:
9667:
7090:
Spie (2014). "Paul Selvin Hot Topics presentation: New Small Quantum Dots for Neuroscience".
6605:"Nanoscale self-assembly of thermoelectric materials: a review of chemistry-based approaches"
4204:
Xu, Shicheng; Dadlani, Anup L.; Acharya, Shinjita; Schindler, Peter; Prinz, Fritz B. (2016).
3358:"Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots"
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5275:"Deterministic strain-induced arrays of quantum emitters in a two-dimensional semiconductor"
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4849:"Synthesis of blue luminescent Si nanoparticles using atmospheric-pressure microdischarges"
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Gheshlaghi, Negar; Pisheh, Hadi Sedaghat; Karim, M. Rezaul; ĂnlĂŒ, Hilmi (1 December 2016).
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Shishodia, Shubham; Chouchene, Bilel; Gries, Thomas; Schneider, Raphaël (31 October 2023).
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The classical treatment of both two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantum dots exhibit
1569:
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938:
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856:
246:
168:
129:
109:
8415:
Konstantatos, G.; Sargent, E. H. (2009). "Solution-Processed Quantum Dot Photodetectors".
6793:
Chern, Margaret; Kays, Joshua C.; Bhuckory, Shashi; Dennis, Allison M. (24 January 2019).
5843:
Hauser, Charlotte A. E.; Zhang, Shuguang (2010). "Peptides as biological semiconductors".
1765:
are chemically unstable under oxidizing conditions and undergo photo corrosion reactions.
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techniques to be applied to these core/double-shell systems, as well. As mentioned above,
508:. These processing techniques result in less expensive and less time-consuming methods of
8:
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7043:"Compact and Blinking-Suppressed Quantum Dots for Single-Particle Tracking in Live Cells"
6512:
6099:"CdSe Quantum Dot (QD)-Induced Morphological and Functional Impairments to Liver in Mice"
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Alexandre, M.; Ăguas, H.; Fortunato, E.; Martins, R.; Mendes, M. J. (17 November 2021).
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Farlow, J.; Seo, D.; Broaders, K. E.; Taylor, M. J.; Gartner, Z. J.; Jun, Y. W. (2013).
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7119:-infected AA and CC erythrocytes assayed by autocorrelation analysis using quantum dots"
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1261:, through energy transfer from thin layers of quantum wells to crystals above the layers
1087:
and have yet to be demonstrated in animal models after physiologically relevant dosing.
10838:
10707:
10605:
10313:
10260:
10152:
10049:
9751:
9437:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics Processing and Phenomena
9395:
9128:
9095:
9049:
9031:
9022:
LaFave, T. Jr. (2013). "The discrete charge dielectric model of electrostatic energy".
9004:
8986:
8799:
8765:
8626:
8618:
8592:
8432:
8397:
8108:
8075:
7958:
7917:
7898:
7870:
7851:
7817:
7785:
7750:
7725:
7700:
7654:
7611:
7438:
7343:
7318:
7235:
7210:
7191:
7067:
7042:
6938:
6911:
6835:
6794:
6775:
6585:
6559:
6532:
6427:
6393:
6359:
6303:
6278:
6259:
6185:
6133:
6098:
6074:
6041:
5975:
5950:
5923:
5898:
5876:
5770:
5666:
5615:
5564:
5528:
5504:
5486:
5407:
5325:
5312:
5286:
5274:
5255:
5231:
5187:
5152:
5109:
5066:
5023:
4973:
4922:
4829:
4738:
4709:
4690:
4494:
4461:
4396:
4355:
4331:
4297:
4270:
4186:
4151:
4100:
4058:
4026:
3993:
3943:
3804:
3770:
3545:
3463:
3424:
3412:
3393:
3301:
3174:
3119:
3023:
The first quantum dots were synthesized in a glass matrix by Alexei A. Onushchenko and
2982:
2739:{\displaystyle \Delta V={\frac {\Delta \mu }{e}}={\frac {\mu (N+\Delta N)-\mu (N)}{e}}}
2520:
1585:
1533:
1442:
1426:
1402:
In another potential application, quantum dots are being investigated as the inorganic
1145:
1056:
828:
620:
148:
9478:
9263:
9238:
8614:
7294:
7259:
4992:
4631:
3014:
for the same element and preparation, the color depended on the dust particles' size.
2749:
may be applied to a quantum dot with the addition or removal of individual electrons,
1645:
The ability of QDs to precisely convert and tune a spectrum makes them attractive for
10848:
10757:
10727:
10655:
10618:
10613:
10595:
10560:
10550:
10265:
10230:
10213:
10116:
9850:
9746:
9728:
9626:
9592:
9563:
9460:
9387:
9344:
9171:
9133:
9115:
9053:
9008:
8959:
8842:
8791:
8684:
8565:
8561:
8522:
8231:
8196:
8157:
8113:
8056:
8010:
7963:
7945:
7902:
7890:
7843:
7790:
7730:
7646:
7603:
7568:
7560:
7519:
7511:
7476:
7442:
7430:
7383:
7348:
7299:
7240:
7183:
7140:
7072:
7023:
6970:
6943:
6889:
6858:
Mongin, C.; Garakyaraghi, S.; Razgoniaeva, N.; Zamkov, M.; Castellano, F. N. (2016).
6840:
6822:
6767:
6724:
6685:
6677:
6642:
6634:
6550:
Loss, D.; DiVincenzo, D. P. (January 1997). "Quantum computation with quantum dots".
6524:
6516:
6419:
6363:
6351:
6308:
6251:
6216:
6138:
6079:
6022:
5980:
5928:
5880:
5868:
5751:"Quantum materials corp achieves milestone in High Volume Production of Quantum Dots"
5724:
5705:
5658:
5607:
5568:
5532:
5520:
5512:
5458:
5450:
5371:
5330:
5247:
5239:
5113:
5070:
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4965:
4926:
4879:
4821:
4786:
4743:
4694:
4682:
4674:
4635:
4593:
4541:
4520:
Vasudevan, D.; Gaddam, Rohit Ranganathan; Trinchi, Adrian; Cole, Ivan (5 July 2015).
4499:
4481:
4442:
4401:
4383:
4323:
4274:
4262:
4143:
4092:
4084:
4031:
3971:
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3808:
3796:
3743:
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3592:
3549:
3537:
3529:
3491:
3468:
3450:
3385:
3241:
3223:
3149:
3044:
1817:
1758:
1501:
1278:
1270:
1036:
910:
735:
677:
485:
473:
407:
403:
380:
356:
348:
281:
188:
9399:
8630:
7658:
7258:
Akerman, M. E.; Chan, W. C. W.; Laakkonen, P.; Bhatia, S. N.; Ruoslahti, E. (2002).
7195:
6589:
6536:
6189:
5619:
5411:
5191:
5156:
4977:
4335:
4190:
4155:
3654:
1124:. Though multiple other studies have concluded retention of QDs in cellular levels,
759:
Some quantum dots are small regions of one material buried in another with a larger
10575:
10570:
10427:
10323:
10017:
9933:
9893:
9583:
9452:
9379:
9336:
9258:
9195:[The quantum size effect in three-dimensional semiconductor microcrystals]
9123:
9107:
9041:
8996:
8951:
8916:
8899:
Bednarek, S.; Szafran, B.; Adamowski, J. (1999). "Many-electron artificial atoms".
8881:
8834:
8803:
8783:
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8676:
8610:
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8459:
8436:
8424:
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7953:
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6298:
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6014:
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5599:
5556:
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5442:
5399:
5361:
5320:
5304:
5259:
5223:
5179:
5144:
5101:
5058:
5015:
4957:
4914:
4897:
Kortshagen, U (2009). "Nonthermal plasma synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals".
4871:
4833:
4813:
4778:
4733:
4725:
4666:
4627:
4583:
4533:
4489:
4473:
4432:
4391:
4375:
4315:
4254:
4225:
4178:
4135:
4104:
4080:
4076:
4021:
4013:
3961:
3896:
3843:
3788:
3735:
3650:
3600:
3584:
3519:
3511:
3487:
3458:
3442:
3397:
3377:
3338:
3305:
3293:
3276:
3231:
3213:
1825:
1816:
The energy levels of a single particle in a quantum dot can be predicted using the
1630:
1235:
1226:
Quantum dots are particularly promising for optical applications due to their high
848:
819:
Self-assembled quantum dots nucleate spontaneously under certain conditions during
807:
764:
752:
723:
685:
669:
384:
376:
9302:
Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
8787:
7839:
7555:
7538:
6415:
4537:
3413:"Colloidal quantum dot molecules manifesting quantum coupling at room temperature"
2926:{\displaystyle C(N)={\frac {e^{2}}{\mu (N+1)-\mu (N)}}={\frac {e^{2}}{I(N)-A(N)}}}
1465:, IB) to exploit a broader range of the solar spectrum and thereby achieve higher
10805:
10732:
10712:
10682:
10645:
10640:
10545:
10369:
9868:
9813:
9756:
9741:
9606:
9578:
techniques), nanocrystals by gas-phase, liquid-phase, and solid-phase approaches.
9045:
9000:
8006:
6123:
4588:
4563:
4230:
4205:
3144:
3040:
2975:
2504:
1734:
1657:
In June 2006, QD Vision announced technical success in making a proof-of-concept
1092:
963:
681:
673:
497:
493:
450:
57:
9413:
5754:
5273:
Branny, Artur; Kumar, Santosh; Proux, Raphaël; Gerardot, Brian D (22 May 2017).
