French Left - Knowledge

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municipalities. According to a study by Neill Nugent and David Lowe, there appeared to be "a much greater variation in specific priorities between PS-led councils than between PCF-led councils", with the range of issues identified by PS councillors and mayors as constituting their accomplishments and objectives being "enormously varied". As noted by the study, while traditional and expected concerns with issues such as urban renewal, educational facilities, transport, and housing remained, these had been supplanted by "a wide range of community, cultural and environmental interests". Amongst such accomplishments being cited by Socialist mayors in early 1980 included waste disposal schemes, the creation of pedestrian-only areas in town centres, the provision of municipal taxi and bicycle services, and making facilities available for young people (which included, in the one municipality, helping to set up cafes managed by young people themselves). One innovative authority, La Rochelle, had been led by Michel Crepeau (a proponent of environmentalism) of the MRG since 1971, and amongst his priorities had been a major waste recycling scheme which had come to make a profit for the town.

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innovative, being honest, and being generally well run. In comparison with non-Communist authorities, Communist authorities tended to levy higher local taxes, charge lower rates for use of services, and use less of their revenue for self-financing investment. In addition, Communist authorities devoted a considerably greater proportion of resources than non-Communist authorities to educational and social programmes. According to a study by Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright, at a time of more or less full employment "Communist mayors were purposeful and competent at building housing, schools, clinics, sports halls and cultural centres", but were however "far less successful at delivering the economic development that became the key voter priority as joblessness rose in the 1980s".

2250: 2700: 55: 2090: 3015: 4819: 2945: 644: 573: 2102: 2073: 3150:, and the emergent Socialist parties who won several municipal elections in the 1880s, establishing what has been dubbed "municipal socialism." At the turn of the 20th century, the Radicals replaced the Opportunists as the main center-left forces, although the latter, who slowly became social conservatives, continued to claim their place as members of the Left – a political phenomenon known as " 4467:. From 1945 to 1947, a socialist agricultural minister under Charles De Gaulle developed provision for marketing agencies and the protection of tenant rights. A Socialist law of 1946 replaced the metayage system with a tenancy statute (statut de fermage) that provided greater security from eviction "and put a normal annual rent in place of the tithe". 3073:. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organizing on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meantime, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce 4787:

Socialist-led authorities were also innovative like PCF-led authorities, with a greater priority given by such councils to educational and social policies and public services than by councils headed by parties of the Centre and Right, although spending was not as proportionately high as in PCF-led

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By 1896, French socialists had acquired control of 157 town councils. They provided public baths, washing troughs, parks, strike funds, legal aid, meals at school, and crèches. Socialist municipalities also provided homes for victims of industrial accidents and improved conditions for council

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in the 16th century. Several hate campaigns were issued in the British press in the 1890s against these French exilees, relayed by riots and a "restrictionist" party which advocated the end of liberality concerning freedom of movement, and hostility towards French and international activists

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were deeply renewed, with an increasing urban population, including many workers, and more immigrants to replace the deceased manpower. These demographic changes were important for the left, providing it important electoral supports. Furthermore, the slaughter during the war lead to renewed

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In the years after the end of the Second World War, parties of the Left were able to implement innovative reforms in various local authorities that came under their control. Communist-headed municipalities, for instance, acquired a reputation (like their Italian equivalents) of often being

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without participating to it, the PCF supported the Popular Front without entering government. At the beginning of June 1936, massive strikes acclaimed the victory of the union of the Lefts, with more than 1.5 million workers on strike. On 8 June 1936, the

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In the meanwhile, important figures in the anarchist movement began to distance themselves with this understanding of "propaganda of the deed", in part because of the state repression against the whole labor movement provoked by such individual acts. In 1887,

3477:, in particular anarchists, who were all conflated with the few who had engaged in bombings. Henceforth, the UK became a nest for anarchist colonies expelled from the continent, in particular between 1892 and 1895, which marked the height of the repression. 4111:

then incarnated the Radicals' opening to both Marxist parties, the SFIO and the SFIC. However, despite their alliance, the SFIO and the Radicals diverge on their views on the role of the state or on their attitude towards Capitalism and the middle classes.

3571:, a moderate Republican, had legalized workers' and employers' trade-unions (Waldeck-Rousseau Act), thus allowing such a legal form of association. The CGT's most important sections were then workers in railway companies and in the printing industry ( 4266:

This new alliance between the two rival Marxist parties (the reformist SFIO and the revolutionary PCF) was an important experience mainly at the level of the party leaders. The base was already used to work together, from Social-Democrats to

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of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a propaganda of the deed act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist

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were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and after was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and

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during which the bourgeoisie took the upper hand. Napoleon III followed at first authoritarian policies, before attempting a liberal shift in the end of his reign. Many left-wing activists exiled themselves to London, where the

4017:(or, as they put it, between "the plague and cholera"). After Lenin's death in 1924, the SFIC radicalized itself, following the Komintern's directions. Founders of the party were expelled, such as Boris Souvarine, the 2490:

than the aristocratic supporters of the Bourbon, the Orleanists aimed at achieving a form of national reconciliation, symbolized by Louis-Philippe's famous statement in January 1831: "We will attempt to remain in a

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from the political sphere, preventing any direct link between a trade-union and a political party. It also proclaimed a revolutionary syndicalist perspective of transformation of society, through the means of the

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under eight years of age, and night labor for those of less than 13 years. The law, however, was almost never implemented. Christians imagined a "charitable economy", while the ideas of Socialism, in particular

3833:, best known for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune, alongside Radicals. Furthermore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to 3528:

will be enough to win against the coalition of exploiters". A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favor of collective revolutionary action, for example through the

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in 1906, a year after the unification of the other socialist tendencies in the SFIO party. The Charte d'Amiens, a cornerstone of the history of the French labor movement, asserted the autonomy of the

3207:, who considered that the Republican regime could only be consolidated by successive phases. Those dominated French politics from 1876 to the 1890s. The "Opportunists" included figures such as 6187: 3547:

from 1895 until his death in 1901, argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labor movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter."

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had become disillusioned. Socialism fused with the Jacobin ideals of Radical Republicanism leading to a unique political posture embracing nationalism, socialist measures, democracy and

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of 1872. The Socialist tradition had split between the anarchists, or "anti-authoritarian Socialists", and the Communists. A year after their exclusion, the Bakuninists created the

2760:". For the first time, Marx related history of ideas with economic history, linking the "ideological superstructure" with the "economical infrastructure", and thus tying together 5164:, who had declared that it submitted itself to the King's government "in order to assure the development of the conquests of July" . Louis-Philippe thus responded (in French): 4568:(1947–1951), a coalition gathering the SFIO, the United States center-right party, the Radicals, the MRP and other centrist politicians, opposed both to the Communist and the 3948:" – "great light coming from the East"). On the opposite side of the political board, the conservatives played on the "red scare" and won a massive victory during the 3134:, and the Third Republic became firmly established with the 1875 Constitutional Laws. However, anti-Republican agitation continued, with various crisis, including the 3878:), the unions and the industries' federations, claimed its independence and the non-distinction between political and workplace activism. This was formalized by the 3501:

in February 1895. A few hundreds persons related to the anarchist movement would however remain in the UK between 1880 and 1914. In reaction, the British restricted

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Municipal socialism in France from the interwar period to the 1970s An innovative local experiment Aude Chamouard & translated by Oliver Waine - 30 April 2014

5819: 5824: 5290:, continuing work on "French Anarchists in England, 1880–1905", including a large French & English bibliography, with archives and contemporary newspapers. 4681:

in 1960. Although the use of torture quickly became well-known and was opposed by the left-wing opposition, the French state repeatedly denied its employment,

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were seated on the left of the assembly. During the 1800s, left largely meant support for the Republic, whereas right largely meant support for the monarchy.

3428:, French and Swiss sections, who opposed Marx's control of the Central Council and favoured the autonomy of national sections free from centralized control. 190: 4177:

won the election, but this time the SFIO did not associate themselves in the government. The leader of the Cartel, Daladier, was forced to resign following

4243: 2367:, the Left was excluded from the political arena and focused on organising the workers. The growing French workers movement consisted of diverse strands; 82: 2696:'s utopian socialism. Their aim was to establish a "Social Republic" in the German states which would respect "freedom", "equality" and "civic virtue". 2391:(opposition to the role of the church in controlling French social and cultural life) all of which remain distinctive features of the French Left. Most 3797: 2715:

uprising of May 1839 in Paris. Hereafter expelled from France, the League of the Just moved to London, where they would transform themselves into the

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and other, local workers' associations. Dominated by anarcho-syndicalists, the unification of the CGT culminated in 1902, attracting figures such as

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to become prime minister. Opposed to the alliance with bourgeois parties, the Trotskyists divided themselves, about 600 of them leaving the SFIO.

