439:
modification and surface passivation with various organic, polymeric, inorganic or biological materials. By surface passivation, the fluorescence properties as well as physical properties of CQDs are enhanced. Recently, it has been discovered that amine and hydroxamic acid functionalized CD can produce tricolor (green, yellow and red) emission when introduced with different pH environment and this tricolor emission can be preserved in ORMOSIL film matrix. A paper published in 2019 showed that CQD can resist temperatures as high as 800 °C, paving way for applications of CQD in high temperature environments. Based on carbon, CQDs possess such properties as good conductivity, benign chemical composition, photochemical and thermal stability.
487:, and polymer-silica nanocomposites through hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment, supported synthetic, and microwave synthetic routes. For instance, Zhu et al. described a simple method of preparing CQDs by heating a solution of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and saccharide in 500 W microwave oven for 2 to 10 min. Also a laser-induced thermal shock method is exploited for synthesis ultra-broadband QCDs. Recently, green synthetic approaches have also been employed for fabrication of CQDs. Care must be taken to separate the "bottom-up" carbon dots from fluorescent byproducts such as small molecules or polyester condensates by using multiple dialysis and chromatography separation methods.
422:
418:, CQDs possess the attractive properties of high stability, good conductivity, low toxicity, environmental friendliness, simple synthetic routes as well as comparable optical properties to quantum dots. Carbon quantum dots have been extensively investigated especially due to their strong and tunable fluorescence emission properties, which enable their applications in biomedicine, optronics, catalysis, and sensing. In most cases CQDs emits the light in a band of about several hundred nanometers in visible or near-infrared range, however it was also reported on broadband CQDs covering the spectrum from 800 to 1600 nm.
515:
photo luminescence emissions. The mechanisms by which
Nitrogen doping enhances the fluorescence quantum yield of CQDs, as well as the structure of heavily N-doped CDs, are very debated issues in the literature. Zhou et al. applied XANES and XEOL in investigating the electronic structure and luminescence mechanism in their electrochemically produced carbon QDS and found that N doping is almost certainly responsible for the blue luminescence. Synthesis of new nanocomposites based on CDs have been reported with unusual properties. For example, a nanocomposite has been designed by using of CDs and magnetic
430:
effects, whereas other works, including single particle measurements, have rather attributed the fluorescence to recombination of surface-trapped charges, or proposed a form of coupling between core and surface electronic states. The excitation-dependent fluorescence of CQDs, leading to their characteristic emission tunability, has been mostly linked to the inhomogeneous distribution of their emission characteristics, due to polydispersity, although some works have explained it as a violation of Kasha's rule arising from an unusually slow solvent relaxation.
476:, and electrochemical techniques. For example, Zhou et al. first applied electrochemical method into synthesis of CQDs. They grew multi-walled carbon nanotubes on a carbon paper, then they inserted the carbon paper into an electrochemical cell containing supporting electrolyte including degassed acetonitrile and 0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate. Later, they applied this method in cutting CNTs or assembling CNTs into functional patterns which demonstrated the versatile callability of this method in carbon nanostructure manipulations.
309:
321:
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25:
94:
3151:
Zhang, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Yu; Kalytchuk, Sergii; Kershaw, Stephen V.; Wang, Yinghui; Wang, Peng; Zhang, Tieqiang; Zhao, Yi; Zhang, Hanzhuang; Cui, Tian; Wang, Yiding; Zhao, Jun; Yu, William W.; Rogach, Andrey L. (2013). "Color-Switchable
Electroluminescence of Carbon Dot Light-Emitting Diodes".
1221:
Sun, Ya-Ping; Zhou, Bing; Lin, Yi; Wang, Wei; Fernando, K. A. Shiral; Pathak, Pankaj; Meziani, Mohammed Jaouad; Harruff, Barbara A.; Wang, Xin; Wang, Haifang; Luo, Pengju G.; Yang, Hua; Kose, Muhammet Erkan; Chen, Bailin; Veca, L. Monica; Xie, Su-Yuan (2006). "Quantum-Sized Carbon Dots for Bright and
514:
In addition to surface passivation, doping is also a common method used to tune the properties of CQDs. Various doping methods with elements such as N, S, P have been demonstrated for tuning the properties of CQDs, among which N doping is the most common way due to its great ability in improving the
447:
Synthetic methods for CQDs are roughly divided into two categories, "top-down" and "bottom-up" routes. These can be achieved via chemical, electrochemical or physical techniques. The CQDs obtained could be optimized during preparation or post-treatment. Modification of CQDs is also very important to
429:
The fundamental mechanisms responsible of the fluorescence capability of CQDs are very debated. Some authors have provided evidence of size-dependent fluorescence properties, suggesting that the emission arises from electronic transitions with the core of the dots, influenced by quantum confinement
497:
In addition to post-treatment, controlling the size of CQDs during the preparing process is also widely used. For instance, Zhu et al. reported hydrophilic CQDs through impregnation of citric acid precursor. After pyrolyzing CQDs at 300 °C for 2 hours in air, then removing silica, followed by
596:
CQDs were also applied in biosensing as biosensor carriers for their flexibility in modification, high solubility in water, nontoxicity, good photostability, and excellent biocompatibility. The biosensors based on CQD and CQs-based materials could be used for visual monitoring of cellular copper,
608:
and nucleic acid. A general example is about nucleic acid lateral flow assays. The discriminating tags on the amplicons are recognized by their respective antibodies and fluorescence signals provided by the attached CQDs. More generally, the fluorescence of CQDs efficiently responds to pH, local
506:
Being a new type of fluorescent nanoparticles, applications of CQD lie in the field of bioimaging and biosensing due to their biological and environmental friendly composition and excellent biocompatibility. In order to survive the competition with conventional semiconductor quantum dots, a high
1426:
Mintz, Keenan J.; Bartoli, Mattia; Rovere, Massimo; Zhou, Yiqun; Hettiarachchi, Sajini D.; Paudyal, Suraj; Chen, Jiuyan; Domena, Justin B.; Liyanage, Piumi Y.; Sampson, Rachel; Khadka, Durga; Pandey, Raja R.; Huang, Sunxiang; Chusuei, Charles C.; Tagliaferro, Alberto; Leblanc, Roger M. (2021).