4991:
Pi, X. D.; Gresback, R.; Liptak, R. W.; Campbell, S. A.; Kortshagen, U. (2008).
371:
quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the
367:
in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a
10783:
10752:
10742:
10364:
10354:
10188:
10022:
9888:
9830:
9808:
8428:
8257:
7941:
7402:
7379:
6860:"Direct observation of triplet energy transfer from semiconductor nanocrystals"
6818:
6629:
4379:
3588:
3524:
3515:
3446:
3093:
3077:
2993:
1811:
1783:
1775:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1704:
1300:
1199:
1191:
1121:
1078:
1024:
1008:
946:
942:
930:
392:
352:
269:
183:
8920:
8885:
8838:
8742:
8463:
7642:
5500:
5446:
4258:
3792:
1820:
model in which the energies of states depend on the length of the box. For an
1614:
Quantum dots are valued for displays because they emit light in very specific
10881:
10702:
10555:
10446:
10280:
10250:
10203:
10054:
9823:
9776:
9698:
9464:
9391:
9348:
9119:
8955:
8860:
8622:
8569:
8483:
7949:
7894:
7585:
7564:
7515:
7403:"Hydroxylation of the surface of PbS nanocrystals passivated with oleic acid"
7211:"Monovalent, reduced-size quantum dots for imaging receptors on living cells"
6826:
6728:
6681:
6638:
6520:
5951:"State of Academic Knowledge on Toxicity and Biological Fate of Quantum Dots"
5516:
5508:
5454:
5316:
5243:
5235:
4678:
4654:
4639:
4597:
4545:
4485:
4477:
4446:
4387:
4327:
4266:
4088:
3975:
3908:
3857:
3800:
3747:
3596:
3533:
3454:
3389:
3321:
3227:
3101:
3097:
3032:
3024:
2508:
1999:
1835:
1754:
1738:
1634:
1581:
1516:
1446:
1351:
1258:
1206:
1165:
1156:
1035:
In many regions of the world there is now a restriction or ban on the use of
922:
832:
665:
616:
602:
554:
435:
399:
368:
332:
236:
227:
163:
114:
41:
9111:
7775:
7426:
7179:
6884:
6859:
6581:
5966:
5603:
5227:
4017:
3966:
3931:
10585:
10198:
10193:
9958:
9873:
9786:
9137:
8963:
8795:
8688:
8526:
8235:
8200:
8161:
8117:
8060:
8014:
7967:
7847:
7794:
7734:
7650:
7607:
7572:
7523:
7480:
7434:
7387:
7352:
7303:
7284:
7244:
7187:
7144:
7076:
7027:
6947:
6893:
6844:
6771:
6689:
6646:
6528:
6423:
6355:
6347:
6312:
6255:
6247:
6220:
6142:
6083:
6040:
Derfus, Austin M.; Chan, Warren C. W.; Bhatia, Sangeeta N. (January 2004).
6026:
5984:
5932:
5872:
5709:
5662:
5611:
5524:
5375:
5334:
5251:
5183:
5148:
4969:
4883:
4825:
4790:
4747:
4686:
4503:
4405:
4182:
4147:
4096:
4035:
3916:
3900:
3865:
3614:
3541:
3472:
3245:
2483:
2477:
1982:
1762:
1692:
1454:
1316:
1187:
1169:
1103:
using model cell cultures. It has been demonstrated that after exposure to
1100:
992:
951:
914:
783:
768:
661:
501:
423:
419:
411:
388:
372:
139:
8846:
7918:"Light management with quantum nanostructured dots-in-host semiconductors"
7536:
7003:
6486:
5560:
5462:
1115:
Although concentration of QDs in certain organelles have been reported in
10623:
9953:
9948:
9718:
9703:
9693:
9612:
Quantum dots that produce white light could be the light bulb's successor
9193:"ĐĐČĐ°ĐœŃĐŸĐČŃĐč ŃĐ°Đ·ĐŒĐ”ŃĐœŃĐč ŃŃŃĐ”ĐșŃ ĐČ ŃŃĐ”Ń
ĐŒĐ”ŃĐœŃŃ
ĐŒĐžĐșŃĐŸĐșŃĐžŃŃаллаŃ
ĐżĐŸĐ»ŃĐżŃĐŸĐČĐŸĐŽĐœĐžĐșĐŸĐČ"
8770:
7822:
7099:
6928:
6564:
6398:
4817:
4302:
3948:
3218:
3164:
1844:
1829:
1782:. Optical properties of spherical metallic QDs are well described by the
1415:
1403:
1274:
1137:
1104:
715:, colloidal synthetic methods are promising for commercial applications.
344:
9636:
9587:
6763:
6182:
10.1002/1521-4095(20020618)14:12<882::AID-ADMA882>3.0.CO;2-Y
5308:
4437:
4420:
3357:
1568:
Several methods are proposed for using quantum dots to improve existing
790:
9913:
9798:
8680:
8052:
7599:
7334:
7226:
6720:
6673:
5403:
5366:
5349:
4139:
1973:
1746:
1710:
1651:
1391:
1375:
One application of quantum dots in biology is as donor fluorophores in
1369:
1366:
1358:
1125:
577:
454:
9632:
Simulation and interactive visualization of Quantum Dots wave function
8518:
8393:
8227:
8192:
8153:
8099:
7685:
7507:
7472:
7135:
7114:
7058:
7019:
6473:
6065:
6018:
5701:
5019:
4993:"Doping efficiency, dopant location, and oxidation of Si nanocrystals"
4875:
4782:
4729:
4670:
4462:"Double-Shelled InP/ZnMnS/ZnS Quantum Dots for Light-Emitting Devices"
4319:
3848:
3823:
941:) are adjustable by controlling the solution concentrations, solution
398:
Nanoscale semiconductor materials tightly confine either electrons or
264:
10477:
10173:
9943:
9761:
9575:
9456:
9383:
9340:
7886:
6212:
5914:
5749:
Quantum Materials Corporation and the Access2Flow Consortium (2011).
5654:
3739:
3492:"Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite nanocubes"
3342:
3297:
3179:
3169:
3036:
1753:) interfere with the chemical reactivity of the dots by slowing down
1680:
1626:
1362:
1052:
731:
693:
597:
Quantum dots with gradually stepping emission from violet to deep red
336:
100:
10085:
7716:
6294:
5864:
4418:
1238:
effect. Quantum dots have also been suggested as implementations of
962:
Highly ordered arrays of quantum dots may also be self-assembled by
9860:
9845:
9766:
8597:
7319:"Formation of targeted monovalent quantum dots by steric exclusion"
6857:
5491:
5291:
4847:
Sankaran, R. M.; Holunga, D.; Flagan, R. C.; Giapis, K. P. (2005).
4063:
3429:
1730:
1718:
1684:
1543:
1529:
1347:
1312:
1195:
1133:
1088:
760:
619:
nanocrystals are synthesized from solutions, much like traditional
537:
431:
364:
360:
241:
9036:
8991:
3775:
3381:
3259:
Silbey, Robert J.; Alberty, Robert A.; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2005).
1618:. This can result in a display with visibly more accurate colors.
1457:, PbS) incorporated in wider-bandgap host semiconductors (such as
1182:
As the confinement energy depends on the quantum dot's size, both
1043:-based quantum dots are unusable for consumer-goods applications.
763:. These can be so-called coreâshell structures, for example, with
276:
9736:
8130:
7400:
6325:
5545:
3356:
Banin, Uri; Cao, YunWei; Katz, David; Millo, Oded (August 1999).
3058:
in 1986. According to Brus, the term "quantum dot" was coined by
2644:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{C}}\equiv {\frac {\Delta V}{\Delta Q}}}
1821:
1445:. According to an experimental report from 2004, quantum dots of
1383:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1116:
1084:
1062:
1048:
1040:
786:
structures due to monolayer fluctuations in the well's thickness.
776:
727:
637:
633:
613:
581:
7751:"A vector-free microfluidic platform for intracellular delivery"
3199:
1253:
9278:
7365:
7112:
5725:"Continuous Flow Synthesis Method for Fluorescent Quantum Dots"
4614:
Reiss, P.; Carayon, S.; Bleuse, J.; Pron, A. (9 October 2003).
3994:"Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics"
1750:
1688:
1355:
1332:
1019:
897:
893:
772:
532:
9094:
Montanarella, Federico; Kovalenko, Maksym V. (26 April 2022).
8213:
7915:
6233:
4803:
4287:
4244:
3822:
Eisaman, M. D.; Fan, J.; Migdall, A.; Polyakov, S. V. (2011).
2519:
Semiclassical models of quantum dots frequently incorporate a
1778:
properties from their bulk materials. One of these effects is
1650:
The first commercial application of quantum dots was the Sony
1540:
quantum dots resulted in a solar cell that reached 9.10% PCE.
831:
leads to the formation of islands on top of a two-dimensional
515:
9150:
8242:
6741:
4168:
3824:"Invited Review Article: Single-photon sources and detectors"
3562:
3006:
1239:
1027:
to develop the use of cadmium free quantum dots in displays.
934:
340:
6603:
Yazdani, Sajad; Pettes, Michael Thompson (26 October 2018).
6459:
5347:
3485:
2793:{\displaystyle \Delta N=1\quad {\text{and}}\quad \Delta Q=e}
1286:
photovoltaic devices, molecular electronics, and catalysis.