6370: 6285: 4896: 4664: 3850: 3772: 3678: 2201: 5287: 3077:'s imperialist expansion—in Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France's leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune ( 6013: 2426:

was throughout the 19th century the permanent theater of insurrectionary movements and headquarters of European revolutionaries. Following the

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after the Tours Congress, was reintegrated to the CGT. This alliance between Socialists and Communists paved the way for the victory of the

6062: 5626: 4573: 2734: 610: 4527: 6275: 5955: 5101: 2132: 4759:, denounced without exception the use of torture, the French government was itself headed in 1957 by the general secretary of the SFIO, 5058: 370: 206: 6207: 5942: 3462:

was severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing themselves of the 1894 assassination of French president

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Autour d'Irving Brown: l'A.F.L., le Free Trade Union Committee le Departement d'Etat et la scission syndicale francaise (1944–1947)

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as far-left, Socialist, candidate. Both Raspail and Lamartine obtained less than 1%, Cavaignac reached almost 20%, while the prince

6345: 6310: 6259: 6044: 4726: 4409: 4359: 4320: 4248: 3865: 3563: 3168: 2630: 5692: 5036: 4891: 4418: 3561:

was created in 1892, on a decentralized basis, federating each city workers' organization. Three years later, they merged in the

3454:(and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA)). Thus, 799: 6333: 5967: 5860: 5697: 4886: 3579:). For decades, the CGT would dominate the labor movement, keeping away from the political field and the parliamentary system ( 3493:

or simple criminals who had fled France and other European countries. These exiles would only return to France after President

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which aimed at deep transformations of society, leading to strong disagreements in the Chamber of Deputies, in particular with

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surprisingly won the election with almost 75% of the votes, marking an important defeat of the Republican and Socialist camps.

1010: 4634:, etc. Mendès-France and Savary, opposed to their respective parties' support to de Gaulle, would form together, in 1960, the 583: 6443: 6305: 5337: 5264: 5113: 4614:. On the left, however, various personalities opposed de Gaulle's come-back, seen as an authoritarian threat. Those included 4140:

tendency and were expelled from the SFIO in November 1933. Others, responding to the debates lifted in the right-wing by the

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language, and prepared itself to seize power through the elections. It allied itself with the Radical-Socialist Party in the

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threw a bomb in the National Assembly, injuring one. The Opportunist Republicans swiftly reacted, voting two days later the "

3359: 2780:" did he conclude in his essay, setting up the program for the years to come, a program which would be further explicated in 2301: 2293: 2178: 849: 4443:). Although the GPRF was active only from 1944 to 1946, it had a lasting influence, in particular regarding the enacting of 3808:". Additionally, some deputies took the name Socialist without adhering to any party. These mostly advocated moderation and 3225: 2790:. Arrested and expelled to Belgium, Marx was then invited by the new regime back to Paris, where he was able to witness the 6448: 6182: 6157: 5704: 5078: 2292:

The distinction between left and right wings in politics derives from the seating arrangements which began during the 1789

2189: 3285:. At the end of the 19th century, the Opportunists were replaced by the Radicals as the primary force in French politics. 3041:

of 1871, the French Left was decimated for ten years. Until the 1880s general amnesty, this harsh repression, directed by

5053: 4650: 4636: 4185:, which were immediately interpreted by the French Left as a Fascist coup d'état attempt. This led to the creation of an 3670: 3666: 2193: 476: 5962: 5420: 3334: 259: 6350: 6039: 5977: 4610:(1954–62), the Radicals and the SFIO supported his return and the establishment of the semi-presidential regime of the 4452: 4448: 274: 6325: 6152: 6132: 6057: 5972: 5937: 5895: 5526: 5393: 4539:

by anarchists and Trotskyists. This repression split the CGT, leading to the formation in April 1948 of the spin-off

3409: 3061:"roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers , a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during 2976: 2899: 2786:, published on 21 February 1848, as the manifesto of the Communist League, three days before the proclamation of the 2395:

continue to vote conservative while areas which were receptive to the revolution in 1789 continue to vote socialist.

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newspaper confirmed the allegations of torture made by the opposition to the war, represented in particular by the

4642: 4408:" ("party of the 85,000 executed people"). On the other hand, the labor movement, which had been re-unified in the 4290: 4256: 4100: 4010: 3949: 3838: 3756: 3107: 3095: 2352:, that foundered on its own divided radicalism which too few of the (still predominantly rural) population shared. 2037: 1894: 603: 453: 341: 311: 4078:

also joined it. The poet Aragon traveled to the United States, and maintained indirect relations through his wife

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The new context issued of the Russian Revolution brought a new split in the French Left, realized during the 1920

361: 6217: 4913: 4876: 4316:, the leader of the PCF, pushed workers to stop the strikes, preventing an over-radicalization of the situation. 3313: 2125: 2081: 458: 237: 2561:" in Europe, which were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create 2478:, marking the new influence of the second, important right-wing tradition of France (according to the historian 6239: 6137: 6089: 5922: 5850: 4866: 3425: 3343: 2915: 2729: 2495:' (the middle ground), in an equal distance from the excesses of popular power and the abuses of royal power." 531: 5932: 2851:(1852–1870) the next year. The Second Republic, however, is best remembered for having first established male 6438: 6249: 6147: 5927: 5244: 5216: 4947: 4424: 3842: 3131: 2765: 2439: 2414: 2047: 970: 916: 891: 759: 734: 511: 501: 468: 185: 4881: 2984: 2844: 2360: 2266:

of 1830. The child with the gun, at the right of the woman personifiying Liberty, who holds the Republican,

2249: 242: 6458: 6433: 6428: 6293: 5992: 5982: 5751: 5083: 5026: 4996: 4969: 4550: 4347:(AF) movement, threatened Blum with death, alluding to his Jewish origins. On the other hand, the Minister 4141: 3830: 3567:(CGT) trade-union, dominated by anarcho-syndicalists until the First World War. In 1894, the government of 3115: 2887:, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour. These tensions between right-wing, 2541:(Party of the Movement). Republicans and Socialists, who requested social and political reforms, including 2004: 1974: 1949: 1030: 834: 691: 110: 5581: 5352: 4293:, leading to a government composed of Radical and Socialist ministers. Just as the SFIO had supported the 1851: 6338: 6244: 6018: 5612: 5593:

Part 1: vol. 19, no. 1 (Jan. 1911), pp. 36–46; Part 2: vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb. 1911), pp. 98–110.

4805: 4498: 4456: 3924: 3693: 2610: 1253: 933: 863: 779: 749: 596: 516: 496: 489: 247: 36: 6390: 4517: 4400:, in turn opposed by the PCF. The Communist Party enjoyed high popularity due to its active role in the 2919: 896: 145: 120: 6104: 5987: 5786: 4986: 4957: 4937: 4301: 4125: 3861: 2254: 2118: 1906: 1791: 1333: 408: 181: 4312:, and dismantled all laws preventing organization of trade-unions. After having won these new rights, 4203:(PCF) signed a pact of unity of action with the SFIO in July 1935. The Comintern had then adopted the 3203:

Thus, until the turn of the 20th century, the dominant forces of the French Left were composed of the

2571:. The center-right was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece 306: 6355: 6227: 5068: 5031: 5021: 4599: 4358:

In 1938, Marceau Pivert's Revolutionary Left tendency was expelled from the SFIO, and he created the

4121: 4055: 3212: 2803: 2776:, which appeared to him self-evident in the Parisian context of insurrection and permanent turmoil. " 2724: 2651: 2508: 2392: 2349: 1999: 1671: 814: 794: 506: 5491: 4580:, named president of the Council in 1952, a year after the dissolving of the Third Force coalition. 3229: 2991:. This was a blow to the Left's hopes during the Republic, which had already been crushed after the 2911: 6298: 6222: 5855: 5756: 5091: 5073: 5048: 5006: 5001: 4942: 4153: 4089:

On the other hand, the SFIO opposed the revolutionary strategy of the SFIC, although maintaining a

3904: 3752: 3445:. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting widespread 3347: 3220: 3135: 1881: 938: 829: 252: 130: 4830: 4328: 2956: 6162: 5667: 5096: 4861: 4459:(FTP) Resistance movement. Beside de Gaulle's ordinances granting, for the first time in France, 3977: 3929: 3820: 3792:

In the 1880s, the Socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities.

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on 27 April 1848. The February Revolution also established the principle of the "right to work" (

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movement in France, unifying Socialists and Communists together against the fascist threat in a

301: 6380: 6375: 6315: 5766: 5709: 5655: 5650: 4925: 4764: 4736: 4631: 4280: 4252: 4200: 4178: 4014: 3993: 3981: 3953: 3910: 3857: 3780: 3746: 3731: 3674: 3467: 3385: 3375: 3301: 3278: 3255: 3147: 3062: 2813: 2807: 2787: 2606: 2345: 2197: 1944: 1288: 1050: 886: 784: 774: 554: 5516: 5383: 5327: 4615: 4451:, the umbrella organisation which united all Resistant movements, in particular the Communist 3632:, a characteristic of the Republican Left, became a right-wing trait, mutating into a form of 3628:

engaging himself in politics, while nationalism, which had been previously, under the form of

2529:

and Socialists). The loyalists were divided into two parties, the conservative, center-right,

1811: 5890: 5761: 5475: 4721: 4611: 4464: 4305: 3401: 3309: 3119: 3050: 2907: 2906:

was implemented also for the first time. The left was divided however into four candidacies,

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or CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition. However, three years later,

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The massacre of the rue Transnonain, Paris, on 14 April 1834, depicted by the caricaturist

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and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they created the

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with German reality, the relation of their criticism to their own material surroundings.

