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1590:, Joel Simon, found that evidence suggests this policy has reduced the number of Americans who survive kidnapping but has not reduced the number who are kidnapped in the first place. Spain retrieves all of its hostages with a policy of paying ransoms, but in the United States only about one quarter survive. Simon says that terrorists exploit these policy differences by making money from countries who do pay ransom, and using those that do not pay ransom to demonstrate their willingness to kill hostages and thus raise ransom prices and public pressure to pay. In the absence of a universal refusal to pay, which would eliminate any incentive for kidnapping, Simon says the best way to reduce kidnappings and prevent the use of ransom funds to fund other harmful activities is to pay ransom, free the hostages and then use the information gleaned from the negotiation and handoff to destroy the group responsible.
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an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for the mere temporary removal of important citizens until the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at. On the other hand, it has been urged that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that a precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than reprisals. It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy.
1503:. Generally, the Act applies to conduct occurring within the territory of the United States. However, under Subsection B, an offender may be indicted under the Act even if the hostage-taking occurred outside the territory of the United States if the "offender or the person seized or detained is a national of the United States; the offender is found in the United States; or the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States." These provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of international criminal law, specifically active nationality principle, universal principle, and the effects principle, respectively.
1529:(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, whoever, whether inside or outside the United States, seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue to detain another person in order to compel a third person or a governmental organization to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the person detained, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life and, if the death of any person results, shall be punished by death or life imprisonment.
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constraints on the executive, free elections, and higher levels of civil liberties create favorable outcomes that enable hostage-takers to target these countries specifically. Hostage-takers understand that by targeting democratic governments, they are more likely to seek concessions and/or negotiate with them based on the level of accountability they must face from their citizens who elect them into office, and the media within the country which reports on such events in a capacity independent from the state.
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1221:. Relatives of émigrés were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to execution at any attempt to escape. Sequestration of their property and deportation from France followed on the murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole body of hostages. The law only resulted in an increase in the insurrection. In 1796
1551:(2) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred inside the United States, each alleged offender and each person seized or detained are nationals of the United States, and each alleged offender is found in the United States, unless the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States.
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1054:. This would eventually influence them culturally and open the way for an amicable political line if they ascended to power after release. Sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of ĂscferĂ° son of EcglÄf, who was a
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of 1870, the
Germans took as hostages the prominent people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a general practice for the mayor and adjoint of a town which failed to pay a fine imposed upon it to be seized as hostages and retained until the
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When looking at hostage-taking from the primary lens of terrorism, there are reasons to believe that certain government types are more susceptible to hostage-taking terrorism than others. In democratic governments, for example, elements related to their democratic ideals such as freedom of the press,
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Most writers on international law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such
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The practice of taking hostages is very ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's good faith. The Romans were accustomed to
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The long history of political and military use indicates that political authorities or generals would legally agree to hand over one or usually several hostages in the custody of the other side, as guarantee of good faith in the observance of obligations. These obligations would be in the form of
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In later times the practice of official war hostages may be said to be confined to either securing the payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying army may think fit to issue; or as a precautionary measure, to prevent
1311:, took place the massacre of the so-called hostages. Strictly they were not hostages, for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in retaliation for the death of their leaders E. V. Duval and
1583:. This applies to designated international terrorist groups, but not domestic kidnappers, foreign governments, or international organized crime. The United Kingdom has a similar policy, but many continental European countries, including France and Spain, routinely pay ransom.
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Hostage taking and kidnapping are prone to blend together. When the goal is strictly financial, the primary lens is one of extortion, even in the face of a severe threat to the safety of the captive person if the financial negotiation fails; conversely, when the goal is
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provides that: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however do not allude to the practice of taking hostage.
1665:(1996-1997) - Members of a revolutionary movement in Peru took hundreds of hostages at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima. The siege lasted 126 days and ended with a government raid, which resulted in the deaths of all the insurgents and one hostage.
