543:
766:
579:
311:
886:
1118:
1134:
1146:
524:
750:
299:
738:
1171:
109:
559:
117:
802:
794:
614:
810:
284:. The snakes' breath had so poisoned the area that the inhabitants of the town were effectively trapped. After converting the local inhabitants to Christianity after they agreed to do so in return for ridding them of the dragon, Clement went into the amphitheater and quickly made the sign of the cross after the snakes attacked him. They immediately were tamed by this. Clement led the Graoully to the edge of the
1351:
1271:, had to respond to two major challenges in planning the new district: the requirement of the military strategies and the erection of a functional and artistic ensemble. Indeed, the army required a well-planned district built with the prospect of a war between Germany and France in mind and strategically integrated to the
637:
of 13 aldermen acting as Lay community counsellors, and a House of
Burgesses giving its opinion. Ultimately, the institutions changed to become a free oligarchic republic giving the command of the city to 21 aldermen, the Head-Alderman being elected. The Republic of Metz ruled until the 15th century,
904:
Under the rule of the Kings of France, important constitutional changes were made to the
Republic of Metz. In 1565, a few Jewish families were allowed to settle in the town. While the aldermen continued to administer the city, they were appointed by a Royal Governor, representative of the king, and
1255:
with Metz as its capital. The departmental parliament (Bezirkstag von
Lothringen/Conseil Général de la Lorraine) had its seat in Metz too, it delegated 10 members into the parliament of Alsace-Lorraine between 1874 and 1911, when its members were finally elected directly by the electorate.
765:
542:
1211:, Bazaine retreated into the defenses of Metz and surrendered after several months of siege. The first airmail carrier was launched during the siege of the city by Doctor Julien-François Jeannel with the help of some officers of the
493:, promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands in the favorable atmosphere of Carolingian monarchs. The Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek
488:
was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of
Gallican and ancient Roman repertory, and remains the oldest form of music still use in Western Europe. Then called Messin Chant, the bishops of Metz, notably
1133:
1145:
1794:
273:
during the 1st century, with two disciples: Celestius and Felix, who are listed as his successors. Nonetheless, the first fully authenticated bishop is Sperus or
Hesperus, who was bishop in 535.
848:, made an attempt to regain overlordship of Metz by force of arms, besieging the city in 1552–1553. However, his troops were defeated by the French army defending the city under the command of
749:
737:
523:
700:
decree of 1356 was promulgated, fixing important constitutional aspects of the Holy Roman Empire. Believing that the city occupied an almost independent position between the
2476:
1798:
1001:
2080:
288:, and ordered him to disappear into a place where there were no men or beasts. Authors tend to present such legend as a symbol of Christianity's victory over
1117:
638:
a prosperous period when it was renowned as "Metz the Rich". Metz was then a major banking centre, an occupation first controlled by Jews and then by the
65:
in Europe. As an important city in the heart of Europe and the crossroads of different cultures, Metz has variously experienced an integration into the
997:
962:
310:
2044:
Grier J. (2003) Ademar de
Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and Nota Romana. Journal of the American Musicological Society. 56 (1):43–98.
1263:. The dismantlement of parts of the medieval ramparts led to the extension of the city outside of its historical urban planning and the new
1447:
lasted for several weeks and Metz was finally captured by the
Americans in November 1944, and the city reverted to France after the war.
1259:
The city kept its strategic military role and became an important German garrison town and the
Germans decided to build second and third
298:
1361:
In the hell of fire along the
Moselle and around the mighty forts of Metz you proved your courage, your resourcefulness, and your skill.
731:. During his time there he wrote his fourth book, in which he described a procession in the city with the effigy of the Graoully.
993:
642:. The present-day Saint-Louis square used to be a site for money changers and trade fairs under its vaulted gallery and arches.
187:
of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the
2602:
2054:
2527:
2505:
2437:
2418:
2376:
2357:
2303:
2206:
2186:
2167:
2132:
2032:
1979:
1906:
1872:
1770:
1750:
1700:
1616:
969:
in 1755 for the embellishment of the town square and the construction of the city hall, the parliament, and lodgings for the
383:
840:
into the hands of the Kings of France. The population of the city peacefully accepted the conditions of the treaty. Emperor
1842:
1139:
The
Germans' Gate from the 13th century. It played an important defensive role during the siege of the city in 1552–1553.