1018:
entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with UK-based
855:). Such quantum dots have the potential for applications in
391:, or the transition between discrete energy states when the
8371:
7458:
7208:
5683:
4846:
3991:
1998:
Therefore, the sum of these energies can be represented by
1663:
1580:(QD-WLED) displays. Because quantum dots naturally produce
1547:
1522:
885:
580:
is one such organic capping ligand that is used to promote
427:
49:
8755:
8533:
7671:
7257:
7002:
Marchuk, K.; Guo, Y.; Sun, W.; Vela, J.; Fang, N. (2012).
6795:"Sensing with photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots"
6155:
5475:
4760:
4519:
2523:. For example, the thermodynamic chemical potential of an
1500:
Colloidal quantum dots are also used in inorganicâorganic
983:
The bonding in certain cadmium-free quantum dots, such as
347:
properties that differ from those of larger particles via
9296:
Kolobkova, E. V.; Nikonorov, N. V.; Aseev, V. A. (2012).
8816:
4561:
4203:
4048:
3821:
1654:
X900A series of flat panel televisions released in 2013.
1295:
9237:
Ekimov, A. I.; Efros, A. L.; Onushchenko, A. A. (1985).
8898:
6961:
Stockert, Juan Carlos; BlĂĄzquez Castro, Alfonso (2017).
6042:"Probing the Cytotoxicity of Semiconductor Quantum Dots"
5272:
4990:
3274:
Ashoori, R. C. (1996). "Electrons in artificial atoms".
1789:
1294:
In modern biological analysis, various kinds of organic
1065:
are being researched as potential quantum dot material.
950:
highly oriented, self-supporting films from a phage and
9295:
8658:
7316:
6960:
6792:
5204:
3717:
1346:
Semiconductor quantum dots have also been employed for
21:
9434:
9236:
8030:
6703:
Zhao, Yixin; Dyck, Jeffrey S.; Burda, Clemens (2011).
6276:
5632:
5469:
5198:
4710:"Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX
4613:
4522:"Coreâshell quantum dots: Properties and applications"
3760:
3410:
2978:
of optimally distributing electrons on a unit sphere.
991:
materials, therefore it is more difficult to separate
9093:
8539:
8479:"Move over CMOS, here come snapshots by quantum dots"
8322:"Quantum dot white and colored light emitting diodes"
7041:
Lane, L. A.; Smith, A. M.; Lian, T.; Nie, S. (2014).
3878:
3670:"Chemistry and Physics of Semiconductor Nanocrystals"
2812:
2758:
2663:
2607:
2536:
2011:
1863:
1194:(lower-energy) its absorption onset and fluorescence
975:
Quantum dot manufacturing relies on a process called
707:
Large batches of quantum dots may be synthesized via
9318:
9239:"Quantum size effect in semiconductor microcrystals"
7875:
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
7747:
5266:
4117:
3872:
3754:
3258:
1495:
402:. The confinement is similar to a three-dimensional
9607:
Quantum Dots: Technical Status and Market Prospects
8414:
7871:"Intermediate band solar cells: Present and future"
7368:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
5126:
3267:
3263:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 835.
3104:"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots."
987:-based quantum dots, is more covalent than that in
9503:Palma, Jasmine; Wang, Austin H. (6 October 2023).
8504:
8297:"A Guide to the Evolution of Quantum Dot Displays"
7698:
7496:Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
5581:
5424:
5382:
4459:
3923:
3630:
2925:
2792:
2738:
2643:
2587:
2423:
1928:
1749:on the surface of the dots. These surfactants (or
1382:The use of quantum dots for tumor targeting under
1128:of QDs is still poorly studied in the literature.
9217:
9190:
7543:Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
7394:
7001:
5949:Pelley, J. L.; Daar, A. S.; Saner, M. A. (2009).
5791:"Nanoco and Dow tune in for sharpest picture yet"
5388:
3355:
1683:QDPs have potential applications in visible- and
1099:Many studies have focused on the mechanism of QD
1096:oxidative, mechanical, and photolytic stability.
711:. Due to this scalability and the convenience of
10879:
8704:"New Electronics Promise Wireless at Warp Speed"
8648:(2 ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 240â246.
8643:
8476:
8449:
8272:"Quantum Dots: Solution for a Wider Color Gamut"
8073:
7983:
7040:
6969:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 606â641.
6912:"Quantum Dots for Live Cell and In Vivo Imaging"
6910:Walling, M. A.; Novak, Shepard (February 2009).
6659:
6039:
6004:
5172:Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
3711:
1675:conditions with the process windows required by
1030:
8477:Palomaki, P.; Keuleyan, S. (25 February 2020).
8177:
7755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7264:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5948:
5418:
4353:
1947: = 0.053 nm is the Bohr radius,
1475:
1335:can be used to target quantum dots to specific
1039:in many household goods, which means that most
460:Potential applications of quantum dots include
8933:
8720:
7807:
6905:
6903:
6549:
6096:
5083:
4652:
3929:
3815:
1981: = 1) with the mass replaced by the
1717:, electron hole pairs formed in the dot under
1406:for intra-operative detection of tumors using
1246:, and as active elements for thermoelectrics.
917:structures. It had previously been shown that
886:Complementary metalâoxideâsemiconductor (CMOS)
782:Quantum dots sometimes occur spontaneously in
10101:
9652:
9551:
8348:"Quantum Dots Produce More Colorful Sony TVs"
7454:
7452:
6963:"Chapter 18: Luminescent Solid-State Markers"
6702:
6602:
3987:
3985:
3031:and independently in colloidal suspension by
1741:. An obstacle for the use of quantum dots in
301:
8576:
6909:
5626:
5575:
4939:
3626:
3624:
3054:first appeared in a paper first authored by
1761:processes. Also, quantum dots made of metal
1560:Light-emitting diode § Quantum-dot LEDs
925:surfaces through the method of selection by
734:quantum dots have been synthesized by using
9176:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9067:
9065:
9063:
8701:
7869:Ramiro, Iñigo; MartĂ, Antonio (July 2021).
7868:
7493:
6916:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
6900:
6851:
6202:
5842:
5775:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5040:
3930:Loss, Daniel; DiVincenzo, David P. (1998).
3319:Kastner, M. A. (1993). "Artificial Atoms".
2463:is the size-dependent dielectric constant.
1962:is the size-dependent dielectric constant (
1604:Samsung QLED TV 8K, 75 inches (190 cm)
1198:. Conversely, smaller dots absorb and emit
957:
516:Core/shell and core/double-shell structures
10108:
10094:
10068:
9659:
9645:
9191:Ekimov, A. I.; Onushchenko, A. A. (1981).
9151:Robinson2023-10-11T17:50:00+01:00, Julia.
7628:
7449:
4896:
4708:Protesescu, Loredana; et al. (2015).
4707:
3982:
1075:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
308:
294:
9666:
9502:
9262:
9127:
9035:
8990:
8769:
8596:
8107:
7957:
7821:
7784:
7774:
7724:
7554:
7342:
7293:
7283:
7234:
7134:
7066:
6937:
6927:
6883:
6834:
6628:
6563:
6397:
6376:
6302:
6132:
6122:
6073:
5974:
5922:
5490:
5365:
5324:
5290:
4806:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
4737:
4587:
4493:
4436:
4395:
4301:
4229:
4062:
4025:
3965:
3947:
3847:
3774:
3621:
3604:
3523:
3462:
3428:
3235:
3217:
1691:, machine vision, industrial inspection,
913:viruses allow preparation of quantum dot
796:scanning transmission electron microscopy
9627:Quantum Dots Research and Technical Data
9060:
8216:Journal of the American Chemical Society
7008:Journal of the American Chemical Society
6967:Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences
6799:Methods and Applications in Fluorescence
5944:
5942:
5169:
4659:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1834:
1824:inside a quantum dot, there is also the
1793:
1669:
1599:
1553:
1523:Quantum dot with nanowire in solar cells
1425:
1252:
1155:
888:technology can be employed to fabricate
789:
698:
651:
592:
20:
9496:
8859:
8582:
5896:
5815:
5722:
3932:"Quantum computation with quantum dots"
3318:
3273:
1595:
1421:
771:in the shell, or from special forms of
359:. When a quantum dot is illuminated by
10880:
9924:Differential technological development
9617:Single quantum dots optical properties
9581:
9021:
8976:
8345:
8173:
8171:
8026:
8024:
7979:
7977:
7631:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
3069:while they were working at Bell Labs.
3039:in 1983. They were first theorized by
2969:
2940:of a quantum dot, where we denoted by
1695:, and fluorescent biomedical imaging.
1578:quantum dot white-light-emitting diode
1396:Hydrogel encapsulation of quantum dots
608:
10115:
10089:
9640:
9081:The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
9074:"Quantum dots â seeds of nanoscience"
9071:
8644:Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E.H. (1966).
7157:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5939:
5892:
5890:
5086:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
5043:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
4899:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
4609:
4607:
4557:
4555:
4515:
4513:
4349:
4347:
4345:
3082:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1790:Quantum confinement in semiconductors
1151:
656:Cadmium sulfide quantum dots on cells
9555:Nanostructures: Theory and Modelling
9361:
7089:
3667:
3125:Coreâshell semiconductor nanocrystal
2498:
1068:
522:Core-shell semiconductor nanocrystal
10013:Future-oriented technology analysis
9523:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023"
8702:Greenemeier, L. (5 February 2008).
8168:
8021:
7974:
7674:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
7047:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
6462:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4290:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4120:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
3634:Annual Review of Materials Research
2588:{\displaystyle \mu (N)=E(N)-E(N-1)}
970:
718:
434:. It was shown that the electronic
13:
9772:High-temperature superconductivity
9544:
9283:National Nanotechnology Initiative
9220:Soviet Physics Semiconductors-USSR
5991:
5887:
4604:
4552:
4510:
4342:
2778:
2759:
2706:
2676:
2664:
2632:
2624:
2442:is the radius of the quantum dot,
2235:
2211:
2114:
2092:
1920:
1890:
1870:
395:is no longer well-defined in QDs.