550:
CQDs can be used for bioimaging due to their fluorescence emissions and biocompatibility. By injecting solvents containing CQDs into a living body, images in vivo can be obtained for detection or diagnosis purposes. One example is that organic dye-conjugated CQDs could be used as an effective
510:
To prevent surfaces of CQDs from being polluted by their environment, surface passivation is performed to alleviate the detrimental influence of surface contamination on their optical properties. A thin insulating layer is formed to achieve surface passivation via the attachment of polymeric
438:
The structures and components of CQDs determine their diverse properties. Many carboxyl moieties on the CQD surface impart excellent solubility in water and biocompatibility. Such surface moieties enable CQDs to serve as proton conducting nanoparticles. CQDs are also suitable for chemical
1787:
Oza, Goldie; Oza, Kusum; Pandey, Sunil; Shinde, Sachin; Mewada, Ashmi; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Sharon, Maheshwar; Sharon, Madhuri (2014). "A Green Route
Towards Highly Photoluminescent and Cytocompatible Carbon dot Synthesis and its Separation Using Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation".
507:
quantum yield should be achieved. Although a good example of CQDs with ~80% quantum yield was synthesized, most of the quantum dots synthesized have a quantum yield below 10% so far. Surface-passivation and doping methods for modifications are usually applied for improving quantum yield.
631:
composites exhibited improved photocatalytic H2 evolution under irradiation with UV-Vis. The CQDs serve as a reservoir for electrons to improve the efficiency of separating of the electron-hole pairs of P25. In the recent times, metal-free CQDs have been found to improve the kinetics of
617:
The nontoxicity and biocompatibility of CQDs enable them with broad applications in biomedicine as drug carriers, fluorescent tracers as well as controlling drug release. This is exemplified by the use of CQDs as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy to destroy cancer cells.
2889:
Pandey, Sunil; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Mewada, Ashmi; Anjarlekar, Dhanashree; Mishra, Neeraj; Sharon, Madhuri (2013). "Carbon dots functionalized gold nanorod mediated delivery of doxorubicin: Tri-functional nano-worms for drug delivery, photothermal therapy and bioimaging".
2213:
Messina, F.; Sciortino, L.; Popescu, R.; Venezia, A. M.; Sciortino, A.; Buscarino, G.; Agnello, S.; Schneider, R.; Gerthsen, D.; Cannas, M.; Gelardi, F. M. (2016). "Fluorescent nitrogen-rich carbon nanodots with an unexpected β-C3N4nanocrystalline structure".
3461:
Chandra, Sourov; Patra, Prasun; Pathan, Shaheen H.; Roy, Shuvrodeb; Mitra, Shouvik; Layek, Animesh; Bhar, Radhaballabh; Pramanik, Panchanan; Goswami, Arunava (2013). "Luminescent S-doped carbon dots: An emergent architecture for multimodal applications".
588:– leading to dual-mode nanohybrids with both optical and X-ray fluorescent properties. Moreover, the conjugation process not only accounts for dual-mode bioimaging but also passivates the rhodium nanoparticle surface, resulting in reduced cytotoxicity.
780:
Fernando, K. A. Shiral; Sahu, Sushant; Liu, Yamin; Lewis, William K.; Guliants, Elena A.; Jafariyan, Amirhossein; Wang, Ping; Bunker, Christopher E.; Sun, Ya-Ping (2015). "Carbon
Quantum Dots and Applications in Photocatalytic Energy Conversion".
3187:
Ma, Zheng; Zhang, Yong-Lai; Wang, Lei; Ming, Hai; Li, Haitao; Zhang, Xing; Wang, Fang; Liu, Yang; Kang, Zhenhui; Lee, Shuit-Tong (2013). "Bioinspired
Photoelectric Conversion System Based on Carbon-Quantum-Dot-Doped Dye–Semiconductor Complex".
1957:
Bian, Zhengyi; Wallum, Allison; Mehmood, Arshad; Gomez, Eric; Wang, Ziwen; Pandit, Subhendu; Nie, Shuming; Link, Stephan; Levine, Benjamin; Gruebele, Martin (2023). "Properties of Carbon Dots versus Small
Molecules from "Bottom-up" Synthesis".
656:, and light emitting devices. CQDs can be used as photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is significantly enhanced. CQD incorporated hybrid silica based sol can be used as transparent
1831:
Mewada, Ashmi; Pandey, Sunil; Shinde, Sachin; Mishra, Neeraj; Oza, Goldie; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Sharon, Maheshwar; Sharon, Madhuri (2013). "Green synthesis of biocompatible carbon dots using aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa peel".
1108:
Ye, Ruquan; Xiang, Changsheng; Lin, Jian; Peng, Zhiwei; Huang, Kewei; Yan, Zheng; Cook, Nathan P.; Samuel, Errol L.G.; Hwang, Chih-Chau; Ruan, Gedeng; Ceriotti, Gabriel; Raji, Abdul-Rahman O.; Martí, Angel A.; Tour, James M. (2013).
1993:
Zhu, Shoujun; Meng, Qingnan; Wang, Lei; Zhang, Junhu; Song, Yubin; Jin, Han; Zhang, Kai; Sun, Hongchen; Wang, Haiyu; Yang, Bai (2013). "Highly
Photoluminescent Carbon Dots for Multicolor Patterning, Sensors, and Bioimaging".
2064:
Xu, Yang; Wu, Ming; Liu, Yang; Feng, Xi-Zeng; Yin, Xue-Bo; He, Xi-Wen; Zhang, Yu-Kui (2013). "Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots: A Facile and
General Preparation Method, Photoluminescence Investigation, and Imaging Applications".
1158:
Li, Haitao; He, Xiaodie; Kang, Zhenhui; Huang, Hui; Liu, Yang; Liu, Jinglin; Lian, Suoyuan; Tsang, ChiHimA.; Yang, Xiaobao; Lee, Shuit-Tong (2010). "Water-Soluble
Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Photocatalyst Design".
2853:
Pandey, Sunil; Mewada, Ashmi; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Tank, Arun; Sharon, Madhuri (2013). "Cysteamine hydrochloride protected carbon dots as a vehicle for the efficient release of the anti-schizophrenic drug haloperidol".
1921:
Thakur, Mukeshchand; Mewada, Ashmi; Pandey, Sunil; Bhori, Mustansir; Singh, Kanchanlata; Sharon, Maheshwar; Sharon, Madhuri (2016). "Milk-derived multi-fluorescent graphene quantum dot-based cancer theranostic system".
