2405:"In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic, and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family." Jordán Cólera, Carlos (16 March 2007).
132:
1947:
2680:
1931:
2198:
hypothesis received little support from linguists, who have widely rejected the Celtic interpretation of the
Tartessian inscriptions and who generally have regarded Lusitanian as a non-celtic language. The more generally accepted non-celtic conclusion of Lusitanian studies has been confirmed by
2033:(which has sometimes been labelled "para-Celtic"), west of an imaginary line running north–south between Oviedo and Mérida. According to Koch, the Western Celtic varieties of the Iberian Peninsula share with Celtiberian a sufficient core of distinctive features to justify
1998:
A language in the northwest corner of the peninsula, with a northern and western boundary marked by the
Atlantic Ocean, a southern boundary along the river Douro, and an eastern boundary marked by Oviedo, which Jordán Cólera has proposed to call
2071:
As part of the effort to prove the existence of a western
Iberian Hispano-Celtic dialect continuum, there have been attempts to differentiate the Vettonian dialect from the neighboring Lusitanian language using the personal names of the
2199:
analysis of more recently discovered
Lusitanian inscriptions, that clearly show that Lusitanian cannot be a celtic language and in fact approaches the
2412:
2339:
1917:
1881:
2649:
2556:
Celticos a
Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur
1079:
2684:
2232:
17:
2297:
Koch, John T. (2010). "Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting
Tartessian as Celtic". In Cunliffe, Barry; Koch, John T. (eds.).
2237:
2699:
2617:
2530:
2518:
2390:
2318:
2306:
1888:
1860:
739:
2704:
2638:
1845:
1910:
1867:
798:
2639:
Alejandro G. Sinner (ed.), Javier Velaza (ed.), Palaeohispanic
Languages and Epigraphies, OUP, 2019: Chapter 11, p.304
2663:
Un testimonio del dios Labbo en una inscripción lusitana de
Plasencia, Cáceres. ¿Labbo también en Cabeço das Fráguas?
2437:
131:
1874:
638:
2660:
2017:
is a term that has been proposed for a dialect continuum on the western side of the
Iberian Peninsula, including
149:
2005:, where there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions containing isolated words and sentences that are clearly Celtic.
1730:
1505:
909:
2509:
Wodtko, Dagmar S. (2010). "Chapter 11: The
Problem of Lusitanian". In Cunliffe, Barry; Koch, John T. (eds.).
1903:
1475:
744:
681:
482:
368:
2577:
Lujan, E. (2007). Lambert, P.-Y.; Pinault, G.-J. (eds.). "L'onomastique des Vettons: analyse linguistique".
2227:
1163:
666:
477:
472:
467:
362:
1480:
975:
676:
555:
541:
522:
67:
2410:
2354:
2060:
818:
776:
376:
2380:
1520:
1485:
1158:
462:
2561:. Written 77–79 CE. Quoted in Koch (2010), pp. 292–293. The text is also found in online sources:
1780:
1670:
1490:
1021:
853:
804:
700:
502:
457:
452:
372:
2650:
Blanca Maria Prósper, The Lusitanian oblique cases revisted: New light on the dative endings, 2021
2565:
2511:
Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature
2299:
Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature
2601:
2548:
2247:
2039:
1675:
1402:
512:
507:
497:
141:
57:
1665:
1637:
1421:
1323:
1089:
935:
559:
397:
289:
228:
183:
123:
115:
2562:
2257:
2252:
2037:
as a term for a linguistic subfamily, as opposed to a purely-geographical classification. In
1981:
A northeastern inland language attested at a relatively late date in the extensive corpus of
1812:
1641:
549:
545:
530:
526:
2454:
2222:
1987:
1982:
1758:
1723:
1036:
719:
671:
608:
578:
536:
516:
380:
234:
90:
904:
8:
2609:
2242:
2212:
2077:
2063:
since they shared common religions, languages and names for their fortified settlements.
2030:
2022:
2018:
2001:
1031:
1026:
922:
846:
811:
734:
724:
583:
284:
279:
248:
98:
2593:
1737:
1688:
1622:
1606:
1231:
884:
623:
309:
214:
209:
2613:
2526:
2514:
2469:
2433:
2386:
2314:
2302:
1970:
1751:
1717:
1709:
1653:
1647:
1629:
1600:
1579:
1565:
1557:
1327:
1188:
1128:
1110:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1008:
1003:
832:
695:
344:
337:
330:
316:
302:
262:
241:
178:
170:
45:
2605:
2495:. Celtic Studies. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). Aberystwyth: David Brown Publishing.