14:
10919:
9600:
9096:"Three Millennia of Nanocrystals"
8615:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.1.016001
8346:Bullis, Kevin (11 January 2013).
7922:Light: Science & Applications
7701:"Renal clearance of quantum dots"
6279:"Renal clearance of quantum dots"
5903:Environmental Health Perspectives
1737:that is stored in the dot in the
1698:
1496:Quantum dot in hybrid solar cells
1377:Förster resonance energy transfer
929:. Additionally, it is known that
904:
896:) to about â258 °C (15
825:metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy
10862:
10861:
10067:
9884:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
9552:Delerue, C.; Lannoo, M. (2004).
9515:
9471:
9428:
9406:
9355:
9312:
9289:
9271:
9230:
9211:
9184:
9144:
9087:
9072:Linke, Heiner (3 October 2023).
9015:
8970:
8927:
8892:
8853:
8810:
8749:
8714:
8695:
8652:
8637:
8498:
8470:
8443:
8408:
8365:
8339:
8314:
8289:
8264:
8207:
8124:
8067:
3828:Review of Scientific Instruments
3155:Quantum dot single-photon source
2951:the ionization potential and by
2514:
1574:quantum dot light-emitting diode
1209:, quantum dots can be made with
1175:
275:
263:
48:
9364:The Journal of Chemical Physics
9321:The Journal of Chemical Physics
8723:Computer Physics Communications
7909:
7862:
7801:
7741:
7692:
7665:
7622:
7579:
7530:
7487:
7359:
7310:
7260:"Nanocrystal targeting in vivo"
7251:
7202:
7151:
7106:
7083:
7034:
6995:
6954:
6786:
6735:
6696:
6653:
6596:
6543:
6480:
6453:
6370:
6319:
6270:
6227:
6196:
6149:
6090:
6033:
5836:
5809:
5783:
5742:
5716:
5677:
5539:
5341:
5163:
5120:
5077:
5034:
4984:
4933:
4890:
4840:
4797:
4754:
4701:
4646:
4526:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
4453:
4412:
4281:
4238:
4197:
4162:
4111:
4042:
3686:
3661:
3655:10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.545
3029:Vavilov State Optical Institute
2777:
2771:
1576:(QD-LED or QLED) displays, and
1221:
977:high temperature dual injection
921:viruses can recognize specific
835:. This growth mode is known as
36:Part of a series of articles on
10811:Relativistic quantum mechanics
9777:High-temperature superfluidity
9595:of a QD vs. particle diameter.
8250:"Nano LEDs printed on silicon"
6709:Journal of Materials Chemistry
6513:10.1088/0957-4484/26/29/295701
5106:10.1088/0022-3727/48/31/314005
5063:10.1088/0022-3727/48/31/314006
4962:10.1088/0957-4484/20/29/295602
4919:10.1088/0022-3727/42/11/113001
4081:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.026101
3698:Nanosys â Quantum Dot Pioneers
3556:
3479:
3404:
3349:
3312:
3252:
3193:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2844:
2822:
2816:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2697:
2654:with the potential difference
2582:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
1590:microelectromechanical systems
1269:, quantum dots have a sharper
1244:quantum information processing
741:
351:. They are a central topic in
1:
10789:Quantum statistical mechanics
10566:Quantum differential calculus
10488:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
10271:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
10040:Technology in science fiction
9264:10.1016/S0038-1098(85)80025-9
8788:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.276803
8256:. 3 July 2009. Archived from
7840:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601
7556:10.1080/21691401.2017.1290643
6416:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.236804
6007:Accounts of Chemical Research
5723:Soutter, Will (30 May 2013).
5477:fidelity higher than 99.9%".
4632:10.1016/S0379-6779(03)00335-7
4538:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.102
4171:Advanced Functional Materials
3186:
2962:the electron affinity of the
2527:-particle system is given by
1031:Heavy-metal-free quantum dots
588:
9046:10.1016/j.elstat.2013.10.001
9001:10.1016/j.elstat.2013.10.001
8562:10.1016/0022-2313(96)00058-0
8452:Optics and Photonics Letters
8007:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03677
6124:10.1371/journal.pone.0024406
4589:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.330
4231:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.243
1476:Quantum dot only solar cells
506:LangmuirâBlodgett thin films
7:
10591:Quantum stochastic calculus
10581:Quantum measurement problem
10503:MachâZehnder interferometer
6558:(1) (published 1998): 120.
3107:
2449:is the free electron mass,
1490:power conversion efficiency
1451:multiple exciton generation
927:combinatorial phage display
529:non-radiative recombination
462:single-electron transistors
426:, like naturally occurring
10:
10924:
10045:Technology readiness level
9981:Technological unemployment
9479:"Louis E. Brus life story"
9243:Solid State Communications
8429:10.1109/JPROC.2009.2025612
7942:10.1038/s41377-021-00671-x
7380:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.099
4380:10.1038/s41467-022-35702-7
3589:10.1038/s41467-023-38216-y
3516:10.1038/s41586-021-03492-5
3447:10.1038/s41467-019-13349-1
3072:In 1993, David J. Norris,
3000:
1809:
1702:
1607:
1557:
1433:
1289:
1232:single-electron transistor
1144:field is the discovery of
1072:
547:quantum confinement effect
545:emission wavelength â the
519:
482:second-harmonic generation
349:quantum mechanical effects
329:semiconductor nanocrystals
10857:
10819:
10771:
10651:Quantum complexity theory
10629:Quantum cellular automata
10604:
10536:
10470:
10383:
10347:
10334:Path integral formulation
10301:
10166:
10123:
10063:
10028:Technological singularity
9988:Technological convergence
9906:
9859:
9804:Multi-function structures
9727:
9681:
9674:
9414:"History of Quantum Dots"
9279:"Nanotechnology Timeline"
9024:Journal of Electrostatics
8979:Journal of Electrostatics
8921:10.1103/PhysRevB.59.13036
8886:10.1080/14786440409463107
8839:10.1103/physrevb.52.10737
8743:10.1016/j.cpc.2012.03.002
8585:Physical Review Materials
8464:10.1142/S1793528811000196
7643:10.1007/s00216-007-1703-3
7115:"Band 3 modifications in
6377:Van Driel, A. F. (2005).
5816:MFTTech (24 March 2015).
5501:10.1038/s41565-017-0014-x
5447:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.11687
4259:10.1007/s12668-016-0194-0
3793:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.347
3763:Reviews of Modern Physics
2490:
1955:is the reduced mass, and
1768:
1482:self-assembled monolayers
1408:fluorescence spectroscopy
876:electron beam lithography
837:StranskiâKrastanov growth
605:, and electrical gating.
510:semiconductor fabrication
504:. They have been used in
488:, cell biology research,
10908:Semiconductor structures
10718:Quantum machine learning
10698:Quantum key distribution
10688:Quantum image processing
10678:Quantum error correction
10528:Wheeler's delayed choice
9819:Molecular nanotechnology
9782:Linear acetylenic carbon
9622:Quantum dot on arxiv.org
8956:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.2667
7409:(Submitted manuscript).
6819:10.1088/2050-6120/aaf6f8
6630:10.1088/1361-6528/aad673
6164:(Submitted manuscript).
4478:10.1021/acsomega.9b01471
3115:Cadmium-free quantum dot
3090:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3005:For thousands of years,
1780:melting-point depression
1572:(LED) design, including
1305:blinking of quantum dots
1250:subtle quantum effects.
1205:To improve fluorescence
958:Electrochemical assembly
933:structures of wild-type
806:) quantum dot buried in
572:It is also standard for
442:can be made, exhibiting
252:Nanocrystalline material
228:Nanostructured materials
10634:Quantum finite automata
9993:Technological evolution
9966:Exploratory engineering
9153:"The quantum dot story"
9112:10.1021/acsnano.1c11159
8758:Physical Review Letters
8542:Journal of Luminescence
8417:Proceedings of the IEEE
8374:Applied Physics Letters
7810:Physical Review Letters
7776:10.1073/pnas.1218705110
7427:10.1126/science.1252727
7180:10.1126/science.1088525
7123:Journal of Cell Science
6885:10.1126/science.aad6378
6662:Chemical Communications
6582:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.120
6386:Physical Review Letters
6205:Chemical Communications
5604:10.1126/science.1068054
5549:Applied Physics Express
5228:10.1126/science.1116955
5000:Applied Physics Letters
4210:Applied Surface Science
4051:Physical Review Letters
4018:10.1126/science.1104274
3967:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.120
3834:(7): 071101â071101â25.
