Idolatry - Knowledge

2609: 2193: 484: 609: 569:, states Naomi Janowitz, a professor of Religious Studies, has distorted the reality of Israelite religious practices and the historic use of images in Judaism. The direct material evidence is more reliable, such as that from the archaeological sites, and this suggests that the Jewish religious practices have been far more complex than what biblical polemics suggest. Judaism included images and cultic statues in the First Temple period, the Second Temple period, Late Antiquity (2nd to 8th century CE), and thereafter. Nonetheless, these sorts of evidence may be simply descriptive of Ancient Israelite practices in some—possibly deviant—circles, but cannot tell us anything about the mainstream religion of the Bible which proscribes idolatry. 3738:, Quote: "The worship which they pay to their images they cloak with the name of εἰδωλοδυλεία (idolodulia), and deny to be εἰδωλολατρεία (idolatria). So they speak, holding that the worship which they call dulia may, without insult to God, be paid to statues and pictures. (...) For the Greek word λατρεύειν having no other meaning than to worship, what they say is just the same as if they were to confess that they worship their images without worshipping them. They cannot object that I am quibbling upon words. (...) But how eloquent soever they may be, they will never prove by their eloquence that one and the same thing makes two. Let them show how the things differ if they would be thought different from ancient idolaters." 696: 1244:, building a structure over a grave, associating partners with God, giving his characteristics to others beside him, or not believing in his characteristics. 19th century Wahhabis regarded idolatry punishable with the death penalty, a practice that was "hitherto unknown" in Islam. However, Classical Orthodox Sunni thought used to be rich in Relics and Saint veneration, as well as pilgrimage to their shrines. Ibn Taymiyya, a medieval theologian that influenced modern days Salafists, was put in prison for his negation of veneration of relics and Saints, as well as pilgrimage to Shrines, which was considered unorthodox by his contemporary theologians. 687: 257: 755: 5603:, polytheism, and the association of God with other deities. The definition of Shirk differs in Islamic Schools, from Shiism and some classical Sunni Sufism accepting, sometimes, images, pilgrimage to shrines and veneration of relics and saints, to the more puritan Salafi-Wahhabi current, that condemns all the previous mentioned practices. The Quran stresses in many verses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharik). It warns those who believe their idols will intercede for them that they, together with the idols, will become fuel for hellfire on the Day of Judgment ( 2215:

material objects may decay or get destroyed, the emblem may crumble or substituted, but the spiritual idea that it represents to the heart and mind of an African traditionalist remains unchanged. Sylvester Johnson – a professor of African American and Religious Studies, concurs with Awolalu, and states that the colonial era missionaries who arrived in Africa, neither understood the regional languages nor the African theology, and interpreted the images and ritualism as "epitome of idolatry", projecting the iconoclastic controversies in Europe they grew up with, onto Africa.

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supported religious violence and demeaning caricature of the African Traditional Religionists. The violence against idolaters and idolatry of Traditional Religion practicers of Africa started in the medieval era and continued into the modern era. The charge of idolatry by proselytizers, state Michael Wayne Cole and Rebecca Zorach, served to demonize and dehumanize local African populations, and justify their enslavement and abuse locally or far off plantations, settlements or for forced domestic labor.

1701: 456:, states Paul Kugler, an image is an appropriate mental intermediary that "bridges between the inner world of the mind and the outer world of material reality", the image is a vehicle between sensation and reason. Idols are useful psychological catalysts, they reflect sense data and pre-existing inner feelings. They are neither the origins nor the destinations of thought but the intermediary in the human inner journey. Fervid opposition to the idolatry of the Greeks and Romans was of 1607: 2086: 803:

forms of "veneration" such as in Genesis 33:3, with the argument that "adoration is one thing, and that which is offered in order to venerate something of great excellence is another". These arguments assert, "the honor given to the image is transferred to its prototype", and that venerating an image of Christ does not terminate at the image itself – the material of the image is not the object of worship – rather it goes beyond the image, to the prototype.

5582:, Quote: "Over time, however, new religions developed whose basis is in Jewish belief – such as Christianity and Islam – which are based on belief in the Creator and whose adherents follow commandments that are similar to some Torah laws (see the uncensored Rambam in his Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim 11:4). All of the rishonim agree that adherents of these religions are not idol worshippers and should not be treated as the pagans described in the Torah." 1710: 5762:, Quote: "in some verses it does appear to be suggested that Christians are guilty of both kufr and shirk. This is particularly the case in 5:72 ... In addition to 9:29, therefore, which has been discussed above and which refers to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to Christians in particular, suggesting that they both disbelieve (kafara) and are guilty of shirk." 2626: 888: 2356:

Traditional Religion, but the Spanish colonialists destroyed this written history in their zeal to end what they considered as idolatry, and to convert the Aztecs to Catholicism. The Aztec Indians, however, preserved their religion and religious practices by burying their idols under the crosses, and then continuing their idol worship rituals and practices, aided by the syncretic composite of atrial crosses and their idols as before.

2608: 2285: 739:. John of Damascus wrote, "I venture to draw an image of the invisible God, not as invisible, but as having become visible for our sakes through flesh and blood", adding that images are expressions "for remembrance either of wonder, or an honor, or dishonor, or good, or evil" and that a book is also a written image in another form. He defended the religious use of images based on the Christian doctrine of Jesus as an 2228: 1123:

entail polytheism. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also God has no physical form and he is insensible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is

1782:– a Hindu scripture, in verse 12.5, states that only a few have the time and mind to ponder and fix on the unmanifested Absolute (abstract formless Brahman), and it is much easier to focus on qualities, virtues, aspects of a manifested representation of god, through one's senses, emotions and heart, because the way human beings naturally are. 2539:

addiction, satanic, and cause of all incivility" is more a matter of subjective personal interpretation, rather than objective impersonal truth. Regina Schwartz and some other contemporary scholars state allegations that idols only represent false gods, followed by iconoclastic destruction is only little more than religious intolerance. The

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than all others". The sub-list of erring practices have included among other things the veneration of Virgin Mary, the Catholic mass, the invocation of saints, and the reverence expected for and expressed to pope himself. The charges of supposed idolatry against the Roman Catholics were leveled by a diverse group of Protestants, from

1930:(sages), who see and have the power of discerning the essence of all created things of manifested forms. They see their different characters, the divine and the demoniac, the creative and the destructive forces, in their eternal interplay. It is this vision of Rishis, of gigantic drama of cosmic powers in eternal conflict, which the 9176: 2584: 1317:, an early biographer of Muhammad, says the Ka'aba might have been itself addressed using a feminine grammatical form by the Quraysh. Circumambulation was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women. It is disputed whether al-Lat and Hubal were the same deity or different. Per a hypothesis by 2725:

Church it is housed, it is ritually cared for, cleaned and dressed by the sisters of the Carmelites Church, changing the Infant Jesus' clothing to one of the approximately hundred costumes donated by the faithfuls as gift of devotion. The idol is worshipped with the faithful believing that it renders

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The creation of idols, their consecration, the inclusion of Jaina layperson in idols and temples of Jainism by the Jaina monks has been a historic practice. However, during the iconoclastic era of Islamic rule, between the 15th and 17th century, a Lonka sect of Jainism emerged that continued pursuing

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prayers. Like other major Indian religions, Jainism has premised its spiritual practices on the belief that "all knowledge is inevitably mediated by images" and human beings discover, learn and know what is to be known through "names, images and representations". Thus, idolatry has been a part of the

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According to Peter Harvey – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Buddha idols and idolatry spread into northwest Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and Afghanistan) and into Central Asia with Buddhist Silk Road merchants. The Hindu rulers of different Indian dynasties patronized both Buddhism and Hinduism

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Those who say, “Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. The Messiah ˹himself˺ said, “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah—my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever associates others with Allah ˹in worship˺ will surely be forbidden Paradise by Allah. Their home will be the Fire.

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The Catholic defense mentions textual evidence of external acts of honor towards icons, arguing that there are a difference between adoration and veneration and that the veneration shown to icons differs entirely from the adoration of God. Citing the Old Testament, these arguments present examples of

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The earliest historic records confirming cult images are from the ancient Egyptian civilization, thereafter related to the Greek civilization. By the 2nd millennium BC two broad forms of cult image appear, in one images are zoomorphic (god in the image of animal or animal-human fusion) and in another

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According to Eric Reinders, icons and idolatry have been an integral part of Buddhism throughout its later history. Buddhists, from Korea to Vietnam, Thailand to Tibet, Central Asia to South Asia, have long produced temples and idols, altars and malas, relics to amulets, images to ritual implements.

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The idolatry debate has been one of the defining differences between papal Catholicism and anti-papal Protestantism. The anti-papal writers have prominently questioned the worship practices and images supported by Catholics, with many Protestant scholars listing it as the "one religious error larger

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Missionaries came to the Americas with the start of Spanish colonial era, and the Catholic Church did not tolerate any form of native idolatry, preferring that the icons and images of Jesus and Mary replace the native idols. Aztec, for example, had a written history which included those about their

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Idolatry not only refers to false pagan worship. It remains a constant temptation to faith. Idolatry consists in divinizing what is not God. Man commits idolatry whenever he honors and reveres a creature in place of God, whether this be gods or demons (for example, satanism), power, pleasure, race,

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and "wine standing for blood", for example, suggests that symbolism, making religious images, icon and index has been integral part of Judaism. Every religion has some objects that represent the divine and stand for something in the mind of the faithful, and Judaism too has had its holy objects and

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from 4,000 to 2,500 BC period discovered in France, Ireland through Ukraine, and in Central Asia through South Asia, suggest that the ancient anthropomorphic figures included zoomorphic motifs. In Nordic and Indian subcontinent, bovine (cow, ox, -*gwdus, -*g'ou) motifs or statues, for example, were

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Christopher John Fuller states that an image in Hinduism cannot be equated with a deity and the object of worship is the divine whose power is inside the image, and the image is not the object of worship itself, Hindus believe everything is worthy of worship as it contains divine energy. The idols

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Shia classical theology differs in the concept of Shirk. According to Twelver theologians, the attributes and names of God have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to

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The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honor rendered to an image passes to its prototype," and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it." The honor paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration,"

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Africa has numerous ethnic groups, and their diverse religious idea have been grouped as African Traditional Religions, sometimes abbreviated to ATR. These religions typically believe in a Supreme Being which goes by different regional names, as well as spirit world often linked to ancestors, and

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which featured Buddha idols. From the 10th century, states Harvey, the raids into northwestern parts of South Asia by Muslim Turks destroyed Buddhist idols, given their religious dislike for idolatry. The iconoclasm was so linked to Buddhism, that the Islamic texts of this era in India called all

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Churches, in contrast with some Protestant groups, which use only a simple cross. In Judaism, the reverence to the icon of Christ in the form of cross has been seen as idolatry. However, some Jewish scholars disagree and consider Christianity to be based on Jewish belief and not truly idolatrous.