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take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at Rome, thus holding a security for the continued loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling a possible future ruler with ideas of Roman civilization. The practice was also commonplace in the
1658:(1979-1981) - Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage for 444 days. The crisis ended with the hostages' release, minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the U.S. president.
1679:(2004) - Over 1,100 people were taken hostage, including 777 children, after armed Chechen separatists seized a school in Beslan, North Ossetia, Russia. The crisis lasted three days and ended with over 330 deaths, including 186 children.
1672:(2002) - Chechen terrorists took 850 hostages during a performance at the Dubrovka Theater. Russian forces pumped narcotic gas into the building before storming it, which led to the deaths of at least 170 people, including 130 hostages.
1686:(2013) - An al-Qaeda affiliated group took over 800 people hostage at the Tigantourine gas facility in In Amenas, Algeria. The Algerian army's intervention resulted in at least 39 foreign hostages killed along with 29 militants.
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would especially receive many such political hostages, often offspring of the elite, even princes or princesses who were generally treated according to their rank and put to a subtle long-term use where they would be given an
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money was paid. Another case where hostages have been taken in modern warfare has been the subject of much discussion. In 1870 the
Germans found it necessary to take special measures to put a stop to train-wrecking by "
1191:, to be retained until the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to punishment (in ancient times), and even to death, in case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made.
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or to enforce an exchange against other hostages or even condemned convicts. However, in some countries hostage-taking for profit has become an "industry", ransom often being the only demand.
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1418:. An acute situation where hostages are kept in a building or a vehicle that has been taken over by armed terrorists or common criminals is often called a hostage crisis.
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1555:(c) As used in this section, the term "national of the United States" has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (
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Several hostage crises have stood out in history due to their impact, duration, and the international attention they garnered. Some notable crises include:
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The
Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took hostages as security against outbreaks of violence by the inhabitants.
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The practice of taking hostages as security for the carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete. The last occasion was at the
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was an Old
English word for "hostages", demonstrating that the practice was commonplace in England long before the word "hostage" was coined.
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In France, after the revolution of
Prairial (June 18, 1799), the so-called law of hostages was passed, to meet the royalist insurrection in
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on the 4 April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21 May. Among the 52 victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were
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in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seizedâsuch as a
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parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of
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1532:(b)(1) It is not an offense under this section if the conduct required for the offense occurred outside the United States unlessâ
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and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever. In international conflicts, Articles 34 and 147 of the
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signing of a peace treaty, in the hands of the victor, or even exchange hostages as mutual assurance in cases such as an
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civilians as hostages is a grave breach of the convention. These conventions are supplemented by
Article 75(2)(c) of
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Beth Van
Schaack & Ronald C. Slye, International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Cases and Materials (2007);
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For more on Roman and Celtic practices of hostage-taking as a customary part of treaty-making, see discussion of
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to the Gaza Strip, of which the number of kidnapped children was about 30. Currently 101 remain in captivity.
1693:(2023-) - 251 Israeli civilians and soldiers, dual citizens, and foreign nationals were taken as hostages by
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illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of the recognized military forces of the enemy.
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took eleven
Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
1624:(1972) - During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, a Palestinian terrorist group known as
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German announcement of the execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for death of 2 Germans in Warsaw,
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on 10 August 991 AD (ref. lines 265 etseq), and probably died in battle there. In Greek, 'ÎΌηÏÎżÏ means "
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Empty strollers symbolize the children abducted, displayed at a demonstration demanding the return of
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because, by taking nine petty kings hostage, he had subjected nine other principalities to his power.
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874:(often willing to ransom its captives when lucrative or to trade on influence), hostage taking is a
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The United States has had an official policy of "we do not negotiate with terrorists" since the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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A British armoured railway wagon behind a railcar on which two Arab hostages are seated,
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51:"Hostage situation" and "Hostage crisis" redirect here. For the TV series episodes, see
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Lee, Chia-yi (March 2013). "Democracy, civil liberties, and hostage-taking terrorism".
