318:. In addition to municipal health care services, employers must offer occupational healthcare services to their workers. This means that employed persons can usually choose which of two routes to use to access general doctor services. The municipal (public) service or the occupational (private) service. Employers contact with private medical groups for occupational health services. The degree of specialist access and cost depends on the contacted service level the employer provides but service is usually free to the patient. Private hospital groups offer primary and secondary care services but they are may also refer patients to the university hospitals or to community hospitals run by the local municipality for specialist care/treatment. Some part of the costs incurred in the use of private medical providers can be reclaimed from the government social insurance institution KELA but this is never 100%.
99:
480:
415:
24:
225:
325:
366:; literally "healthcare district"). Each district provides more specialised care for the municipalities within its region. Finland also has a network of five university teaching hospitals which makes up the tertiary level. These contain the most advanced medical equipment and facilities in the country. These are funded by the municipalities, but national government meets the cost of medical training. These hospitals are located in the major cities of
549:, can only be sold to patients by pharmacies. Providers can only deliver drugs that are actually administered within their facilities. Health centers can give outpatient drugs to patients when local pharmacies are closed, but only in the dosage needed to cover the time until the pharmacy reopens. Finland limits medicine sales to about 800 licensed pharmacies. It has the highest proportion of pharmacists per head in Europe - 127 per 100,000 in 2015.
423:
based on the demographic factors on their area. Municipalities fund the health centers on the primary care level and regional hospitals on secondary care level. National Health
Insurance (NHI) is based on compulsory fees and it is used to fund private healthcare, occupational healthcare, outpatient drugs and sickness allowance. Regional and university hospitals are financed by federations of participating municipalities, often using the
406:) is a research and development institute that functions as a statutory statistical expert authority for health and welfare in Finland. THL functions in health and welfare promotion, in prevention of disease and social problems, e.g. ensuring vaccine supplies and monitoring their quality, and in development of social and health services. It is publicly funded organization under the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
156:
314:. The Ministry also directs and guides the development and policies of social protection, social welfare and health care. Due to the decentralized public administration, municipalities decide themselves how the local services are provided. Every municipality has a responsibility to offer health care services to their residents and it is usually provided in municipal health care centers and/or
526:
system offers varying levels of reimbursement for outpatient drugs, care from private providers, transport costs to health care facilities, sickness and maternity leave allowances, and some rehabilitation services. The NHI also partially reimburses occupational healthcare costs for services delivered to employees, but not to dependents.
616:
sometime early year 2014. Volunteer doctors of Global Clinic have tried to help these people, for whom only acute care has been available. This means that the
Finnish system is open for people coming outside of the European Union. The service covers special child healthcare, maternity clinics and specialist medical care etc.
137:. Consisting of six patient beds in a simple wooden building, it nonetheless marked the first step toward the modern Finnish medical system. It is noteworthy that at the time, Finland had a much lower doctor-patient ratio comparing to neighboring countries. This lasted all the way until the 20th century.
342:
and nurses that provide most day-to-day medical services. Health centers are also active in health promotion activities. The general practitioners are also gatekeepers to the more specialized services in the secondary and tertiary care sectors, as a referral from primary care provider is necessary to
608:. These services must be organized by reception centers for refugees. It has been reported that immigrant health problems often may go untreated, and that immigrants use the public health system less than the general population. Health information to immigrants are provided with several languages by
204:
A major change in the public healthcare system is planned for 2023. On
January 23th, 2022 county elections will be held. In these elections the members and deputy members of 22 newly formed "wellbeing services county councils" will be chosen. These councils are planned to take over the previous work
174:
for women. In 1929, a special committee was established to evaluate the status of health care in
Finland. Due to the lack of service providers outside cities, it was suggested that municipalities establish local hospitals for their citizens. The decision to establish publicly funded hospitals can be
615:
On
December 9, 2013, the City of Helsinki decided, that all minors under the age of 18 and all pregnant mothers living in Helsinki without a valid visa or residence permit, are granted the right to the same healthcare and at the same price as all citizens of the city. This service will be available
583:
service that will promote health information
Exchange (HIE). The importance of e-Health services in healthcare system is to help increase efficiency in acquisition, storage, retrieval and transfer of important healthcare information. Telemedicine and e-Health are forms of technologies in healthcare
661:
for the elderly. However, there are still regional differences in implementing and accomplishing a better vaccination program. Data shows that from 2017 to 2018, the elderly, mainly aged 65 years and above, received the influenza vaccine, accounting for about 48% of the elderly population. This is
641:
disparities. Perhaps one of the most important reasons for the socioeconomic differences in the use of services is that the private sector and occupational healthcare, which are less accessible to the low-income population, offer better access to services (e.g. a major difference is waiting times)
525:
through approximately 260 local offices all over the country. The responsibilities of this institute include coverage of some family benefits, National Health
Insurance, rehabilitation, basic unemployment security, housing benefits, financial aid for students and state-guaranteed pensions. The NHI
275:
Finland is considered successful particularly in regards to specialized medical care and the coverage of its screening and vaccination programs. Finland has a very comprehensive screening program for breast cancer where 84% of women, aged 50 to 69 years, annually take part. The vaccination program
665:
Reducing the number of hepatitis C infections is another health protection measure. In the year 2018, about 1,200 cases of hepatitis C infections were confirmed. Substance abuse primarily through injections seems to be one of the contributing factors of increased hepatitis C infection cases since
587:
Finnish
Coordinating Center for Health Technology Assessment (FinCCHTA) was established in 2018 to coordinate the national HTA network in Finland. FinCCHTA participates in the international HTA collaboration, health services and HTA research. Other key objectives are to develop HTA methodological
504:
are the most often used health services on the private sector. Approximately 10% of medical doctors work solely on private sector. Although high user fees may cause a barrier to use the private sector services as most is paid for out of pocket, a significant share of the cost is reimbursed by the
422:
The healthcare system receives funding from two sources. Municipal financing is based on taxes and is used to provide primary healthcare services. They also have a right to collect user fees, and receive state subsidies if their tax levy is not adequate for providing the public services required,
447:
charge of EUR 32.50. For long-term illnesses, the charges are based largely on income. Although a vital part for health financing and provision, the current system of the user fees has been discussed to contribute to the inequities in the access of health services among the low-income residents.