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such as John Williams, and others such as the Methodist Missionary Society, characterized these as idolatry, in the sense of islanders worshipping false gods. They sent back reports which primarily focussed on "overthrow of pagan idolatry" as evidence of their Christian sects triumph, with fewer

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in the 16th century. These debates have supported the inclusion of icons of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles, the iconography expressed in stained glass, regional saints and other symbols of Christian faith. It has also supported the practices such as the Catholic mass, burning of

7896:, Quote: "By negating African religious practices, the pejorative characterizations of these works as objects of idolatry served in vital ways to both demonize and dehumanize local populations, thereby providing a moral buttress for European religious and human trade practices on the continent". 580:

and seals. As more material evidence emerged, one proposal has been that Judaism oscillated between idolatry and iconoclasm. However, the dating of the objects and texts suggest that the two theologies and liturgical practices existed simultaneously. The claimed rejection of idolatry because of

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According to J.O. Awolalu, proselytizing Christians and Muslims have mislabelled idol to mean false god, when in the reality of most traditions of Africa, the object may be a piece of wood or iron or stone, yet it is "symbolic, an emblem and implies the spiritual idea which is worshipped". The

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The accusations and presumption that all idols and images are devoid of symbolism, or that icons of one's own religion are "true, healthy, uplifting, beautiful symbolism, mark of devotion, divine", while of other person's religion are "false, an illness, superstitious, grotesque madness, evil

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The history of religions has been marked with accusations and denials of idolatry. These accusations have considered statues and images to be devoid of symbolism. Alternatively, the topic of idolatry has been a source of disagreements between many religions, or within denominations of various

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First with the arrival of Islam in Africa, then during the Christian colonial efforts, the religiously justified wars, the colonial portrayal of idolatry as proof of savagery, the destruction of idols and the seizure of idolaters as slaves marked a long period of religious intolerance, which

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cited John 1:14, stating that "the Word became flesh" indicates that the invisible God became visible, that God's glory manifested in God's one and only Son as Jesus Christ, and therefore God chose to make the invisible into a visible form, the spiritual incarnated into the material form.

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of the world. The claim to worship the "one and only true God" came to most of the world with the arrival of Abrahamic religions and is the distinguishing characteristic of their monotheistic worldview, whereas virtually all the other religions in the world have been and/or are still

976:, a professor of religious studies and history, but its meaning has been different to each and "one man's devotion was another man's idolatry". This was particularly true not only in the intra-Christian debate, states Eire, but also when soldiers of Catholic kings replaced "horrible 432:

anthropomorphic (god in the image of man). The former is more commonly found in ancient Egypt influenced beliefs, while the anthropomorphic images are more commonly found in Indo-European cultures. Symbols of nature, useful animals or feared animals may also be included by both. The

1350:(circa 2500 - 1500 BCE) may have produced some of the earliest murtis or vigrahas in India, as evidenced by various terracotta and bronze figurines found in the archaeological sites. Some of these figurines have been interpreted as representations of deities, such as the so-called 971:

Protestants did not abandon all icons and symbols of Christianity. They typically avoid the use of images, except the cross, in any context suggestive of veneration. The cross remained their central icon. Technically both major branches of Christianity have had their icons, states

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and other scholars state that "there is no evidence for icons or images representing god(s)" in the ancient religions of India. Use of cult images developed among the Indian religions later, perhaps first in Buddhism, where large images of the Buddha appear by the 1st century AD.

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The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church have traditionally defended the use of icons. The debate on what images signify and whether reverence with the help of icons in church is equivalent to idolatry has lasted for many centuries, particularly from the 7th century until the

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monotheism found in Jewish literature and therefrom in biblical Christian literature, states Janowitz, has been unreal abstraction and flawed construction of the actual history. The material evidence of images, statues and figurines taken together with the textual description of

236:, and this has long been accompanied with violence between religious groups that forbid idol worship and those who have accepted icons, images and statues for veneration. The definition of idolatry has been a contested topic within Abrahamic religions, with many Muslims and most 444:

was polytheistic, with large cult images that were either animals or included animal parts. Ancient Greek civilization preferred human forms, with idealized proportions, for divine representation. The Canaanites of West Asia incorporated a golden calf into their pantheon.

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around the world show humans began producing sophisticated images. However, because of a lack of historic texts describing these, it is unclear what, if any connection with religious beliefs, these figures had, or whether they had other meaning and uses, even as toys.

2043:), as stated in Adi Granth 287. Sikhism condemns worshipping images or statues as if it were God, but have historically challenged the iconoclastic policies and Hindu temple destruction activities of Islamic rulers in India. Sikhs house their scripture and revere the 2158:

amongst the citizens of North Korea, and this act is considered the only instance of a modern country deifying its ruler. As many citizens frequently bow before statues and portraits of him, scholars have considered the Juche state religion to be a form of idolatry.

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Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends toward that whose image it

5852:, Quote: "In reference to Wahhabi strictness in applying their moral code, Corancez writes that the distinguishing feature of the Wahhabis was their intolerance, which they pursued to hitherto unknown extremes, holding idolatry as a crime punishable by death". 2762:, living on mountains, or controlling the weather. Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions. 541:

that occurs with the belief that God can be corporeal. In the Jewish belief, the only image of God is man, one who lives and thinks; God has no visible shape, and it is absurd to make or worship images; instead man must worship the invisible God alone.

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Statues, images and temples have been a part of the Traditional Religions of the indigenous people of the Americas. The Incan, Mayan and Aztec civilizations developed sophisticated religious practices that incorporated idols and religious arts. The

1370:. However, these interpretations are not universally accepted, and some scholars have argued that the Indus Valley Civilization did not practice murti or vigraha worship, but rather used symbols and signs to express their religious beliefs. 643:

Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God. Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my

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Hans Bakker's political history of the Vakataka dynasty observed that Ajanta caves belong to the Buddhist, not the Hindu tradition. That this should be so is already remarkable in itself. By all we know of Harisena he was a Hindu;

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Bronze snake (formerly believed to be the one set up by Moses), in the main nave of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy, a gift from Byzantine emperor Basil II (1007). It stands on an Ancient Roman granite pillar. Picture by

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favors to those who pray to it. Such ritualistic caring of the image of baby Jesus is found in other churches and homes in Central Europe and Portugal / Spain influenced Christian communities with different names, such as

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are neither random nor intended as superstitious objects, rather they are designed with embedded symbolism and iconographic rules which sets the style, proportions, the colors, the nature of items the images carry, their

1405:(the god of water and law) was installed in a temple and worshipped by the king. These examples suggest that murti or vigraha worship was not unknown in the Vedic period, but it was not widespread nor dominant. 564:

Biblical scholars have historically focused on the textual evidence to construct the history of idolatry in Judaism, a scholarship that post-modern scholars have increasingly begun deconstructing. This biblical

924:. This was triggered by the Byzantine Iconoclasm controversy that followed raging Christian-Muslim wars and a period of iconoclasm in West Asia. The defense of images and the role of the Syrian scholar 1252: 1666:. The desecration of idols in cave temples continued through the 17th century, states Geri Malandra, from the offense of "the graphic, anthropomorphic imagery of Hindu and Buddhist shrines". 2371:

became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around idolatry of Incan deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Incan people.

1805:, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality – called 1789:

in Hinduism, states Jeaneane Fowler – a professor of Religious Studies specializing on Indian Religions, is itself not god, it is an "image of god" and thus a symbol and representation. A

1325:, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time. 134:

may regard the gods of various monotheistic religions as "false gods" because they do not believe that any real deity possesses the properties ascribed by monotheists to their sole deity.

1205:), with the general meaning of "to share". In the context of the Qur'an, the particular sense of "sharing as an equal partner" is usually understood as "attributing a partner to Allah". 3009: 1428:

and others. This period also saw the rise of murti or vigraha worship as a prominent feature of Hinduism, as evidenced by various literary and archaeological sources. For instance, the

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made an image of this elephant and worshipped it. Moreover, many stone and metal sculptures of various deities and saints have been found from this period onwards, such as the famous

6751: 1520:(votive ritual using fire), but it does not mention images or their worship. The ancient Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts discuss the nature of existence, whether there is or is not a 448:

The ancient philosophy and practices of the Greeks, thereafter Romans, were imbued with polytheistic idolatry. They debate what is an image and if the use of image is appropriate. To

5673:, Quote: " They included those who practiced idolatry, did not accept the absolute oneness of God, denied that Muhammad was a prophet, ignored God's commandments and signs (singular 1309:, the High God. Allah was never represented by an idol. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the 903:

literature, the proper and improper use of images is extensively discussed. Exegetical Orthodox literature points to icons and the manufacture by Moses (under God's commandment) of

1818:) practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God, often expressed and facilitated with one or more murti, and includes individual or community hymns, 2518:

have been and/or are still polytheistic, worshipping many diverse deities. Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all

1677:), and such idolatry considered a part of the process of realizing one's Buddha nature. This process is more than meditation, it has traditionally included devotional rituals ( 1236:. In practice, especially among strict conservative interpretations of Islam, the term has been greatly extended and means deification of anyone or anything other than the 6042: 1926:. Without the guidance of images, the mind of the devotee may go ashtray and form wrong imaginations. Images dispel false imaginations. (... ) It is in the mind of 1251: 1801:

is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer. When a person worships a

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religions, with the presumption that icons of one's own religious practices have meaningful symbolism, while another person's different religious practices do not.

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stating that not all scripture is authoritative, only scripture which "reveals the identity of the individual self and the supreme self as the non-dual Absolute".

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is sin that can only be forgiven if the person who commits it asks God for forgiveness; if the person who committed it dies without repenting God may forgive any

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Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press,

7299: 2616: 2057:(temple), many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it on entering the gurdwara. Guru Granth Sahib is ritually installed every morning, and put to bed at night in many 1574:, Indian thought denied even dogmatic idolatry of its scriptures. Everything has been left to challenge, arguments and enquiry, with the medieval Indian scholar 2020:

is a monotheistic Indian religion, and Sikh temples are devoid of idols and icons for God. Yet, Sikhism strongly encourages devotion to God. Some scholars call

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The manufacture of images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and Christian saints, along with prayers directed to these has been widespread among the Catholic faithful.

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PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,

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deity, and contained 360 idols that probably represented the days of the year. But by Muhammad's day, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of

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candles before pictures, Christmas decorations and celebrations, and festive or memorial processions with statues of religious significance to Christianity.

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In East Asia and Southeast Asia, worship in Buddhist temples with the aid of icons and sacred objects has been historic. In Japanese Buddhism, for example,

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in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness). Ismailis go deeper into the definition of

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From the contemplation of images grows delight, from delight faith, from faith steadfast devotion, through such devotion arises that higher understanding (

2557:, tolerance, and acceptance of diverse representations of the divine, whereas Abrahamic monotheistic religions are intolerant, have attempted to destroy 2211:

mystical magical powers through divination. Idols and their worship have been associated with all three components in the African Traditional Religions.