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in 1979. The treaty came into force in 1983 and has been ratified by all but 24 of the
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L. Oppenheim, International Law, 1905, vol. ii., War and
Neutrality, pp. 271â273.
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criminalizes hostage-taking under "18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act", which reads:
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1808:(1543 â 1616), first Tokugawa shogun of Japan, spent his childhood as a hostage
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The United States makes hostage-taking a federal criminal offense pursuant to
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2033:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801â802.
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1635:(23-28 August 1973) - 4 bank employees and civilians were taken hostages by
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Hostage-taking is still often politically motivated or intended to raise a
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We Want to
Negotiate: The Secret World of Kidnapping, Hostages and Ransom
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1751:(1157 â 1199), Richard the Lionheart, English king returning from the
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during their childhood to guarantee the co-operation of their father
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became current only in the 1970s. The criminal activity is known as
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The practice continued through the early Middle Ages. The Irish
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defines a hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two
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862:(Video) Police demonstrate hostage response techniques in Japan
511:
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Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
1571:. It became enforceable in the United States January 6, 1985.
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activity. In the military context, hostages are distinct from
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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for three years during their childhood to ensure that their
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Belgian soldier in front of dead hostages, November 1964 in
1767:â 1477), and his brother Radu were held as hostages by the
1225:
had used similar measures to deal with the insurrection in
27:
Person seized by abductor to compel action by another party
4084:
1210:, were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of
1070:" and also "hostage", a coincidence which is part of the
833:
41:"Hostage rescue" redirects here. For the TV series, see
2108:
W. E. Hall, International Law, 1904, pp. 418, 475.
1569:
International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages
1454:
International Convention against the Taking of Hostages
1485:
1175:
This practice was also adopted in the early period of
839:
A party who seizes one or more hostages is known as a
2197:
2195:
2099:
The Times History of the War in S. Africa, iv. 402.
2192:
1541:(B) the offender is found in the United States; or
1506:
1474:
1445:in international conflicts and Article 4(2)(c) of
1062:; he fought under ByrhtnĆĂ° against Vikings in the
4155:
3350:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1402:Taking hostages in modern terms is considered a
1715:(382 BC â 336 BC), held as hostage by the
1331:, and the president of the Court of Cassation,
882:âdespite prisoners being used as collateral in
2157:"Practice Relating to Rule 96. Hostage-Taking"
1567:The Hostage Taking Act is a subsection of the
82:Police trainees recovering a hostage during a
3445:
2275:
1425:states that the taking of hostages during an
1356:The examples and perspective in this section
1338:
775:
1574:
1315:. The massacre occurred after the defeat at
1088:The Anglo-Saxon practice caused the element
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3032:International Network of Prison Ministries
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2072:Julius Caesar's hostage crisis in Armorica
1593:
1374:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1187:. The position of a hostage was that of a
782:
768:
2002:
2000:
1390:Learn how and when to remove this message
4076:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
2858:Mentally ill people in the United States
2161:International Committee of the Red Cross
2019:
1998:
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1204:Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk
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825:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Eleventh Edition
237:Special-interest / Single-issue
77:
1733:(200 BC â 118 BC), Greek historian
1410:; the use of the word in this sense of
1027:
14:
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3111:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
585:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
3433:
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1977:
1802:abided by the Treaty of Madrid (1526)
1490:
1301:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare
886:âand hostage taking is regarded as a
3506:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
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1342:
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1486:Hostage-taking in the United States
1462:member states of the United Nations
996:connection was later supposed with
24:
3511:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
2256:on the Etymology online dictionary
1523:Title 18 of the United States Code
25:
4185:
4000:Sudanese civil war (2023âpresent)
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2235:
1830:
1307:In May 1871, at the close of the
1148:Imperial Chinese tributary system
987:I haunt/frequent/blockade/besiege
4138:
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3943:Myanmar civil war (2021âpresent)
3412:
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2007:
1588:Committee to Protect Journalists
1347:
1327:, the Abbé Deguery, curé of the
1196:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
4033:Yemeni civil war (2014âpresent)
3182:Countries by incarceration rate
3095:Prison Fellowship International
2206:
2183:
2167:
2138:from the original on 2020-06-03
2086:. i. 323, 327, quoted in Hall,
1884:Foreign hostages in Afghanistan
1790:(1519 â 1559), and his brother
1691:IsraelâHamas war hostage crisis
1663:Japanese embassy hostage crisis
1507:18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act
1475:Hostage taking within diplomacy
1458:United Nations General Assembly
3459:
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1610:Israelis held by Hamas in Gaza
1200:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
1970:
1815:
1778:
1761:
1670:Moscow theater hostage crisis
1137:"Hostages", 1896 painting by
866:In civil society, along with
3573:International Criminal Court
3074:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2128:"Le massacre de la rue Haxo"
2084:Correspondence de Napoléon I
1141:, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon
1126:(= "enclosure belonging to
1072:debate over Homer's identity
913:
7:
3973:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2217:. Columbia Global Reports.