1522:
913:
were sent to enforce the king's authority in the city, ultimately putting an end to the Republic of Metz in 1634. The
2395:
2231:
2013:
1996:
1827:
1666:
1639:
1594:
1498:
705:
704:
and the Holy Roman Empire, the rulers of Metz wanted to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the
558:
249:
while marching on their way to Italy stopped at Divodurum and inexplicably massacred almost 4000 innocent civilians.
1096:
1044:
942:
2084:
1822:
Collectif (2006) L'aqueduc antique de Gorze à Metz. Moselle 119. Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine. Eds. Serpenoise.
280:, the Graoully. The legend states that the Graoully, along with countless other snakes, inhabited the local Roman
776:
743:
Engraving of the Palace of the Thirteens around 1610. The edifice was the seat of the Metz republic parliament.
689:
658:
2390:
Gandebeuf J. (1996) Le silence rompu : la Moselle racontée aux Français de l'intérieur. Eds. Serpenoise.
1435:
died in Metz's railway station while on a train in transit to Germany. In 1944, the attack on the city by the
1212:
841:
1252:
1063:
troops. The French Revolution also brought hardship, and a guillotine for executions was erected during the
578:
845:
682:
885:
354:, the town retained their goodwill as it had long been a base of their family and their primal ancestors;
276:
Clement of Metz, like many other saints, is the hero of a legend in which he is the vanquisher of a local
510:
1517:
during his visit to Metz in 1988 and pleaded in his speech for the European unity in the context of the
1196:
1152:
966:
2582:
2562:
1974:
Mc Kitterick (2008) Charlemagne: the formation of a European identity. Ed. Cambridge University Press.
1436:
1292:
1268:
1232:
1031:
and in favour of the education of underprivileged people and religious tolerance. With creation of the
1005:
2107:
Histoire de la ville de Metz: depuis l'établissement de la république jusqu'a la révolution française.
1247:. The German-annexed bulk of the former DĂ©partement Moselle and the two arrondissements of the former
1223:
in opposition to the felony of General Bazaine negotiating with and surrendering Metz to the Germans.
685:. As a result of its continuing independence, Metz came to be called "The Maid" and "The Unviolated".
593:, which sharply limited the influence of the bishops on the city. While the bishops left the city for
183:), and rich thanks to its wine exports. The city had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gaul, and an
1958:
1052:
407:
1403:
of the Imperial District of Metz, but local people largely rejected the German occupation. Multiple
984:
During the course of the 18th century, the population of the city embraced the ideas carried by the
755:
The Saint-Louis square with its vaulted gallery and arches was the site for money changers and the
2597:
2452:
1490:
1264:
1200:
442:
1354:
Troops of US 5th Infantry Division conducting a house-to-house search in Metz on 19 November 1944.
1287:. In parallel, the district should be a symbol of dynamism of a new modern city accommodating the
1040:
1962:
1934:
1036:
506:
481:
363:
262:
2544:
548:
The basilica and former monastic church of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains has been the cradle of the
139:
tribe was ruler of the city from 450 BC until the Roman conquest, making the town its principal
2432:
Przybylski S. (2009) La Campagne de Lorraine de 1944, Panther contre Sherman. Eds. Serpenoise.
2352:
Przybylski S. (2007) Les champs de batailles de 1870, sentiers de decouverte. Eds. Serpenoise.
1510:
1311:
1260:
1204:
1017:
1013:
874:
Each one of the fortified towns of Your Majesty protects one province, Metz protects the State.
849:
423:
399:
351:
34:, has a recorded history dating back over 2,000 years. During this time, it was successively a
1494:
2477:"INA Archive (1944) Ils n'auront plus l'Alsace et la Lorraine. Prod. France Libre Actualités"
1124:
1032:
946:
893:
674:
654:
446:
258:
89:
27:
1335:
2027:
Chazan R. (1996) European Jewry and the First Crusade. Ed. University of California Press.
1526:
1463:
1416:
1339:
1208:
1186:
1100:
1084:
985:
24:
724:
8:
2008:
McKitterick R. (1983) The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians. Ed. Longman, London.
1950:
1192:
1178:
1048:
914:
829:
728:
697:
646:
622:
457:
347:
54:
2522:
Roth F. (2012) Histoire politique de la Lorraine, de 1900 Ă nos jours. Eds. Serpenoise.