3720:Applied Physics Letters
1635:conventional white LEDs
1467:photovoltaic efficiency
1257:A device that produces
1109:reactive oxygen species
909:Genetically engineered
841:indium gallium arsenide
800:indium gallium arsenide
748:electrostatic potential
10738:Quantum neural network
10003:Technology forecasting
9998:Technological paradigm
9971:Proactionary principle
8873:Philosophical Magazine
8301:pid.samsungdisplay.com
8276:pid.samsungdisplay.com
7461:Bioconjugate Chemistry
7285:10.1073/pnas.152463399
6348:10.1002/adma.200904231
6248:10.1002/smll.200900626
5955:Toxicological Sciences
5184:10.1002/ppsc.201300346
5149:10.1002/adma.200700595
4183:10.1002/adfm.200400468
3901:10.1038/nnano.2017.218
3140:Nanocrystal solar cell
3130:LangmuirâBlodgett film
2990:electron shell-filling
2927:
2794:
2740:
2645:
2589:
2456:is the hole mass, and
2425:
1930:
1848:
1807:
1729:. This is because the
1677:organic semiconductors
1623:liquid crystal display
1616:Gaussian distributions
1605:
1436:Quantum dot solar cell
1431:
1262:
1228:extinction coefficient
1161:
919:genetically engineered
821:molecular beam epitaxy
815:
704:
657:
598:
30:
10763:Quantum teleportation
10291:Waveâparticle duality
9929:Disruptive innovation
9792:Metamaterial cloaking
9668:Emerging technologies
8352:MIT Technology Review
8260:on 26 September 2017.
7117:Plasmodium falciparum
5967:10.1093/toxsci/kfp188
5561:10.7567/APEX.9.014001
5479:Nature Nanotechnology
5279:Nature Communications
4360:Nature Communications
3881:Nature Nanotechnology
3569:Nature Communications
3417:Nature Communications
3160:Quantum point contact
3135:Mark Reed (physicist)
3074:Christopher B. Murray
2928:
2795:
2741:
2646:
2590:
2438:is the reduced mass,
2426:
1964:relative permittivity
1931:
1838:
1797:
1670:Photodetector devices
1621:A conventional color
1603:
1554:Light-emitting diodes
1429:
1256:
1159:
1136:of chemicals such as
1105:ultraviolet radiation
861:single-photon sources
793:
702:
655:
596:
478:single-photon sources
282:Technology portal
77:Mechanical properties
24:
10794:Quantum field theory
10723:Quantum metamaterial
10668:Quantum cryptography
10398:Consistent histories
9976:Technological change
9919:Collingridge dilemma
9558:. Springer. p.
7705:Nature Biotechnology
7100:10.1117/2.3201403.17
6929:10.3390/ijms10020441
6283:Nature Biotechnology
5897:Hardman, R. (2006).
4818:10.1166/jnn.2004.149
3668:Brus, L. E. (2007).
3488:Kovalenko, Maksym V.
3219:10.3390/nano13212889
3092:2023 was awarded to
2810:
2756:
2661:
2605:
2534:
2009:
1990:Bound exciton energy
1861:
1596:Quantum dot displays
1570:light-emitting diode
1534:quantum efficiencies
1422:Photovoltaic devices
1331:, or small-molecule
890:silicon quantum dots
872:lateral quantum dots
857:quantum cryptography
418:, emphasizing their
408:quantum mechanically
247:Nanoporous materials
110:Buckminsterfullerene
10903:Quantum electronics
10779:Quantum fluctuation
10748:Quantum programming
10708:Quantum logic gates
10693:Quantum information
10673:Quantum electronics
10148:Classical mechanics
10033:Technology scouting
10008:Accelerating change
9879:Powered exoskeleton
9836:Programmable matter
9714:Smart manufacturing
9709:Molecular assembler
9689:3D microfabrication
9509:The Harvard Crimson
9449:1986JVSTB...4..358R
9376:1984JChPh..80.4403B
9333:1983JChPh..79.1086R
9255:1985SSCom..56..921E
8948:1994PhRvB..49.2667B
8913:1999PhRvB..5913036B
8907:(20): 13036â13042.
8831:1995PhRvB..5210737I
8825:(15): 10737â10739.
8780:2002PhRvL..89A6803Z
8735:2012CoPhC.183.1654R
8708:Scientific American
8675:(42): 11721â11723.
8607:2017PhRvM...1a6001R
8554:1996JLum...70..238J
8386:2012ApPhL.101d3118H
8146:2007NanoL...7.1793L
8092:2015NatSR...512093P
8045:2010Nanos...2..873K
7999:2015NanoL..15.7691K
7934:2021LSA....10..231A
7832:2004PhRvL..92r6601S
7767:2013PNAS..110.2082S
7680:(31): 18079â18086.
7419:2014Sci...344.1380Z
7413:(6190): 1380â1384.
7276:2002PNAS...9912617A
7270:(20): 12617â12621.
7172:2003Sci...302..442D
7053:(49): 14140â14147.
6876:2016Sci...351..369M
6811:2019MApFl...7a2005C
6764:10.1038/nature02571
6756:2004Natur.429..642A
6621:2018Nanot..29Q2001Y
6574:1998PhRvA..57..120L
6505:2015Nanot..26C5701T
6408:2005PhRvL..95w6804V
6340:2010AdM....22.2520F
6174:2002AdM....14..882P
6115:2011PLoSO...624406L
6058:2004NanoL...4...11D
5857:2010Natur.468..516H
5797:. 25 September 2014
5757:on 10 February 2015
5647:2000Natur.405..665W
5596:2002Sci...296..892L
5439:1994PhRvB..5011687L
5433:(16): 11687â11692.
5309:10.1038/ncomms15053
5301:2017NatCo...815053B
5220:2005Sci...309.2180P
5214:(5744): 2180â2184.
5141:2007AdM....19.2513M
5098:2015JPhD...48E4005P
5055:2015JPhD...48E4006N
5012:2008ApPhL..92b3102S
4954:2009Nanot..20C5602P
4911:2009JPhD...42k3001K
4868:2005NanoL...5..537S
4775:2005NanoL...5..655M
4580:2016EnPro.102..152G
4472:(21): 18961â18968.
4438:10.3390/app10186282
4372:2023NatCo..14...49X
4312:2003cond.mat.10127A
4296:(50): 13782â13787.
4222:2016ApSS..367..500X
4132:2015PCCP...1723938R
4126:(37): 23938â23946.
4073:2015PhRvL.115b6101W
4010:2005Sci...307..538M
3958:1998PhRvA..57..120L
3893:2017NatNa..12.1026S
3840:2011RScI...82g1101E
3785:2015RvMP...87..347L
3732:1998ApPhL..73.2564H
3647:2000AnRMS..30..545M
3581:2023NatCo..14.2670S
3525:20.500.11850/488424
3508:2021Natur.593..535C
3439:2019NatCo..10.5401C
3374:1999Natur.400..542B
3335:1993PhT....46a..24K
3290:1996Natur.379..413A
2970:Classical mechanics
2938:quantum capacitance
2416:
2273:
2221:
1880:
1843:* is the exciton's
1826:Coulomb interaction
1745:is the presence of
1727:quantum confinement
1659:quantum dot display
1610:Quantum dot display
1586:integrated circuits
1564:Quantum dot display
1486:4-nitrobenzoic acid
1216:Auger recombination
1146:carbon quantum dots
1014:On 23 January 2013
945:, and the external
865:quantum computation
713:benchtop conditions
709:colloidal synthesis
609:Colloidal synthesis
574:surface passivation
440:artificial molecule
149:Carbon quantum dots
27:quantum confinement
10893:Mesoscopic physics
10832:in popular culture
10614:Quantum algorithms
10462:Von NeumannâWigner
10442:Objective collapse
10153:Old quantum theory
10050:Technology roadmap
9752:Conductive polymer
9483:www.kavliprize.org
8868:(extract of paper)
8681:10.1039/C1CC14687D
8326:patents.google.com
8080:Scientific Reports
8053:10.1039/b9nr00430k
7600:10.1038/nmeth.1248
7335:10.1038/nmeth.2682
7227:10.1038/nmeth.1206
6721:10.1039/c1jm11727k
6674:10.1039/c0cc02627a
6328:Advanced Materials
6162:Advanced Materials
5404:10.1007/BF01798103
5367:10.1039/c7nr00672a
5129:Advanced Materials
4140:10.1039/C5CP03349G
3261:Physical Chemistry
3175:Trojan wave packet
3120:Carbon quantum dot
3045:quantum mechanical
3009:were able to make
2983:plum pudding model
2966:-particle system.
2923:
2790:
2736:
2641:
2585:
2521:chemical potential
2421:
2419:
2402:
2259:
2205:
1969:Confinement energy
1926:
1864:
1849:
1808:
1606:
1502:hybrid solar cells
1443:photovoltaic cells
1432:
1365:therapeutics, and
1263:
1162:
1152:Optical properties
1037:toxic heavy metals
931:liquid crystalline
847:) quantum dots in
816:
794:Atomic resolution
705:
658:
641:size distribution
621:chemical processes
599:
270:Science portal
82:Optical properties
31:
10898:Quantum chemistry
10875:
10874:
10849:Quantum mysticism
10827:Schrödinger's cat
10758:Quantum simulator
10728:Quantum metrology
10656:Quantum computing
10619:Quantum amplifier
10596:Quantum spacetime
10561:Quantum cosmology
10551:Quantum chemistry
10266:Scattering theory
10214:Zero-point energy
10209:Degenerate levels
10117:Quantum mechanics
10083:
10082:
9902:
9901:
9851:Synthetic diamond
9747:Artificial muscle
9729:Materials science
9593:Photoluminescence
9569:978-3-540-20694-1
8936:Physical Review B
8901:Physical Review B
8819:Physical Review B
8519:10.1021/nn400826h
8423:(10): 1666â1683.
8394:10.1063/1.4739235
8228:10.1021/ja2036749
8222:(26): 9960â9963.
8193:10.1021/nn501001j
8154:10.1021/nl070430o
8100:10.1038/srep12093
7993:(11): 7691â7696.
7711:(10): 1165â1170.
7686:10.1021/jp502033d
7508:10.1021/la704075r
7502:(10): 5445â5452.