1899:Foreign hostages in Somalia
1894:Foreign hostages in Nigeria
1857:
1706:
1370:, discuss the issue on the
1208:Charles, 9th Baron Cathcart
1179:, and by France during the
580:Designated terrorist groups
10:
4190:
3947:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3406:Imprisonment and detention
2334:Stanford prison experiment
1924:Indian Airlines Flight 814
1597:
1478:
1339:Legality of hostage-taking
1202:, when two British peers,
1166:Niall of the Nine Hostages
749:Anti-terrorism legislation
50:
40:
29:
4124:
4053:
3888:
3806:
3682:
3633:Joint criminal enterprise
3583:
3563:Responsibility to protect
3491:
3480:
3467:
3395:
3205:
3173:
3148:
3067:Prison abolition movement
3025:Florida Justice Institute
3001:
2805:
2720:
2680:
2599:
2546:
2421:
2412:
2343:
2297:
2134:(in French). 2020-05-25.
2046:Journal of Peace Research
1955:Missing Iranian Diplomats
1575:Ransom payment strategies
1150:, especially between the
1119:in west London (UK) from
955:), the state of being an
798:is a person seized by an
744:International conventions
651:State-sponsored terrorism
71:Star Wars: The Clone Wars
36:Hostages (disambiguation)
3118:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2562:Administrative detention
2058:10.1177/0022343312465424
1889:Foreign hostages in Iraq
1684:In Amenas hostage crisis
1435:Fourth Geneva Convention
1421:Common Article 3 of the
1092:= "hostage" in many old
1037:. Major powers, such as
607:Violent non-state actors
32:Hostage (disambiguation)
4100:Crimes against humanity
3938:Libyan civil war (2011)
3798:Wartime sexual violence
3746:Human trophy collecting
3731:Enforced disappearances
3196:Films featuring prisons
3053:Mount Tamalpais College
2707:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2437:Corrective labor colony
2030:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1594:Notable hostages crises
1586:The former head of the
1449:in internal conflicts.
1423:1949 Geneva Conventions
349:Clandestine cell system
3751:Indiscriminate attacks
3736:Extrajudicial killings
3607:Command responsibility
2830:Contemplative programs
2537:Youth detention center
2389:Prisoner of conscience
1950:List of hostage crises
1940:Lebanon Hostage Crisis
1613:
1600:List of hostage crises
1565:
1519:
1447:Additional Protocol II
1296:
1280:
1245:
1142:
1085:
1001:
979:
963:
957:
951:
942:
933:
927:
902:, the primary lens is
863:
517:Propaganda of the deed
86:
4071:List of global issues
3900:GazaâIsrael conflict
3726:Desecration of graves
3706:Collective punishment
3081:Prison-Ashram Project
1874:Collective punishment
1633:Norrmalmstorg robbery
1607:
1527:
1514:
1443:Additional Protocol I
1333:Louis Bernard Bonjean
1286:
1274:
1239:
1177:company rule in India
1136:
1080:
861:
733:Response to terrorism
354:Leaderless resistance
81:
4126:⥠Does not apply to
4105:Crimes of aggression
4087:international crimes
3985:Sri Lankan Civil War
3793:Use of human shields
3691:humanitarian workers
3265:Ireland, Republic of
2955:Solitary confinement
2516:Prisoner-of-war camp
2250:at Wikimedia Commons
1749:Richard I of England
1713:Philip II of Macedon
1581:Nixon Administration
1368:improve this section
1052:religious conversion
1028:Historical practices
172:Right-wing/Far-right
30:For other uses, see
3963:Russo-Ukrainian War
3600:Civilian casualties
3132:Prison Reform Trust
2213:Joel Simon (2019).