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and later Islam, as evidenced by the widespread desecration and defacement of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures that have survived into the modern era.

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Willis, John Ralph (1967). "Jihād fī Sabīl Allāh—its Doctrinal Basis in Islam and some Aspects of its Evolution in Nineteenth-Century West Africa".

6432:, Quote: "Some had been desecrated by zealous Muslims during their occupation of Maharashtra in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." 1377:(circa 1500 - 500 BCE) is traditionally considered as the origin of Hinduism proper, but it also did not emphasize murti or vigraha worship, as the 296: 769:

and documentary records. For example, the veneration of the tombs and statues of martyrs was common among early Christian communities. In 397 St.

537:) on idolatry. According to the Maimonidean interpretation, idolatry in itself is not a fundamental sin, but the grave sin is the denial of God's 2467:

were not monotheists but actively engaged in idolatry and worshipped many foreign, non-Jewish Gods besides Yahweh and/or instead of him, such as

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The images or relics of Buddha are found in all Buddhist traditions, but they also feature gods and goddesses such as those in Tibetan Buddhism.

1534:, they describe meditation, they recommend the pursuit of simple monastic life and self-knowledge, they debate the nature of absolute reality as 876:

has been defined as veneration of religious images, statues or icons which is not only allowed but obligatory. This distinction was discussed by

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Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press,

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I Am with You Always: A Study of the History and Meaning of Personal Devotion to Jesus Christ for Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians

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as idol is incorrect, when idol is understood as superstitious end in itself. Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a

8509: 6748: 1240:. In Salafi-Wahhabi interpretation, it may be used very widely to describe behaviour that does not literally constitute worship, including 1408:

The post-Vedic period (circa 500 BCE - 300 CE) witnessed the emergence and development of various religious movements and schools, such as

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major sects of Jainism such as Digambara and Shvetambara. The earliest archaeological evidence of the idols and images in Jainism is from

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https://www.oneindia.com/india/why-india-is-a-land-of-murti-and-vigraha-and-not-idols-and-idolators-as-perceived-by-the-west-3455405.html

5981: 5893: 3633: 1464:(circa 3rd century BCE - 3rd century CE), which mentions how Buddha's mother Maya dreamt of a white elephant entering her womb, and how 6766:

John Cort, Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64–68, 86–90, 100–112

2192: 7484: 3517: 1516:(pre-200 BC) traditions suggest no evidence of idolatry. The Vedic literature mentions many gods and goddesses, as well as the use of 561:

states that God has no shape or form, is utterly incomparable, is everywhere and cannot be represented in a physical form of an idol.

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L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque

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David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press,

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representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several heretical rituals were adopted in the Pilgrimage (

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6.2.2, tells the story of his mother making offerings for the tombs of martyrs and the oratories built in the memory of the saints.

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Stephanie W. Jamison (2011), The Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun: Myth and Ritual in Ancient India, Cornell University Press,

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Hardip Syan (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press,

5985:

The text reads "O God, do not be afraid", the second footnote reads "The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed"

599: 9186: 9156: 9129: 9095: 9060: 8776: 8627: 8573: 8451: 8424: 8397: 8370: 8343: 8313: 8286: 8259: 8232: 8205: 8173: 8141: 8114: 8087: 8058: 8031: 8001: 7974: 7944: 7917: 7889: 7862: 7829: 7767: 7662: 7623: 7596: 7562: 7528: 7494: 7436: 7402: 7361: 7287: 7212: 7178: 7148: 7104: 7077: 7050: 6934: 6917: 6897: 6847: 6820: 6790: 6732: 6707: 6681: 6664: 6624: 6588: 6569: 6547: 6510: 6458: 6425: 6398: 6362: 6329: 6302: 6179: 6147: 6098: 6071: 5931: 5873: 5845: 5783: 5755: 5728: 5701: 5666: 5549: 5515: 5488: 5451: 5419: 5392: 5360: 5320: 5293: 5263: 5209: 5161: 5134: 5055: 5028: 5001: 4954: 4927: 4900: 4873: 4802: 4752: 4716: 4686: 4656: 4629: 4602: 4572: 4545: 4478: 4451: 4424: 4397: 4370: 4343: 4311: 4220: 4193: 4166: 4139: 4105: 4078: 4047: 3999: 3972: 3945: 3915: 3883: 3830: 3777: 3723: 3696: 3664: 3537: 3500: 3416: 3389: 3362: 3335: 3308: 3229: 3204: 3180: 3150: 3051: 2918: 2837:, Quote: "Idolatry (...) in the first commandment denotes the notion of worship, adoration, or reverence of an image of God." 2803: 2549: 1313:, marking the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshipped by monotheists. Guillaume in his translation of 1003:

groups denounced all forms of religious objects, regardless of whether it was a statue or sculpture, or image, including the

765:

The early defense of images included exegesis of Old and New Testament. Evidence for the use of religious images is found in

608: 1127:. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and 7641:

J. O. Awolalu (1976), What is African Traditional Religion?, Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 10, No. 2, pages 8, 1–10

5109:

The Queen of Heaven: Màmma Schiavona (the Black Mother), the Madonna of the Pignasecea: a Delineation of the Great Idolatry

2963: 7315:

William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press,

8962: 3263: 533:

have elaborated on the issues of idolatry. One of the oft-cited discussions is the commentary of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (

2598:. The first commandment listed is interpreted as prohibiting idolatry, but the nature of the meaning of idolatry in the 126:, as well as other competing entities or objects to which particular importance is attributed. Conversely, followers of 9235: 9218: 9202: 8915: 8473:. Vol. XXIV (The Journal of civilization ed.). Society for the Advancement of Civilization. pp. 370–373. 7337: 7320: 7124: 7026: 7009: 6988: 6971: 6951: 6872: 6275: 6258: 6241: 6123: 4505: 3803: 3599: 3170: 2625: 7296: 6946:

W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy, Routledge,

4389:

Wiles of Women/The Wiles of Men, The: Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Islamic Folklore

1065:) can refer to "idolatry", though it is most widely used to denote "association of partners with God". The concept of 9008: 8878: 8690: 6021: 5994: 5903: 5236: 4829: 3107: 2864: 2849:

Iconoclasm and Iconoclash, Chapter 6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm As A Prerequisite For Inter-Human Relations

3734: 142:

even though that would encompass all deities from the atheist viewpoint. Usage of this term is generally limited to

9225: 3793: 2632: 2155: 928:

was pivotal during this period. The Eastern Orthodox Church has ever since celebrated the use of icons and images.

808: 9413: 9193: 8959: 3260: 179:

of spiritual ideas, or the embodiment of the divine. It is a means to focus one's religious pursuits and worship (

9434: 5228:

The Holy Orthodox Church: Or, The Ritual, Services and Sacraments of the Eastern Apostolic (Greek-Russian) Church

4993:

The Religious Paintings of Hendrick Ter Brugghen: Reinventing Christian Painting After the Reformation in Utrecht

1346:(Sanskrit) in India is not clear, as different sources have different opinions and interpretations. However, the 8548: 2847:

Poorthuis, Marcel (2007). "6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm as a Prerequisite for Inter-Human Relations".

304: 8827: 8727: 7279:

Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms

7021:

Mahinder Gulati (2008), Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphism And Divinity, Atlantic,

2367:, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices. The male deity 929: 9270:

Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1983), "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry",

9178:

Hombres ciegos, ídolos huecos: fetichismo y alteridad en la crítica de la idolatría del Apocalipsis de Abrahán

2173: 382:, worship of planets and constellations) is not found in its early manuscripts. The later Jews used the term 276: 2746:

is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god, this specifically refers to the ancient ideas

2599: 5411:

The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-Breaking in Christianity and Islam

907:

in Numbers 21:9, which had the grace and power of God to heal those bitten by real snakes. Similarly, the

9400: 7993:

Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests

5476: 2959: 1555: 774: 6600:

Paul Thieme (1984), "Indische Wörter und Sitten," in Kleine Schriften (Wiesbaden), Vol. 2, pages 343–370

6253:

Karen Pechelis (2011), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury,

3798:

S Kalyanaraman (2007), Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, Motilal Banarsidass,

704:

The veneration of Mary, Jesus Christ, and the Black Madonna are common practices in the Catholic Church.

695: 8760: 3748: 921: 221:. Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all 94: 8950: 6676:

Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,

6659:

Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,

6063:

Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati, and Nineteenth-Century Polemics against Idolatry

3251: 312: 8535: 7377: 7229:

Creating Selves: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Self and Creativity in African American Religion

2391: 1509: 1378: 1347: 603: 441: 39: 8896:"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion: Methodological and Religio-Historical Aspects" 7394:

Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior

6542:

Klaus Klostermaier (2007) Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, 2nd Edition, Oxford: OneWorld Publications,

4708:

Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century

1793:

is a form and manifestation, states Fowler, of the formless Absolute. Thus a literal translation of

1484:

The oldest forms of the ancient religions of India apparently made no use of cult images. While the

1094:

The Islamic concept of idolatry extends beyond polytheism, and includes some Christians and Jews as

727:

that began widespread destruction of religious images in the 8th century, with support from emperor

669:

churches that considerably restrict their use. However, many Protestants have used the image of the

228:

The opposition to the use of any icon or image to represent ideas of reverence or worship is called

97:

as if it were God. In these monotheistic religions, idolatry has been considered as the "worship of

8531: 4821:

Byzantine Iconoclasm During the Reign of Leo III: With Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources

2740: 1359: 981: 256: 4022: 2387:. The Polynesian people produced idols from wood, and congregated around these idols for worship. 1978:

Devotional idolatry has been a prevalent ancient practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned

8862: 8495: 5184: 2751: 2500: 2292:(above) have been called as symbols of idolatry, but may have just been stone images of warriors. 845: 686: 662: 6390: 6106: 3381:

The Legend of Sergius Bahira: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam

723:, in his "On the Divine Image", defended the use of icons and images, in direct response to the 545:

The commandments in the Hebrew Bible against idolatry forbade the practices and gods of ancient

9041:

The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse

8992: 8815: 8715: 7907: 5480: 4125: 2718: 2540: 2097: 996: 754: 572:

The history of Jewish religious practice has included cult images and figurines made of ivory,

198: 8850: 8807: 8707: 8660: 8468: 8360: 7991: 7854: 7518: 7351: 7277: 7094: 6500: 6415: 6292: 6011: 5773: 5539: 5382: 5350: 5199: 5151: 5124: 5047:

Images in Catholicism ...idolatry?: Discourse on the First Commandment With Biblical Citations

5018: 4971: 4863: 4676: 4646: 4562: 4468: 4360: 4271: 4210: 4183: 4156: 4095: 4068: 3566: 3495:. Vol. Judaism and the Challenges of Modern Life. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–112. 3490: 3379: 3352: 2342:– the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess. A deity with aspects similar to 1854:

is considered an act of devotion, but non-murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic

1476:(circa 7th century CE), which depict five chariots dedicated to different gods and goddesses. 1436:(circa 4th - 3rd century BCE) contain several references to murti or vigraha worship, such as 1321:

and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to

1214: 872:

to anyone or anything other than God is doctrinally forbidden by the Orthodox Church; however

483: 9119: 9085: 9036: 9000: 8895: 8744: 8595: 8021: 7964: 7879: 7392: 7138: 7067: 7040: 6837: 6614: 6319: 6169: 6137: 6061: 5745: 5718: 5691: 5505: 5310: 5226: 5045: 4991: 4944: 4890: 4769: 4706: 4619: 4441: 4414: 4129: 3905: 3767: 3713: 3686: 3406: 2558: 2315: 1587: 1381:

was mainly focused on fire sacrifices and hymns to various gods and goddesses. However, some

172: 7426: 6474: 5955: 4846: 3820: 3654: 3591: 2553:(1779) that the worship of different gods and cult images in Pagan religions is premised on 2201:

An Orisha deity (left) and an artwork depicting a kneeling female worshipper with child, by

8855:

The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts

8335:

Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America: Contributions to Archaeological Method and Theory

3529: 2504: 1575: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1512:

appears not to have used cult images up to around 500 BC at least. The early Buddhist and

1508:, and has been dated to have been composed over a period of centuries (1200 BC to 200 BC), 1229: 728: 724: 478: 7241:

Reinhardt, Steven G. (2008). "Review: La Nativité et le temps de Noël, XVIIe-XXe siècle".