7473:10.1021/bc034153y
7329:(12): 1203â1205.
7166:(5644): 442â445.
7136:10.1242/jcs.01662
7059:10.1021/jp5064325
7020:10.1021/ja301332t
7014:(14): 6108â6111.
6976:978-1-68108-519-7
6870:(6271): 369â372.
6750:(6992): 642â646.
6668:(44): 8311â8324.
6552:Physical Review A
6474:10.1021/jp025698c
6468:(31): 7619â7622.
6334:(23): 2520â2524.
6289:(10): 1165â1170.
6066:10.1021/nl0347334
6019:10.1021/ar300040z
5851:(7323): 516â517.
5702:10.1021/nn305697q
5641:(6787): 665â668.
5590:(5569): 892â895.
5427:Physical Review B
5360:(18): 6056â6067.
5135:(18): 2513â2519.
5020:10.1063/1.2830828
4876:10.1021/nl0480060
4783:10.1021/nl050066y
4730:10.1021/nl5048779
4671:10.1021/ja108948z
4320:10.1021/jp036497r
4004:(5709): 538â544.
3936:Physical Review A
3887:(11): 1026â1039.
3849:10.1063/1.3610677
3726:(18): 2564â2566.
3502:(7860): 535â542.
3368:(6744): 542â544.
3284:(6564): 413â419.
3150:Quantum dot laser
2921:
2875:
2775:
2734:
2686:
2639:
2616:
2499:Quantum mechanics
2397:
2348:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2241:
2222:
2186:
2172:
2120:
2098:
2074:
2024:
1908:
1818:particle in a box
1759:electron transfer
1721:excitation drive
1631:fluorescent lamps
1625:(LCD) is usually
1463:intermediate band
1279:plasmon resonance
1271:density of states
1069:Health and safety
997:molecular seeding
911:M13 bacteriophage
736:nonthermal plasma
678:cadmium telluride
486:quantum computing
424:electronic states
404:particle in a box
381:photoluminescence
357:materials science
318:
317:
130:Carbon allotropes
10915:
10865:
10864:
10576:Quantum geometry
10571:Quantum dynamics
10428:Superdeterminism
10324:Matrix mechanics
10179:Braâket notation
10110:
10103:
10096:
10087:
10086:
10071:
10070:
10018:Horizon scanning
9934:Ephemeralization
9894:Uncrewed vehicle
9814:Carbon nanotubes
9679:
9678:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9638:
9637:
9591:
9573:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9519:
9513:
9512:
9500:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9475:
9469:
9468:
9457:10.1116/1.583331
9432:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9384:10.1063/1.447218
9370:(9): 4403â4409.
9359:
9353:
9352:
9341:10.1063/1.445834
9327:(2): 1086â1088.
9316:
9310:
9309:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9198:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9175:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9131:
9106:(4): 5085â5102.
9091:
9085:
9084:
9078:
9069:
9058:
9057:
9039:
9019:
9013:
9012:
8994:
8985:(6): 1029â1035.
8974:
8968:
8967:
8942:(4): 2667â2676.
8931:
8925:
8924:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8869:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8773:
8771:cond-mat/0208436
8753:
8747:
8746:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8646:Polymer Handbook
8641:
8635:
8634:
8600:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8548:(1â6): 238â252.
8537:
8531:
8530:
8513:(5): 4316â4325.
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8187:(4): 4015â4022.
8175:
8166:
8165:
8140:(6): 1793â1798.
8128:
8122:
8121:
8111:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8028:
8019:
8018:
7981:
7972:
7971:
7961:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7887:10.1002/pip.3351
7866:
7860:
7859:
7825:
7823:cond-mat/0404368
7805:
7799:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7761:(6): 2082â2087.
7745:
7739:
7738:
7728:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7637:(5): 1609â1618.
7626:
7620:
7619:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7558:
7549:(8): 1769â1777.
7534:
7528:
7527:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7456:
7447:
7446:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7297:
7287:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7238:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7138:
7129:(5): 1091â1098.
7110:
7104:
7103:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7038:
7032:
7031:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6979:. Archived from
6958:
6952:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6907:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6632:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6567:
6565:cond-mat/9701055
6547:
6541:
6540:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6434:. Archived from
6401:
6399:cond-mat/0509565
6383:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6213:10.1039/b413175d
6200:
6194:
6193:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6077:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6002:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5915:10.1289/ehp.8284
5894:
5885:
5884:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5820:. Archived from
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5753:. Archived from
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5696:(4): 3190â3197.
5681:
5675:
5674:
5655:10.1038/35015043
5630:
5624:
5623:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5494:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5294:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5038:
5032:
5031:
4997:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4853:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4812:(8): 1039â1044.
4801:
4795:
4794:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4724:(6): 3692â3696.
4705:
4699:
4698:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4620:Synthetic Metals
4611:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4425:Applied Sciences
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4351:
4340:
4339:
4305:
4303:cond-mat/0310127
4285:
4279:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4177:(7): 1117â1124.
4166:
4160:
4159:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4066:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4029:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3951:
3949:cond-mat/9701055
3927:
3921:
3920:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3851:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3740:10.1063/1.122534
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3527:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3432:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3343:10.1063/1.881393
3316:
3310:
3309:
3298:10.1038/379413a0
3271:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3221:
3197:
3068:
3060:Daniel S. Chemla
3018:Herbert Fröhlich
2961:
2950:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2776:
2773:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2272:
2267:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1484:(SAMs) (such as
1267:zero-dimensional
1236:Coulomb blockade
1179:
971:Bulk manufacture
854:
849:gallium arsenide
846:
813:
808:gallium arsenide
805:
767:in the core and
753:lithographically
719:Plasma synthesis
686:indium phosphide
670:cadmium selenide
543:photoluminescent
416:artificial atoms
385:conductance band
377:conductance band
335:particles a few
310:
303:
296:
280:
279:
268:
267:
219:Titanium dioxide
58:Carbon nanotubes
52:
33:
32:
10923:
10922:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10913:
10912:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10853:
10839:Wigner's friend
10815:
10806:Quantum gravity
10767:
10753:Quantum sensing
10733:Quantum network
10713:Quantum machine
10683:Quantum imaging
10646:Quantum circuit
10641:Quantum channel
10600:
10546:Quantum biology
10532:
10508:ElitzurâVaidman
10483:DavissonâGermer
10466:
10418:Hidden-variable
10408:de BroglieâBohm
10385:Interpretations
10379:
10343:
10297:
10184:Complementarity
10162:
10119:
10114:
10084:
10079:
10059:
9898:
9855:
9757:Femtotechnology
9742:Amorphous metal
9723:
9670:
9665:
9603:
9598:
9570:
9547:
9545:Further reading
9542:
9541:
9531:
9529:
9521:
9520:
9516:
9501:
9497:
9487:
9485:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9433:
9429:
9419:
9417:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9360:
9356:
9317:
9313:
9294:
9290:
9277:
9276:
9272:
9249:(11): 921â924.
9235:
9231:
9216:
9212:
9196:
9189:
9185:
9169:
9168:
9161:
9159:
9157:Chemistry World
9149:
9145:
9092:
9088:
9076:
9070:
9061:
9020:
9016:
8975:
8971:
8932:
8928:
8897:
8893:
8880:(39): 237â265.
8867:
8858:
8854:
8815:
8811:
8754:
8750:
8719:
8715:
8700:
8696:
8667:nanocrystals".
8666:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8642:
8638:
8581:
8577:
8538:
8534:
8503:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8475:
8471:
8448:
8444:
8413:
8409:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8344:
8340:
8330:
8328:
8320:
8319:
8315:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8254:nanotechweb.org
8248:
8247:
8243:
8212:
8208:
8176:
8169:
8129:
8125:
8072:
8068:
8029:
8022:
7982:
7975:
7914:
7910:
7867:
7863:
7806:
7802:
7746:
7742:
7717:10.1038/nbt1340
7697:
7693:
7670:
7666:
7627:
7623:
7584:
7580:
7535:
7531:
7492:
7488:
7457:
7450:
7399:
7395:
7364:
7360:
7315:
7311:
7256:
7252:
7207:
7203:
7156:
7152:
7111:
7107:
7088:
7084:
7039:
7035:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6977:
6959:
6955:
6908:
6901:
6856:
6852:
6791:
6787:
6740:
6736:
6701:
6697:
6658:
6654:
6601:
6597:
6548:
6544:
6485:
6481:
6458:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6324:
6320:
6295:10.1038/nbt1340
6275:
6271:
6232:
6228:
6201:
6197:
6168:(12): 882â885.
6154:
6150:
6095:
6091:
6038:
6034:
6003:
5992:
5947:
5940:
5895:
5888:
5865:10.1038/468516a
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5768:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5688:Quantum Dots".
5687:
5682:
5678:
5631:
5627:
5580:
5576:
5544:
5540:
5474:
5470:
5423:
5419:
5387:
5383:
5346:
5342:
5271:
5267:
5203:
5199:
5168:
5164:
5125:
5121:
5082:
5078:
5039:
5035:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4938:
4934:
4895:
4891:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4802:
4798:
4759:
4755:
4713:
4706:
4702:
4665:(4): 998â1006.