1821:â 1616), author of
1812:Miguel de Cervantes
1743:Theodoric the Great
1677:Beslan school siege
1656:Iran hostage crisis
1516:Hostage Rescue Team
1325:archbishop of Paris
1250:Franco-Prussian War
1181:French colonization
1050:or possibly even a
952:ostaticum, ostagium
754:Terrorism insurance
555:Rockets and mortars
295:Resistance movement
61:Hostage Situation (
53:Hostage Situation (
4066:War crime apologia
3980:Second Chechen War
3683:War crimes by type
3643:Military necessity
3638:Medical neutrality
3556:Protocol II (1977)
3521:Geneva Conventions
3472:List of war crimes
3139:WriteAPrisoner.com
2902:Protective custody
2451:Extermination camp
2382:Political prisoner
2202:Cornell University
2132:Histoires de Paris
1965:Stockholm syndrome
1909:Hostage Taking Act
1864:Aircraft hijacking
1649:Stockholm syndrome
1614:
1520:
1491:Hostage Taking Act
1299:Article 50 of the
1297:
1281:
1246:
1143:
1086:
864:
400:Aircraft hijacking
157:Left-wing/Far-left
87:
55:Brooklyn Nine-Nine
4174:Terrorism tactics
4151:
4150:
4120:
4119:
4061:War crimes trials
3889:War crimes by war
3678:
3677:
3658:Protected persons
3551:Protocol I (1977)
3427:
3426:
3363:England and Wales
3103:Prison Legal News
3088:Prison Fellowship
3046:Justice Defenders
2716:
2715:
2320:Prison healthcare
2246:Media related to
2088:International Law
1842:Ingrid Betancourt
1837:Terry A. Anderson
1796:Emperor Charles V
1794:were hostages of
1481:Hostage diplomacy
1437:state that using
1427:internal conflict
1400:
1399:
1392:
1277:Palestine Mandate
1139:Jean-Paul Laurens
1048:elitist education
918:The English word
884:prisoner exchange
872:human trafficking
859:
792:
791:
739:Counter-terrorism
724:
723:
482:Individual terror
303:
302:
280:Violent extremism
84:training exercise
18:Hostage situation
16:(Redirected from
4181:
4141:
4140:
4082:
4081:
3990:Syrian civil war
3933:2006 Lebanon War
3896:Afghanistan wars
3648:Prisoners of war
3489:
3488:
3484:humanitarian law
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3370:Northern Ireland
3365:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3159:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2823:
2816:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2576:Maximum security
2571:
2564:
2557:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2229:
2228:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1820:
1817:
1783:
1780:
1766:
1763:
1758:Vlad the Impaler
1739:(100 BC â 44 BC)
1702:Notable hostages
1643:while he was in
1395:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1313:Gustave Flourens
1168:got his epithet
1064:Battle of Maldon
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
991:
988:
985:
982:
976:
973:
970:
966:
960:
954:
945:
936:
930:
880:prisoners of war
860:
784:
777:
770:
601:
600:
574:Terrorist groups
556:
290:Militia movement
257:Green/Ecological
162:Narcotics-driven
140:
139:
89:
88:
69:Hostage Crisis (
21:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4128:airborne forces
4116:
4095:Atrocity crimes
4080:
4049:
3884:
3809:committed by...