555:
is used in all pharmacies and public healthcare, and the private sector will deploy it by the end of 2014. Electronic prescribing has improved patient medication management. The process enables accuracy in data acquisition and also prescription data before any transmission is done. In
Finland,
579:
information systems are often used even within a single organization, which inhibits information exchange within and across provider organizations. Efforts are underway to create a common, national structure for communication between patients and providers over the internet. It is a form of
578:
Electronic
Patient Records (EPR) have been in used since 2007 virtually in every healthcare provider. The development of health information systems has been largely uncoordinated at the national level, partly due to the decentralized healthcare system. As a result, several non-interoperable
456:
Health expenditure in 2009 amounted to EUR 15.7 billion. By 2018 the expenditures had increased to EUR 21.1 billion. The public sector is the main source of health funding, 74.7% of health spending was funded by public sources in 2009, slightly more than the average of 71.7% in
673:
unnecessarily has been reduced to promote health and prevent an increase in antimicrobial resistance of the population in Finland. Comparing Finland's antibacterial use with international data, the country emerges as the least common to consume these types of drugs.
291:, due to increased life-expectancy, brings new challenges to the Finnish health care system. As there will be fewer people to pay for health and social care, many of the aging population can be predicted to be affected. It is estimated that the old age
666:
half of these cases were related to drug use through injections. One way to reduce this is by the country coming up with services like health advice through counters in municipalities where people are advised on ways of quitting the use of drugs.
1398:
Kivekäs, Eija; Enlund, Hannes; Borycki, Elizabeth; Saranto, Kaija (October 2016). "General practitioners' attitudes towards electronic prescribing and the use of the national prescription centre: E-prescribing and national prescription centre".
118:. As the field of medicine did not enjoy very high status in society at the time, the importance of trained medical faculty remained low for a long time. Until 1750, the professor of medicine was the only trained medical doctor in Finland.
133:(or Seili in Finnish) which was established on the 1624 and run by the church. It was chosen due to its remote location from the mainland. It was not however until 1759 that the first hospital, albeit a modest hospital, was established in
244:
over the past couple of decades. Life expectancy in 2012 was 84 years for women and 78 years for men, which has ranked Finland favorably against global comparisons. Impressive results have also been achieved regarding rates of
645:
According to health care study 2018 in Finland ca 25% of persons replied will save in food and other necessities to fund their medicine costs and ca 10% will not buy needed medicine based on lack of funds.
512:
Employers are obliged by law to provide occupational healthcare services for their employees, as are educational establishments for their students and staff. This can be done on public, or private sector.
461:
countries. The share of public spending in Finland was, however, lower than in all other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) where it exceeds 80%. As in other OECD countries the
1040:
182:, but the increased need of medical care due to injuries to the soldiers may have enhanced the development of the hospital network. In the 1950s, Finland had two university hospitals, in
439:
fee amount for a doctor's visit or treatment in the primary health care is set at a maximum of EUR 20,60 (in 2021) and the amount varies from one local authority to another. Hospital
2748:
268:. This can partly be explained by the importance placed on the use of nurses, who greatly reduce the need for practicing physicians. An example being in 2009 where there were 9.6
201:
and attracted international recognition for his work. He has also contributed to the development of nursing education, pharmacy industry and public awareness over health issues.
1232:
596:
As per to the principle of the universal coverage, immigrants who live in Finland permanently are entitled to all the same health services as the Finnish people. Holders of the
465:
has been growing steadily since the year 2000. In 2009 health spending per capita in Finland is equal to the OECD average, with spending of EUR 2936 (or US$ 3226 adjusted for
2720:
476:, Finland used the least resources and attained average results, making Finland the most efficient public sector health service producer according to the study's authors.