2471: 2259: 1826: 194: 6167: 5746: 5736: 5221: 5170:, également éloigné des excès du pouvoir populaire et des abus du pouvoir royal. » 5141: 5131: 4460: 4363: 4295: 4173: 4095: 4005: 3933: 3875: 3707: 3633: 3617: 3538: 3417: 3413: 3282: 3182: 3172: 2992: 2903: 2872: 2852: 2817: 2791: 2761: 2754:

It has not occurred to any one of these philosophers to inquire into the connection of

2659: 2647: 2542: 2341: 2305: 2244: 2212: 2042: 1984: 1816: 1741: 1513: 1493: 1478: 1328: 1233: 1090: 1070: 1055: 1005: 985: 963: 804: 739: 627: 549: 346: 45: 4463:, the GPRF passed various labour laws, including the 11 October 1946 act establishing 4104: 1603: 6074: 5840: 5741: 5522: 5441: 5389: 5333: 5307: 5260: 5011: 4931: 4919: 4768: 4659: 4603: 4541: 4502: 4474: 4401: 4324: 4182: 3879: 3870: 3629: 3585: 3557: 3543: 3455: 3442: 3177: 3054: 2880: 2755: 2586: 2513:

The July Monarchy was thus divided into the supporters of the "Citizen King", of the

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and others remained in the reformist camp, in order to "keep the old house" (Blum).

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was between supporters of the Republic and those of the Monarchy. On the right, the

2280: 210: 5865: 5455: 5063: 4871: 4748: 4716: 4490: 4393: 4231: 4043: 3825: 3432: 3408:, which called for the creation of a new, anti-authoritarian International, dubbed 3235: 3086: 2716: 2671: 2667: 2618: 2518: 2479: 2475: 2423: 2388: 2324:, under their preferred branch of the royal family, a brief reality after the 1830 2170: 2094: 2077: 1796: 1776: 1696: 1691: 1633: 1593: 1583: 1548: 1468: 1443: 1413: 1398: 1393: 1368: 1313: 1298: 1205: 1180: 1110: 1065: 1035: 923: 911: 839: 824: 764: 729: 417: 356: 161: 5425: 5217:

Marx and the Permanent Revolution in France: Background to the Communist Manifesto

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were held, for the first time in France. Democracy seemed at first to triumph, as

2860: 1876: 1538: 1268: 336: 5907: 5470: 5359: 5269: 4901: 4711: 4706: 4595: 4486: 4340: 4145: 4039:. The SFIC thus lost members, decreasing from 110,000 in 1920 to 30,000 in 1933. 3969: 3937: 3609: 3520: 3515: 3502: 3474: 3405: 3389: 3078: 3066: 3046: 2749: 2693: 2655: 2594: 2467: 2418: 2380: 2325: 2263: 2150: 2014: 2009: 1954: 1761: 1721: 1553: 1523: 1508: 1458: 1428: 1363: 1303: 1263: 1185: 1175: 1075: 819: 809: 331: 201: 116: 4546: 4063: 3482: 3473:

Following these events, the United Kingdom once again became the last haven for

3186: 2634:, while Engels had come especially to meet Marx. There, he showed him his work, 6280: 5845: 5042: 4744: 4740: 4668: 4512: 4482: 4348: 4313: 4235: 4208: 4161: 4133: 4036: 4021: 3973: 3965: 3919: 3888: 3805: 3727: 3697: 3605: 3599: 3486: 3459: 3139: 3082: 3042: 3018: 2773: 2683: 2650:, founded by German workers in Paris in 1836 and inspired by the revolutionary 2455: 2446:

who refused all inheritance of the Revolution and aimed at re-establishing the

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of 1947, killing up to 40,000 people. Ramadier also accepted the terms of the

4436: 4168:(Revolutionary Left) engaged themselves in favor of a Proletarian Revolution. 4129: 4071: 3834: 3764: 3689: 3494: 3247: 3163:, a moderate Republican, legalized trade-unions, enabling the creation of the 1866: 54: 6422: 6360: 6114: 5870: 5781: 5660: 5471:

COLONIALISM THROUGH THE SCHOOL BOOKS – The hidden history of the Algerian war

5016: 4772: 4725:(1966) were famous examples of such censorship. A confidential report of the 4649:

Although Guy Mollet's government had enacted repressive policies against the

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to answer the ideological and political crisis lifted by the inefficiency of

4032: 3989: 3941: 3892: 3793: 3776: 3723: 3478: 3325: 3267: 3118:. Henceforth, the first task for the center-left was to firmly establish the 3111: 3070: 3038: 3009: 2828: 2546: 2526: 2504: 2376: 2228: 1994: 1989: 1856: 1806: 1786: 1781: 1756: 1731: 1628: 1533: 1453: 1373: 1348: 1273: 1210: 1045: 844: 577: 379: 141: 4422:(CNT) trade-union, while other anarchists had already created, in 1945, the 4351:

was pushed to suicide after attacks by a right-wing newspaper. Finally, the

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Republicans and Socialists caused the second, June Revolution. In December,

1278: 6365: 6254: 6234: 5776: 5303: 4752: 4677: 4627: 4607: 4589: 4554: 4522: 4397: 4332: 4219: 4190: 4186: 4137: 4079: 4067: 4028: 3702: 3625: 3621: 3346:) left the federation, which they considered too moderate, and founded the 3321: 3289: 3074: 2980: 2923: 2879:. At the same time, a sort of industrial parliament was established at the 2876: 2840: 2722:

In his spare time, Marx studied Proudhon, whom he would later criticize in

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The only social law of the bourgeois July Monarchy was to outlaw, in 1841,

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In 1899, a debate raged among Socialist groups about the participation of

3127: 3099: 2975:

After having been elected by universal suffrage President of the Republic

2891: 2646:

revolutionary newspaper, established and run by the secret society called

2483: 2317: 1726: 6094: 6079: 5409: 4809: 4690: 4654: 4494: 4379: 4223: 4128:

in 1931, debates arose inside the SFIO concerning the role of the state.

4047: 4000: 3737:

The early French Left was often alienated into the Republican movements.

3645: 3530: 3506: 3251: 3243: 3216: 3152: 3123: 3103: 2884: 2625: 2558: 2522: 2459: 2309: 2271: 1841: 1676: 1638: 1618: 1558: 1518: 1483: 1418: 1408: 1388: 1343: 1258: 1228: 1190: 1085: 928: 858: 724: 4818: 4481:

and excluded the five Communist ministers (among whom the vice-Premier,

2944: 2812:

The February 1848 Revolution toppled the July Monarchy, replaced by the

2642: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5445: 5382:

Grant, Arthur James; Temperley, H. W. V.; Ramm, Agatha (15 July 2014).

4760: 4698: 4619: 4508: 4444: 4389: 4212: 4075: 4059: 4025: 3451: 3263: 3023: 2888: 2769: 2675: 2487: 1929: 1836: 1573: 1403: 1105: 1060: 389: 384: 4319:

The Popular Front saw harsh opposition from the conservatives and the

399: 5635: 5408:

The New France: A Society in Transition 1945–1977 (Third Edition) by

5234: 4907: 4778: 3809: 3719: 3490: 3393: 3339: 3329: 3069:’ of 1793–94. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like 2825: 2821: 2712: 2688: 2614: 2534: 2384: 2285: 2224: 2166: 2162: 2158: 1924: 1766: 1598: 1308: 1145: 1130: 1020: 1000: 990: 635: 326: 5459: 4531:(CRS), in order to crush the insurrectionary strikes started at the 4058:. The Communist Party was then admired by intellectuals such as the 3779:, who would lead the split in 1920 which led to the creation of the 3365: 2772:, he imagined an original theory based on the key Marxist notion of 2458:

tried to bypass their king on his right. This intransigeance of the

2300:

deputies sat on the benches to the left of the hall. Throughout the

5796: 5299: 4731: 4569: 4435:(GPRF) twice had as President of the Councils figures of the SFIO ( 4227: 4156:

in the economy. In the left-wing of the SFIO, the tendencies named

3915: 3525: 2739: 2435: 2316:

views and rejected any compromise with modern ideologies while the

2275: 4304:

granted the 40 hours workweek to the workers, as well as right of

3640:

and the new, emerging forces advocating Socialism, whether in its

3624:

and Justice. The Dreyfus Affair witnessed the birth of the modern

3412:(1872–1877). The latter was made up of several groups, mainly the 6109: 5161: 5107: 4572:

movement. The Third Force was also supported by the conservative

4532: 4352: 4090: 4051: 3715: 3682: 3641: 3498: 3355: 2864: 2368: 2220: 2205: 1656: 1135: 1115: 394: 321: 5160:

Louis-Philippe was responding to an address sent by the city of

3845:. In 1905, during the Globe Congress, under the pressure of the 2820:(or June 1848 Revolution) gave a lethal blow to the hopes of a " 5885: 5677: 5385:

Grant and Temperley's Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970

5306:, who gave his name to the eponymous prize and ... to the 4797: 3959: 3259: 2914:, the repressor of the June Days Uprising, on the center-left, 2174: 1661: 5583:

Jurassic Left: the strange death of France's "deuxième gauche"

4763:. In general, the SFIO supported the colonial wars during the 4553:(AFL), and assisted by the AFL sole representative in Europe, 4497:

alliance between the PCF, the SFIO and the Christian-Democrat

3270:, Ferry was part of the "colonial lobby" who took part in the 3142:. The main political forces in the Left at this time were the 2682:. The latter league had a pyramidal structure inspired by the 2408: 2101: 2072: 6099: 6069: 4743:

circles. Although many left-wing activists, including famous

1473: 4489: – an event which simultaneously occurred in 3688:

In 1914, after the assassination of the leader of the SFIO,

2778:

The dominant ideology is the ideology of the dominant class,

2340:, and the lowest common denominator of the French Left. The 6084: 6008: 5950: 4576:(CNIP), which succeeded in having its most popular figure, 3665:

The left in France was represented at the beginning of the

3258:

as he considered it a diversion from the "blue line of the

2188:

The left in France was represented at the beginning of the

906: 4689:

alone) which dealt with the subject (and 586 in Algeria).

4396:, reformist stance, and most of its members supported the 2797: 4992:

Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization – Proletarian Way

3841:, while Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists formed the 3304:" because it promoted gradual reforms. In the same time, 2553:), were then at the far-left of the political board. The 4388:

After the Liberation, the SFIO, under the leadership of

4054:

or organizing an alternative exhibition during the 1931

3730:

which saw the majority of the SFIO spin-out to form the

3489:

were the most famous of the many, anonymous anarchists,

3003: 2871:– or "right to have a work"), and decided to establish " 3755:(POF) merged with others socialist parties to form the 3524:

that "it is an illusion to believe that a few kilos of

2658:. The League of the Just was a splinter group from the 2474:, cadet branch of the Bourbon, then came to power with 2348:

was the attempt by the left to assert itself after the

3612:) supporting the Army and the Nation, while the Left ( 3608:

divided again France into two rival camps, the Right (

5515:

Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (27 September 2006).

4412:

during the Popular Front, split again. In 1946, the

3292:

founded the first Socialist party of France, dubbed

3122:, proclaimed in September 1870. Rivalry between the 2601:

theorized Socialist coup d'états, the socialist and

4640:(PSA, Socialist Autonomous Party), ancestor of the 4196:

Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes

4013:, refusing to choose between Socialists (SFIO) and 3242:, who directed several governments in this period, 3171:, CGT) the following year, issued from a merger of 2987:, and proclaimed himself Emperor, establishing the 2738:, published posthumously, as well as his theory of 2438:, the former royal family returned to power in the 83:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