3808:
3802:
3711:Criminal orders
3674:
3653:Proportionality
3611:Superior orders
3579:
3516:Geneva Protocol
3483:
3476:
3463:
3458:
3428:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
2997:
2988:
2983:Women in prison
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2886:Private prisons
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2689:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2547:Security levels
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2396:Prisoner of war
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2293:
2288:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2042:
2038:
2023:, ed. (1911). "
2008:
2006:
2005:
1978:
1973:
1930:raid on Entebbe
1860:
1833:
1818:
1806:Tokugawa Ieyasu
1781:
1764:
1709:
1704:
1637:Jan-Erik Olsson
1626:Black September
1622:Munich massacre
1602:
1596:
1577:
1509:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1259:Second Boer War
1244:, February 1944
1242:occupied Poland
1189:prisoner of war
1043:colonial powers
1030:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
989:
986:
983:
974:
971:
968:
916:
870:for ransom and
850:
812:law enforcement
788:
759:
758:
734:
726:
725:
720:
645:
616:State terrorism
598:
590:
589:
575:
567:
566:
565:
561:Vehicle-ramming
554:
389:
387:
370:
369:
368:
313:
305:
304:
299:
285:Ethnic violence
266:
231:
176:
137:
126:
76:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Hostage taking
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4054:Related topics
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:United Kingdom
3872:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Hostage-taking
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:Child soldiers
3698:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3664:Ruse de guerre
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3622:Hors de combat
3618:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3595:non-combatants
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
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3528:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3486:
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3468:
3465:
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3457:
3456:
3449:
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3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3157:Rehabilitation
3152:
3150:
3149:Leaving prison
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3039:Justice Action
3035:
3028:
3021:
3018:Black and Pink
3014:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
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2935:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:Prison escapes
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2601:
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2279:
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2264:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2237:
2236:External links
2234:
2231:
2230:
2224:978-0999745427
2223:
2205:
2191:
2182:
2174:18 U.S.C.
2166:
2148:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2076:
2063:
2052:(2): 235â248.
2036:
2021:Chisholm, Hugh
1975:
1974:
1972:
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1968:
1967:
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1914:Pidyon shvuyim
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1831:1900 - present
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1769:Ottoman Sultan
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1598:Main article:
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1497:18 U.S.C.
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1398:
1397:
1362:of the subject
1360:worldwide view
1355:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1321:Georges Darboy
1255:Francs-tireurs
1124:GÄ«slheres wyrĂ°
1097:personal names
1029:
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948:Medieval Latin
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477:Hostage-taking
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462:Cyberterrorism
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3968:War in Donbas
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3766:Mass killings
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3716:Death flights
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3546:Fourth (1949)
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3536:Second (1949)
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3482:International
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3007:
3006:
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3002:Organizations
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2990:United States
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2916:United States
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2899:
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2893:United States
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2876:
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2869:
2866:
2865:Mobile phones
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2821:United States
2818:
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2806:Social issues
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2668:
2665:
2664:Trusty system
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2328:
2324:
2321:
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2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:Incarceration
2285:
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2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2226:
2220:
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2209:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2180:(b)(1)(A)-(C)
2179:
2175:
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2162:
2158:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2089:
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2073:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
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2017:
2016:public domain
2003:
2001:
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1995:
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1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Lima syndrome
1943:
1941:
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1931:
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1773:
1770:
1759:
1756:
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1753:Third Crusade
1750:
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1744:
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1738:
1737:Julius Caesar
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
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1591:
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1558:
1557:8 U.S.C.