2217:
2200:
1974:
1966:
1745:
1695:
1512:
1318:
1206:
1146:
1123:
1066:
1061:
998:
985:
980:
970:
643:
256:
204:
196:
189:
62:
2543:
2416:
2044:
1826:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1766:
1702:
1681:
1659:
1244:
1133:
1056:
965:
898:
839:
705:
437:
422:
412:
407:
323:
295:
52:
2189:
1571:
1438:
1313:
871:
825:
793:
729:
220:
2693:
2473:
1831:
1295:
1211:
928:
786:
648:
402:
618:
2081:
2056:
2026:
1450:
1288:
762:
633:
432:
427:
417:
2489:. This particular work has also been published in book form, and revised:
1426:
1412:
1376:
1084:
2487:
Palaeohispanica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua
613:
1389:
1303:
1181:
946:
2430:
Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica
2301:. Celtic Studies Publications. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 292–293.
2052:
1930:
1592:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1201:
2073:
1535:
1526:
1417:
1218:
1193:
1097:
588:
164:
1946:
1934:
The Celtiberian Peñalba de Villastar rock inscription says "...TO
2177:, a Vettonian name not attested in Lusitania; also in names like
2134:*kʷ in PIE *perkʷ-u- 'oak' appears in a lenited form in the name
2048:
1585:
1549:
1542:
1340:
960:
593:
2679:
2455:"Tartessian: Celtic from the South-west at the Dawn of History"
1308:
1262:
781:
598:
2468:. Zaragosa, Spain: Institución Fernando el Católico: 339–351.
2009:
2493:
Tartessian: Celtic from the South-west at the Dawn of History
1951:
1939:
1407:
1281:
1275:
1257:
628:
603:
2190:
Rejection of the Western Hispano-Celtic continuum hypothesis
2095:*ō > ū in final syllables, as indicated by the suffix of
1799:
2181:, while *-pl- probably developed into -bl- in names like
2432:. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 422–427.
1973:
before the arrival of the Romans (c. 218 BC, during the
2066:
1985:. This variety, which Jordán Cólera proposed to name
2513:. Celtic Studies Publications. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
101:
93:
2691:
2340:"The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian"
2661:Eustaquio Sánchez Salor, Julio Esteban Ortega,
2106:*ē > ī is attested in the genitive singular
2581:(in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz.: 245–275.
2407:The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian
2504:
2502:
2337:
1911:
2554:
2542:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:(1994). Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány.
2010:Western Hispano-Celtic continuum hypothesis
2499:
1918:
1904:
1882:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
2382:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
2076:to describe the following sound changes (
1991:, has long been synonymous with the term
2598:Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies
2446:
2372:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2283:
2270:
2127:*gʷ > b is attested in names such as
1945:
1929:
2427:
2338:Jordán Cólera, Carlos (16 March 2007).
2233:List of Galician words of Celtic origin
14:
2692:
2508:
2238:List of Spanish words of Celtic origin
1995:and is universally accepted as Celtic.
1958:ARQUIEN(obu) SILONIUS SILO EX VOTO cf.
2576:
2324:
1889:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1861:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2490:
2452:
2378:
2296:
2591:
1938:ARAIANOM..." meaning "...for noble
1846:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
24:
2610:10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0001
2067:Vettonian-Lusitanian sound changes
1868:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
27:Extinct Celtic languages of Iberia
25:
2716:
2673:
2525:Reissued in 2012 in softcover as
2313:Reissued in 2012 in softcover as
2678:
2196:Western-Hispano Celtic continuum
2141:*p > ɸ > 0 is attested in:
2029:, and others in between such as
1875:Journal of Indo-European Studies
639:Bible translations into Armenian
130:
2654:
2643:
2632:
2592:Hoz, J. de (28 February 2019),
2585:
2579:Gaulois et Celtique Continental
2570:
1977:). In particular, it includes:
150:List of Indo-European languages
2536:
2428:Prósper, Blanca María (2002).
2421:
2399:
13:
1:
2263:
1476:Proto-Indo-European mythology
745:Paleolithic continuity theory
2700:Continental Celtic languages
2409:(PDF). e-Keltoi 6: 749–750'
2228:Continental Celtic languages
2173:However, *p is preserved in
2131:, derived from *gʷow- 'cow'.
1164:Northern Black Polished Ware
363:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
2206:
2025:in the south (according to
2002:Northwestern Hispano-Celtic
1988:Northeastern Hispano-Celtic
1965:is a term for all forms of
1481:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
2721:
2705:Extinct languages of Spain
2120:*m̥ > am in names with
1950:Votive inscription to the
777:Domestication of the horse
2385:. ABC-CLIO. p. 481.