5620:

Waldman, Marilyn Robinson (1968). "The Development of the Concept of Kufr in the Qur'ān".

3043: 2035:(qualities or form), but its scripture also accepts representations of God with formless ( 1071:(k-f-r) can also include idolatry (among other forms of disbelief). The one who practices 86: 8: 8656: 8505: 8500: 6699: 6270:

Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge,

3165:

Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge,

2595: 2554: 2515: 2134: 2012: 1968: 1953: 1843:

as the manifestation of a revered guest, and the daily routine can include awakening the

1461: 1386: 1148: 1046: 908: 766: 747: 657:

The Christian view of idolatry may generally be divided into two general categories: the

474: 363: 347: 218: 202: 70: 5178: 4794: 4016: 3679: 3627: 423:

posture from Indus Valley civilization sites from the 3rd millennium BC, and much older

393:

Idolatry has also been called idolism, iconolatry or idolodulia in historic literature.

9383: 9355: 9327: 9307: 9279: 9259: 9194:

Idolatry and The Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment

9014: 8907: 8633: 8539: 7800: 7738: 7730: 7695: 7678:

Rubiés, Joan Pau (2006). "Theology, Ethnography, and the Historicization of Idolatry".

7258: 6383: 5637: 5469: 4253: 3468: 3192: 3113: 3075: 3001: 2977: 2492: 2070: 1630: 1241: 1221:(مشركون) "those who commit shirk" refers to the enemies of Islam (as in verse 9.1–15). 1042: 770: 612: 457: 31: 5384:

Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought

2856: 2795: 1139:

by the esoteric potential to have intuitive knowledge of the human being. Hence, most

9429: 9231: 9214: 9198: 9182: 9152: 9125: 9091: 9066: 9056: 9004: 8921: 8911: 8874: 8823: 8782: 8772: 8723: 8686: 8682: 8637: 8623: 8603: 8569: 8565: 8447: 8420: 8393: 8366: 8339: 8309: 8282: 8255: 8228: 8201: 8194: 8169: 8162: 8137: 8110: 8083: 8076: 8054: 8027: 7997: 7970: 7940: 7913: 7885: 7858: 7847: 7825: 7804: 7763: 7742: 7713:

Ranger, Terence O. (1986). "Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa".

7699: 7658: 7619: 7592: 7558: 7524: 7490: 7432: 7398: 7378:"Shabad the Lord is One and His Word is True.. ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਹ ॥ - SikhiToTheMax" 7357: 7333: 7316: 7283: 7262: 7208: 7174: 7144: 7120: 7100: 7073: 7046: 7022: 7005: 6984: 6967: 6947: 6930: 6913: 6893: 6868: 6843: 6816: 6786: 6728: 6703: 6677: 6660: 6640: 6620: 6584: 6565: 6543: 6526: 6506: 6454: 6421: 6394: 6358: 6325: 6298: 6271: 6254: 6237: 6175: 6143: 6119: 6094: 6067: 6017: 5990: 5927: 5899: 5869: 5841: 5816: 5808: 5779: 5751: 5724: 5697: 5662: 5545: 5511: 5484: 5447: 5415: 5388: 5356: 5316: 5289: 5259: 5232: 5205: 5157: 5130: 5051: 5024: 4997: 4950: 4923: 4896: 4869: 4825: 4798: 4748: 4744: 4712: 4682: 4652: 4625: 4598: 4568: 4541: 4501: 4474: 4447: 4420: 4393: 4366: 4339: 4307: 4257: 4216: 4189: 4162: 4135: 4101: 4074: 4043: 3995: 3968: 3941: 3911: 3879: 3826: 3799: 3773: 3719: 3692: 3660: 3647: 3595: 3584: 3533: 3496: 3472: 3412: 3385: 3358: 3331: 3304: 3225: 3200: 3176: 3166: 3146: 3117: 3103: 3047: 2993: 2914: 2860: 2799: 2653: 2562: 2297: 2289: 2183: 2066: 2044: 1597: 1571: 1398: 1394: 1144: 895:(above: Lithuania), a practice questioned in the majority of Protestant Christianity. 736: 649: 406: 6583:

Michael Willis (2009), The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, Cambridge University Press,

6212:

Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism

5471:

Puritanism in north-west England: a regional study of the diocese of Chester to 1642

4212:

The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam

3553: 3099: 3005: 1765: 956: 9375: 9347: 9299: 9251: 9052: 9032: 8866: 8764: 8678: 8674: 8615: 8611: 8561: 8557: 7792: 7722: 7687: 7250: 5629: 5599:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: "Shirk, (Arabic: "making a partner "), in Islam, 4245: 3525: 3460: 3145:

Jeaneane D. Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press,

3095: 3091: 2985: 2967: 2904: 2900: 2852: 2828: 2591: 2496: 1839:). Acts of devotion, in major temples particularly, are structured on treating the 1757: 1681:) aided by the Buddhist clergy. These practices are also found in Korea and China. 1354:, which depicts a horned figure surrounded by animals and possibly identified with 925: 892: 720: 624: 587: 554: 526: 511: 268: 264: 150: 102: 3964:

The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature

2891:. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197. 1964: 1910:

art is to inspire a devotee towards contemplating the Ultimate Supreme Principle (

1276:

gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the

9407: 9290:

Pfeiffer, Robert H. (1924), "The Polemic against Idolatry in the Old Testament",

9146: 8984: 8819: 8768: 8748: 8719: 8487: 8441: 8414: 8387: 8333: 8303: 8276: 8249: 8222: 8131: 8104: 8048: 7934: 7819: 7757: 7652: 7613: 7586: 7552: 7459: 7303: 7202: 7168: 6810: 6780: 6755: 6448: 6352: 6088: 5983:

Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume.

5863: 5835: 5656: 5441: 5409: 5283: 5253: 5107: 4917: 4819: 4787: 4592: 4535: 4495: 4387: 4333: 4301: 4037: 3989: 3962: 3935: 3873: 3325: 3298: 3036: 2694: 2637: 2025: 1873: 1835: 1814: 1769: 1764:(idol). These traditions suggest that it is easier to dedicate time and focus on 1542:, yet the ancient Indian texts mention no use of images. Indologists such as the 1465: 1294: 1176: 1058: 1004: 670: 658: 546: 492: 339: 214: 206: 8870: 3323: 1539: 1338:

The first attested date in peer-reviewed academic literature for the worship of

8543: 5895:

Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume

5507:

The Witches' Sabbath: An Exploration of History, Folklore & Modern Practice

4100:. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 212–213 with footnotes 25–26. 3656:

African Religion Defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan

2360: 1945: 1525: 1351: 1018:

is an ancient symbol used within the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and

933: 877: 794: 503: 402: 190: 8945: 8619: 7796: 7231:, PhD Thesis, Awarded by Rice University, Advisor: Anthony Pinn, pages 122–128 6865:

Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion)

5071: 4824:. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia. pp. 1–7, 44–45. 4249: 3246: 2909: 1653:

from 4th to 9th century, building Buddhist icons and cave temples such as the

1083:) in the Islamic scriptures. The Quran forbids idolatry. Over 500 mentions of 331:, which for the first time in mid 13th century English appears as "idolatry". 9423: 9070: 9018: 8846: 8803: 8756: 6107:

Other people's rituals: Ritual Eclecticism in early medieval Indian religious

5820: 5285:

Images of the Divine: The Theology of Icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council

4848:

St. John Damascene on Holy Images: (pros Tous Diaballontas Tas Agias Eikonas)

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King, G. R. D. (1985). "Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine".

3622: 3284: 2997: 2981: 2819:

DiBernardo, Sabatino (2008). "American Idol(atry): A Religious Profanation".

2788: 2785: 2503:). Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, eventually shifted into a strict, 2460: 2384: 2332: 2311: 2307: 2264: 2202: 2003:

their traditional spirituality but without the Jaina arts, images and idols.

1778: 1649:

does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the earliest days".

1521: 1517: 1473: 1469: 1385:

do mention the use of clay or wooden images for ritual purposes, such as the

1188: 1170: 1128: 1112: 1053: 1032: 856: 732: 530: 288: 237: 186: 47: 8925: 8301: 5541:

Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered

4678:

Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered

1934:(Silpins, murti and temple artists) drew the subject-matter for their work. 1847:

in the morning and making sure that it "is washed, dressed, and garlanded."

5335:

Patricia Crone (1980), Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm,

3849:, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 69 (1974), pages 103–107 3448: 2887:

Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»".

2456: 2348: 2062: 1700: 1658: 1654: 1638: 1374: 1237: 911:

was cited as evidence of the ritual object above which Yahweh was present.