5381: 5245:Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular 5194:, Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright, Routledge, 2006 4779:French Left in local government in the postwar era 5561:Le Mouvement socialiste sous la IIIème République 5505:The Left in France by Neill Nugent and David Lowe 4207:strategy against fascism. The leader of the PCF, 3868:, created in 1895 from the fusion of the various 3366:Propaganda of the deed and exile to Great Britain 3298:Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France 6420: 5421:Force Ouvrière : il y a 50 ans, la scission 5207:, Paris, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2002 (p. 713) 4564:The Three-Parties alliance was succeeded by the 4897:Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement 3789:newspaper, became a member of the POF in 1891. 3681:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various 3675:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 3651: 3550: 3279:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 3148:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 2521:, the right-wing opposition to the regime (the 2466:'s downfall during the Three Glorious Days, or 2328:. The Republic itself, or, as it was called by 2204:(SFIO), created in 1905 as a merger of various 2198:Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 4849: 4685:more than 250 books, newspapers and films (in 4515:'s cabinet, re-organized in December 1947 the 3932:, then became famous communists. Finally, the 2918:as representative of the Republican Left, and 2371:began to rival Radical Republicanism and the " 5620: 5501: 5499: 5166:« Nous chercherons à nous tenir dans un 4953:Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front 4767:(1947–54), starting with the crushing of the 4433:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4247:(CGTU) trade-union, which had split from the 3891:. This was also one of the founding piece of 3804:or POSR), which advocated the revolutionary " 3732:French Section of the Communist International 3294:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France 2637:The Condition of the Working Class in England 2628:, another revolutionary from Germany, on the 2126: 604: 5454:, No. 151 (April – June 1990), pp. 79–118 – 5325: 4665:systematic use of torture by the French Army 4574:National Centre of Independents and Peasants 3960:Split between reformists and revolutionaries 3851:French Section of the Workers' International 3773:French Section of the Workers' International 3679:French Section of the Workers' International 3238:on public, mandatory and secular education, 2735:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 2202:French Section of the Workers' International 5514: 5265:"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel" 5102:United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible 4355:terrorist group attempted several attacks. 4215:turn opposed to previous internationalism. 3837:. In 1902, Guesde and Vaillant founded the 3392:and other federalists had been excluded by 3384:, based in Switzerland, started theorizing 2711:The League of the Just participated in the 2409:Bourbon Restoration and the July Revolution 2238: 5627: 5613: 5589:D.A. MacGibbon, "French Socialism Today," 5496: 5319: 5059:Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe 4626:(a Young Turk and former prime minister), 4244:Confédération générale du travail unitaire 3458:and encouraging propaganda of the deed or 3192: 2133: 2119: 611: 597: 4473:'s Socialist government then crushed the 4199:(CVIA) was henceforth created, while the 4042:In the same time, the SFIC organized the 3968:when the majority of the SFIO (including 3856:The party remained hemmed in between the 3706:national front. In the aftermaths of the 3581: 2678:. Schusterr was inspired by the works of 5634: 5332:. Oxford University Press. p. 300. 5329:France, 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century 5259: 4727:International Committee of the Red Cross 4373: 4274: 3802:Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire 3763:, PSF), and finally merged in 1905 with 3400:, founded in London in 1864) during the 3013: 2698: 2692:, and shared ideas with Saint-Simon and 2617:arrived in Paris in 1843, and met there 2363:and the subsequent establishment of the 2248: 5549:, 2 vol., éditions La Découverte, 2004. 5545:Becker, J.-J. & Candar, G. (dir.), 4892:Communist Revolutionary Party of France 4771:in 1947 by the socialist government of 4653:(FLN), most of the left, including the 4630:(also a member of the SFIO party), the 4521:(GMR) anti-riot police (created during 4003:parties, the SFIC criticized the first 3996:travelled to Moscow, invited by Lenin. 3829:, Left-Wing Block), which included the 3740: 3159:Furthermore, in 1894 the government of 3045:, would heavily disorganize the French 2798:1848 Revolution and the Second Republic 2666:) created in Paris two years before by 2442:. The Restoration was dominated by the 14: 6421: 5414: 4501:(MRP), which had been initiated after 4335:league into a new, mass party, dubbed 4325:extra-parliamentary right-wing leagues 3798:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party 3398:International Workingmen's Association 2332:, the Democratic and Social Republic ( 523:Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs 5608: 5518:The Government and Politics of France 5464: 5192:The government and politics of France 4360:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party 4009:(Left-Wing Cartel) which had won the 3895:'s revolutionary syndicalist theory. 3277:The Opportunists broke away with the 3215:who had participated to the Commune, 3189:, and then boasting 100,000 members. 3004:From the Paris Commune to World War I 2833:la République sociale et démocratique 2334:la République démocratique et sociale 1902:International socialist organizations 850:To each according to his contribution 5037:People's Union for Wallis and Futuna 4813: 4528:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité 4392:(1946–1969), definitively adopted a 4327:, Blum had prohibited them, leading 3898: 3864:who dominated the trade unions. The 3718:, the French Left divided itself in 3700:line, the SFIO accepted to join the 3636:. The Left itself was divided among 3354:, POF) in 1880, which was the first 3053:(1871–1940). According to historian 2939: 2674:and others German emigrants, mostly 2624:Marx had come to Paris to work with 2525:) and the left-wing opposition (the 2223:, the French Left divided itself in 5054:Pole of Communist Revival in France 4657:movement which expressed itself in 4493:. This exclusion put an end to the 3262:", that is of the possibility of a 3096:February 1871 legislative elections 3081:was its quasi-minister of culture, 2748:(1845), in which he criticized the 2533:(Party of the Resistance), and the 2336:), was the objective of the French 24: 5574: 5346: 5114:Workers' Communist Party of France 4449:National Council of the Resistance 4419:Confédération nationale du travail 3999:Opposed to collaboration with the 3783:(first SFIC, then PCF) and edited 3300:, FTSF). It was characterised as " 25: 6470: 4791: 4074:...). Young philosophers such as 3980:, thus creating the SFIC (future 3593: 3564:Confédération générale du travail 3558:Fédération des Bourses du Travail 3505:, a national tradition since the 3410:Anarchist St. Imier International 3396:from the First International (or 3165:Confédération générale du travail 2181:of 1789, where supporters of the 218:Congress of the French Parliament 4817: 4802:Unified Socialist Party (France) 4646:(PSU, Unified Socialist Party). 4594:When French Generals threatened 4218:On the other hand, in June 1934 3431:In December 1893, the anarchist 3380:A few years later, parts of the 3098:had been won by the monarchists 2943: 2929: 2498: 2100: 2088: 2071: 642: 571: 260:Cour de Justice de la République 53: 5554:La gauche en France depuis 1900 5539: 5508: 5485: 5435: 5402: 5375: 4877:Citizen and Republican Movement 4606:to power in the turmoil of the 4583: 4447:, which were envisioned by the 4343:, the leader of the monarchist 4271:, against the rise of fascism. 3928:(1916). Many veterans, such as 3866:General Confederation of Labour 3849:, the two groups merged in the 3582:See below: Creation of the SFIO 3314:Central Revolutionary Committee 3169:General Confederation of Labour 2631:Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher 2482:'s famous classification), the 2403: 2177:. The term originates from the 6133:Azerbaijan People's Government 5547:Histoire des gauches en France 5313: 5293: 5281: 5253: 5228: 5210: 5197: 5185: 5154: 4867:Brittany Movement and Progress 4485:, head of the PCF) during the 4115: 3318:Comité révolutionnaire central 3049:during the early years of the 2916:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin 532:Politics of the European Union 13: 1: 5591:Journal of Political Economy, 5302:had been invented in 1862 by 5178: 5079:Republican and Socialist Left 4887:Communist Revolutionary Party 4511:(SFIO), Interior Minister of 2766:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2597:, etc.) diffused themselves. 2415:Bourbon Restoration in France 735:Critique of political economy 512:France and the United Nations 18:History of the Left in France 6444:Left-wing politics in France 5288:Project of a doctoral thesis 5084:Republican Left of Catalonia 5027:Party of the Corsican Nation 4997:Melanesian Progressive Union 4970:Labour Party (New Caledonia) 4551:American Federation of Labor 4323:. Fearing the action of the 4289:, the Popular Front won the 3976:, etc.) decided to join the 3660: 3652:Growth of socialist councils 3551:Anarcho-syndicalist movement 3332:, famous for having written 2296:, in which the more radical 2005:Socialist calculation debate 1975:List of socialist economists 1950:Economic calculation problem 835:Socialist mode of production 692:Socialist calculation debate 27:Left-wing politics in France 7: 6449:Political history of France 6173:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 5219:by Bernard Moss, p. 10, in 5120: 4914:Europe Ecology – The Greens 4850:Left-wing political parties 4806:110 Propositions for France 4602:, leading to the recall of 4499:Popular Republican Movement 4457:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 3946:grande lueur venue de l'Est 3909:Following World War I, the 3106:, and it was not until the 2454:struck the Left, while the 10: 6475: 4987:Martinican Communist Party 4958:Kanak Socialist Liberation 4948:Independent Workers' Party 4938:Guadeloupe Communist Party 4882:Communist Party of Réunion 4854: 4795: 4587: 4377: 4278: 4230:in the SFIO, supported by 4126:Great Depression in France 3936:lifted great hopes in the 3902: 3862:revolutionary syndicalists 3761:Parti socialiste de France 3744: 3597: 3464:Marie François Sadi Carnot 3369: 3266:against the newly founded 3196: 3007: 2933: 2883:, under the presidency of 2801: 2502: 2462:, however, finally led to 2412: 2398: 2255:Liberty Leading the People 2242: 362:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 6407: 6268: 6200: 6125: 6032: 6001: 5915: 5904: 5833: 5812: 5643: 5568:Histoire du parti radical 5203:Quoted by Guy Antonetti, 5069:Radical Party of the Left 5032:Party of Kanak Liberation 5022:Oceanian Democratic Rally 4651:National Liberation Front 4637:Parti socialiste autonome 4622:'s Socialist government, 4455:, political front of the 4406:parti des 85 000 fusillés 4160:(Socialist Struggle) and 4124:and the beginning of the 4122:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4099:, enabling it to win the 4056:Paris Colonial Exposition 4050:'s insurgents during the 4019:revolutionary syndicalist 3839:Socialist Party of France 3769:Parti socialiste français 3757:Socialist Party of France 3646:revolutionary syndicalism 3466:by the Italian anarchist 3254:. While Gambetta opposed 3030:Le Père Duchênes illustré 2804:French Revolution of 1848 2728:(1847). He developed his 2725:The Poverty of Philosophy 2509:French Revolution of 1848 2304:, the main line dividing 2211:In the aftermaths of the 2000:Socialism and LGBT rights 944:Socialist-oriented market 892:Socialist planned economy 795:Material balance planning 5147: 5074:Renewed Caledonian Union 5049:Plural Left (Guadeloupe) 5007:New Anticapitalist Party 5002:Movement of Progressives 4943:Guianese Socialist Party 4667:. Anti-colonialists and 4518:Groupe mobile de réserve 4505:'s resignation in 1946. 