2353:: 749–750. Archived from
2043:3.13 (written 77–79 CE),
1486:Historical Vedic religion
763:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
84:
53:Linguistic classification
51:
39:
34:
2685:Hispano-Celtic languages
2278:Celtiberian Inscriptions
2146:*perkʷ-u- > ergʷ- in
2051:of Baetica (now western
1491:Ancient Iranian religion
854:Novotitarovskaya culture
701:Indo-European migrations
2602:Oxford University Press
2491:Koch, John T. (2013) .
2248:Paleohispanic languages
2113:*n̥ > an appears in
992:Northern/Eastern Steppe
18:Hispano-Celtic language
2555:
2453:Koch, John T. (2009).
2379:Koch, John T. (2005).
2015:Western Hispano-Celtic
1959:
1943:
1463:Religion and mythology
1422:Medieval Scandinavians
713:Alternative and fringe
2687:at Wikimedia Commons
2485:. Journal renamed to
2258:Proto-Italic language
2253:Portuguese vocabulary
2055:) descended from the
1949:
1933:
1813:Indo-European studies
1176:Peoples and societies
2594:"Method and methods"
2462:Acta Palaeohispanica
2415:24 June 2011 at the
2223:Celtiberian language
2153:*plab- > lab- in
2088:*ō > ā occurs in
720:Anatolian hypothesis
672:Proto-Indo-Europeans
579:Hittite inscriptions
124:Indo-European topics
2243:Tartessian language
2213:Gallaecian language
2160:*uper- > ur- in
2078:Proto-Indo-European
976:Multi-cordoned ware
847:Mikhaylovka culture
735:Indigenous Aryanism
725:Armenian hypothesis
584:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2549:Naturalis Historia
2040:Naturalis Historia
1960:
1944:
556:Proto-Indo-Iranian
542:Proto-Balto-Slavic
523:Proto-Italo-Celtic
68:Continental Celtic
2683:Media related to
2619:978-0-19-879082-2
2604:, pp. 1–24,
2531:978-1-84217-475-3
2520:978-1-84217-410-4
2392:978-1-85109-440-0
2319:978-1-84217-475-3
2308:978-1-84217-410-4
1971:Iberian Peninsula
1928:
1927:
1189:Anatolian peoples
1159:Painted Grey Ware
1047:Nordic Bronze Age
696:Kurgan hypothesis
649:Old Irish glosses
614:Gaulish epigraphy
109:
108:
46:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
2712:
2682:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2335:
2322:
2312:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2218:Celtic languages
2201:Italic languages
1975:Second Punic War
1920:
1913:
1906:
1761:
1754:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1609:
1595:
1588:
1574:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1319:Germanic peoples
1309:Hellenic peoples
1298:
1291:
1284:
1207:Mycenaean Greeks
1196:
1124:Thraco-Cimmerian
1022:Globular Amphora
999:Abashevo culture
938:
931:
901:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
644:Tocharian script
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
265:
251:
244:
237:
223:
199:
192:
173:
134:
111:
110:
103:
95:
32:
31:
21:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2571:
2544:Pliny the Elder
2541:
2537:
2521:
2507:
2500:
2478:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2426:
2422:
2417:Wayback Machine
2404:
2400:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2360:on 24 June 2011
2357:
2342:
2336:
2325:
2309:
2295:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2209:
2192:
2069:
2045:Pliny the Elder
2012:
1924:
1895:
1894:
1827:Marija Gimbutas
1815:
1805:
1804:
1796:Winter solstice
1786:Horse sacrifice
1757:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1633:
1618:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1561:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1495:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1398:
1385:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1198:
1192:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1142:
1119:
1106:
1094:
1075:
1017:
994:
956:
949:
943:
934:
927:
918:
916:Northern Europe
897:
893:
880:
867:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
799:Steppe cultures
772:
765:
758:
750:
749:
740:Baltic homeland
714:
710:
706:Eurasian nomads
690:
686:
662:
654:
653:
624:Runic epigraphy
619:Latin epigraphy
574:
566:
565:
503:Proto-Anatolian
487:
442:
438:Thraco-Illyrian
423:Graeco-Phrygian
413:Graeco-Armenian
408:Graeco-Albanian
387:
365:
352:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
261:
247:
240:
233:
219:
195:
188:
169:
154:
146:
144:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2675:
2674:External links
2672:
2669:
2668:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2618:
2584:
2569:
2535:
2519:
2498:
2445:
2438:
2420:
2398:
2391:
2371:
2323:
2307:
2282:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2093:
2068:
2065:
2035:Hispano-Celtic
2021:in the north,
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1993:Hispano-Celtic
1969:spoken in the
1963:Hispano-Celtic
1954:in Gallaecia:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:Fire sacrifice
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:Zoroastrianism
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1439:Medieval India
1430:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1321:
1316:
1314:Italic peoples
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1090:Gandhara grave