636: 538: 518:. The worship of foreign gods in any form or through icons is not allowed. 414: 194: 82: 78: 20: 8663:. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). 7691: 7654:

African American Religions, 1500–2000: Colonialism, Democracy, and Freedom

7254: 6644: 2832: 2717:

Such idol caring practices are found in other religions. For example, the

2031:

In Sikhism, "Nirguni Bhakti" is emphasised – devotion to a divine without

1606: 217:, and cult images have carried different meanings and significance in the 8491: 8023:

The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World

7881:

The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World

6806: 5596: 4564:

Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period

4064: 3449:"Good Jews Don't: Historical and Philosophical Constructions of Idolatry" 2380: 2274: 2250: 2235: 2151: 1999:, and has been dated to be from the first half of the 1st millennium AD. 1979: 1745: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1421: 1382: 1273: 1019: 1008: 973: 946: 916: 900: 758: 740: 712: 550: 522: 507: 27: 9366:

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5693:

The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History

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War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin

5251: 4919:

St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology

4594:

What the Bible Really Tells Us: The Essential Guide to Biblical Literacy

4439: 3859: 3846: 3769:

Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art

3637:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 288. 2989: 2085: 1888:, correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the 999:

such language was common to all Protestants. In some cases, such as the

502:

prohibits any form of idolatry even if they are used to worship the one

409:

era (35–40 ka onwards). Archaeological evidence from the islands of the

9359: 9311: 9263: 9209: 8305:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990

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Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History

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Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia

2743: 2544: 2528: 2464: 2436: 2432: 2364: 2231: 2048: 1949: 1543: 1115: 988: 666: 573: 534: 424: 410: 351: 272: 233: 210: 131: 115: 93:) idolatry connotes the worship of something or someone other than the 62: 9387: 7734: 6785:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 8–12, 45–46, 219–228, 234–236. 5641: 5016: 3822:

Idols of the People: Miniature Images of Clay in the Ancient Near East

2363:, the Incan people retained their original beliefs in deities through 980:

idols" in the American colonies with "beautiful crosses and images of

665:

view which accepts the use of religious images, and the views of many

8955: 7966:

Practicing Catholic: Ritual, Body, and Contestation in Catholic Faith

6867:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 117–118. 5180:

England warned and counselled; 4 lectures on popery and tractarianism

5153:

The Incarnate Word: The Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan, Volume 8

4524:, MA Thesis, Advisor: Barry Gittlen, Towson University, United States 3256: 2755: 2679: 2563:

violently forced others to accept and worship their conception of God

2255: 1859: 1642: 1547: 1505: 1390: 1318: 1314: 1169:

strongly prohibits all form of idolatry, which is part of the sin of

950: 904: 616: 488: 453: 350:(e.g., bChul., 13b, Bar.), the Greek term itself is not found in the 229: 110: 98: 9351: 9303: 9255: 9043:. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45. 8596:"The "God of Israel" and the Politics of Divinity in Ancient Israel" 7140:

The Grace of Playing: Pedagogies for Leaning into God's New Creation

5122: 4989: 4358: 2674: 1401:(circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which mentions how a wooden image of 887: 240:

condemning the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practice of venerating

9379: 7726: 6090:

Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée

5633: 4521: 3464: 2972: 2664: 2302: 2053: 1865: 1753: 1749: 1645:

Buddhism, and states, "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or

1501: 1497: 1489: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1409: 1389:(circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which describes how a clay image of 1302: 1015: 992: 964: 359: 158: 154: 123: 19:"Idol worship" redirects here. For the American hip hop group, see 9227:

The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonin Exile

8786: 4440:

Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; et al. (2007).

4335:

Leo Strauss and Judaism: Jerusalem and Athens Critically Revisited

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1709: 1673:(sacred objects) have been integral to the worship of the Buddha ( 1272:'s death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the 1156: 1091:

are found in the Quran, and both concepts are strongly forbidden.

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of Yahweh, the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.

2495:, and more, and continued to do so until their return from the 2488: 2440: 2424: 2412: 2338: 2130: 1923: 1877: 1872:

may be represented as a masculine idol, or half-man half woman

1828: 1721:

statue during a contemporary festival (left), and Bhakti saint

1634: 1457: 1453: 1402: 1367: 1322: 1209:

is often translated as idolatry and polytheism. In the Qur'an,

1124: 1036: 865: 850: 582: 558: 452:, images can be a remedy or poison to the human experience. To 335: 319:

thus means "worship of idols", which in Latin appears first as

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is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu. In the

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is venerated in many countries of the Catholic world. In the

2669: 2532: 2484: 2444: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2383:

have had a range of polytheistic theologies found across the

2146: 2032: 1991: 1898: 1869: 1855: 1773: 1736: 1722: 1690: 1615:

Buddhists praying before a statue in Tibet (left) and Vietnam

1485: 1355: 1339: 1306: 1298: 1277: 1258: 1166: 1160: 1140: 977: 960: 449: 433: 355: 260: 232:. The destruction of images as icons of veneration is called 167: 119: 114:

is a derogatory term used in Abrahamic religions to indicate

90: 66: 9181:(Medellín: Fondo Editorial Universidad Católica Luis Amigó) 5677:) and rejected belief in a resurrection and final judgment." 4922:. University of California Press. pp. 3, 18–24, 30–31. 4665: 3296: 2535:

utilize statues of deities within their worship experience.

2330:. Other deities found at Mayan archaeological sites include 623:

Ideas on idolatry in Christianity are based on the first of

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Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond

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3327:

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1892:

is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.

9318:

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Klaus Koschorke; Frieder Ludwig; Mariano Delgado (2007).

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The Future of Protestant Worship: Beyond the Worship Wars

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According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after

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6562:

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Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora

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Satanic Christianity and the Creation of the Seventh Day

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6612: 6380: 5352:

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3691:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 42 see Bilderverehrung. 3652: 2398: 8416:

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8389:

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2690:

Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena

1641:

notes that Bhakti has been a significant practice in

327:, therefrom it appears in 12th century Old French as 9151:. Stanford University Press. pp. 29–35, 60–74. 8412: 8385: 7912:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1002–1003. 7650: 7615:

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African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective

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New Idols of the Cave: On the Limits of Anti-realism

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4861: 4730: 4728: 2407:

is often used throughout the Abrahamic scriptures (

1393:(the creator god) was made and consecrated for the 1297:asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to 735:during a period of religious war with the invading 8810:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). 8710:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). 8446:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 27, 65–71. 8331: 8227:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 560–562. 8193: 8161: 8075: 7871: 7846: 7824:. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21, 85–89. 6887: 6492: 6382: 6286: 6284: 6093:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–5, 143–148. 6055: 6053: 6051: 5898:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. 5685: 5683: 5654: 5468: 5281: 5224: 5105: 4969: 4786: 4736: 4493: 4208: 4154: 3994:. Routledge. pp. 124, 129–130, 134, 137–138. 3910:. University of California Press. pp. 50–52. 3583: 3290: 3224:. Vol. 11. Thomson Gale. pp. 7493–7495. 3073: 3035: 2787: 2463:itself recognizes and reports that originally the 2390:The Christian missionaries, particularly from the 2281:the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters. 9090:. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 24. 9087:Celtic Wicca: Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century 8651: 8649: 8647: 8327: 8325: 8254:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 203–204. 8191: 8159: 8073: 7989: 7926: 7811: 7520:North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks 7204:La Nativité et le temps de Noël: XVIIe-XXe siècle 6962: 6960: 6839:Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism 5827: 5710: 5531: 5497: 5439: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5156:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 310–314. 5017:Horst Woldemar Janson; Anthony F. Janson (2003). 4888: 4306:. University Press of America. pp. 169–170. 4161:. Manchester University Press. pp. 106–110. 3899: 3897: 3895: 3765: 3317: 3038:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 2781: 2779: 1850:In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the 761:praying with a crucifix, painting by August Kraus 437:common. In Ireland, iconic images included pigs. 417:figures from 4th and 3rd millennium BC, idols in 374:, worship in strange service, or "pagan"), while 9421: 8900:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms 8308:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 323–325. 8187: 8185: 8155: 8153: 7817: 7755: 7418: 7191: 7166: 7136: 7092: 6888:Mark Juergensmeyer, Gurinder Singh Mann (2006). 6435: 6371: 6297:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. 6168:Eric Reinders (2005). Francesco Pellizzi (ed.). 6156: 6139:Problems and Perspectives in Religious Discourse 6037: 6035: 6033: 5716: 5610: 5387:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–195. 5149: 4985: 4983: 4784: 4725: 4681:. Princeton University Press. pp. 147–156. 4567:. Princeton University Press. pp. 290–291. 4303:Proceedings of the Academy for Jewish Philosophy 4295: 4293: 4215:. Princeton University Press. pp. 143–145. 4093: 3987: 3933: 3522:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 2939:Leone, Massimo (Spring 2016). Asif, Agha (ed.). 1734:In Hinduism, an icon, image or statue is called 1633:, where offerings and group prayers are made to 987:Protestants often accuse Catholics of idolatry, 9210:God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry 9117: 7983: 7162: 7160: 6655: 6653: 6498: 6450:Buddhism and Iconoclasm in East Asia: A History 6389:. State University of New York Press. pp. 6281: 6048: 5921: 5765: 5737: 5680: 5123:Kathleen M. Ashley; Robert L. A. Clark (2001). 4990:Natasha T. Seaman; Hendrik Terbrugghen (2012). 4949:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 43–44. 4942: 4674: 4586: 4584: 4497:God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry 4359:Hava Tirosh-Samuelson; Aaron W. Hughes (2015). 4062: 4035: 3929: 3927: 3903: 3814: 3812: 3484: 3482: 3377: 3371: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 1902:and the legends associated with the deity. The 1358:. Another example is the bronze statuette of a 635:This is expressed in the Bible in Exodus 20:3, 8939: 8937: 8935: 8841: 8839: 8798: 8796: 8644: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8358: 8322: 8136:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 239–240. 8109:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 27–30. 8046: 7657:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51. 7611: 7584: 7428:The Sun Tyrant: A Nightmare Called North Korea 7349: 7275: 7200: 6957: 6774: 6772: 6619:. Princeton University Press. pp. 58–61. 6608: 6606: 5855: 5648: 5558: 5380: 5369: 5308: 5096:, passage 2113, p. 460, Geoffrey Chapman, 1999 4789:America's Rome: Catholic and contemporary Rome 4767: 4644: 4466: 4385: 4134:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79. 3892: 3772:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. 3568:An American Dictionary of the English Language 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 2776: 1990:have been venerated with offerings, songs and 1884:form. The worship rituals associated with the 516:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 8987:(2012). "Understanding Biblical Monotheism". 8666:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 8655: 8439: 8182: 8150: 8129: 8067: 7618:. East African Publishers. pp. 189–190. 7544: 7353:The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions 7234: 7069:Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study 7042:Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study 6317: 6167: 6086: 6030: 5917: 5915: 5861: 5771: 5689: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5043: 4980: 4774:. Taylor & Taylor. pp. 21–26, 30–31. 4704: 4638: 4617: 4290: 4181: 4119: 4117: 4014: 3878:. Societas Imprint Academic. pp. 10–11. 3552:Douglas Harper (2015), Etymology Dictionary, 3219: 3033: 2962:on behalf of the Semiosis Research Center at 1135:, declaring they don't recognize any sort of 251: 8736: 8600:The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition 8392:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6. 8338:. Indiana University Press. pp. 45–47. 8106:Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes 8096: 7958: 7956: 7637: 7635: 7591:. East African Publishers. pp. xi–xii. 7157: 6650: 6357:. Leiden: Brill Academic. pp. 179–180. 6290: 6174:. Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63. 6087:Richard Payne (2015). Michael Witzel (ed.). 6059: 5743: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5510:. Llewellyn Worldwide, Limited. p. 24. 5446:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–7. 5277: 5275: 4817: 4761: 4581: 4560: 4338:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 72–73. 3940:. Routledge. pp. 44, 125–133, 544–545. 3924: 3809: 3715:Steward of God's Covenant: Selected Writings 3564: 3479: 3398: 3354:Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World 3344: 3161: 3159: 3060: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2873: 2069:wrote "I am idol-breaker" on line 95 of his 1200: 495:. Among other things, it prohibits idolatry. 299:), which itself is a compound of two words: 213:or statues has been a common practice since 9124:. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–34. 8977: 8932: 8836: 8793: 8582: 8053:. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 8020:Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009). 7963:B. Morrill; J. Ziegler; S. Rodgers (2006). 7878:Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009). 7523:. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. 7099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. 6892:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 41. 6805: 6769: 6749:Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba 6603: 6206: 6204: 6135: 5840:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. 5723:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89. 5544:. 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University Press of America. p. 4. 3586:Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings 3350: 3238: 3186: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 2818: 1286:) including doing naked circumambulation. 16:Worship of an idol as though it were a god 8275:J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). 8102: 7953: 7632: 7240: 6863:W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1993). 6778: 6760: 6577: 6538: 6536: 5979: 5891: 5585: 5288:. Brill Academic. pp. viii–ix, 1–3. 5272: 5087: 4029: 3960: 3860:DIE RELIGIÖSE BEDEUTUNG DER KYKLADENIDOLE 3489:Moshe Halbertal; Donniel Hartman (2007). 3156: 2971: 2941:"Smashing Idols: A Paradoxical Semiotics" 2927: 2908: 2846: 2713: 2711: 2395:mentions of actual converts and baptism. 1570:According to John Grimes, a professor of 1107:And the wrongdoers will have no helpers. 1011:were accused of idolatry by inquisitors. 275:' worship of the Golden Calf; woodcut by 9365: 9289: 9241: 8466: 8365:. Oxford University Press. p. 345. 8200:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 843–844. 8168:. 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Another example, is the Buddhist text 1246: 955: 886: 753: 607: 482: 255: 244:in many churches as a form of idolatry. 101:" and is forbidden by texts such as the 38: 9337: 9269: 9083: 9037:"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World" 9031: 8224:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions 8010: 7936:Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies 7909:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions 6977: 6906: 6890:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 6696:The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa 5948:"Allah – Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 5926:. Random House Publishing. p. 11. 5882: 5747:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 5619: 4973:Mores Catholici : Or Ages of Faith 4419:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 73–75. 4320: 3330:. 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Sharma; Usha Sharma (2004). 6693: 6559: 6533: 6447:Fabio Rambelli; Eric Reinders (2012). 5973: 5720:Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam 5567:"Introduction - Masechet Avodah Zarah" 5564: 5503: 5201:Walsingham and the English Imagination 4537:The Sense of Sight in Rabbinic Culture 3872:Colin Beckley; Elspeth Waters (2008). 3300:Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity 3199:, State University of New York Press, 3015:from the original on 23 September 2017 2708: 2336:– the benevolent male rain deity, and 1432:(circa 5th - 4th century BCE) and the 967:on it, in a Lutheran Protestant church 600:Religious images in Christian theology 510:. According to the second word of the 463: 346:, (עבודת אלילים) which is attested in 9317: 8983: 8965:from the original on 11 November 2020 8943: 8893: 8845: 8802: 8593: 7424: 6856: 6350: 5337:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 5020:History of Art: The Western Tradition 4976:. Catholic Society. pp. 408–410. 4743:. Harvard University Press. pp. 3991:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3937:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3581: 3266:from the original on 11 November 2020 3244: 2938: 2794:. Harvard University Press. pp. 2550:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 2516:vast majority of religions in history 2346:in the Aztec culture has been called 2140: 1809:in Hinduism – is not confined in it. 397:Prehistoric and ancient civilizations 8898:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.). 8705: 7933:Janet Parker; Julie Stanton (2007). 7853:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7550: 7397:. Taylor & Francis. p. 62. 7282:. BRILL Academic. pp. 212–213. 6815:. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 48–53. 6722: 6527:"Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 12, Verse 5" 6227:, Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages 16–37 4235: 4018:Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions 3530:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001 3384:. BRILL Academic. pp. 204–205. 3357:. BRILL Academic. pp. 317–324. 2964:Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 2851:. BRILL Academic. pp. 125–140. 2594:on a monument on the grounds of the 2234:, a winter solstice festival of the 2080: 2051:of Sikhism. It is installed in Sikh 8944:Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) . 