3918:feelings, incarnated by 3905:Aftermath of World War I 3751:In 1902, Jules Guesde's 3481:, aka "the Red Virgin", 3441:", severely restricting 2981:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 2924:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 2843:ended the Republic by a 2839:"). On 2 December 1851, 2762:philosophy and economics 2306:Left and Right in France 2239:Left and Right in France 939:Socialist market economy 864:Workers' self-management 830:Socialism in one country 677:Age of the Enlightenment 275:Administrative divisions 35:This article is part of 6454:Republicanism in France 6183:North Korea (1947–1948) 6178:North Korea (1946–1947) 5481:(in English and French) 5097:Territories of Progress 4862:Breton Democratic Union 4715:(released in 1963) and 4643:Parti socialiste unifié 4404:, and was then dubbed " 4142:Non-Conformist Movement 3930:Paul Vaillant-Couturier 3821:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3569:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3205:Opportunist Republicans 3199:Opportunist Republicans 3193:Opportunist Republicans 3161:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3144:Opportunist Republicans 2816:(1848–1852), while the 2783:The Communist Manifesto 2515:constitutional monarchy 2444:Counter-revolutionaries 2322:constitutional monarchy 2284:, who would die on the 1940:Criticism of capitalism 951:Participatory economics 785:Labour-time calculation 307:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 5905:Current and historical 5358:9 October 2007 at the 5277:(28). New Left Review. 4926:French Communist Party 4737:French Communist Party 4618:, who was minister of 4549:and subsidised by the 4461:right of vote to women 4281:Popular Front (France) 4201:French Communist Party 4179:6 February 1934 crisis 4166:Gauche révolutionnaire 4082:with the Russian poet 4046:struggle, encouraging 3994:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 3982:French Communist Party 3911:demographics of France 3843:French Socialist Party 3781:French Communist Party 3747:Possibilism (politics) 3468:Sante Geronimo Caserio 3386:propaganda of the deed 3376:Propaganda of the deed 3352:Parti ouvrier français 3114:won a majority in the 3092: 3034: 2983:took power during the 2900:presidential elections 2808:French Second Republic 2708: 2607:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2531:Parti de la résistance 2289: 2154: 1945:Criticism of socialism 897:Decentralized planning 800:Peer‑to‑peer economics 238:Constitutional Council 5476:Le Monde diplomatique 5326:Roger Magraw (1983). 4796:Further information: 4722:The Battle of Algiers 4598:'s government with a 4588:Further information: 4465:occupational medicine 4425:Fédération Anarchiste 4378:Further information: 4374:Post-war developments 4329:François de La Rocque 4306:collective bargaining 4275:Popular Front of 1936 4154:state interventionism 3903:Further information: 3753:French Workers' Party 3745:Further information: 3443:freedom of expression 3370:Further information: 3348:French Workers' Party 3310:Louis Auguste Blanqui 3197:Further information: 3059: 3051:French Third Republic 3017: 3008:Further information: 3000:was founded in 1864. 2934:Further information: 2802:Further information: 2702: 2640:. Marx wrote for the 2599:Louis Auguste Blanqui 2574:Le Journal des débats 2565:. Its mouthpiece was 2503:Further information: 2448:divine right of kings 2413:Further information: 2314:counter-revolutionary 2252: 2243:Further information: 6439:History of socialism 6410:History of socialism 5263:(July–August 2004). 5137:History of socialism 4673:Manifesto of the 121 4624:Pierre Mendès France 4537:Boulogne-Billancourt 4414:anarcho-syndicalists 4384:Third Force (France) 4150:classical liberalism 3847:Second International 3741:Creation of the SFIO 3692:, who had upheld an 3335:The Right to Be Lazy 3240:Charles de Freycinet 2936:Second French Empire 2730:theory of alienation 2664:Bund der Geaechteten 2393:practicing Catholics 2173:political forces in 2095:Communism portal 2078:Socialism portal 770:Industrial democracy 720:Collective ownership 302:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 293:Metropolitan regions 6459:Socialism in France 6434:Communism in France 6429:Anarchism in France 6346:Estonia (1918–1919) 6240:Hungary (1949–1989) 5451:Le Mouvement social 5429:, 19 December 1997 5353:Biographical notice 5240:The German Ideology 5127:Anarchism in France 4964:La France Insoumise 4757:Pierre Vidal-Naquet 4687:metropolitan France 4616:François Mitterrand 4337:French Social Party 4291:3 May 1936 election 4241:The same year, the 4211:, then initiated a 4158:Bataille socialiste 4084:Vladimir Mayakovsky 3978:Third International 3831:Marquis de Gallifet 3817:Alexandre Millerand 3712:Spartacist uprising 3638:Radical Republicans 3630:liberal nationalism 3535:anarcho-syndicalist 3372:Anarchism in France 3338:, which criticized 3328:(the son-in-law of 3272:Scramble for Africa 3132:Bourbon Restoration 3116:Chamber of Deputies 2998:First International 2764:. Inspired both by 2745:The German Ideology 2680:Philippe Buonarroti 2440:Bourbon Restoration 2432:First French Empire 2330:Radical Republicans 2274:'s inspiration for 2217:Spartacist uprising 1980:Market abolitionism 1965:Left-libertarianism 902:Inclusive Democracy 869:Workplace democracy 715:Calculation in kind 697:Socialist economics 687:Revolutions of 1848 317:Centre-Val de Loire 6311:Byelorussia (1919) 5362:on Maurras on the 5261:Anderson, Benedict 5222:Socialist Register 5142:Politics of France 5132:Feminism in France 5088:Revolutionary Left 4829:. You can help by 4557:, who worked with 4362:(PSOP) along with 4296:Cartel des Gauches 4174:Cartel des Gauches 4096:Cartel des Gauches 4006:Cartel des Gauches 3934:Russian Revolution 3876:Fernand Pelloutier 3708:Russian Revolution 3644:interpretation or 3634:ethnic nationalism 3618:Georges Clemenceau 3539:Fernand Pelloutier 3475:political refugees 3382:anarchist movement 3283:Georges Clemenceau 3183:Victor Griffuelhes 3173:Fernand Pelloutier 3035: 2993:June Days uprising 2955:. You can help by 2904:universal suffrage 2873:National Workshops 2853:universal suffrage 2818:June Days uprising 2792:June Days uprising 2709: 2686:of the Republican 2660:League of the Just 2648:League of the Just 2555:Parti du mouvement 2543:universal suffrage 2539:Parti du mouvement 2342:June Days uprising 2320:hoped to create a 2290: 2245:Politics of France 2213:Russian Revolution 1985:Marxist philosophy 805:Production for use 775:Input–output model 740:Economic democracy 560:Political scandals 347:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 248:Court of Cassation 46:Politics of France 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6196: 6195: 5938:Congo-Brazzaville 5834:Regional variants 5442:Annie Lacroix-Riz 5339:978-0-19-520503-9 5308:Nobel Peace Prize 5243:, 1845 (Part I, " 4920:Eusko Alkartasuna 4847: 4846: 4769:Malagasy Uprising 4604:Charles de Gaulle 4503:Charles de Gaulle 4475:Malagasy Uprising 4331:to transform the 4183:far-right leagues 4171:In 1932 a second 3938:workers' movement 3899:After World War I 3884:workers' movement 3880:Charter of Amiens 3871:Bourse du Travail 3671:political parties 3604:Furthermore, the 3586:Charter of Amiens 3577:ouvriers du livre 3544:Bourse du Travail 3308:and the heirs of 3178:Bourse du Travail 3055:Benedict Anderson 2973: 2972: 2894:, and left-wing, 2881:Luxembourg Palace 2756:German philosophy 2654:and his ideal of 2587:utopian socialism 2582:labor to children 2428:French Revolution 2373:utopian socialism 2338:workers' movement 2294:National Assembly 2262:commemorates the 2194:political parties 2179:National Assembly 2171:social-democratic 2143: 2142: 1935:Communist society 1907:Socialist parties 1166:Saint-Simonianism 755:Equal opportunity 745:Economic planning 682:French Revolution 621: 620: 578:France portal 517:Foreign alliances 490:Foreign relations 477:Political parties 182:National Assembly 16:(Redirected from 6466: 6266: 6265: 6123: 6122: 5913: 5912: 5908:socialist states 5787:African-American 5629: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5533: 5532: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5468: 5462: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5365:Action Française 5350: 5344: 5343: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5232: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5172: 5158: 5064:The Progressives 4872:Caledonian Union 4842: 4839: 4821: 4814: 4755:, and historian 4749:Jean-Paul Sartre 4739:(PCF) and other 4717:Gillo Pontecorvo 4669:anti-militarists 4600:coup in May 1958 4545:(FO), headed by 4345:Action Française 4321:French far-right 4302:Matignon Accords 4232:Raymond Molinier 4226:, a strategy of 4109:Édouard Daladier 4044:anti-colonialist 3826:Bloc des gauches 3726:during the 1920 3694:internationalist 3541:, leader of the 3433:Auguste Vaillant 3306:Édouard Vaillant 3236:Jules Ferry laws 3233: 3219:, leader of the 3213:Republican Union 3211:, leader of the 3130:prevented a new 3021:charging on the 2977:in December 1848 2968: 2965: 2947: 2940: 2869:droit au travail 2857:Victor Schœlcher 2847:proclaiming the 2717:Communist League 2672:Wilhelm Weitling 2668:Theodor Schuster 2619:Friedrich Engels 2551:droit du travail 2472:House of Orléans 2430:of 1789 and the 2389:anti-clericalism 2260:Eugène