1087:
1082:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
951:
950:
942:
941:
940:
939:
936:Middle Dnieper
932:
913:
912:
907:
902:
891:Eastern Europe
888:
887:
875:
874:
862:
861:
860:
859:
858:
857:
850:
836:
829:
822:
819:Dnieper–Donets
815:
808:
796:
794:Kurgan culture
791:
790:
789:
779:
767:
766:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Beech argument
727:
722:
716:
715:
709:
708:
703:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
553:
539:
534:
520:
513:Proto-Germanic
510:
508:Proto-Armenian
505:
500:
498:Proto-Albanian
494:
493:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
448:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
394:
393:
386:
385:
384:
383:
359:
358:
351:
350:
349:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
287:
282:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
254:
253:
252:
245:
238:
226:
225:
224:
212:
207:
202:
201:
200:
193:
181:
176:
175:
174:
161:
160:
153:
152:
145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
127:
126:
120:
119:
107:
106:
105:
104:
96:
86:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
73:Hispano-Celtic
55:
49:
48:
43:
37:
36:
35:Hispano-Celtic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2439:84-7800-818-7
2435:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:J. P. Mallory
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:Reconstructed
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1296:Insular Celts
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:Indo-Iranians
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
955:
954:Pontic Steppe
948:
945:
944:
937:
933:
930:
926:
925:
924:
921:
920:
919:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
894:
892:
886:
883:
882:
881:
879:
873:
870:
869:
868:
866:
855:
851:
848:
844:
843:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
801:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
787:Kurgan stelae
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
771:
770:Pontic Steppe
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
712:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
688:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
658:
657:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
570:
569:
561:
560:Proto-Iranian
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
528:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Daco-Thracian
401:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
388:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:Reconstructed
354:
353:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
264:
260:
259:
258:
255:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
231:
230:
227:
222:
218:
217:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
198:
194:
191:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
138:
137:
133:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
112:
100:
97:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:Indo-European
56:
54:
50:
47:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2634:
2623:, retrieved
2597:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2510:
2492:
2486:
2477:. Retrieved
2465:
2461:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2406:
2401:
2381:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2350:
2346:
2298:
2277:
2272:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:(see above).
2147:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:Proto-Celtic
2070:
2057:Celtiberians
2038:
2034:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1935:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1853:Publications
1852:
1838:
1819:
1773:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:Paleo-Balkan
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1556:
1555:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1468:
1451:Greater Iran
1444:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1324:Paleo-Balkan
1289:Celtiberians
1268:
1267:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1072:
1071:
1014:
1013:
991:
990:
953:
952:
915:
914:
890:
889:
877:
876:
864:
863:
805:Bug–Dniester
769:
768:
634:Gothic Bible
550:Proto-Baltic
546:Proto-Slavic
531:Proto-Italic
527:Proto-Celtic
490:
445:
433:Italo-Celtic
428:Indo-Hittite
418:Graeco-Aryan
391:Hypothetical
390:
355:
290:Paleo-Balkan
272:
229:Indo-Iranian
184:Balto-Slavic
157:
85:Subdivisions
72:
42:distribution
29:
2115:Argantonius
1983:Celtiberian
1731:Continental
1724:Anglo-Saxon
1427:Middle Ages
1377:Middle Ages
1232:Indo-Aryans
1225:Indo-Aryans
1032:Bell Beaker
1027:Corded ware
923:Corded ware
812:Sredny Stog
757:Archaeology
537:Proto-Greek
517:Proto-Norse
91:Celtiberian
2694:Categories
2546:. "3.13".
2264:References
2031:Lusitanian
2023:Tartessian
2019:Gallaecian
1839:Institutes
1759:Lithuanian
1513:Indo-Aryan
1499:Historical
1433:Indo-Aryan
1390:Tocharians
1304:Cimmerians
1182:Bronze Age
1073:South Asia
947:Bronze Age
885:Afanasievo
689:Mainstream
453:Vocabulary
373:Sound laws
235:Indo-Aryan
99:Gallaecian
40:Geographic
2474:1578-5386
2276:Meid, W.