1331:
1302:(present-day Northeast France defense headquarters) during his frequent visits to Metz.
1023:
were decorated by the National Academy of Metz in 1784 and 1787 respectively, for their
921:
Metz as part the Kingdom of France in 1648, and the city was selected as capital of the
112:
City scape of Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day Metz, ca. 2nd century AD.
1946:
1930:
1276:
1248:
1060:
1028:
833:
825:
815:
720:
645:
The Republic of Metz often had to fight for its freedom: in 1324, against the Dukes of
590:
514:
490:
171:, at the junction of several military roads, Metz became one of the principal towns of
2371:
Roth F. (2011) La Lorraine Annexée - version 2011, nouvelle édition. Eds. Serpenoise.
1942:
1634:
Settipani C. (1989) Les ancêtres de Charlemagne. Ed. Société atlantique d'impression.
1319:
965:
initiated the modernization of the centre of Metz. Belle-Isle awarded royal architect
191:
with water. Remains of the aqueduct may still be seen today, notably in the cities of
2523:
2501:
2433:
2414:
2391:
2372:
2353:
2299:
2227:
2202:
2182:
2163:
2128:
2028:
2009:
1992:
1991:
Nelson J.L. (1992) Charles the bald. The Medieval World Series. Ed. Longman, London.
1975:
1926:
1902:
1868:
1823:
1766:
1746:
1696:
1662:
1635:
1612:
1590:
1506:
1459:
1456:
1404:
1323:
1009:
989:
934:
701:
678:
662:
465:
450:
434:
184:
85:
1170:
1020:
2058:
1867:
Di Rocco A. (2009) Année 451 : la bataille qui sauva l'Occident. Eds. Thélès.
1611:
Huguenin A. (2011) Histoire du royaume mérovingien d'Austrasie. Eds. des Paraiges.
1546:
1440:
1420:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1155:, who redesigned and modernized the centre of Metz in the context of Enlightenment.
958:
922:
713:
498:
438:
419:
395:
359:
285:
230:
207:
74:
70:
666:
2552:
2338:
Exposition universelle de 1861: agriculture, industrie, horticulture, beaux-arts.
2162:
Vigneron B. (2010) Le dernier siècle de la république de Metz. Eds. du Panthéon.
1534:
1428:
1315:
1284:
1272:
1240:
1195:
of 1870–1871, Metz was the headquarters of the army under the command of General
1104:
1088:
1064:
1056:
978:
930:
926:
897:
756:
693:
639:
598:
565:
549:
485:
375:
210:
200:
196:
192:
121:
77:
58:
505:
to show the shape of a remembered melody. Also, Metz was an important centre of
1846:
1514:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1444:
1327:
1219:, who participated to the defense of Metz during the siege, joined up with the
780:
772:
709:
670:
594:
441:, gradually known as Lorraine, until the 11th century. During this period, the
355:
316:
2576:
1589:
Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve.
2591:
1502:
1486:
1412:
1400:
1236:
1220:
853:
461:
379:
152:
93:
81:
1396:
1299:
1216:
970:
430:
415:
411:
281:
156:
136:
108:
97:
66:
2500:
Denis P. (2008) La Libération de la Lorraine, 1940–1945. Eds. Serpenoise.
974:
1938:
1887:
Gibbon E (1788) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 4:35
1530:
1455:
During the 1950s, Metz was chosen to be the capital of the newly created
1432:
1408:
1388:
1288:
650:
530:
469:
367:
339:
266:
148:
116:
46:
42:
1795:"INRAP official website, Excavation of the amphitheatre quarter in Metz"
1407:
cells were active during this period in the region of Metz, such as the
1267:
was created. The urban architects, under the direct guidance of Emperor
1095:
France, but the Allies were unable to take the city defended by General
653:
that saw an early use of cannons, as well as against Archbishop-Elector
613:
513:, producing some monuments of Carolingian book illumination such as the
199:, and the vestiges of the thermae can be visited in the basement of the
1482:
1479:
335:
144:
62:
20:
801:
793:
661:; in 1363 and 1365, against the English brigands under the command of
583:
Beginning of the Republic of Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman
1392:
906:
809:
533:
494:
403:
343:
246:
50:
1745:
Bour R. (2007) Histoire de Metz, nouvelle Ă©dition. Eds. Serpenoise.