Delacroix 2231:during the 1920 2155:Gauche française 2135: 2128: 2121: 2107:Organized Labour 2105: 2104: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2076: 2075: 2020:Workers' council 1657:Gracchi Brothers 1181:Social democracy 924:Market socialism 912:Project Cybersyn 840:Soviet democracy 825:Social ownership 780:Internationalism 760:Free association 730:Common ownership 646: 623: 622: 613: 606: 599: 576: 575: 574: 418:French Polynesia 409:Overseas country 371:Overseas regions 357:Pays de la Loire 243:Council of State 195:Yaël Braun-Pivet 57: 32: 31: 21: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6395: 6376:Slovakia (1919) 6276:Alsace-Lorraine 6264: 6192: 6121: 6028: 5997: 5906: 5900: 5829: 5808: 5639: 5633: 5577: 5575:Further reading 5542: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5469: 5465: 5460:10.2307/3778185 5440: 5436: 5430: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5360:Wayback Machine 5351: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5270:New Left Review 5258: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5123: 5118: 5092:Socialist Party 4902:Ecologist Party 4857: 4852: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4827:needs expansion 4812: 4794: 4781: 4765:Fourth Republic 4745:existentialists 4741:anti-militarist 4712:Le petit soldat 4707:Jean-Luc Godard 4675:, published in 4632:Communist Party 4596:Pierre Pflimlin 4592: 4586: 4487:May 1947 crises 4394:social-democrat 4386: 4376: 4341:Charles Maurras 4283: 4277: 4234:but opposed by 4152:and refusal of 4118: 4105:Édouard Herriot 4103:. The Radicals 3970:Boris Souvarine 3962: 3907: 3901: 3749: 3743: 3724:revolutionaries 3698:anti-militarist 3663: 3654: 3610:Charles Maurras 3602: 3596: 3553: 3516:Peter Kropotkin 3503:right of asylum 3438:lois scélérates 3406:Jura Federation 3378: 3368: 3234:who passed the 3223: 3221:Republican Left 3201: 3195: 3047:labour movement 3012: 3006: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2953:needs expansion 2938: 2932: 2814:Second Republic 2810: 2800: 2788:Second Republic 2750:Young Hegelians 2694:Charles Fourier 2656:social equality 2652:Gracchus Babeuf 2595:Charles Fourier 2557:supported the " 2519:census suffrage 2511: 2501: 2468:July Revolution 2456:ultra-royalists 2421: 2419:July Revolution 2411: 2406: 2401: 2381:Charles Fourier 2350:1848 Revolution 2346:Second Republic 2326:July Revolution 2264:July Revolution 2247: 2241: 2229:revolutionaries 2139: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2070: 2063: 2062: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2015:Socialist state 2010:Socialist Party 1955:Economic system 1920: 1912: 1911: 1897: 1887: 1886: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1031:Democratic road 966: 956: 955: 882: 874: 873: 820:Social dividend 810:Sharing economy 710: 702: 701: 672: 664: 617: 588: 584:Other countries 572: 570: 565: 564: 545: 537: 536: 528: 525: 492: 482: 481: 473: 444: 434: 433: 423: 422: 404: 366: 332:Hauts-de-France 288: 277: 267: 266: 263: 233: 223: 222: 177: 167: 166: 151: 126: 117:Emmanuel Macron 100: 90: 89: 86: 71: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6472: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Hungary (1919) 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6223:Czech Republic 6218:Czechoslovakia 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6158:Inner Mongolia 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:East Turkestan 6135: 6129: 6127: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5820:United Kingdom 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5779: 5777:United Kingdom 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5587: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566:Berstein, S., 5564: 5563:, Payot, 1963. 5557: 5556:, Seuil, 1977. 5552:Touchard, J., 5550: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5527: 5507: 5495: 5484: 5463: 5434: 5413: 5401: 5394: 5374: 5345: 5338: 5318: 5312: 5292: 5280: 5252: 5227: 5209: 5205:Louis-Philippe 5196: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5043:Place Publique 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4981:Lutte Ouvrière 4977: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4824: 4822: 4793: 4792:Fifth Republic 4790: 4780: 4777: 4693:'s 1958 book, 4663:, opposed the 4612:Fifth Republic 4585: 4582: 4542:Force Ouvrière 4513:Robert Schuman 4483:Maurice Thorez 4453:Front National 4375: 4372: 4349:Roger Salengro 4314:Maurice Thorez 4279:Main article: 4276: 4273: 4236:Pierre Naville 4222:initiated the 4209:Maurice Thorez 4162:Marceau Pivert 4134:Adrien Marquet 4120:Following the 4117: 4114: 4037:Pierre Naville 4022:Pierre Monatte 4011:1924 elections 3984:, PCF), while 3974:Fernand Loriot 3966:Tours Congress 3961: 3958: 3952:, forming the 3920:Henri Barbusse 3900: 3897: 3889:general strike 3806:general strike 3742: 3739: 3728:Tours Congress 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3606:Dreyfus affair 3600:Dreyfus affair 3598:Main article: 3595: 3594:Dreyfus Affair 3592: 3552: 3549: 3533:movement. The 3518:thus wrote in 3487:Charles Malato 3460:antimilitarism 3402:Hague Congress 3367: 3364: 3194: 3191: 3140:Dreyfus affair 3138:crisis or the 3120:Third Republic 3108:1876 elections 3075:Louis Napoleon 3043:Adolphe Thiers 3019:Adolphe Thiers 3005: 3002: 2971: 2970: 2950: 2948: 2931: 2928: 2841:Louis Napoleon 2799: 2796: 2774:class struggle 2705:Honoré Daumier 2684:secret society 2500: 2497: 2476:Louis-Philippe 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2281:Les Misérables 2240: 2237: 2233:Tours Congress 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970:Libertarianism 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1919:Related topics 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 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Audit 250: 245: 240: 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 214: 213: 211:Gérard Larcher 199: 198: 197: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 150: 149: 139: 131:Prime Minister 125: 124: 114: 101: 96: 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 80: 78: 76:Fifth Republic 72: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 44: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6471: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6411: 6406: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6326:Crimea (1919) 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6188:South Vietnam 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6115:North Vietnam 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5825:United States 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5782:United States 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 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Routledge. 5520: 5519: 5511: 5502: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5479:, April 2001 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5395:9781317872429 5391: 5388:. Routledge. 5387: 5386: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Occitan Party 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4825:This section 4823: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4774: 4773:Paul Ramadier 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709:'s 1960 film 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4578:Antoine Pinay 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4559:Jay Lovestone 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Three-parties 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479:Marshall Plan 4476: 4472: 4471:Paul Ramadier 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398:colonial wars 4395: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4368:René Lefeuvre 4365: 4364:Luxemburgists 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310:strike action 4307: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257:1936 election 4254: 4253:Popular Front 4250: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:popular front 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181:organized by 4180: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138:Neo-Socialist 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4101:1924 election 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033:Alfred Rosmer 4030: 4029:intellectuals 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3990:Marcel Cachin 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3954:National Bloc 3951: 3950:1919 election 3947: 3944:hailed this " 3943: 3942:Jules Romains 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3893:Georges Sorel 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858:Radical Party 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:Jean Allemane 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3777:Marcel Cachin 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673:, namely the 3672: 3668: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479:Louise Michel 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326:Paul Lafargue 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268:German Empire 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:Léon Gambetta 3206: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:New Caledonia 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Paris Commune 3032: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010:Paris Commune 3001: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2989:Second Empire 2986: 2982: 2978: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2951:This section 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2930:Second Empire 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849:Second Empire 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563:nation states 2560: 2559:nationalities 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547:right to work 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2505:July Monarchy 2499:July Monarchy 2496: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470:of 1830. The 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Auguste Comte 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:Second Empire 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288:in June 1832. 