2101:Caurunius
2061:Lusitania
2053:Andalusia
2047:says the
1774:Practices
1593:Yarsanism
1403:Albanians
1383:East Asia
1370:Scythians
1362:Phrygians
1355:Paeonians
1348:Illyrians
1334:Thracians
1251:East Asia
1202:Armenians
1129:Hallstatt
1111:Chernoles
1052:Terramare
1042:Trzciniec
1009:Sintashta
1004:Andronovo
905:Cernavodă
878:East Asia
833:Khvalynsk
573:Philology
483:Particles
369:Phonology
310:Liburnian
285:Tocharian
280:Anatolian
249:Nuristani
142:Languages
2413:Archived
2347:E-Keltoi
2207:See also
2090:Enimarus
2074:Vettones
1820:Scholars
1718:Germanic
1689:Scottish
1654:Thracian
1648:Illyrian
1642:Albanian
1630:European
1623:Armenian
1607:Ossetian
1601:Scythian
1586:Yazidism
1536:Buddhism
1527:Hinduism
1418:Norsemen
1328:Anatolia
1245:Iranians
1238:Iranians
1219:Iron Age
1194:Hittites
1147:Colchian
1140:Caucasus
1098:Iron Age
1067:Lusatian
1062:Urnfield
986:Srubnaya
981:Poltavka
971:Catacomb
910:Cucuteni
865:Caucasus
682:Religion
667:Homeland
609:Behistun
589:Linear B
478:Numerals
473:Pronouns
398:Balkanic
345:Thracian
338:Phrygian
331:Paeonian
317:Messapic
303:Illyrian
215:Hellenic
210:Germanic
179:Armenian
171:Albanian
165:Albanoid
116:a series
114:Part of
2364:16 June
2175:Cupiena
2166:Urocius
2155:Laboina
2148:Erguena
2136:Erguena
2097:Abrunus
2049:Celtici
1956:LUCOUBU
1952:Lugoves
1752:Latvian
1710:Cornish
1580:Kurdish
1566:Persian
1558:Iranian
1550:Sikhism
1543:Jainism
1506:Hittite
1445:Iranian
1341:Dacians
1134:Jastorf
1057:Tumulus
1037:Únětice
966:Yamnaya
961:Chariot
899:Usatovo
840:Yamnaya
677:Society
661:Origins
594:Rigveda
446:Grammar
273:Extinct
263:Romance
242:Iranian
2665:, 2021
2625:29 May
2616:
2529:
2517:
2479:17 May
2472:
2436:
2389:
2317:
2305:
2183:Ableca
2179:Pinara
2162:Uralus
2129:Bouius
1967:Celtic
1936:LVGVEI
1767:Slavic
1746:Baltic
1696:Breton
1676:Celtic
1660:Dacian
1616:Others
1396:Europe
1269:Europe
1263:Yuezhi
1117:Europe
1104:Steppe
1015:Europe
872:Maykop
826:Samara
782:Kurgan
599:Avesta
381:Ablaut
377:Accent
324:Mysian
296:Dacian
257:Italic
205:Celtic
197:Slavic
190:Baltic
158:Extant
63:Celtic
2458:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2108:Riuei
1738:Norse
1703:Welsh
1682:Irish
1671:Roman
1666:Greek
1521:Vedic
1413:Slavs
1408:Balts
1282:Gauls
1276:Celts
1258:Wusun
1153:India
929:Baden
629:Ogham
604:Homer
491:Other
468:Nouns
463:Verbs
221:Greek
2627:2021
2614:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2481:2010
2470:ISSN
2434:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2366:2010
2315:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2194:The
2164:and
2122:Amb-
2027:Koch
1942:..."
1800:Yule
1791:Sati
1080:BMAC
458:Root
2606:doi
2084:):
2080:to
2059:of
1940:Lug
1085:Yaz
2696::
2612:,
2600:,
2596:,
2564:,
2552:.
2501:^
2464:.
2460:.
2349:.
2345:.
2326:^
2285:^
2203:.
2099:,
1197:)
548:·
529:·
379:,
375:,
371::
118:on
2608::
2567:.
2533:.
2523:.
2483:.
2466:9
2442:.
2395:.
2368:.
2351:6
2321:.
2311:.
2185:.
2168:.
2157:.
2138:.
2124:.
2117:.
2110:.
2103:.
2092:.
1919:e
1912:t
1905:v
1798:/
1662:)
1657:·
1651:·
1645:·
1640:(
1420:/
1326:/
1191:(
562:)
558:(
552:)
544:(
533:)
525:(
519:)
515:(
102:†
94:†
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