1743:
Phadke, Chinmay; Mewada, Ashmi; Dharmatti, Roopa; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Pandey, Sunil; Sharon, Madhuri (2015). "Biogenic
Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots at Ambient Temperature Using Azadirachta indica (Neem) gum".
2100:
Sun, Dong; Ban, Rui; Zhang, Peng-Hui; Wu, Ge-Hui; Zhang, Jian-Rong; Zhu, Jun-Jie (2013). "Hair fiber as a precursor for synthesizing of sulfur- and nitrogen-co-doped carbon dots with tunable luminescence properties".
3381:
Li, Haitao; He, Xiaodie; Liu, Yang; Huang, Hui; Lian, Suoyuan; Lee, Shuit-Tong; Kang, Zhenhui (2011). "One-step ultrasonic synthesis of water-soluble carbon nanoparticles with excellent photoluminescent properties".
859:
Xu, Xiaoyou; Ray, Robert; Gu, Yunlong; Ploehn, Harry J.; Gearheart, Latha; Raker, Kyle; Scrivens, Walter A. (2004). "Electrophoretic Analysis and Purification of Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fragments".
2128:
Prasad, K. Sudhakara; Pallela, Ramjee; Kim, Dong-Min; Shim, Yoon-Bo (2013). "Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of Metal-Free Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dual-Doped Nanocarbon for Electrocatalysis and Cell Imaging".
567:
could tune the blue emission of the organic dye-conjugated CQDs to green. So by using a fluorescence microscope, the organic dye-conjugated CQDs were able to visualize changes in physiologically relevant levels of
626:
The flexibility of functionalization with various groups CQDs makes them possible to absorb lights of different wavelengths, which offers good opportunities for applications in photocatalysis. CQDs-modified P25
2500:
Zhu, Anwei; Qu, Qiang; Shao, Xiangling; Kong, Biao; Tian, Yang (2012). "Carbon-Dot-Based Dual-Emission Nanohybrid Produces a Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for InVivo Imaging of Cellular Copper Ions".
2783:
Cayuela, Angelina; Laura Soriano, M.; Valcárcel, Miguel (2013). "Strong luminescence of Carbon Dots induced by acetone passivation: Efficient sensor for a rapid analysis of two different pollutants".
2286:
Zhou, Jigang; Zhou, Xingtai; Li, Ruying; Sun, Xueliang; Ding, Zhifeng; Cutler, Jeffrey; Sham, Tsun-Kong (2009). "Electronic structure and luminescence center of blue luminescent carbon nanocrystals".
2535:
Shi, Wenbing; Wang, Qinlong; Long, Yijuan; Cheng, Zhiliang; Chen, Shihong; Zheng, Huzhi; Huang, Yuming (2011). "Carbon nanodots as peroxidase mimetics and their applications to glucose detection".
1383:
Khan, Syamantak; Gupta, Abhishek; Verma, Navneet C.; Nandi, Chayan K. (2015). "Time-Resolved Emission Reveals Ensemble of Emissive States as the Origin of Multicolor Fluorescence in Carbon Dots".
2818:
Mewada, Ashmi; Pandey, Sunil; Thakur, Mukeshchand; Jadhav, Dhanashree; Sharon, Madhuri (2014). "Swarming carbon dots for folic acid mediated delivery of doxorubicin and biological imaging".
3344:
Bourlinos, Athanasios B.; Stassinopoulos, Andreas; Anglos, Demetrios; Zboril, Radek; Karakassides, Michael; Giannelis, Emmanuel P. (2008). "Surface Functionalized Carbogenic Quantum Dots".
1704:
Zhu, Hui; Wang, Xiaolei; Li, Yali; Wang, Zhongjun; Yang, Fan; Yang, Xiurong (2009). "Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties".
958:
Chan, Warren C.W; Maxwell, Dustin J; Gao, Xiaohu; Bailey, Robert E; Han, Mingyong; Nie, Shuming (2002). "Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging".
3432:
Krysmann, Marta J.; Kelarakis, Antonios; Dallas, Panagiotis; Giannelis, Emmanuel P. (2012). "Formation Mechanism of Carbogenic Nanoparticles with Dual Photoluminescence Emission".
1305:
Sciortino, Alice; Marino, Emanuele; Dam, Bart van; Schall, Peter; Cannas, Marco; Messina, Fabrizio (2016). "Solvatochromism Unravels the Emission Mechanism of Carbon Nanodots".
1544:
Rimal, Vishal; Shishodia, Shubham; Srivastava, P.K. (2020). "Novel synthesis of high-thermal stability carbon dots and nanocomposites from oleic acid as an organic substrate".
2578:
Shi, Wen; Li, Xiaohua; Ma, Huimin (2012). "A Tunable Ratiometric pH Sensor Based on Carbon Nanodots for the Quantitative Measurement of the Intracellular pH of Whole Cells".
3403:
Zong, Jie; Zhu, Yihua; Yang, Xiaoling; Shen, Jianhua; Li, Chunzhong (2011). "Synthesis of photoluminescent carbogenic dots using mesoporous silica spheres as nanoreactors".
1580:
584:. demonstrated the concept using MW-assisted synthesized nitrogen-doped excitation-independent CQDs. These were conjugated with rhodium nanoparticles – X-ray fluorescence
1340:
Demchenko, Alexander P.; Dekaliuk, Mariia O. (2016). "The origin of emissive states of carbon nanoparticles derived from ensemble-averaged and single-molecular studies".
498:
dialysis, they prepared CQDs with a uniform size of 1.5–2.5 nm which showed low toxicity, excellent luminescence, good photostability, and up-conversion properties.
2656:
Kong, Weiguang; Wu, Huizhen; Ye, Zhenyu; Li, Ruifeng; Xu, Tianning; Zhang, Bingpo (2014). "Optical properties of pH-sensitive carbon-dots with different modifications".
609:
polarity, and to the presence of metal ions in solution, which further expands their potential for nanosensing applications, for instance in the analysis of pollutants.
2367:
Oza, Goldie; Ravichandran, M.; Merupo, Victor-Ishrayelu; Shinde, Sachin; Mewada, Ashmi; Ramirez, Jose Tapia; Velumani, S.; Sharon, Madhuri; Sharon, Maheshwar (2016).