1565:
712:, a rift exacerbated by the religious and political troubles of the
437:, granting semi-independent status. In 959, Metz was the capital of
1518:
1092:
630:
602:
410:, Lotharingia and its capital was disputed between the kingdoms of
289:
214:
2578:
Celebrations in Metz After its Return to French Control, 1918-1919
2280:
Essai sur la régénération physique, morale et politique des Juifs.
1765:
Collectif (2011) Archéologie et usages du verre. Eds. Serpenoise.
370:
considered making Metz his imperial capital, but eventually chose
2181:
Brasme P. (2011) Quand Metz reçoit la France. Eds. des Paraiges.
1395:
named Westmark. As a symbol of the German annexation, Chancellor
938:
910:
629:
The Republic of Metz was organized around three legislature: the
188:
176:
155:
in 52 BC, Metz came under Roman rule and was integrated into the
140:
38:
860:(German Gate), which played a crucial defensive role during the
1954:
1338:
on the Esplanade garden. The city returned to France under the
1296:
1280:
1244:
865:
634:
371:
277:
234:
226:
218:
143:. The city became an important centre of trading for metal and
31:
2413:
Berrar J.C. (2009) Metz, retour Ă le France. Eds. Serpenoise.
536:
kingdom (darkest green), Metz was its capital from 511 to 751.
229:
in 451. One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the
221:
started during the 3rd century AD. The city was sacked by the
2453:"INA Archive (1945) Eisenhower before Metz, United Newsreels"
1922:
1443:
faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces. The
1350:
1024:
861:
502:
180:
35:
2081:"Official Metz library website, Book of Hours of John of Vy"
1004:, in the present-day courthouse, and decided to support the
937:. Metz was now a strategic fortified town of France, with a
389:
618:
270:
222:
172:
133:
125:
16:
2222:
Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".
1415:
groups, whose activities included collecting arms for the
329:
124:
fighting the Graoully dragon in the Roman amphitheater of
2550:
1423:, helping prisoners and resisters, and sabotage. Several
1371:, commander of the 95th Infantry Division to his troops,
1345:
788:
468:
the sizeable Jewish community of the city to convert to
1067:
on the forecourt of the opera house, known then as the
2250:
Ed. Presses Universitaires de Nancy. ASIN: B003NENPNE
2055:"Official Metz library website, medieval book webpage"
1243:
administered directly by the imperial government from
1165:
1002:
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
977:'s palace and an opera house, and in 1760 created the
864:, is still visible today, and bullet impacts from the
1450:
1215:
near the present-day France's square. French officer
775:
started in 1220. It is the cathedral of the Catholic
727:
came to Metz after being condemned for heresy by the
2150:(translation). Eds. River, Charles. ASIN: B005MHH8L0
1318:, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and
1305:
1291:. The district encompassed the residence of Emperor
868:
used during the assaults can be seen on its facade.
1251:also seized to Germany were merged into the German
708:. The Free Imperial City became estranged from the
1784:Julius Caesar (40BC) Commentarii de Bello Gallico.
1078:
1843:"Official website of the Golden Courtyard Museum"
1235:of 1871, Metz was annexed into the newly created
480:Metz was an important cultural centre during the
304:Remains of the Roman aqueduct from Gorze to Metz.
2589:
1653:
1651:
1566:"Official website of the prefecture of Lorraine"
2551:P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Metz".
1630:
1628:
1501:after defeating the internal opposition led by
1387:, the city was annexed once more by the German
1489:, the seventh national congress of the French
1160:
998:Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec
2201:Chaunu P. (2000) Charles Quint. Eds. Fayard.
1648:
2518:
2516:
2158:
2156:
1625:
814:Ending of the Republic of Metz. Entrance of
449:gained their independence from the Dukes of
2023:
2021:
1607:
1605:
1585:
1583:
456:In 1096, Metz was one of the scenes of the
338:, Metz was frequently the residence of the
1818:
1816:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1693:Les institutions de la RĂ©publique messine.
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
973:. He brought about the development of the
475:
2513:
2409:
2407:
2224:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People
2153:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1226:
905:the Bishops came back to Metz. Later, an
472:, killing 22 people who refused baptism.
445:increased their political influence. The
390:The capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia
61:, and one of the oldest republics of the
2248:Figures de la RĂ©volution et de l'Empire.