4651:
4647:
4612:
4605:
4568:Energy Procedia
4560:
4553:
4518:
4511:
4458:
4454:
4417:
4413:
4352:
4343:
4286:
4282:
4243:
4239:
4202:
4198:
4167:
4163:
4116:
4112:
4047:
4043:
3990:
3983:
3928:
3924:
3877:
3873:
3820:
3816:
3759:
3755:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3629:
3622:
3561:
3557:
3484:
3480:
3409:
3405:
3354:
3350:
3317:
3313:
3272:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3145:Paul Alivisatos
3110:
3062:
3041:Alexander Efros
3027:in 1981 at the
3003:
2985:, of the atom.
2976:Thomson problem
2972:
2952:
2941:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2772:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2693:
2691:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2517:
2505:pseudopotential
2501:
2493:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1961:
1946:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1852:Band gap energy
1842:
1814:
1792:
1771:
1735:chemical energy
1733:determines the
1723:redox reactions
1707:
1701:
1672:
1612:
1598:
1566:
1556:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1478:
1438:
1424:
1327:, nucleic acid
1292:
1224:
1154:
1141:
1093:physicochemical
1081:
1073:Main articles:
1071:
1033:
973:
964:electrochemical
960:
907:
852:
844:
811:
803:
744:
721:
682:indium arsenide
674:cadmium sulfide
611:
591:
524:
518:
498:inkjet printing
494:medical imaging
314:
274:
262:
159:Aluminium oxide
17:
12:
11:
5:
10921:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10823:
10821:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10802:
10801:
10791:
10786:
10784:Casimir effect
10781:
10775:
10773:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10743:Quantum optics
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10637:
10636:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10610:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10542:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10518:Quantum eraser
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10474:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10389:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10305:
10303:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10191:
10189:Density matrix
10186:
10181:
10176:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10133:
10127:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10113:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10090:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10077:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9891:
9889:Swarm robotics
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9865:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9831:Picotechnology
9828:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9809:Nanotechnology
9806:
9801:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9733:
9731:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9676:
9672:
9671:
9664:
9663:
9656:
9649:
9641:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9602:
9601:External links
9599:
9597:
9596:
9579:
9568:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9527:NobelPrize.org
9514:
9495:
9470:
9443:(1): 358â360.
9427:
9405:
9354:
9311:
9288:
9270:
9229:
9210:
9203:(in Russian).
9183:
9143:
9086:
9059:
9030:(5): 414â418.
9014:
8969:
8926:
8891:
8861:Thomson, J. J.
8852:
8809:
8764:(27): 276803.
8748:
8713:
8694:
8664:
8660:
8651:
8636:
8575:
8532:
8497:
8469:
8442:
8407:
8364:
8338:
8313:
8288:
8263:
8241:
8206:
8167:
8123:
8066:
8039:(6): 873â886.
8020:
7973:
7908:
7881:(7): 705â713.
7861:
7816:(18): 186601.
7800:
7740:
7691:
7664:
7621:
7594:(9): 763â775.
7588:Nature Methods
7578:
7529:
7486:
7448:
7393:
7374:(3): 739â743.
7358:
7323:Nature Methods
7309:
7250:
7221:(5): 397â399.
7215:Nature Methods
7201:
7150:
7105:
7082:
7033:
6994:
6983:on 14 May 2019
6975:
6953:
6922:(2): 441â491.
6899:
6850:
6785:
6734:
6695:
6652:
6615:(43): 432001.
6609:Nanotechnology
6595:
6542:
6499:(29): 295701.
6493:Nanotechnology
6479:
6452:
6392:(23): 236804.
6369:
6318:
6269:
6242:(1): 138â144.
6226:
6207:(1): 121â123.
6195:
6148:
6089:
6032:
6013:(3): 662â671.
5990:
5961:(2): 276â296.
5938:
5909:(2): 165â172.
5886:
5835:
5824:on 18 May 2015
5808:
5782:
5741:
5715:
5685:
5676:
5625:
5574:
5555:(11): 014001.
5538:
5485:(2): 102â106.
5468:
5417:
5381:
5340:
5265:
5197:
5178:(7): 751â756.
5162:
5119:
5092:(31): 314005.
5076:
5049:(31): 314006.
5033:
4983:
4948:(29): 295602.
4942:Nanotechnology
4932:
4905:(11): 113001.
4889:
4862:(3): 537â541.
4839:
4796:
4769:(4): 655â659.
4753:
4711:
4700:
4645:
4626:(3): 649â652.
4603:
4551:
4509:
4452:
4411:
4341:
4280:
4253:(2): 153â156.
4247:BioNanoScience
4237:
4196:
4161:
4110:
4041:
3981:
3942:(1): 120â126.
3922:
3871:
3814:
3769:(2): 347â400.
3753:
3710:
3694:"Quantum Dots"
3685:
3660:
3641:(1): 545â610.
3620:
3555:
3478:
3403:
3348:
3311:
3266:
3251:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3094:Moungi Bawendi
3078:Moungi Bawendi
3002:
2999:
2994:periodic table
2971:
2968:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1970:
1967:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1853:
1840:
1812:Potential well
1810:Main article:
1791:
1788:
1784:Mie scattering
1770:
1767:
1743:photocatalysis
1715:photocatalysis
1705:Photocatalysis
1703:Main article:
1700:
1699:Photocatalysts
1697:
1671:
1668:
1608:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1555:
1552:
1524:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1477:
1474:
1434:Main article:
1423:
1420:
1416:cell squeezing
1301:photobleaching
1291:
1288:
1223:
1220:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1079:Nanotoxicology
1070:
1067:
1032:
1029:
1025:LG Electronics
972:
969:
959:
956:
947:magnetic field
943:ionic strength
937:(Fd, M13, and
906:
905:Viral assembly
903:
902:
901:
883:
868:
788:
787:
780:
743:
740:
720:
717:
610:
607:
590:
587:
517:
514:
451:optoelectronic
436:wave functions
400:electron holes
393:band structure
369:semiconducting
353:nanotechnology
316:
315:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
272:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
231:
230:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
61:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10920:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10868:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10818:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10770:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10703:Quantum logic
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10607:
10603:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10556:Quantum chaos
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10523:SternâGerlach
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10457:Transactional
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10447:Quantum logic
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10346:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10300:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10282:
10281:Wave function
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10256:Superposition
10254:
10252:
10251:Quantum state
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10204:Excited state
10202:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10111:
10106:
10104:
10099:
10097:
10092:
10091:
10088:
10076:
10075:
10066:
10065:
10062:
10056:
10055:Transhumanism
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10005:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9824:Nanomaterials
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9787:Metamaterials
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9730:
9726:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9699:3D publishing
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9682:Manufacturing
9680:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9657:
9655:
9650:
9648:
9643:
9642:
9639:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9594:
9589:
9585:
9580:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9510:
9506:
9499:
9484:
9480:
9474:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9415:
9409:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9315:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9274:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9226:(7): 775â778.
9225:
9221:
9214:
9206:
9202:
9194:
9187:
9179:
9173:
9158:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9090:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9018:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8973:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8655:
8647:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8591:(1): 016001.
8590:
8586:
8579:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8501:
8486:
8485:
8484:IEEE Spectrum
8480:
8473:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8446:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8380:(4): 043118.
8379:
8375:
8368:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8174:
8172:
8163:
8159:
8155:
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8135:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8070:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8025:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7980:
7978:
7969:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7912:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
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7702:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7455:
7453:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7092:SPIE Newsroom
7086:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6906:
6904:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6805:(1): 012005.
6804:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6715:(43): 17049.
6714:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6441:on 2 May 2019
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6109:(9): e24406.
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6020:
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6012:
6008:
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5986:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
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5945:
5943:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
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5904:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
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5850:
5846:
5839:
5823:
5819:
5812:
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5792:
5786:
5778:
5772:
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5745:
5730:
5726:
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5703:
5699:
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5680:
5672:
5668:
5664:
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5640:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5613:
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5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
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5542:
5534:
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5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
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5502:
5498:
5493:
5488:
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5464:
5460:
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5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5394:(in German).
5393:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5006:(2): 123102.
5005:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
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4900:
4893:
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4881:
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4873:
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4865:
4861:
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4843:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
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4727:
4723:
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4715:
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4688:
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4672:
4668:
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4649:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4057:(2): 026101.
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:10.1038/22979
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3322:Physics Today
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:Nanomaterials
3203:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3102:Alexey Ekimov
3099:
3098:Louis E. Brus
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:Louis E. Brus
3030:
3026:
3025:Alexey Ekimov
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:colored glass
3008:
2998:
2995:
2992:behavior. A "
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
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2667:
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2599:
2579:
2576:
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2567:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:Semiclassical
2512:
2510:
2509:random matrix
2506:
2496:
2485:
2484:Quantum wells
2482:
2479:
2478:Quantum wires
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2441:
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2412:
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2206:
2202:
2197:
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2192:
2179:
2166:
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2158:
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2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
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2123:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:Brus equation
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1951:is the mass,
1950:
1943:
1939:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1865:
1857:
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1846:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:thermodynamic
1766:
1764:
1763:chalcogenides
1760:
1756:
1755:mass transfer
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:excited state
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1665:
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1653:
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1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:monochromatic
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1517:nanomaterials
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1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:lead selenide
1444:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1414:cytosol. Via
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:embryogenesis
1349:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1259:visible light
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:and show the
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:quantum yield
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1149:
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1142:
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1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
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1066:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
968:
965:
955:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:semiconductor
920:
916:
912:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
850:
842:
838:
834:
833:wetting layer
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
809:
801:
797:
792:
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
756:
754:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
714:
710:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:lead selenide
663:
654:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
617:semiconductor
615:
606:
604:
603:self-assembly
595:
586:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
564:
558:
556:
555:quantum yield
550:
548:
544:
539:
534:
530:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:hybridization
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:and discrete
421:
417:
413:
412:energy levels
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:in size with
338:
334:
333:semiconductor
330:
326:
322:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
289:
288:
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278:
273:
271:
266:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
250:
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245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Nanocomposite
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
226:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
199:Ironâplatinum
197:
195:
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187:
185:
182:
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177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:nanoparticles
137:
136:
131:
128:
126:
125:Health impact
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:C70 fullerene
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
42:Nanomaterials
40:
39:
35:
34:
28:
23:
19:
10888:Quantum dots
10586:Quantum mind
10498:FranckâHertz
10360:KleinâGordon
10309:Formulations
10302:Formulations
10231:Interference
10221:Entanglement
10199:Ground state
10194:Energy level
10167:Fundamentals
10131:Introduction
10072:
9959:Robot ethics
9874:Nanorobotics
9841:Quantum dots
9840:
9588:1721.1/11129
9554:
9530:. Retrieved
9526:
9517:
9508:
9498:
9486:. Retrieved
9482:
9473:
9440:
9436:
9430:
9418:. Retrieved
9408:
9367:
9363:
9357:
9324:
9320:
9314:
9305:
9301:
9291:
9282:
9273:
9246:
9242:
9232:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9204:
9201:JETP Letters
9200:
9186:
9160:. Retrieved
9156:
9146:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9080:
9027:
9023:
9017:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8939:
8935:
8929:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8877:
8876:. Series 6.