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:tricolor flag 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196:, namely the 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2038:Related lists 2036: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1995:Progressivism 1993: 1991: 1990:Nanosocialism 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895:Organizations 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882:Ocasio-Cortez 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1802:van der Lubbe 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339:Chernyshevsky 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223:Intellectuals 1220: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Revolutionary 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1091:Laissez-faire 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Authoritarian 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 965: 960: 959: 952: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 878: 877: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 851: 848: 846: 845:Strike action 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Equal liberty 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 706: 705: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 668: 667: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 650: 649: 645: 641: 640: 637: 634: 633: 629: 625: 624: 614: 609: 607: 602: 600: 595: 594: 592: 591: 585: 582: 581: 579: 569: 568: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 541: 540: 533: 530: 529: 524: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 491: 486: 485: 478: 475: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 443: 438: 437: 430: 429: 425: 424: 419: 416: 415: 411: 410: 406: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:French Guiana 378: 377: 373: 372: 368: 367: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Île-de-France 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 295: 294: 290: 289: 285: 284: 280: 279: 276: 271: 270: 262: 261: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 232: 227: 226: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 196: 192: 189: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 171: 170: 163: 160: 158: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142:Gabriel Attal 140: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 94: 93: 85: 84: 79: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69:Constitutions 65: 64: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6286:Baranya–Baja 6255:Soviet Union 6235:East Germany 5933:Burkina Faso 5726: 5590: 5582: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5540:Bibliography 5517: 5510: 5487: 5474: 5466: 5449: 5437: 5424: 5416: 5404: 5384: 5377: 5363: 5348: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5295: 5283: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5249:(in English) 5238: 5230: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5169: 5168:juste milieu 5165: 5156: 5106: 5041: 4979: 4962: 4932:Génération.s 4930: 4918: 4906: 4835: 4831:adding to it 4826: 4786: 4782: 4753:Albert Camus 4730: 4720: 4710: 4703:The Deserter 4702: 4694: 4676: 4658: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4628:Alain Savary 4608:Algerian War 4593: 4590:Algerian War 4584:Algerian War 4563: 4555:Irving Brown 4547:Léon Jouhaux 4540: 4526: 4516: 4507: 4469: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4416:created the 4405: 4387: 4357: 4333:Croix-de-Feu 4318: 4294: 4284: 4265: 4242: 4240: 4220:Leon Trotsky 4217: 4194: 4191:united front 4187:anti-fascist 4172: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4144:, theorized 4119: 4094: 4088: 4080:Elsa Triolet 4068:Louis Aragon 4064:André Breton 4041: 4004: 3998: 3963: 3945: 3923: 3908: 3869: 3855: 3824: 3823:'s cabinet ( 3814: 3801: 3791: 3784: 3771:to form the 3768: 3760: 3750: 3736: 3703:Union sacrée 3701: 3687: 3669:by two main 3667:20th century 3664: 3655: 3626:intellectual 3622:human rights 3620:) supported 3603: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3542: 3519: 3512: 3483:Émile Pouget 3472: 3436: 3430: 3379: 3351: 3333: 3322:Jules Guesde 3317: 3312:founded the 3297: 3290:Paul Brousse 3287: 3276: 3202: 3187:Émile Pouget 3176: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3093: 3060: 3036: 3028: 3022: 2974: 2961: 2957:adding to it 2952: 2868: 2836: 2832: 2811: 2794:first hand. 2781: 2777: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2710: 2687: 2663: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2537:center-left 2530: 2512: 2493:juste milieu 2452:White Terror 2422: 2404:19th century 2357:Napoleon III 2354: 2333: 2302:19th century 2297: 2291: 2279: 2253: 2210: 2192:by two main 2190:20th century 2187: 2157:) refers to 2146: 2144: 1959: 1051:Evolutionary 971:21st-century 765:Freed market 555:Human rights 454:Presidential 426: 407: 369: 291: 281: 258: 154: 129: 104: 81: 29: 6269:Short-lived 6126:Short-lived 6095:South Yemen 6080:North Korea 6040:Afghanistan 5757:New Zealand 5752:Netherlands 5431:(in French) 5410:John Ardagh 5371:(in French) 4810:Plural Left 4695:La Question 4691:Henri Alleg 4671:signed the 4655:personalist 4566:Third Force 4535:factory in 4525:), renamed 4445:labour laws 4437:Félix Gouin 4380:Tripartisme 4308:, right of 4255:during the 4224:French Turn 4130:Marcel Déat 4116:Early 1930s 4072:Paul Éluard 4060:surrealists 4048:Abd el-Krim 3835:Jean Jaurès 3765:Jean Jaurès 3690:Jean Jaurès 3648:tradition. 3531:trade union 3507:Reformation 3495:Félix Faure 3456:free speech 3302:possibilist 3256:colonialism 3252:Jules Simon 3248:Jules Grévy 3244:Jules Favre 3224: [ 3217:Jules Ferry 3153:sinistrisme 3136:Boulangisme 3124:Legitimists 3112:Republicans 3104:Legitimists 3063:Robespierre 2885:Louis Blanc 2845:coup d'état 2626:Arnold Ruge 2591:Saint-Simon 2568:Le National 2527:Republicans 2523:Legitimists 2480:René Rémond 2460:Legitimists 2344:during the 2310:Legitimists 2272:Victor Hugo 2270:, would be 2147:French Left 2082:WikiProject 1960:French Left 1752:Spiridonova 1651:Politicians 1564:Castoriadis 1244:Saint-Simon 1196:Third World 1191:Syndicalism 1126:Nationalist 1101:Libertarian 1066:Free-market 929:Lange model 917:Soviet-type 887:Communalism 859:Vanguardism 815:Spontaneism 725:Cooperative 671:Development 459:Legislative 449:Referendums 428:Departments 175:Legislature 6423:Categories 6381:Tarnobrzeg 6306:Bessarabia 6260:Yugoslavia 5983:Seychelles 5978:Mozambique 5973:Madagascar 5896:Vietnamese 5891:Venezuelan 5881:Nicaraguan 5876:Melanesian 5793:Venezuela 5705:Kuomintang 5698:since 1978 5668:Bangladesh 5644:By country 5638:by country 5426:L'Humanité 5179:References 4975:Left Party 4761:Guy Mollet 4729:leaked to 4699:Boris Vian 4620:Guy Mollet 4509:Jules Moch 4402:Resistance 4390:Guy Mollet 4285:Headed by 4269:anarchists 4259:, leading 4136:created a 4076:Paul Nizan 4026:Trotskyist 3925:Under Fire 3786:L'Humanité 3720:reformists 3614:Émile Zola 3521:Le Révolté 3452:propaganda 3447:censorship 3344:alienation 3128:Orléanists 3100:Orléanists 3037:After the 3024:Communards 2892:Orléanists 2877:unemployed 2875:" for the 2837:La Sociale 2826:Democratic 2770:Adam Smith 2676:journeymen 2609:theorized 2484:Orléanists 2436:Napoleon I 2383:with whom 2355:Following 2318:Orléanists 2286:barricades 2258:(1830) by 2225:reformists 2183:revolution 2053:Socialists 2048:By country 1930:Capitalism 1812:Mitterrand 1777:Gerhardsen 1722:Liebknecht 1707:Markievicz 1634:Varoufakis 1584:Fotopoulos 1254:Saint-Just 1249:Buonarroti 1234:Campanella 1171:Scientific 1106:Marhaenism 1061:Fourierism 1046:Ecological 1026:Democratic 390:Martinique 385:Guadeloupe 186:Membership 156:Government 6339:1939–1940 6294:1918–1919 6063:1982–1992 6058:1979–1992 6053:1975–1979 6049:Cambodia 6024:Nicaragua 5956:1987–1991 5951:1974–1987 5947:Ethiopia 5886:Tanzanian 5767:Sri Lanka 5710:Hong Kong 5693:Communist 5656:Australia 5651:Argentina 5636:Socialism 5601:in JSTOR. 5235:Karl Marx 4908:Ensemble! 4838:June 2008 4683:censoring 4678:L'Express 4441:Léon Blum 4287:Léon Blum 4261:Léon Blum 4213:patriotic 4001:bourgeois 3986:Léon Blum 3685:parties. 3661:1900-1920 3657:workers. 3573:cheminots 3491:deserters 3394:Karl Marx 3358:party in 3330:Karl Marx 3288:In 1879, 3110:that the 3033:magazine. 2985:1851 coup 2964:June 2008 2912:Cavaignac 2908:Lamartine 2861:abolition 2713:Blanquist 2689:Carbonari 2615:Karl Marx 2611:mutualism 2603:anarchist 2545:and the " 2535:reformist 2464:Charles X 2385:Karl Marx 2361:1851 coup 2208:parties. 2167:anarchist 2163:socialist 2159:communist 1925:Anarchism 1847:Gorbachev 1697:Malatesta 1692:Bernstein 1469:Pankhurst 1449:Pannekoek 1439:Luxemburg 1394:Plekhanov 1369:Carpenter 1364:Kropotkin 1161:Ricardian 1151:Religious 1146:Reformism 1131:Nkrumaism 1121:Municipal 1021:Communism 1016:Christian 1001:Blanquism 991:Anarchism 934:Mutualism 636:Socialism 469:Municipal 442:Elections 352:Occitania 327:Grand Est 231:Judiciary 207:President 191:President 106:President 98:Executive 6391:Würzburg 6366:Naissaar 6330:Finland 6290:Bavaria 6228:Slovakia 6213:Bulgaria 6143:Far East 6090:Mongolia 6002:Americas 5866:European 5797:Chavismo 5762:Pakistan 5369:website 5356:Archived 5300:Dynamite 5121:See also 5012:New Deal 4747:writers 4732:Le Monde 4570:Gaullist 4366:such as 4228:entryism 4031:such as 4015:Radicals 3916:pacifism 3860:and the 3853:(SFIO). 3775:(SFIO). 3734:(SFIC). 3710:and the 3677:and the 3526:dynamite 3426:American 3126:and the 3090:abroad." 3087:Pissarro 2855:and for 2829:Republic 2740:ideology 2643:Vorwärts 2613:, while 2605:thinker 2276:Gavroche 2215:and the 2200:and the 2043:Category 1782:Erlander 1742:Kerensky 1712:Connolly 1569:Thompson 1554:Bookchin 1544:Montseny 1494:Vanzetti 1459:Einstein 1429:Landauer 1334:Saltykov 1329:Lassalle 1289:Proudhon 1071:Gandhian 1056:Feminist 1006:Buddhist 986:Agrarian 964:Variants 628:a series 626:Part of 550:Centrism 502:Americas 342:Normandy 312:Brittany 37:a series 6361:Ireland 6351:Galicia 6250:Romania 6208:Albania 6163:Jiangxi 6110:Vietnam 6014:Grenada 5988:Somalia 5871:Israeli 5861:Chinese 5856:Burmese 5851:British 5841:African 5813:History 5804:Vietnam 5772:Tunisia 5722:Finland 5717:Estonia 5162:Gaillac 5108:Walwari 4855:Current 4533:Renault 4353:Cagoule 4339:(PSF). 4146:planism 4091:Marxist 4052:Rif War 3716:Germany 3683:Marxist 3642:Marxist 3499:amnesty 3422:Belgian 3418:Spanish 3414:Italian 3390:Bakunin 3356:Marxist 3264:revenge 3083:Rimbaud 3079:Courbet 2920:Raspail 2896:Radical 2889:liberal 2865:slavery 2835:", or " 2732:in the 2517:and of 2488:liberal 2486:. More 2399:History 2369:Marxism 2298:Jacobin 2221:Germany 2206:Marxist 1877:Sánchez 1862:Sankara 1822:Mandela 1807:Kreisky 1797:Allende 1792:Senghor 1787:Douglas 1772:Durruti 1737:Trotsky 1629:Graeber 1609:Hampton 1579:Chomsky 1524:Marcuse 1509:Gramsci 1499:Bordiga 1489:Polanyi 1444:Russell 1434:Berkman 1424:Goldman 1414:Du Bois 1384:Kautsky 1379:Bellamy 1344:Tolstoy 1319:Wallace 1304:Bakunin 1294:Greeley 1284:Blanqui 1264:Fourier 1211:Zionist 1201:Utopian 1141:Popular 1136:Owenism 1116:Marxism 1096:Liberal 1081:Islamic 1041:Ethical 1036:Digital 1011:Chinese 976:African 660:Outline 655:History 400:Réunion 395:Mayotte 322:Corsica 283:Regions 6371:Saxony 6316:Bremen 6245:Poland 6201:Europe 6168:Kuwait 6148:Fujian 5963:Guinea 5923:Angola 5916:Africa 5732:Greece 5727:France 5689:China 5685:Canada 5678:Lulism 5673:Brazil 5599:Part 2 5595:Part 1 5525: 5392: 5336: 5225:, 1998 4808:, and 4798:May 68 4660:Esprit 4428:(FA). 4193:. The 3810:reform 3360:France 3340:labour 3260:Vosges 3146:, the 3067:Terror 2822:Social 2450:. 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