1043:
Li, Yan; Zhao, Yang; Cheng, Huhu; Hu, Yue; Shi, Gaoquan; Dai, Liming; Qu, Liangti (2012). "Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots with Oxygen-Rich Functional Groups".
2251:
Zhou, Juan; Yang, Yong; Zhang, Chun-Yang (2013). "A low-temperature solid-phase method to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon nitride dots with tunable emission".
2613:
Li, Hailong; Zhang, Yingwei; Wang, Lei; Tian, Jingqi; Sun, Xuping (2011). "Nucleic acid detection using carbon nanoparticles as a fluorescent sensing platform".
816:
Gao, Xiaohu; Cui, Yuanyuan; Levenson, Richard M; Chung, Leland W K; Nie, Shuming (2004). "In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots".
2691:
Chaudhary, Savita; Kumar, Sandeep; Kaur, Bhawandeep; Mehta, S. K. (2016). "Potential prospects for carbon dots as a fluorescence sensing probe for metal ions".
3089:
Xie, Shilei; Su, Hua; Wei, Wenjie; Li, Mingyang; Tong, Yexiang; Mao, Zongwan (2014). "Remarkable photoelectrochemical performance of carbon dots sensitized TiO
3120:
Zhu, Yirong; Ji, Xiaobo; Pan, Chenchi; Sun, Qingqing; Song, Weixin; Fang, Laibing; Chen, Qiyuan; Banks, Craig E. (2013). "A carbon quantum dot decorated RuO
1468:
Mondal, Somen; Agam, Yuval; Amdursky, Nadav (2020). "Enhanced Proton Conductivity across Protein Biopolymers Mediated by Doped Carbon Nanoparticles".
1872:"Antibiotic Conjugated Fluorescent Carbon Dots as a Theranostic Agent for Controlled Drug Release, Bioimaging, and Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity"
3305:
Fernandes, Diogo; Krysmann, Marta J.; Kelarakis, Antonios (2015). "Carbon dot based nanopowders and their application for fingerprint recovery".
2441:
Saladino, Giovanni M.; Kilic, Nuzhet I.; Brodin, Bertha; Hamawandi, Bejan; Yazgan, Idris; Hertz, Hans M.; Toprak, Muhammet S. (September 2021).
1513:"Carbon Dots from a Single Source Exhibiting Tunable Luminescent Colors through the Modification of Surface Functional Groups in ORMOSIL Films"
2925:
Juzenas, Petras; Kleinauskas, Andrius; George Luo, Pengju; Sun, Ya-Ping (2013). "Photoactivatable carbon nanodots for cancer therapy".
130:
120:
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Kim, Jinhyun; Lee, Sahng Ha; Tieves, Florian; Choi, Da Som; Hollmann, Frank; Paul, Caroline E.; Park, Chan Beum (15 October 2018).
3223:
Mishra, Manish Kr; Chakravarty, Amrita; Bhowmik, Koushik; De, Goutam (2015). "Carbon nanodot–ORMOSIL fluorescent paint and films".
2960:
Kim, Jinhyun; Lee, Sahng Ha; Tieves, Florian; Choi, Da Som; Hollmann, Frank; Paul, Caroline E.; Park, Chan Beum (15 October 2018).
2369:"Camphor-mediated synthesis of carbon nanoparticles, graphitic shell encapsulated carbon nanocubes and carbon dots for bioimaging"
2324:
Yousefinejad, Saeed; Rasti, Hamid; Hajebi, Mehdi; Kowsari, Masoud; Sadravi, Shima; Honarasa, Fatemeh (2017). "Design of C-dots/Fe
351:
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Sinelnik, A.D.; et al. (2023). "Ultra-Broadband Photoluminescent Carbon Dots Synthesized by Laser-Induced Thermal Shock".
125:
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Peng, Hui; Travas-Sejdic, Jadranka (2009). "Simple Aqueous Solution Route to Luminescent Carbogenic Dots from Carbohydrates".
1257:
Liu, Yun; Liu, Chun-yan; Zhang, Zhi-Ying (2011). "Synthesis and surface photochemistry of graphitized carbon quantum dots".
392:
1645:
Zhou, Jigang (2013). "An electrochemical approach to fabricating honeycomb assemblies from multiwall carbon nanotubes".
576:. Another example can be dual-mode bioimaging using their highly accessible surface functional groups to conjugate them
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Thakur, Mukeshchand; Pandey, Sunil; Mewada, Ashmi; Patil, Vaibhav; Khade, Monika; Goshi, Ekta; Sharon, Madhuri (2014).
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Zhou, Jigang; Booker, Christina; Li, Ruying; Zhou, Xingtai; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Sun, Xueliang; Ding, Zhifeng (2007).
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Post synthesis electrochemical etching results in dramatic changes in GQDs size and fluorescence intensity.
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Carbon dots prepared from different precursors: urea, alanine and sucrose (made by Paliienko Konstantin)
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1581:"An Electrochemical Avenue to Blue Luminescent Nanocrystals from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)"
645:
217:
115:
897:"'Luminescent carbon nanodots: Current prospects on synthesis, properties and sensing applications'"
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2168:; Rubio, Angel; Pichler, Thomas (2010). "The physical and chemical properties of heteronanotubes".
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3493:"Biocatalytic C=C Bond Reduction through Carbon Nanodot‐Sensitized Regeneration of NADH Analogues"
3264:"3D printed ABS/paraffin hybrid rocket fuels with carbon dots for superior combustion performance"
3044:"Metal-free oleic acid-derived carbon dots as efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction"
2962:"Biocatalytic C=C Bond Reduction through Carbon Nanodot‐Sensitized Regeneration of NADH Analogues"
541:
CQDs with unique properties have great potential in biomedicine, optronics, catalysis and sensors
237:
3007:
Mandal, Tapas K.; Parvin, Nargish (2011). "Rapid Detection of Bacteria by Carbon Quantum Dots".
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magnetic nanocomposite as an efficient new nanozyme and its application for determination of H
1008:
Lim, Shi Ying; Shen, Wei; Gao, Zhiqiang (2015). "Carbon quantum dots and their applications".
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411:. This discovery triggered extensive studies to exploit the fluorescence properties of CQDs.
252:
1194:"Unraveling the Fluorescence Mechanism of Carbon Dots with Sub-Single-Particle Resolution".
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2443:"Carbon Quantum Dots Conjugated Rhodium Nanoparticles as Hybrid Multimodal Contrast Agents"
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get good surface properties which are essential for solubility and selected applications.