2120:
2118:
2018:
1602:
1580:
1399:celebrated Christmas 1940 at the former
1349:
1169:
1123:City scape of the Metz citadel built by
884:
808:
800:
792:
612:
577:
464:. A group of crusaders entered Metz and
324:
115:
107:
2221:
1896:
1835:
1813:
1674:
1521:. In 2010, Metz opened a branch of the
1493:, during which future French President
573:
398:in 843, Metz became the capital of the
330:The capital of the kingdom of Austrasia
2590:
2404:
1708:
1346:Second German annexation: World War II
1175:Surprise attack on the suburbs of Metz
789:Integration into the kingdom of France
608:
261:is believed to be the first bishop of
2148:The Golden Bull of 1356 by Charles IV
2115:
1965:were also venerated as dragon-slayers
1933:, is also depicted slaying a dragon;
1474:, Metz became a central place of the
1241:Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
890:View of Metz from the Bellecroix hill
384:Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains
2545:Timeline of Metz § Bibliography
1533:and inaugurated by French President
1523:French National Museum of Modern Art
1499:French presidential election of 1981
1485:. In 1979, the city was home to the
1166:The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
1091:during the campaign of 1814 against
952:
589:In 1189, Metz rose to the status of
240:
233:, Metz passed into the hands of the
2264:Discours sur les peines infamantes.
2246:Loiseau R. and Rothiot J.P. (1992)
2146:River C. and Henderson E.F. (2011)
1103:, Metz hosted the fourth universal
961:of the city between 1736 and 1761,
497:system, and invented an innovative
406:. After the death of his son, King
292:, represented by a harmful dragon.
252:
13:
2538:
2126:Histoire de Metz. Eds. Serpenoise.
1497:won the nominating process of the
1451:Post-war period to the present day
1427:were detained and tortured in the
1099:and his army. In 1861, during the
237:about the end of the 5th century.
103:
14:
2614:
2570:
2266:Ed. Leroux Ernest, Paris (1910).
1897:Tacitus, Publius (25 June 2009).
1529:, designed by Japanese architect
1306:Interwar period: Return to France
1039:, Metz became the capital of the
818:, King of France on 18 April 1552
1144:
1132:
1116:
764:
748:
736:
557:
541:
522:
309:
297:
2494:
2469:
2445:
2426:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2330:
2322:Exposition universelle de 1861.
2318:Metz expos. universelle de 1861
2311:
2288:
2272:
2256:
2240:
2215:
2195:
2175:
2140:
2099:
2073:
2047:
2038:
2002:
1985:
1968:
1915:
1890:
1881:
1861:
1787:
1079:First and Second French Empires
981:of Metz, which still operates.
771:The construction of the Gothic
162:
2559:Meyer's Atlas of German Cities
1778:
1759:
1558:
1097:Pierre François Joseph Durutte
1045:François Christophe Kellermann
852:, and Metz remained French. A
1:
2603:Histories of cities in France
1659:L'art du chantre carolingien.
1552:
1439:under the command of General
1071:(Equality Square), today the
892:, during the 17th century by
453:, making Metz their capital.
386:in 840 and 855 respectively.
2561:] (in German). Leipzig:
2554:Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas
1470:and under the leadership of
681:; and in 1473, against Duke
429:In 910, Metz became part of
7:
2226:. Hutchinson. p. 138.
2083:(in French). Archived from
2057:(in French). Archived from
1845:(in French). Archived from
1540:
1462:. With the creation of the
1261:fortified lines around Metz
1161:The First German annexation
1111:and the Esplanade gardens.
880:— Vauban to King Louis XIV
856:from the 13th century, the
10:
2619:
2563:Bibliographisches Institut
2542:
1253:DĂ©partement de la Lorraine
1184:
1055:, notably at the decisive
1006:American Revolutionary War
896:. Oil painting, ca. 1620,
167:As a well-fortified town,
2296:Le siège de Metz de 1814.
1959:Saint Quirinus of Malmedy
1053:French Revolutionary Wars
1014:Maximilien de Robespierre
633:representing the city, a
601:organized to establish a
179:(ancestor of present-day
92:, an annexation into the
53:, the birthplace of the
2324:Eds. Oxford University.
1153:Jacques-François Blondel
967:Jacques-François Blondel
846:Italian War of 1551–1559
797:Metz in the 17th century
665:; in 1444, against Duke
433:and subsequently of the
257:According to tradition,
2262:Rosbespierre M. (1784)
1963:Saint Leonard of Noblac
1935:Saint Julian of Le Mans
1901:. Penguin. p. 42.