8524: 8477: 8362:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 8251:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World 7996:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141, 251. 7759:Islam and Tribal Art in West Africa 5801: 5177:Rev. Robert William Dibdin (1851). 4868:. Abingdon. pp. 131–133, 367. 4624:. Trafford Publishing. p. 74. 4362:Arthur Green: Hasidism for Tomorrow 3847:A Prehistoric Figurine from Mycenae 3245:Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) . 2399:Religious tolerance and intolerance 2121:In Japan, there are images of some 1637:and particularly images of Buddha. 1328: 1201: 1180: 1051:In Islamic sources, the concept of 817:not the adoration due to God alone: 787:incite people to piety and virtue. 521:Many Jewish scholars such as Rabbi 405:have been dated to the prehistoric 334:Although the Greek appears to be a 185:). In the traditional religions of 13: 9169: 9121:Loving Justice, Living Shakespeare 8470:Abolition of Idolatry in Polynesia 8133:The Aztec Image in Western Thought 7939:. Struik Publishers. p. 501. 7554:North Korea, Undermining the Truce 7431:. Biteback Publishing. p. 7. 7143:. Wipf and Stock. pp. 67–68. 7004:(Editor: Anne Murphy), Routledge, 5050:. St. Paul Press. pp. 11–14. 4793:. Yale University Press. pp. 3819:Peter Roger Stuart Moorey (2003). 2531:. Some Neopagan religions such as 839: 827:It also points out the following: 506:as occurred during the sin of the 44:Moses Indignant at the Golden Calf 30:. For the Veil of Maya album, see 14: 9446: 9394: 8546:, eds. (1971). "Idol, Idolatry". 7227:Margarita Simon Guillory (2011), 6727:. Sumit Publications. p. x. 6667:, pages 7–9, for context see 1–10 4845:Saint John (of Damascus) (1898). 3796:, New Delhi, Government of India; 3688:Dictionary of philosophical terms 2857:10.1163/ej.9789004161955.i-538.53 2077:Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions 1744:. Major Hindu traditions such as 832:ancestors, the state, money, etc. 9138: 9111: 9025: 8991:. The Open Yale Courses Series. 8887: 8812:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 8712:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 8699: 8683:10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi 8566:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_1900 8460: 8433: 8406: 8379: 8295: 8281:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 2243–2244. 8268: 8241: 8214: 8123: 8040: 7899: 7776: 7749: 7706: 7671: 7644: 7605: 7578: 7370: 7343: 7326: 7309: 7269: 7221: 7130: 7113: 7086: 7059: 7032: 7015: 6994: 6940: 6881: 6829: 6799: 6741: 6716: 6687: 6670: 6633: 6613:Christopher John Fuller (2004). 6594: 6591:, pages 96–112, 123–143, 168–172 6553: 6519: 6467: 6407: 6381:Geri Hockfield Malandra (1993). 6344: 6264: 6247: 6230: 6217: 6188: 6129: 6112: 6080: 6003: 5940: 5792: 5094:Catechism of The Catholic Church 4851:. T. Baker. pp. 5–6, 12–17. 4522:Judean pillar figurines: a study 3875:Who Holds the Moral High Ground? 3080:The Brill Dictionary of Religion 2733: 2633:The Adoration of the Golden Calf 2624: 2607: 2583: 2575:Christian depictions of idolatry 2191: 2182: 2125:(i.e. deities) such as those of 2084: 1708: 1699: 1605: 1596: 1242:use of images of sentient beings 939: 809:Catechism of the Catholic Church 694: 685: 639:, Luke 4:8 and elsewhere, e.g.: 209:and elsewhere, the reverence of 9340:Journal of the History of Ideas 8706:Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). 8512:from the original on 4 May 2013 7680:Journal of the History of Ideas 6010:Christian Julien Robin (2012). 5778:. Routledge. pp. 144–146. 5460: 5401: 5342: 5329: 5302: 5245: 5218: 5191: 5170: 5143: 5116: 5064: 5037: 5010: 4963: 4936: 4909: 4882: 4855: 4838: 4811: 4611: 4527: 4514: 4487: 4473:. Routledge. pp. 112–113. 4460: 4433: 4413:Abraham Joshua Heschel (2005). 4406: 4379: 4365:. BRILL Academic. p. 231. 4352: 4264: 4229: 4202: 4175: 4148: 4131:The Cambridge Companion to Jung 4056: 4008: 3981: 3865: 3852: 3839: 3786: 3759: 3741: 3705: 3673: 3653:Anthony Ephirim-Donkor (2012). 3641: 3615: 3575: 3558: 3546: 3509: 3278: 3100:10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041 2253:, for example, has believed in 731:and continued by his successor 593: 311:(λατρεία "worship", related to 9292:Journal of Biblical Literature 8604:Vetus Testamentum: Supplements 8248:Manuel Aguilar-Moreno (2007). 8196:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology 8164:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology 8078:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology 7785:The Journal of African History 7243:The Catholic Historical Review 5661:. Infobase. pp. 420–421. 5355:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 369–370. 5258:. Niemeyer. pp. 120–121. 5023:. Prentice Hall. p. 386. 4651:. Infobase. pp. 358–359. 4534:Rachel Neis (29 August 2013). 4470:Archaeology and World Religion 2840: 2812: 1914:). This text adds (abridged): 920:was codified in 787 AD by the 676: 65:or "idol" as though it were a 1: 8960:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 8413:Robert W. Williamson (2013). 8386:Robert W. Williamson (2013). 7651:Sylvester A. Johnson (2015). 6324:. Routledge. pp. 83–84. 6016:. OUP USA. pp. 304–305. 5834:Simon Ross Valentine (2014). 5538:Leora Faye Batnitzky (2000). 5349:James Leslie Houlden (2003). 4916:Jeffrey F. Hamburger (2002). 4865:A New History of Christianity 4021:. Griffith, Farran. pp. 3261:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3222:Gale Encyclopedia of Religion 2769: 2310:, also revered as the god of 2174:Traditional African religions 1492:is extensive, in the form of 1333: 1213:and the related word (plural 491:with the Ten Commandments by 390:, meaning "foreign worship". 277:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld 8769:10.1017/CCO9781139047784.007 7969:. Springer. pp. 79–80. 7072:. Springer. pp. 36–37. 7045:. Springer. pp. 34–35. 5980:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). 5952:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 5892:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). 5315:. Dorrance. pp. 72–73. 4895:. Ignatius. pp. 58–60. 4862:Hans J. Hillerbrand (2012). 3967:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 48–49. 3794:Seated Male in Namaskar pose 3718:. Random House. p. 11. 2600:Biblical law in Christianity 2374: 1969:Gomateshwara Bahubali statue 1922:) that is the royal road to 932:also accepts icons in their 914:Veneration of icons through 783:Images function as the Bible 615:destroying a pagan idol, by 7: 9272:Hebrew Union College Annual 9244:The Jewish Quarterly Review 9224:Yechezkel Kaufmann (1960). 9207:Reuven Chaim Klein (2018). 8871:10.1093/019513480X.003.0008 8332:Lawrence A. Kuznar (2001). 8026:. Ashgate. pp. 77–81. 7517:Yeo, A.; Chubb, D. (2018). 6694:Naidoo, Thillayvel (1982). 5775:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia 5655:Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). 5477:Manchester University Press 5282:Ambrosios Giakalis (2005). 5225:Sebastian Dabovich (1898). 5106:Thomas W. L. Jones (1898). 4996:. Ashgate. pp. 23–29. 4970:Kenelm Henry Digby (1841). 4648:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 4494:Reuven Chaim Klein (2018). 4209:Sidney H. Griffith (2012). 4188:. Wiley. pp. 275–276. 4155:Christopher Norris (1997). 3524:. Oxford University Press. 3220:Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). 3042:. Merriam-Webster. p. 2960:University of Chicago Press 2697:– prayer ritual in Hinduism 2656:– prayer ritual in Buddhism 2647: 2267:and nature deities such as 2222: 2028:sect of Indian traditions. 1906:states that the aim of the 1725:singing before an image of 1684: 1581: 1556:Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar 1187:comes from the Arabic root 1016:body of Christ on the cross 848:has differentiated between 413:have yielded Neolithic era 364:Hellenistic Jewish writings 10: 9451: 9230:. Univ. of Chicago Press. 8761:Cambridge University Press 8594:Stahl, Michael J. (2021). 8542:; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; 8192:C Scott Littleton (2005). 8160:C Scott Littleton (2005). 8074:C Scott Littleton (2005). 7990:Rebecca M. Seaman (2013). 7356:. Routledge. p. 211. 7173:. Gale. p. Idolatry. 6842:. Mittal. pp. 53–54. 6420:. Routledge. p. 256. 6105:; Phyllis Granoff (2000), 5571:The Coming Week's Daf Yomi 5467:Richardson, R. C. (1972). 5440:Carlos M. N. Eire (1989). 5414:. Tauris. pp. 31–37. 4889:Benedict Groschel (2010). 4185:Ancient Greek Civilization 4039:Moses and Multiculturalism 3907:Moses and Multiculturalism 3766:Richard G. Lesure (2011). 2568: 2326:'s position on the spring 2171: 2144: 2010: 2006: 1959: 1688: 1585: 1479: 1397:. Another example, is the 1040: 1030: 922:Seventh Ecumenical Council 597: 472: 468: 323:, then in Vulgar Latin as 252:Etymology and nomenclature 25: 18: 8989:Introduction to the Bible 8743:Gruber, Mayer I. (2013). 8620:10.1163/9789004447721_003 7818:Reuven Firestone (1999). 7797:10.1017/s0021853700007933 7756:René A. Bravmann (1980). 7391:He, K.; Feng, H. (2013). 7167:J. Gordon Melton (2001). 7137:Courtney T. Goto (2016). 7093:John F. Richards (1995). 6725:Swami Dayānanda Sarasvatī 6351:Spink, Walter M. (2006). 5717:Reuven Firestone (1999). 5150:Bernard Lonergan (2016). 4785:William L. Vance (1989). 4275: 4272:"UBA: Rosenthaliana 1768" 4250:10.1017/s0041977x00033346 4128:; Terence Dawson (eds.). 4094:Arthur P. Urbano (2013). 3988:Douglas Q. Adams (1997). 3934:Douglas Q. Adams (1997). 3571:. BL Hamlen. p. 857. 3303:. Ashgate. pp. 1–3. 3287:, Encyclopædia Britannica 2910:10.1163/9789004468474_008 2392:London Missionary Society 2167: 1510:historical Vedic religion 1348:Indus Valley Civilization 1151:, and with reverence for 1102:(infidels). For example: 963:with Christian Bible and 604:Aniconism in Christianity 442:Ancient Egyptian religion 383: 108:For instance, the phrase 9191:Swagato Ganguly (2017). 9118:Regina Schwartz (2016). 8749:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley 6499:Brant Cortright (2010). 5922:Karen Armstrong (2002). 5565:Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin. 5204:. Ashgate. p. 153. 5183:. James Nisbet. p. 4943:Ronald P. Byars (2002). 4771:The Practice of Idolatry 4675:Leora Batnitzky (2009). 4063:Sylvia Estienne (2015). 4036:Barbara Johnson (2010). 3904:Barbara Johnson (2010). 3447:Janowitz, Naomi (2007). 3378:Barbara Roggema (2009). 2750:once encompassed in the 2701: 2116: 1026: 652:26:1–2, King James Bible 376:avodat kochavim umazalot 9414:Iconoclasm and idolatry 9406:12 January 2019 at the 9401:Idolatry and iconoclasm 8951:Encyclopædia Britannica 8894:Niehr, Herbert (1995). 8863:Oxford University Press 8359:Brian M. Fagan (1996). 8047:Alan L. Kolata (2013). 7884:. Ashgate. p. 17. 7612:Richard Gehman (2005). 7585:Richard Gehman (2005). 7350:Gerald Parsons (1993). 7276:Francois Soyer (2012). 7201:Régis Bertrand (2003). 6479:Encyclopædia Britannica 5475:. Manchester, England: 5381:Anthony Milton (2002). 5339:, Volume 2, pages 59–95 5309:Gabriel Balima (2008). 5255:Functions of Literature 4768:L. A. Craighen (1914). 4747:–40, 102–103, 116–119. 4645:Frank K. Flinn (2007). 4467:Timothy Insoll (2002). 4446:. Cengage. p. 40. 4386:Shalom Goldman (2012). 3732:See John Calvin (1537) 3634:Encyclopædia Britannica 3492:Monotheism and Violence 3252:Encyclopædia Britannica 2752:Ancient Hebrew religion 2501:Ancient Hebrew religion 2322:, aligning them to the 2133:at the Buddhist temple 1868:tradition of Hinduism, 1772:or non-anthropomorphic 1452:installing an image of 846:Eastern Orthodox Church 785:for the illiterate, and 401:The earliest so-called 9435:Judeo-Christian topics 8816:Grand Rapids, Michigan 8716:Grand Rapids, Michigan 8440:Steven Hooper (2006). 8278:Religions of the World 8130:Benjamin Keen (1990). 7715:African Studies Review 6812:The Jains, 2nd Edition 6560:Fuller, C. J. (2004), 6318:Richard Cohen (2006). 6223:Allan Andrews (1993), 6194:Minoru Kiyota (1985), 5924:Islam: A Short History 5862:G. R. Hawting (1999). 5772:Oliver Leaman (2006). 5690:G. R. Hawting (1999). 5044:Henry Ede Eze (2011). 4705:Ryan K. Smith (2011). 4618:Terrance Shaw (2010). 4520:Allen Shapiro (2011), 4182:David Sansone (2016). 4126:Polly Young-Eisendrath 4097:The Philosophical Life 4067:and Jörg Rüpke (ed.). 4015:James Bonwick (1894). 3858:JÜRGEN THIMME (1965), 3594:with footnotes 47–48. 3034:Wendy Doniger (1999). 