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Zhou, Jigang (2009). "Tailoring multi-wall carbon nanotubes for smaller nanostructures".
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CQDs were first discovered by Xu et al. in 2004 accidentally during the purification of
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2736:, Au(III), and "Turn-OFF–ON" Hg(II) Sensors as Logic Gates and Molecular Keypad Locks"
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Graphene Quantum Dots as Fluorescent and Passivation Agents for Multimodal Bioimaging
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479:"Bottom-up" synthetic route involves synthesizing CQDs from small precursors such as
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456:"Top-down" synthetic route refers to breaking down larger carbon structures such as
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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3124:
network: Outstanding supercapacitances under ultrafast charge and discharge".
3042:
Rimal, Vishal; Mahapatra, Susanta Sinha; Srivastava, Prem Kumar (2022-10-15).
2796:
2353:
1801:
1757:
3535:
3067:
2751:
2468:
1529:
1512:
928:
473:
415:
388:
280:
271:
207:
158:
85:
1971:
1207:
3516:
3508:
3483:
3453:
3424:
3373:
3365:
3326:
3209:
3173:
3028:
2985:
2977:
2911:
2839:
2804:
2769:
2634:
2599:
2591:
2556:
2521:
2513:
2486:
2410:
2272:
2142:
2086:
2078:
2015:
2007:
1979:
1943:
1907:
1853:
1809:
1765:
1721:
1604:
1489:
1481:
1412:
1369:
1326:
1286:
1243:
1180:
1172:
1144:
1094:
1064:
1029:
979:
936:
896:
881:
837:
802:
794:
480:
183:
3258:
Oztan, Cagri; Ginzburg, Eric; Akin, Mert; Zhou, Yiqun; Leblanc, Roger M.;
3020:
1888:
2726:
Bogireddy, Naveen Kumar Reddy; Barba, Victor; Agarwal, Vivechana (2019).
2459:
705:
465:
197:
2236:
3475:
3416:
3318:
3236:
3137:
3106:
2903:
2875:
2831:
2712:
2626:
2548:
2264:
2227:
2198:
1361:
1135:
1110:
1021:
765:
748:
3445:
3201:
3165:
2946:
2392:
2050:
1685:
1596:
1235:
1056:
873:
308:
1713:
144:
3343:
829:
457:
285:
2029:
Nicollian, E. H. (1971). "Surface Passivation of Semiconductors".
320:
484:
3431:
2924:
537:
2323:
2212:
1511:
Bhattacharya, Dipsikha; Mishra, Manish K.; De, Goutam (2017).
2782:
749:"Carbon quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and applications"
2888:
2440:
2366:
1742:
93:
3304:
3222:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
676:
CQDs are used for the enhancement of latent fingerprints.
668:
Recently, CQDs have been employed in hybrid rocket fuels.
3041:
2817:
1830:
1543:
1429:"A deep investigation into the structure of carbon dots"
1304:
3150:
2690:
2163:
1920:
1869:
1300:
1298:
1296:
986:
644:
CQDs possess the potential in serving as materials for
2852:
2728:"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Dots-Based "Turn-OFF" H
1956:
1425:
3460:
3257:
2725:
1111:"Coal as an abundant source of graphene quantum dots"
2127:
1865:
1863:
1510:
1293:
957:
779:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
526:
nanoparticles as precursors with nanozyme activity.
2319:
2317:
1382:
815:
1786:
1467:
636:, making CQDs a sustainable choice for catalysis.
1860:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1671:
1339:
723:
3533:
3490:
2959:
2534:
2314:
2131:Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
1992:
1578:
1076:
1074:
3402:
3186:
2612:
1692:
1220:
1107:
1080:
2499:
2285:
2250:
2099:
1703:
1157:
1071:
1042:
895:Kottam, Nagaraju; S P, Smrithi (2021-01-09).
858:
345:
3380:
3006:
3119:
2063:
1256:
511:materials on CQDs surface treated by acid.
3088:
2655:
1007:
352:
338:
3281:
2759:
2476:
2458:
2400:
2235:
2197:
2028:
1897:
1887:
1528:
1444:
1307:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
1134:
894:
764:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3434:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2031:Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology
1585:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1259:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
1224:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1045:Journal of the American Chemical Society
901:Methods and Applications in Fluorescence
862:Journal of the American Chemical Society
536:
420:
3497:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2966:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2580:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2577:
2502:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1996:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1161:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
671:
3534:
3190:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
783:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
746:
2423:
414:As a new class of fluorescent carbon
3009:Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology
1924:Materials Science and Engineering: C
1834:Materials Science and Engineering: C
1644:
1617:
451:
18:
3048:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
13:
3337:
3283:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.11.024
3126:Energy & Environmental Science
3093:under visible light irradiation".
14:
3558:
2342:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
691:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
634:hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
3464:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
3225:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
3095:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
2892:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
2820:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
2216:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
960:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
753:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
612:
319:
307:
92:
23:
3298:
3251:
3216:
3180:
3144:
3113:
3082:
3035:
3000:
2953:
2918:
2882:
2846:
2811:
2776:
2719:
2684:
2649:
2606:
2571:
2528:
2493:
2434:
2417:
2360:
2279:
2244:
2206:
2157:
2121:
2093:
2057:
2022:
1986:
1950:
1914:
1824:
1780:
1736:
1665:
1638:
1611:
1572:
1537:
1517:Journal of Physical Chemistry C
1504:
1461:
1419:
1376:
1333:
1250:
1214:
1187:
1151:
1101:
747:Wang, Youfu; Hu, Aiguo (2014).
663:
532:
501:
490:
80:Part of a series of articles on
2067:Chemistry - A European Journal
1036:
951:
888:
852:
809:
773:
409:single-walled carbon nanotubes
395:in size and have some form of
1:
1222:Colorful Photoluminescence".
1083:Laser & Photonics Reviews
972:10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00282-3
716:
597:glucose, pH, trace levels of
545:
433:
3396:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.004
2678:10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.12.007
2308:10.1016/j.cplett.2009.04.075
2164:Ayala, Paola; Arenal, Raul;
2115:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.095
1659:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.001
1632:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.032
1446:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.11.017
1405:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03915
639:
621:
580:EDC-NHS chemistry. Saladino
442:
7:
2424:Kilic, Nüzhet Inci (2021).