1515:Saint-Stephen Cathedral
1279:was directly linked to
1199:. After the battles of
1037:Estates-General of 1789
898:Golden Courtyard museum
773:Saint-Stephen Cathedral
511:Carolingian manuscripts
482:Carolingian Renaissance
476:Carolingian Renaissance
319:of Merten, Metz museum.
2320:(1861) Ville de Metz.
1657:Demollière C.J. (2004)
1364:
1355:
1330:from French President
1312:armistice with Germany
1227:A German garrison town
1182:
1109:Place de la république
901:
877:
850:Francis, Duke of Guise
821:
806:
798:
692:in 1354 and 1356 held
683:Nicholas I of Lorraine
626:
586:
400:Kingdom of Lotharingia
334:From the time of King
129:
113:
19:, the capital and the
2336:Ville de Metz (1861)
2294:Le-Coustumier (2006)
1358:
1353:
1173:
1041:Department of Moselle
888:
871:
812:
805:Fortress of Metz 1726
804:
796:
655:Baldwin von Luxemburg
616:
581:
460:occurring during the
382:, were buried in the
325:A Merovingian capital
259:Saint Clement of Metz
213:into the city by the
175:, more populous than
119:
111:
90:Industrial Revolution
2298:Eds. Nouveau Monde.
2282:Ed. Lamort, Claude.
1527:Centre Pompidou-Metz
1464:European Communities
1373:The Iron Men of Metz
1340:Treaty of Versailles
1283:via the Kanonenbahn
1277:Metz railway station
1239:, being part of the
1187:Siege of Metz (1870)
1101:Second French Empire
779:and the seat of the
649:and Lorraine in the
574:A Free Imperial City
422:was crowned king of
342:kings of Kingdom of
2278:Grégoire H. (1789)
1951:Margaret of Antioch
1495:François Mitterrand
1383:in 1940 during the
1379:However, after the
1334:and Prime Minister
1249:DĂ©partement Meurthe
1233:Treaty of Frankfurt
1193:Franco-Prussian War
1179:Franco-Prussian War
1151:Example of work of
1073:Place de la comédie
1049:Army of the Moselle
915:Peace of Westphalia
858:Porte des allemands
830:Schmalkaldic League
828:and members of the
729:University of Paris
696:in Metz, where the
623:Golden Bull of 1356
609:The Messin Republic
55:Carolingian dynasty
2087:on 14 January 2012
1947:Saint Crescentinus
1929:, first bishop of
1356:
1336:Georges Clémenceau
1183:
1069:Place de l'égalité
1029:capital punishment
963:Duke of Belle-Isle
902:
834:Treaty of Chambord
826:Henry II of France
822:
807:
799:
721:French Renaissance
627:
621:during which the
591:Free Imperial City
587:
515:Drogo Sacramentary
394:Subsequent to the
130:
120:Representation of
114:
2528:978-2-87692-881-7
2506:978-2-87692-764-3
2438:978-2-87692-820-6
2419:978-2-87692-784-1
2377:978-2-87692-866-4
2358:978-2-87692-727-8
2304:978-2-84736-483-5
2209:pp. 707–760
2207:978-2-213-60394-0
2187:979-10-90185-03-6
2168:978-2-7547-0356-7
2133:978-2-87692-364-5
2124:René Bour (1978)
2033:978-0-520-20506-2
1980:978-0-521-88672-7
1927:Saint Mercurialis
1908:978-0-140-44964-8
1875:pp. 156–158
1873:978-2-303-00228-8
1771:978-2-87692-904-3
1751:978-2-87692-728-5
1701:978-2-87692-709-4
1695:Eds. Serpenoise.
1691:Roemer F. (2007)
1661:Eds. Serpenoise.