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1409:
1406:or an act of
1405:
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1354:
1345:
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1309:Paris Commune
1305:
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1201:
1198:, ending the
1197:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:and European
1040:
1036:
1025:
1003:
999:
995:
981:
977:, from Latin
965:
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953:
949:
944:
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935:
929:
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922:derives from
921:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
848:
846:
842:
841:hostage-taker
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
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801:
797:
785:
780:
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755:
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747:
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742:
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736:
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711:United States
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669:
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603:
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472:Environmental
470:
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365:
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345:
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340:
339:Training camp
337:
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320:
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316:
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263:
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252:Anti-abortion
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85:
80:
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72:
66:
64:
58:
56:
47:
45:
37:
33:
19:
4132:paratroopers
4023:
4022: /
4010:World War II
3909:2023âpresent
3858:Soviet Union
3740:
3695:parachutists
3693: /
3670:Safe conduct
3662:
3620:
3609: /
3568:Rome Statute
3541:Third (1949)
3531:First (1949)
3321:Soviet Union
3164:Work release
3125:Prison Radio
3101:
2872:Overcrowding
2555:House arrest
2509:Penal colony
2374:
2214:
2208:
2185:
2169:
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2028:
1919:Sklavenkasse
1879:Countervalue
1847:Patty Hearst
1822:
1641:kreditbanken
1615:
1585:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1494:
1466:
1451:
1420:
1401:
1386:
1377:
1357:
1317:Mont Valrien
1306:
1298:
1293:Congo Crisis
1289:Stanleyville
1266:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1216:
1193:
1185:North Africa
1174:
1169:
1160:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1087:
1056:Northumbrian
1039:Ancient Rome
1031:
994:etymological
919:
917:
908:
900:geopolitical
892:
865:
844:
840:
838:
823:
795:
793:
701:Saudi Arabia
695:Soviet Union
631:Soviet Union
476:
457:Bioterrorism
420:Animal-borne
70:
62:
54:
43:
4005:World War I
3995:Tigray warâ
3689:Attacks on
3616:Distinction
3501:Lieber Code
3293:North Korea
3286:New Zealand
2879:Pay-to-stay
2306:Criminology
2178:§ 1203
1935:Laws of war
1852:Terry Waite
1824:Don Quixote
1819: 1547
1782: 1502
1765: 1429
1745:(454 â 526)
1721:Epaminondas
1561:§ 1101
1501:§ 1203
1248:During the
1214:to France.
1212:Cape Breton
1170:NoĂgiallach
1158:dynasties.
1121:Old English
1058:hostage in
943:obsidaticum
830:belligerent
344:Death squad
247:Suffragette
167:Nationalist
112:Definitions
46:(TV series)
4169:Kidnapping
4158:Categories
4043:Kosovo War
3956:Second war
3928:Korean War
3807:War crimes
3783:Starvation
3773:No quarter
3461:War crimes
3207:By country
2844:Informants
2759:Literature
2698:Helicopter
2657:Sally port
2622:Commissary
2600:Components
2493:Chain gang
2479:Labor camp
2465:Internment
2430:Black site
2327:Punishment
2142:2021-05-31
1971:References
1904:Hostage MP
1869:Carjacking
1479:See also:
1416:kidnapping
1380:March 2011
1113:GÄ«slbeorht
1099:, such as
939:Late Latin
868:kidnapping
816:government
641:Uzbekistan
626:Kazakhstan
492:Kidnapping
487:Insurgency
435:Improvised
262:Misogynist
4025:Wehrmacht
3951:First war
3914:by Israel
3904:2008â2009
3841:Palestine
3761:Massacres
3591:Civilians
3216:Australia
2948:Sexuality
2837:Education
2796:Tattooing
2590:Death row
2486:Battalion
2345:Prisoners
2074:in 56 BC.
1928:Israel's
1775:Atahualpa
1725:Pelopidas
1719:, led by
1563:(a)(22)).