1319:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01590
696:Carbon nanotube quantum dot
679:
16:Type of carbon nanoparticle
10:
3563:
3060:10.1007/s10800-022-01780-0
2190:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1843
1936:10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.007
1846:10.1016/j.msec.2013.03.018
1558:10.1007/s13204-019-01178-z
1279:10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.065
646:dye-sensitized solar cells
591:
402:
2797:10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.031
2354:10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.145
2170:Reviews of Modern Physics
1802:10.1007/s10895-014-1477-x
1758:10.1007/s10895-015-1598-x
2752:10.1021/acsomega.9b00858
2288:Chemical Physics Letters
1876:Journal of Drug Delivery
1530:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b08039
1010:Chemical Society Reviews
921:10.1088/2050-6120/abc008
686:Cadmium-free quantum dot
296:Nanocrystalline material
272:Nanostructured materials
3307:Chemical Communications
2927:Applied Physics Letters
2658:Journal of Luminescence
2615:Chemical Communications
2537:Chemical Communications
2253:Chemical Communications
1972:10.1021/acsnano.3c07486
1790:Journal of Fluorescence
1746:Journal of Fluorescence
1706:Chemical Communications
1208:10.1021/acsnano.0c01924
551:fluorescent probes for
3509:10.1002/anie.201804409
3366:10.1002/smll.200700578
2978:10.1002/anie.201804409
2785:Analytica Chimica Acta
2592:10.1002/anie.201202533
2514:10.1002/anie.201109089
2143:10.1002/ppsc.201300020
2079:10.1002/chem.201203641
2008:10.1002/anie.201300519
1674:Chemistry of Materials
1482:10.1002/smll.202005526
1173:10.1002/anie.200906154
1095:10.1002/lpor.202200295
795:10.1021/acsami.5b00448
542:
426:
3021:10.1166/jbn.2011.1344
2340:in nanomolar level".
1115:Nature Communications
540:
424:
367:also commonly called
326:Technology portal
121:Mechanical properties
3547:Allotropes of carbon
3269:Combustion and Flame
3260:Coverstone, Victoria
2460:10.3390/nano11092165
818:Nature Biotechnology
701:Graphene quantum dot
672:Fingerprint recovery
391:which are less than
291:Nanoporous materials
154:Buckminsterfullerene
3503:(42): 13825–13828.
3358:2008APS..MARY30007B
2972:(42): 13825–13828.
2939:2013ApPhL.103f3701J
2868:2013RSCAd...326290P
2705:2016RSCAd...690526C
2670:2014JLum..148..238K
2385:2016NatSR...621286O
2300:2009CPL...474..320Z
2182:2010RvMP...82.1843A
2043:1971JVST....8S..39N
1966:(22): 22788–22799.
1889:10.1155/2014/282193
1546:Applied Nanoscience
1397:2015NanoL..15.8300K
1354:2016Nanos...814057D
1271:2011JCIS..356..416L
1127:2013NatCo...4.2943Y
913:2021MApFl...9a2001K
711:Silicon quantum dot
650:organic solar cells
397:surface passivation
365:Carbon quantum dots
193:Carbon quantum dots
3476:10.1039/C3TB00583F
3417:10.1039/C0CC03092A
3319:10.1039/C5CC00468C
3237:10.1039/C4TC02140A
3138:10.1039/C3EE41776J
3107:10.1039/C4TA03203A
2904:10.1039/C3TB20761G
2876:10.1039/C3RA42139B
2832:10.1039/C3TB21436B
2746:(6): 10702–10713.
2713:10.1039/C6RA15691F
2627:10.1039/C0CC04326E
2549:10.1039/C1CC11943E
2373:Scientific Reports
2265:10.1039/C3CC42266F
2228:10.1039/C5TC04096E
1362:10.1039/C6NR02669A
1136:10.1038/ncomms3943
1022:10.1039/C4CS00269E
766:10.1039/C4TC00988F
559:. The presence of
543:
427:
314:Science portal
126:Optical properties
3446:10.1021/ja204661r
3313:(23): 4902–4905.
3202:10.1021/am400930h
3166:10.1021/nn405017q
2947:10.1063/1.4817787
2393:10.1038/srep21286
2348:(August): 691–6.
2051:10.1116/1.1316388
1686:10.1021/cm901593y
1597:10.1021/ja0669070
1236:10.1021/ja062677d
1202:: 6127–37. 2020.
1057:10.1021/ja206030c
874:10.1021/ja040082h
658:Fluorescent paint
452:Synthetic methods
362:
361:
174:Carbon allotropes
75:
74:
67:
3554:
3528:
3487:
3457:
3428:
3399:
3377:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3160:(12): 11234–41.
3148:
3142:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2699:(93): 90526–36.
2688:
2682:
2681:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2294:(4–6): 320–324.
2283:
2277:
2276:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2222:(13): 2598–605.
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1714:10.1039/B907612C
1701:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1523:(50): 28106–16.
1508:
1502:
1501:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1348:(29): 14057–69.
1337:
1331:
1330:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1005:
984:
983:
955:
949:
948:
892:
886:
885:
856:
850:
849:
813:
807:
806:
777:
771:
770:
768:
744:
607:
575:
566:
558:
525:
468:into CQDs using
462:carbon nanotubes
375:(abbreviated as
369:carbon nano dots
354:
347:
340:
324:
323:
312:
311:
263:Titanium dioxide
102:Carbon nanotubes
96:
77:
76:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3532:
3531:
3470:(18): 2375–82.
3340:
3338:Further reading
3335:
3334:
3303:
3299:
3256:
3252:
3221:
3217:
3185:
3181:
3149:
3145:
3132:(12): 3665–75.
3123:
3118:
3114:
3101:(39): 16365–8.
3092:
3087:
3083:
3040:
3036:
3005:
3001:
2958:
2954:
2923:
2919:
2898:(38): 4972–82.
2887:
2883:
2862:(48): 26290–6.
2851:
2847:
2816:
2812:
2781:
2777:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2720:
2689:
2685:
2654:
2650:
2611:
2607:
2576:
2572:
2533:
2529:
2498:
2494:
2439:
2435:
2422:
2418:
2365:
2361:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2284:
2280:
2249:
2245:
2211:
2207:
2166:Loiseau, Annick
2162:
2158:
2126:
2122:
2098:
2094:
2062:
2058:
2027:
2023:
1991:
1987:
1955:
1951:
1919:
1915:
1868:
1861:
1829:
1825:
1785:
1781:
1741:
1737:
1708:(34): 5118–20.