1617:979-10-90185-00-5
1507:Pope John Paul II
1405:French Resistance
990:French Revolution
953:French Revolution
725:François Rabelais
702:Kingdom of France
663:Arnaud de Cervole
617:Imperial Diet in
564:Depiction of the
458:massacres of Jews
439:Upper Lotharingia
435:Holy Roman Empire
402:ruled by Emperor
374:. His sons, King
265:. He was sent by
241:Massacre of 69 AD
86:French Revolution
51:Austrasia kingdom
2610:
2579:
2566:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
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2473:
2467:
2466:
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2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2388:
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2381:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2105:Worms J. (1849)
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:pp. 167–171
2025:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1797:. Archived from
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1547:Timeline of Metz
1441:George S. Patton
1385:Second World War
1381:Battle of France
1375:
1369:Harry L. Twaddle
1332:Raymond Poincaré
1265:Imperial Quarter
1148:
1136:
1120:
1083:Later, Metz was
979:National Academy
923:Three Bishoprics
881:
836:and Metz passed
768:
752:
740:
714:Schmalkaldic War
561:
545:
526:
499:musical notation
491:Saint-Chrodegang
420:Charles the Bald
396:Treaty of Verdun
313:
301:
253:Christianization
201:Golden Courtyard
149:conquest of Gaul
71:christianization
69:, the period of
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2598:History of Metz
2588:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2547:
2541:
2539:Further reading
2536:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2398:pp. 45–79
2389:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:Eds. Blanc, F.
2335:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2189:pp. 17–34
2180:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2061:on 21 June 2012
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1943:Saint Bienheuré
1920:
1916:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1849:on 16 June 2012
1841:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1801:on 23 July 2013
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:pp. 28–69
1744:
1709:
1703:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1543:
1535:Nicolas Sarkozy
1491:Socialist Party
1466:and the latter
1453:
1437:U.S. Third Army
1429:Fort of Queuleu
1419:, distributing
1377:
1366:
1348:
1320:Philippe PĂ©tain
1316:First World War
1308:
1285:Cannons Railway
1273:Schlieffen plan
1229:
1189:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1089:Sixth Coalition
1081:
1065:Reign of Terror
1057:Battle of Valmy
1008:. Also, future
955:
949:being erected.
883:
879:
791:
784:
777:Diocese of Metz
769:
760:
753:
744:
741:
710:Imperial States
611:
576:
569:
566:pogroms of 1096
562:
553:
550:Gregorian chant
546:
537:
527:
486:Gregorian chant
478:
443:Bishops of Metz
392:
376:Louis the Pious
364:bishops of Metz
352:Frankish throne
350:acceded to the
332:
327:
320:
314:
305:
302:
255:
243:
231:Germanic tribes
197:Ars-sur-Moselle
193:Jouy-aux-Arches
165:
106:
104:Ancient history
59:Gregorian chant
49:capital of the
41:, an important
12:
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5:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2572:
2571:External links
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1476:Greater Region
1472:Robert Schuman
1468:European Union
1452:
1449:
1445:Battle of Metz
1357:
1347:
1344:
1310:Following the
1307:
1304:
1295:in the former
1228:
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1213:Imperial Guard
1185:Main article:
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975:Royal Governor
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894:MonsĂą Desidero
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824:In 1552, King
790:
787:
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781:Bishop of Metz
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2014:0-582-49005-7
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1899:The Histories
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854:bridge castle
851:
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844:, during the
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2089:. Retrieved
2085:the original
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2063:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2049:
2040:
2004:
1987:
1970:
1917:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1837:
1805:16 September
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1789:
1780:
1761:
1692:
1658:
1619:pp. 134,275
1570:. Retrieved
1560:
1509:delivered a
1454:
1431:in Metz and
1424:
1397:Adolf Hitler
1378:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1309:
1300:Headquarters
1258:
1230:
1217:Louis Rossel
1205:Mars-la-Tour
1190:
1174:
1125:Cormontaigne
1108:
1105:world's fair
1082:
1072:
1068:
1059:against the
1018:abolitionist
983:
956:
947:Cormontaigne
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903:
889:
878:
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872:
857:
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823:
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588:
582:
507:illumination
479:
455:
431:East Francia
428:
416:West Francia
412:East Francia
393:
356:Saint Arnuff
348:Carolingians
346:. When the
333:
282:amphitheater
275:
256:
244:
211:depredations
205:
168:
166:
163:Roman Empire
157:Roman Empire
137:Mediomatrici
131:
98:World War II
78:depredations
67:Roman Empire
15:
2531:(in French)
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2482:(in French)
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2171:(in French)
2136:(in French)
2111:(in French)
2109:Ed. Alcan.