2719:Infant Jesus of Prague 2541:Scottish Enlightenment 2293: 2245: 1975: 1942: 1291:Islam: A Short History 1265: 1232:except for committing 1120: 997:Protestant Reformation 968: 930:Eastern Rite Catholics 896: 834: 825: 819: 790: 762: 655: 633: 620: 496: 280: 132:polytheistic religions 51: 9416:, Columbia University 9320:The Christian Scholar 9001:Yale University Press 7692:10.1353/jhi.2006.0038 7255:10.1353/cat.2008.0002 6754:10 April 2009 at the 6291:Peter Harvey (2013). 6060:Noel Salmond (2006). 5744:Hugh Goddard (2000). 5658:Encyclopedia of Islam 4818:Stephen Gero (1973). 3749:"The Cave Art Debate" 3582:Stern, Sacha (1994). 3565:Noah Webster (1841). 2833:10.3138/jrpc.19.1.001 2559:freedom of expression 2306:has been the supreme 2287: 2230: 2163:Traditional religions 1967: 1916: 1588:Aniconism in Buddhism 1256: 1143:have no problem with 1104: 959: 890: 829: 820: 814: 780: 757: 641: 629: 611: 486: 259: 238:Protestant Christians 42: 9084:Raeburn, J. (2001). 8865:. pp. 133–148. 8822:. pp. 384–386. 8722:. pp. 916–917. 8677:. pp. 352–365. 8657:Van der Toorn, Karel 7849:Holy War, Holy Peace 7464:. Naewoe Press. 1982 7302:25 July 2018 at the 6647:, pages 49–56, 63–65 6475:"pratima (Hinduism)" 6136:John Grimes (1994). 5798:Momen (1985), p. 176 5408:James Noyes (2013). 5198:Gary Waller (2013). 4332:David Novak (1996). 4300:Barry Kogan (1992). 4124:Paul Kugler (2008). 3753:Smithsonian Magazine 3685:Elmar Waibl (1997). 3516:John Bowker (2005). 3453:History of Religions 3405:Erich Kolig (2012). 3197:A Survey of Hinduism 2903:. pp. 184–224. 2798:–8, 85–86, 146–148. 2505:exclusive monotheism 2455:. Nevertheless, the 2316:step pyramid temples 1560:Horace Hayman Wilson 1552:Pandurang Vaman Kane 725:Byzantine iconoclasm 586:symbols such as the 479:Aniconism in Judaism 263:breaks the original 8614:. pp. 52–144. 8506:Kopelman Foundation 8501:Jewish Encyclopedia 7845:Marc Gopin (2002). 7483:Becker, J. (2005). 6723:Lata, Prem (1990). 6700:Motilal Banarsidass 5958:on 19 December 2015 5504:Mankey, J. (2022). 4591:T. J. Wray (2011). 3845:S. Diamant (1974), 3351:André Wink (1997). 3076:von Stuckrad, Kocku 2596:Texas State Capitol 2555:religious pluralism 2547:wrote in his essay 2451:) as the only true 2361:Spanish colonialism 2013:Idolatry in Sikhism 1954:Satya Mahima Dharma 1904:Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad 1876:form, in an anicon 1760:favor the use of a 1462:Lalitavistara Sutra 1387:Shatapatha Brahmana 1217:active participle) 1047:Blasphemy and Islam 909:Ark of the Covenant 880:in section 3.25 of 767:Early Christian art 748:John the Evangelist 475:Idolatry in Judaism 464:Abrahamic religions 348:rabbinic literature 271:in response to the 267:inscribed with the 219:history of religion 71:Abrahamic religions 9410:, Tufts University 9055:. pp. 53–82. 9003:. pp. 15–28. 8910:. pp. 45–72. 8908:Peeters Publishers 8763:. pp. 76–94. 8103:Greg Roza (2008). 7425:Floru, JP (2017). 6779:John Cort (2010). 6747:Bhagirathi Nepak. 6210:Pori Park (2012), 3961:Boria Sax (2001). 3682:, Merriam Webster; 3650:, Merriam Webster; 3193:Klaus Klostermaier 2754:, such as being a 2617:Giovanni Dall'Orto 2294: 2246: 2156:worship of himself 2141:North Korean Juche 2096:. You can help by 1976: 1631:Theravada Buddhism 1266: 1043:Aniconism in Islam 969: 897: 771:Augustine of Hippo 763: 621: 497: 458:Early Christianity 307:"image/idol") and 281: 52: 32:False Idol (album) 9213:. Mosaica Press. 9187:978-958-8943-91-6 9158:978-0-8047-8181-7 9131:978-0-19-251460-8 9097:978-0-8065-2229-6 9062:978-90-04-39721-7 9033:Bernard, David K. 8778:978-0-521-11396-0 8629:978-90-04-44772-1 8606:. Vol. 187. 8575:978-90-04-16121-4 8536:van Donzel, E. J. 8467:J Mezies (1841). 8453:978-0-8248-3084-7 8426:978-1-107-62569-3 8399:978-1-107-62569-3 8372:978-0-19-507618-9 8345:978-1-879621-29-9 8315:978-0-8028-2889-7 8288:978-1-59884-204-3 8261:978-0-19-533083-0 8234:978-0-252-09433-0 8207:978-0-7614-7565-1 8175:978-0-7614-7565-1 8143:978-0-8135-1572-4 8116:978-1-4042-0739-4 8089:978-0-7614-7565-1 8060:978-0-521-86900-3 8033:978-0-7546-5290-8 8003:978-1-59884-777-2 7976:978-1-4039-8296-4 7946:978-1-77007-453-8 7919:978-0-252-09433-0 7891:978-0-7546-5290-8 7864:978-0-19-803348-6 7831:978-0-19-535219-1 7769:978-0-521-29791-2 7664:978-1-316-36814-5 7625:978-9966-25-354-5 7598:978-9966-25-354-5 7564:978-0-903366-43-4 7551:Rees, D. (1976). 7530:978-1-108-69284-7 7496:978-0-19-029099-3 7438:978-1-78590-288-8 7404:978-1-135-13119-7 7363:978-0-415-08326-3 7289:978-90-04-23278-5 7214:978-2-85399-552-8 7180:978-0-8103-9488-9 7150:978-1-4982-3300-2 7106:978-0-521-56603-2 7096:The Mughal Empire 7079:978-1-349-23049-5 7052:978-1-349-23049-5 6935:978-81-7010-301-1 6918:978-0-9661027-0-3 6899:978-0-19-513798-9 6849:978-81-7099-957-7 6822:978-0-415-26606-2 6792:978-0-19-045257-5 6734:978-81-7000-114-0 6709:978-81-208-0769-3 6682:978-81-208-0090-8 6665:978-81-208-0090-8 6626:978-0-691-12048-5 6589:978-0-521-51874-1 6571:978-0-691-12048-5 6548:978-1-85168-163-1 6512:978-0-7914-8013-7 6460:978-1-4411-8168-8 6427:978-1-136-63979-1 6400:978-0-7914-1355-5 6364:978-90-04-15644-9 6331:978-1-134-19205-2 6304:978-0-521-85942-4 6181:978-0-87365-766-2 6149:978-0-7914-1791-1 6100:978-0-19-935158-9 6073:978-1-55458-128-3 5933:978-0-8129-6618-3 5875:978-1-139-42635-0 5847:978-1-84904-464-6 5809:Motahari, Morteza 5785:978-0-415-32639-1 5757:978-1-56663-340-6 5730:978-0-19-535219-1 5703:978-1-139-42635-0 5668:978-1-4381-2696-8 5551:978-0-691-04850-5 5517:978-0-7387-6717-8 5490:978-0-7190-0477-3 5453:978-0-521-37984-7 5421:978-0-85772-288-1 5394:978-0-521-89329-9 5362:978-1-57607-856-3 5322:978-1-4349-9280-2 5295:978-90-04-14328-9 5265:978-3-484-40106-8 5211:978-1-4094-7860-7 5163:978-1-4426-3111-3 5136:978-0-8166-3576-4 5057:978-0-9827966-9-6 5030:978-0-13-182895-7 5003:978-1-4094-3495-5 4956:978-0-664-22572-8 4929:978-0-520-22877-1 4902:978-1-58617-257-2 4875:978-1-4267-1914-1 4804:978-0-300-04453-9 4754:978-0-674-44313-6 4718:978-0-8078-7728-9 4688:978-1-4008-2358-1 4658:978-0-8160-7565-2 4631:978-1-4251-1667-5 4604:978-1-4422-1293-0 4574:978-0-691-05787-3 4547:978-1-107-03251-4 4500:. Mosaica Press. 4480:978-1-134-59798-7 4453:978-0-618-00480-5 4426:978-0-8264-0802-0 4399:978-1-4384-0431-8 4372:978-90-04-30842-8 4345:978-0-8476-8147-1 4313:978-0-8191-7925-8 4222:978-1-4008-3402-0 4195:978-1-119-09814-0 4168:978-0-7190-5093-0 4141:978-1-139-82798-0 4107:978-0-8132-2162-5 4080:978-1-4443-5000-5 4049:978-0-520-26254-6 4001:978-1-884964-98-5 3974:978-1-57607-612-5 3947:978-1-884964-98-5 3917:978-0-520-26254-6 3885:978-1-84540-103-0 3832:978-0-19-726280-1 3792:National Museum, 3779:978-1-139-49615-5 3725:978-1-4000-9648-0 3698:978-3-11-097454-6 3666:978-0-7618-6058-7 3590:. BRILL. p. 3539:978-0-19-861053-3 3502:978-0-8264-9668-3 3418:978-0-7391-7424-1 3391:978-90-04-16730-8 3364:978-90-04-10236-1 3337:978-90-04-16195-5 3310:978-1-4094-7033-5 3231:978-0-02-865980-0 3205:978-0-7914-7082-4 3181:978-0-19-979664-9 3151:978-1-898723-60-8 3053:978-0-87779-044-0 2948:Signs and Society 2920:978-90-04-46847-4 2805:978-0-674-44313-6 2654:Buddhist devotion 2381:Polynesian people 2290:Atlantean statues 2114: 2113: 2067:Guru Gobind Singh 2045:Guru Granth Sahib 2039:) and with form ( 1956:reject idolatry. 1572:Indian philosophy 1564:Stephanie Jamison 1399:Aitareya Brahmana 1395:agnicayana ritual 1254: 1145:religious symbols 984:and the saints". 806:According to the 487:A 1768 synagogue 407:Upper Paleolithic 368:oved avodah zarah 265:two stone tablets 122:of non-Abrahamic 9442: 9390: 9362: 9334: 9314: 9298:(3/4): 229–240, 9286: 9266: 9163: 9162: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9053:Brill Publishers 9029: 9023: 9022: 8985:Hayes, Christine 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8941: 8930: 8929: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8843: 8834: 8833: 8800: 8791: 8790: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8675:Brill Publishers 8669:(2nd ed.). 8653: 8642: 8641: 8612:Brill Publishers 8591: 8580: 8579: 8558:Brill Publishers 8540:Heinrichs, W. 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(1911). 3623:Chisholm, Hugh 3614: 3601:978-9004100121 3600: 3574: 3557: 3545: 3538: 3508: 3501: 3478: 3465:10.1086/524212 3424: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3370: 3363: 3343: 3336: 3316: 3309: 3289: 3277: 3237: 3230: 3209: 3185: 3173:, pages 45-46; 3171:978-0700702350 3155: 3123: 3108: 3059: 3052: 3026: 2973:10.1086/684586 2926: 2919: 2872: 2865: 2839: 2811: 2804: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2732: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2400: 2397: 2376: 2373: 2224: 2221: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2135:Sanjūsangen-dō 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2091: 2089: 2078: 2075: 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1961: 1958: 1948:, such as the 1936: 1717: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1689:Main article: 1686: 1683: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1580: 1526:Nasadiya Sukta 1488:leading up to 1481: 1478: 1440:worshipping a 1379:Vedic religion 1352:Pashupati seal 1342:(Sanskrit) or 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1224:Within Islam, 1109: 1028: 1025: 941: 938: 934:Divine Liturgy 878:Thomas Aquinas 841: 838: 795:Pope Gregory I 781: 779: 703: 702: 693: 692: 684: 683: 682: 681: 680: 678: 675: 646: 595: 592: 504:God of Judaism 470: 467: 465: 462: 398: 395: 384:עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה 362:, or in other 253: 250: 225:of the world. 46:, painting by 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9447: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9197:. 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March 2012. 3754: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3183:, pages 80–85 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3153:, pages 41–45 3152: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3109:9789004124332 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3030: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 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2312:reincarnation 2309: 2308:creator deity 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298:Mayan culture 2291: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265:creator deity 2262: 2259:(also called 2258: 2257: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2203:Yoruba people 2194: 2185: 2175: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2092:This section 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2047:as the final 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1779:Bhagavad Gita 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1608: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522:creator deity 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1474:Mahabalipuram 1471: 1470:Pancha Rathas 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289:In her book, 1287: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1033:Shirk (Islam) 1024: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 966: 962: 958: 954: 952: 948: 940:Protestantism 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 912: 910: 906: 902: 894: 889: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868:due God, and 867: 863: 859: 858: 853: 852: 847: 837: 833: 828: 824: 818: 813: 811: 810: 804: 799: 797:, 7th century 796: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 760: 756: 752: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 733:Constantine V 730: 726: 722: 717: 714: 697: 688: 674: 673:as a symbol. 672: 668: 664: 660: 651: 645: 640: 638: 632: 628: 626: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 591: 589: 584: 579: 575: 570: 568: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 540: 536: 532: 531:Yehuda Halevi 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 494: 490: 485: 480: 476: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 443: 438: 435: 429: 426: 422: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 394: 391: 389: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344:avodat elilim 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Ancient Greek 286: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 249: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:Ancient Egypt 184: 183: 178: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 112: 106: 104: 100: 96: 95:Abrahamic God 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 48:William Blake 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 9371: 9368:Ethnohistory 9367: 9343: 9339: 9323: 9319: 9295: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9247: 9243: 9226: 9208: 9192: 9177: 9148:Idol Anxiety 9147: 9140: 9120: 9113: 9101:. 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