1702:
1693:
1670:
1666:
1643:
1639:
1616:
1612:
1577:
1573:
1542:
1538:
1509:
1505:
1476:(50): 2005526.
1466:
1462:
1424:
1420:
1381:
1377:
1338:
1334:
1313:(17): 3419–23.
1303:
1294:
1255:
1251:
1219:
1215:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1156:
1152:
1106:
1102:
1079:
1072:
1041:
1037:
1006:
987:
956:
952:
893:
889:
868:(40): 12736–7.
857:
853:
814:
810:
789:(16): 8363–76.
778:
774:
759:(34): 6921–39.
745:
724:
719:
682:
674:
666:
642:
630:
624:
615:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:contrast agents
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
535:
524:
520:
516:
504:
493:
454:
445:
436:
405:
358:
318:
306:
203:Aluminium oxide
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
34:has an unclear
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3529:
3488:
3458:
3429:
3400:
3378:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3297:
3250:
3215:
3196:(11): 5080–4.
3179:
3143:
3121:
3112:
3090:
3081:
3054:(2): 285–295.
3034:
2999:
2952:
2917:
2881:
2845:
2826:(6): 698–705.
2810:
2775:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2683:
2648:
2605:
2586:(26): 6432–5.
2570:
2543:(23): 6695–7.
2527:
2508:(29): 7185–9.
2492:
2433:
2416:
2359:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2278:
2259:(77): 8605–7.
2243:
2205:
2156:
2120:
2092:
2073:(7): 2276–83.
2056:
2037:(5): S39–S49.
2021:
2002:(14): 3953–7.
1985:
1949:
1913:
1859:
1823:
1779:
1735:
1691:
1680:(23): 5563–5.
1664:
1653:(3): 130–139.
1637:
1626:(3): 829–838.
1610:
1571:
1552:(2): 455–464.
1536:
1503:
1460:
1418:
1391:(12): 8300–5.
1375:
1332:
1292:
1249:
1230:(24): 7756–7.
1213:
1186:
1167:(26): 4430–4.
1150:
1100:
1070:
1035:
985:
950:
887:
851:
830:10.1038/nbt994
808:
772:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
681:
678:
673:
670:
665:
662:
654:supercapacitor
641:
638:
628:
623:
620:
614:
611:
604:
600:
593:
590:
571:
562:
554:
547:
544:
534:
531:
522:
518:
503:
500:
492:
489:
470:laser ablation
453:
450:
444:
441:
435:
432:
404:
401:
360:
359:
357:
356:
349:
342:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
316:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
187:
186:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
98:
97:
89:
88:
82:
81:
73:
72:
36:citation style
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:(2): 747–50.
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:(6): 063701.
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Nanomaterials
2444:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:(6): 557–64.
2136:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(5): 2914–7.
1839:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:(4): 1103–7.
1751:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:(2): 416–21.
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:(1): 362–81.
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:(1): 012001.
906:
902:
898:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:(8): 969–76.
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
722:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
677:
669:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
619:
613:Drug delivery
610:
589:
587:
583:
579:
539:
530:
527:
512:
508:
499:
495:
488:
486:
482:
481:carbohydrates
477:
475:
474:arc discharge
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
440:
431:
423:
419:
417:
416:nanomaterials
412:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:nanoparticles
387:) are carbon
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
355:
350:
348:
343:
341:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:
310:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:Nanocomposite
279:
278:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:Iron–platinum
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:nanoparticles
181:
180:
175:
172:
170:
169:Health impact
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:C70 fullerene
157:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:Nanomaterials
84:
83:
79:
78:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3542:Quantum dots
3500:
3496:
3467:
3463:
3437:
3433:
3411:(2): 764–6.
3408:
3405:Chem. Commun
3404:
3390:(2): 605–9.
3387:
3383:
3352:(4): 455–8.
3349:
3345:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3273:
3267:
3253:
3231:(4): 714–9.
3228:
3224:
3218:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3015:(6): 846–8.
3012:
3008:
3002:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2859:
2856:RSC Advances
2855:
2848:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2743:
2739:
2721:
2696:
2693:RSC Advances
2692:
2686:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2621:(3): 961–3.
2618:
2614:
2608:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2419:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2345:
2341:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2237:10447/179373
2219:
2215:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2034:
2030:
2024:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1879:
1875:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1705:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1591:(4): 744–5.
1588:
1584:
1574:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1388:
1385:Nano Letters
1384:
1378:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1310:
1306:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1013:
1009:
963:
959:
953:
904:
900:
890:
865:
861:
854:
821:
817:
811:
786:
782:
775:
756:
752:
675:
667:
664:Rocket fuels
643:
625:
616:
595:
581:
577:
549:
533:Applications
528:
513:
509:
505:
502:Modification
496:
494:
491:Size control
478:
466:nanodiamonds
455:
446:
437:
428:
413:
406:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
218:Cobalt oxide
198:Quantum dots
192:
131:Applications
61:
52:
33:
3276:: 428–434.
2453:(9): 2165.
2199:10261/44279
2176:(2): 1843.
1796:(1): 9–14.
1439:: 433–447.
1089:: 2200295.
1051:(1): 15–8.
966:(1): 40–6.
706:Quantum dot
373:carbon dots
3536:Categories
2791:: 246–51.
2664:: 238–42.
2109:: 424–34.
1930:: 468–77.
1882:: 282193.
717:References
546:Bioimaging
434:Properties
393:10 nm
371:or simply
238:Iron oxide
145:Fullerenes
47:footnoting
3292:229419770
3076:252950678
3068:0021-891X
2740:ACS Omega
2469:2079-4991
2379:: 21286.
1730:205730336
1566:203986488
1498:225083071
1455:228855625
1342:Nanoscale
945:222301676
929:2050-6120
640:Optronics
622:Catalysis
443:Synthesis
208:Cellulose
164:Chemistry
116:Chemistry
111:Synthesis
3525:51870319
3517:30062834
3484:32261072
3454:22201260
3425:21069221
3374:18350555
3327:25704392
3262:(2021).