1939:Saint Veran
1877:(in French)
1831:(in French)
1774:(in French)
1755:(in French)
1704:(in French)
1670:(in French)
1644:(in French)
1621:(in French)
1598:(in French)
1568:(in French)
1531:Shigeru Ban
1433:Jean Moulin
1389:Third Reich
1314:ending the
1289:upper class
1191:During the
1051:during the
1033:departments
992:. In 1775,
917:recognized
832:signed the
698:Golden Bull
675:Charles VII
651:War of Metz
625:was issued.
531:Merovingian
529:Map of the
470:Catholicism
424:Lotharingia
378:and Bishop
368:Charlemagne
340:Merovingian
267:Saint Peter
147:. With the
47:Merovingian
43:Gallo-Roman
2592:Categories
2543:See also:
1553:References
1483:Euroregion
1480:SaarLorLux
1425:resistants
1417:Liberation
1367:— General
1293:Wilhelm II
1269:Wilhelm II
1231:Under the
1209:Gravelotte
1093:Napoleonic
1043:. General
988:and later
959:benefactor
690:Charles IV
647:Luxembourg
418:. In 869,
408:Lothair II
336:Sigibert I
206:The first
145:terracotta
63:common era
45:city, the
28:department
21:prefecture
1505:. Later,
1393:Reichsgau
1342:in 1919.
1275:. So the
994:Lafayette
907:Intendant
842:Charles V
719:In 1546,
673:and King
599:burgesses
534:Austrasia
495:octoechos
426:in Metz.
404:Lothair I
362:had been
344:Austrasia
247:Vitellius
208:barbarian
169:Divodurum
75:barbarian
1953:, Saint
1949:, Saint
1541:See also
1519:Cold War
1478:and the
1457:Lorraine
1411:and the
1201:Colombey
1085:besieged
1061:Prussian
838:de facto
816:Henri II
757:Lombards
688:Emperor
640:Lombards
603:republic
568:in Metz.
501:, using
451:Lorraine
360:Chlodulf
290:paganism
215:Alemanni
203:museum.
185:aqueduct
2583:YouTube
2480:(VIDEO)
2456:(VIDEO)
1853:29 June
1513:in the
1401:bergamt
1391:into a
1324:marshal
1197:Bazaine
1107:in the
1087:by the
1035:by the
1012:leader
939:citadel
919:de jure
911:Bailiff
866:muskets
723:writer
189:thermae
177:Lutetia
141:oppidum
39:oppidum
25:Moselle
23:of the
2526:
2504:
2486:4 July
2461:4 July
2436:
2417:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2302:
2230:
2205:
2185:
2166:
2131:
2091:1 July
2065:1 July
2031:
2012:
1995:
1978:
1961:, and
1955:Martha
1905:
1871:
1826:
1769:
1749:
1699:
1665:
1638:
1615:
1593:
1572:6 July
1525:, the
1460:region
1421:flyers
1413:Derhan
1297:Kaiser
1281:Berlin
1245:Berlin
1207:, and
1025:essays
1000:, and
943:Vauban
935:Verdun
909:and a
679:France
635:comity
597:, the
503:neumes
466:forced
372:Aachen
286:Seille
278:dragon
235:Franks
227:Attila
219:Franks
134:Celtic
96:, and
88:, the
84:, the
73:, the
36:Celtic
32:France
2557:[
1982:p. 23
1931:Forlì
1923:Italy
1409:Mario
1328:baton
971:guard
862:siege
694:diets
671:Anjou
659:Trier
181:Paris
2524:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2488:2011
2463:2011
2434:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2093:2012
2067:2012
2029:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1855:2012
1824:ISBN
1807:2009
1767:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1574:2012
1511:Mass
1016:and
996:met
945:and
933:and
931:Toul
927:Metz
667:René
619:Metz
414:and
358:and
271:Metz
263:Metz
223:Huns
217:and
195:and
173:Gaul
132:The
126:Metz
17:Metz
2581:on
1921:In
1326:'s
1027:on
957:As
941:by
925:of
677:of
669:of
657:of
509:of
269:to
225:of
151:by
30:in
2594::
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2406:^
2155:^
2117:^
2020:^
1957:,
1945:,
1941:,
1937:,
1925:,
1815:^
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1676:^
1650:^
1627:^
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1582:^
1537:.
1203:,
1075:.
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716:.
605:.
517:.
484:.
159:.
100:.
80:,
2565:.
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1911:.
1857:.
1809:.
1576:.
1181:.
1127:.
900:.
820:.
783:.
759:.
585:.
552:.
128:.
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