8871:
8855:
8822:
8818:
8812:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8707:
8697:
8672:
8669:Chem. Commun
8668:
8654:
8645:
8639:
8588:
8584:
8578:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8488:. Retrieved
8482:
8472:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8355:. Retrieved
8351:
8341:
8329:. Retrieved
8325:
8316:
8304:. Retrieved
8300:
8291:
8279:. Retrieved
8275:
8266:
8258:the original
8253:
8244:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8184:
8180:
8137:
8134:Nano Letters
8133:
8126:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8036:
8032:
7990:
7987:Nano Letters
7986:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7813:
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7803:
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7754:
7743:
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7630:
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7591:
7587:
7581:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7467:(1): 79â86.
7464:
7460:
7410:
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7361:
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7122:
7116:
7108:
7091:
7085:
7050:
7046:
7036:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6985:. Retrieved
6981:the original
6966:
6956:
6919:
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6867:
6863:
6853:
6802:
6798:
6788:
6747:
6743:
6737:
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6665:
6661:
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6612:
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6598:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6445:16 September
6443:. Retrieved
6436:the original
6389:
6385:
6372:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6204:
6198:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6106:
6102:
6092:
6052:(1): 11â18.
6049:
6046:Nano Letters
6045:
6035:
6010:
6006:
5958:
5954:
5906:
5902:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5822:the original
5811:
5799:. Retrieved
5794:
5785:
5759:. Retrieved
5755:the original
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5728:
5718:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5552:
5548:
5541:
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5478:
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5430:
5426:
5420:
5395:
5391:
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5353:
5343:
5285:(1): 15053.
5282:
5278:
5268:
5211:
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5200:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5003:
4999:
4986:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4859:
4856:Nano Letters
4855:
4842:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4766:
4763:Nano Letters
4762:
4756:
4721:
4718:Nano Letters
4717:
4703:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4623:
4619:
4571:
4567:
4529:
4525:
4469:
4465:
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4431:(18): 6282.
4428:
4424:
4414:
4363:
4359:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4001:
3997:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3663:
3638:
3632:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3499:
3495:
3490:(May 2021).
3481:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3329:(1): 24â31.
3326:
3320:
3314:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3212:(21): 2889.
3209:
3205:
3195:
3087:
3071:
3051:
3049:
3022:
3016:
3004:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2802:
2748:
2653:
2597:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2494:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
1997:
1983:reduced mass
1978:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1772:
1708:
1693:spectroscopy
1673:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1620:
1613:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1499:
1479:
1471:
1455:lead sulfide
1439:
1412:
1401:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1345:
1341:
1317:streptavidin
1309:
1293:
1284:
1275:diode lasers
1264:
1248:
1225:
1222:Applications
1210:
1204:
1188:fluorescence
1181:
1174:
1170:fluorescence
1163:
1130:
1114:
1101:cytotoxicity
1098:
1082:
1061:
1045:
1034:
1013:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:nanoparticle
982:
976:
974:
961:
915:biocomposite
908:
798:image of an
784:quantum well
745:
722:
706:
662:lead sulfide
659:
646:
642:
612:
600:
571:
567:
559:
551:
525:
502:spin coating
459:
448:
439:
415:
397:
389:valence band
373:valence band
328:
324:
321:Quantum dots
320:
319:
174:Cobalt oxide
154:Quantum dots
153:
87:Applications
18:
10844:EPR paradox
10624:Quantum bus
10493:Double-slit
10471:Experiments
10437:Many-worlds
10375:Schrödinger
10339:Phase space
10329:Schrödinger
10319:Interaction
10276:Uncertainty
10246:Nonlocality
10241:Measurement
10236:Decoherence
10226:Hamiltonian
10023:Moore's law
9954:Neuroethics
9949:Cyberethics
9719:Utility fog
9704:Claytronics
9694:3D printing
8729:(8): 1654.
6987:24 December
5398:: 797â810.
4574:: 152â163.
4532:: 395â404.
4216:: 500â506.
3575:(1): 2670.
3423:(1): 5401.
3165:Shuming Nie
3063: [
3052:quantum dot
3007:glassmakers
2310:confinement
2023:confinement
1845:Bohr radius
1830:Bohr radius
1747:surfactants
1666:) imaging.
1633:(CCFLs) or
1404:fluorophore
1218:in others.
1009:flow system
880:spin qubits
742:Fabrication
466:solar cells
455:wavelengths
10882:Categories
10772:Extensions
10606:Technology
10452:Relational
10403:Copenhagen
10314:Heisenberg
10261:Tunnelling
10124:Background
9914:Automation
9799:Metal foam
9207:: 363â366.
9162:20 October
8598:1705.05333
8458:(2): 1â5.
8331:1 November
8306:1 November
8281:1 November
7928:(1): 231.
5492:1708.01454
5292:1610.01406
4064:1503.07738
3703:4 December
3430:1905.06065
3187:References
1974:Bohr model
1802:-type and
1711:solar fuel
1558:See also:
1459:perovskite
1392:photolysis
1370:immunology
1367:lymphocyte
1359:metastasis
1313:Antibodies
1186:onset and
1184:absorption
1126:exocytosis
859:(that is,
823:(MBE) and
694:nanometers
690:perovskite
625:precursors
589:Production
578:oleic acid
520:See also:
490:microscopy
345:electronic
337:nanometres
194:Iron oxide
101:Fullerenes
10478:Bell test
10348:Equations
10174:Born rule
9944:Bioethics
9762:Fullerene
9576:epitaxial
9532:6 October
9488:4 October
9465:0734-211X
9420:8 October
9392:0021-9606
9349:0021-9606
9120:1936-0851
9054:118480104
9037:1403.2591
9009:118480104
8992:1403.2591
8623:2475-9953
8570:0022-2313
8086:: 12093.
8033:Nanoscale
7950:2047-7538
7903:226335202
7895:1062-7995
7565:2169-141X
7516:0743-7463
7443:206556385
6827:2050-6120
6729:0959-9428
6682:1359-7345
6639:0957-4484
6521:0957-4484
6364:205236024
5881:205060500
5795:The Times
5771:cite news
5569:124809958
5533:119036164
5517:1748-3387
5509:1748-3395
5455:0163-1829
5354:Nanoscale
5317:2041-1723
5244:0036-8075
5236:1095-9203
5114:123881981
5071:118926523
5028:121329624
4927:121602427
4695:207060827
4679:0002-7863
4640:0379-6779
4598:1876-6102
4546:0925-8388
4486:2470-1343
4466:ACS Omega
4447:2076-3417
4388:2041-1723
4366:(1): 49.
4328:1520-6106
4275:139004694
4267:2191-1630
4089:0031-9007
3976:1050-2947
3909:1748-3387
3858:0034-6748
3809:118664135
3801:0034-6861
3776:1312.1079
3748:0003-6951
3597:2041-1723
3550:235215237
3534:1476-4687
3455:2041-1723
3390:1476-4687
3228:2079-4991
3180:Uri Banin
3170:Superatom
3056:Mark Reed
3050:The term
3047:effects.
3037:Bell Labs
2906:−
2863:μ
2860:−
2842:μ
2779:Δ
2760:Δ
2719:μ
2716:−
2707:Δ
2695:μ
2680:μ
2677:Δ
2665:Δ
2633:Δ
2625:Δ
2619:≡
2577:−
2565:−
2538:μ
2413:∗
2400:−
2384:μ
2370:π
2360:ℏ
2270:∗
2257:−
2227:μ
2207:ε
2198:−
2159:μ
2145:π
2135:ℏ
2050:π
2040:ℏ
1906:μ
1886:ε
1877:∗
1681:colloidal
1530:nanowires
1480:Aromatic
1363:stem cell
732:germanium
647:defocuses
630:annealing
614:Colloidal
582:colloidal
432:molecules
164:Cellulose
120:Chemistry
72:Chemistry
67:Synthesis
10867:Category
10661:Timeline
10413:Ensemble
10393:Bayesian
10286:Collapse
10158:Glossary
10141:Timeline
9869:Domotics
9861:Robotics
9846:Silicene
9767:Graphene
9416:. Nexdot
9400:54779723
9172:cite web
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