3245:54851790
3210:23668995
3174:24246067
3154:ACS Nano
3029:22416585
2994:51870319
2986:30062834
2912:32261087
2840:32261288
2805:24267089
2770:31460168
2643:11066086
2635:21079843
2600:22644672
2565:23383050
2557:21562663
2522:22407813
2487:34578481
2411:26905737
2273:23749222
2151:93569150
2087:23322649
2016:23450679
1980:37970787
1960:ACS Nano
1944:27287144
1908:24744921
1854:23623114
1818:13623073
1810:25367312
1774:17521709
1766:26123675
1722:20448965
1605:17243794
1490:33108059
1413:26566016
1370:27399599
1327:27525451
1287:21306724
1244:16771487
1196:ACS Nano
1181:20461744
1145:24309588
1121:: 2943.
1065:22136359
1030:25316556
980:11849956
937:33043896
882:15469243
846:41561027
838:15258594
803:25845394
680:See also
458:graphite
286:Nanofoam
253:Platinum
136:Timeline
55:May 2016
43:citation
3354:Bibcode
2935:Bibcode
2864:Bibcode
2761:6648105
2701:Bibcode
2666:Bibcode
2478:8470909
2402:4764906
2381:Bibcode
2296:Bibcode
2178:Bibcode
2039:Bibcode
1899:3976943
1393:Bibcode
1350:Bibcode
1267:Bibcode
1123:Bibcode
909:Bibcode
592:Sensing
485:citrate
403:History
213:Ceramic
3523:
3515:
3482:
3452:
3423:
3384:Carbon
3372:
3325:
3290:
3243:
3208:
3172:
3074:
3066:
3027:
2992:
2984:
2910:
2838:
2803:
2768:
2758:
2641:
2633:
2598:
2563:
2555:
2520:
2485:
2475:
2467:
2409:
2399:
2271:
2149:
2103:Carbon
2085:
2014:
1978:
1942:
1906:
1896:
1852:
1816:
1808:
1772:
1764:
1728:
1720:
1647:Carbon
1620:Carbon
1603:
1564:
1496:
1488:
1453:
1433:Carbon
1411:
1368:
1325:
1285:
1242:
1179:
1143:
1063:
1028:
978:
943:
935:
927:
880:
844:
836:
801:
464:, and
381:C-dots
258:Silver
223:Copper
182:Other
3521:S2CID
3346:Small
3288:S2CID
3241:S2CID
3072:S2CID
2990:S2CID
2639:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2147:S2CID
1814:S2CID
1770:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1562:S2CID
1494:S2CID
1470:Small
1451:S2CID
941:S2CID
842:S2CID
582:et al
248:Lipid
3513:PMID
3480:PMID
3450:PMID
3421:PMID
3370:PMID
3323:PMID
3206:PMID
3170:PMID
3064:ISSN
3025:PMID
2982:PMID
2908:PMID
2836:PMID
2801:PMID
2766:PMID
2631:PMID
2596:PMID
2553:PMID
2518:PMID
2483:PMID
2465:ISSN
2407:PMID
2269:PMID
2083:PMID
2012:PMID
1976:PMID
1940:PMID
1904:PMID
1880:2014
1850:PMID
1806:PMID
1762:PMID
1718:PMID
1601:PMID
1486:PMID
1409:PMID
1366:PMID
1323:PMID
1283:PMID
1240:PMID
1177:PMID
1141:PMID
1061:PMID
1026:PMID
976:PMID
933:PMID
925:ISSN
878:PMID
834:PMID
799:PMID
377:CQDs
233:Iron
228:Gold
45:and
3505:doi
3472:doi
3442:doi
3438:134
3413:doi
3392:doi
3362:doi
3315:doi
3278:doi
3274:225
3233:doi
3198:doi
3162:doi
3134:doi
3103:doi
3056:doi
3017:doi
2974:doi
2943:doi
2931:103
2900:doi
2872:doi
2828:doi
2793:doi
2789:804
2756:PMC
2748:doi
2709:doi
2674:doi
2662:148
2623:doi
2588:doi
2545:doi
2510:doi
2473:PMC
2455:doi
2397:PMC
2389:doi
2350:doi
2346:247
2304:doi
2292:474
2261:doi
2232:hdl
2224:doi
2194:hdl
2186:doi
2139:doi
2111:doi
2075:doi
2047:doi
2004:doi
1968:doi
1932:doi
1894:PMC
1884:doi
1842:doi
1798:doi
1754:doi
1710:doi
1682:doi
1655:doi
1628:doi
1593:doi
1589:129
1554:doi
1525:doi
1521:121
1478:doi
1441:doi
1437:173
1401:doi
1358:doi
1315:doi
1275:doi
1263:356
1232:doi
1228:128
1204:doi
1169:doi
1131:doi
1091:doi
1053:doi
1049:134
1018:doi
968:doi
917:doi
870:doi
866:126
826:doi
791:doi
761:doi
627:TiO
578:via
385:CDs
383:or
3538::
3519:.
3511:.
3501:57
3499:.
3495:.
3478:.
3466:.
3448:.
3436:.
3419:.
3409:47
3407:.
3388:49
3386:.
3368:.
3360:.
3348:.
3321:.
3311:51
3309:.
3286:.
3272:.
3266:.
3239:.
3227:.
3204:.
3192:.
3168:.
3156:.
3128:.
3097:.
3070:.
3062:.
3052:53
3050:.
3046:.
3023:.
3011:.
2988:.
2980:.
2970:57
2968:.
2964:.
2941:.
2929:.
2906:.
2894:.
2870:.
2858:.
2834:.
2822:.
2799:.
2787:.
2764:.
2754:.
2742:.
2738:.
2707:.
2695:.
2672:.
2660:.
2637:.
2629:.
2619:47
2617:.
2594:.
2584:51
2582:.
2559:.
2551:.
2541:47
2539:.
2516:.
2506:51
2504:.
2481:.
2471:.
2463:.
2451:11
2449:.
2445:.
2405:.
2395:.
2387:.
2375:.
2371:.
2344:.
2316:^
2302:.
2290:.
2267:.
2257:49
2255:.
2230:.
2218:.
2192:.
2184:.
2174:82
2172:.
2145:.
2135:30
2133:.
2107:64
2105:.
2081:.
2071:19
2069:.
2045:.
2033:.
2010:.
2000:52
1998:.
1974:.
1964:17
1962:.
1938:.
1928:67
1926:.
1902:.
1892:.
1878:.
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