1439:protected
1431:war crime
1408:terrorism
1372:talk page
1329:Madeleine
1219:La Vendée
1163:High King
1117:Isleworth
1109:GÄ«slheard
1035:armistice
992:, but an
931:, modern
914:Etymology
904:terrorism
896:political
888:war crime
820:ultimatum
716:Venezuela
597:Adherents
497:Lone wolf
410:Beheading
359:Lone wolf
319:Financing
312:Structure
197:Christian
182:Religious
152:Communist
147:Anarchist
122:Incidents
102:Terrorism
4143:Category
4110:Genocide
3923:Iraq War
3377:Scotland
3012:(Brazil)
2976:Violence
2925:Religion
2766:American
2615:Cemetery
2583:Supermax
2502:Military
2444:Debtors'
2368:Detainee
2361:Criminal
2313:Penology
2248:Hostages
2136:Archived
1960:Reprisal
1858:See also
1788:Henry II
1731:Polybius
1707:Pre-1900
1412:abductee
1366:You may
1227:Lombardy
1223:Napoleon
1130:here").
1105:Cynegils
1094:Germanic
1082:"Gislas"
1014:, later
1009:stranger
961:(plural
876:criminal
808:employer
804:relative
800:abductor
681:Pakistan
539:Stabbing
522:Shooting
364:Domestic
324:Fronting
192:Buddhist
135:ideology
94:a series
92:Part of
3821:Germany
3816:Croatia
3788:Torture
3778:Perfidy
3756:Looting
3493:Sources
3418:Commons
3356:Bermuda
3344:Ukraine
3272:Jamaica
3251:Iceland
3244:Germany
3237:Estonia
3189:Prisons
2969:Suicide
2962:Strikes
2721:Culture
2650:Officer
2643:Nursery
2636:Library
2523:Private
2414:Prisons
2375:Hostage
2354:Convict
2298:Science
2254:Hostage
2025:Hostage
2018::
1792:Francis
1784:â 1533)
1101:Äadgils
980:obsideĆ
972:hostage
964:obsides
937:, from
920:hostage
796:hostage
546: (
502:Nuclear
467:Dry run
427: (
415:Bombing
402: (
384:Tactics
381:Methods
212:Islamic
117:History
4130:(i.e.
4085:Other
4015:Allied
3870:Turkey
3865:Serbia
3853:Russia
3826:Israel
3628:Intent
3584:Topics
3337:Turkey
3314:Russia
3300:Norway
2682:Escape
2671:Warden
2472:Island
2221:
2176:
2012:
1800:father
1717:Thebes
1645:parole
1612:, 2023
1559:
1518:agents
1499:
1469:ransom
1279:, 1936
1206:, and
1111:, and
1060:Wessex
1002:hostis
928:ostage
924:French
822:. The
691:Russia
671:Kuwait
666:Israel
527:School
512:Piracy
445:Threat
440:Letter
333:online
222:Jewish
201:Mormon
67:, and
3846:Hamas
3836:Japan
3831:Italy
3328:Gulag
3279:Japan
3258:India
3230:China
3223:Chile
3174:Lists
2941:Riots
2814:Abuse
2789:Slang
2773:Blogs
2422:Types
2403:Slave
1695:Hamas
1429:is a
1404:crime
1068:Homer
1019:enemy
998:Latin
958:obses
934:otage
814:, or
706:Syria
686:Qatar
676:Libya
532:Spree
507:Paper
450:Proxy
207:Hindu
63:Girls
4020:Axis
3593:and
3526:1864
3307:Peru
2909:Rape
2851:LGBT
2782:Ring
2743:Gang
2736:Film
2629:Food
2608:Cell
2569:Open
2530:Ship
2458:Farm
2219:ISBN
1723:and
1689:The
1682:The
1675:The
1668:The
1661:The
1654:The
1631:The
1620:The
1452:The
1156:Tang
1154:and
1128:GÄ«sl
1090:gīsl
845:host
661:Iran
548:list
429:list
404:list
227:Sikh
34:and
3060:POA
2729:Art
2054:doi
2027:".
1639:in
1183:of
1152:Han
967:),
898:or
836:."
834:war
425:Car
133:By
4160::
4134:)
2194:^
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2050:50
2048:.
1979:^
1816:c.
1779:c.
1762:c.
1464:.
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1107:,
1103:,
1074:.
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890:.
847:.
810:,
806:,
794:A
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48:.
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20:)
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