2725:
1261:
310:
The Government decides on general national strategies and priorities and proposes bills to be discussed by the parliament. Health care policy is primarily the field of
642:
than the municipal sector. Narrowing health gaps has been the objective of Finnish health policy since the 1980s, however, this objective has not been fully achieved.
492:
Due to the comprehensive public sector, private healthcare sector is relatively small. Between 3-4% of in-patient care is provided by the private healthcare system.
166:
While the number of hospitals increased rapidly from the late 19th century onward, it was still uncommon to be treated in one. The largest causes of mortality were
2773:
2705:
2743:
1697:
1703:
110:
has been long, from a very modest start. The history of modern medicine in Finland can be considered to have begun at 1640 when the first university of Finland,
469:). Municipalities spent on average about 1300 euros per inhabitant on health care in 2005. Health care accounted for about 25% of the municipal budget.
186:
and Turku. Due to the increased demand of medical care and lack of medical doctors, more medical faculties and university hospitals were established.
1179:
1048:
343:
receive care on the secondary and tertiary levels. Primary health services provided by municipalities are defined in the Primary Health Care Act.
1069:
65:
has the highest decision-making authority, specific healthcare precincts are responsible for providing healthcare to their residents as of 2023.
637:
is highly valued in Finland and the law provides same rights for all citizens, including in healthcare. There still exists some geographic and
654:
Finland has established several services to necessitate the health protection of various groups of individuals against infectious diseases.
1923:
1691:
2105:
1240:
976:
1285:
521:
The statutory National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme covers all Finnish residents, and it is run by the Social Insurance Institution
1731:
1320:
395:
1551:
662:
still lagging behind the European Union requirement, which set the threshold at 75% as the target for vaccination of the elderly.
2342:
1633:
86:
in 2000, Finland belongs to the top five countries in satisfaction: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied, compared with the
2422:
2094:
144:, and poverty, the most common causes of death in the mid-19th century consisted of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,
2550:
1839:
1780:
1125:
770:
311:
62:
2480:
2043:
1206:
1005:
236:
can be considered a success because of several indicators. For example, due to public health interventions and progress in
98:
800:
1981:
1866:
600:
are also entitled to care in Finland. According to the Act on Adaptation of Immigrants and Reception of Asylum Seekers,
1685:
1896:
1871:
1358:
2789:
2687:
2500:
1663:
556:
e-prescribing has also reinforced the process of ensuring the authenticity of the prescriptions given to patients.
824:
2525:
506:
141:
2810:
2368:
1744:
597:
533:
has a very marginal role in the Finnish system and is mainly used to supplement the reimbursement rate of NHI.
501:
205:
from the municipalities, to organize the healthcare and welfare related services in their respective areas.
82:
The quality of service in Finnish healthcare is considered to be good; according to a survey published by the
2763:
2715:
2612:
2607:
2300:
2135:
919:
629:
565:
302:, which placed it in fourth position in its 2015 survey, Finland is a leader in value-for-money healthcare.
1996:
1724:
906:
573:
276:
for young children is also very inclusive, as 99% of children under 2 years of age are vaccinated against
2572:
2159:
1844:
2415:
2325:
2320:
2031:
2021:
2011:
1881:
1765:
1076:
522:
299:
111:
58:
2672:
2181:
2053:
1918:
1891:
1797:
1439:"E-healthservices and devices: Availability, merits, and barriers - with some examples from Finland"
253:, which are also amongst the lowest in the world. The infant mortality rate in Finland, as in other
2642:
2602:
2582:
2562:
2465:
2315:
2115:
1886:
569:
257:
countries, has fallen greatly over the past few decades. The rate in 2013 was 1.8 per 1000 births.
2753:
2577:
2266:
2251:
2186:
2006:
1986:
1812:
1802:
1717:
702:
466:
424:
2758:
2657:
2652:
2627:
2485:
2079:
2026:
1792:
552:
436:
167:
2682:
2632:
2592:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2510:
2505:
2490:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2408:
2120:
2038:
744:
546:
72:
2768:
2710:
2677:
2667:
2647:
2637:
2622:
2617:
2597:
2567:
2535:
2520:
2495:
2431:
2206:
2191:
2145:
2048:
1991:
1901:
1854:
339:
198:
1296:
8:
2662:
2587:
2557:
2281:
2223:
2171:
2130:
2100:
1969:
1955:
1760:
605:
83:
1328:
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2361:
2286:
2238:
2228:
2140:
2067:
2001:
1906:
1876:
1775:
1752:
315:
250:
1599:
584:
that have been useful such as remote patient monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.
479:
2310:
2261:
2089:
1807:
1509:
1501:
1460:
1416:
1354:
683:
658:
219:
1154:
853:
2384:
2337:
2305:
2211:
2176:
1822:
1491:
1450:
1408:
530:
462:
414:
399:
359:
351:
292:
288:
265:
246:
190:
179:
76:
1133:
778:
321:
The access to hospital care is subject to a request from a general practitioner.
2375:
2276:
2271:
2216:
2125:
2084:
1438:
948:
542:
241:
1016:
2389:
2016:
1948:
1834:
638:
347:
328:
277:
115:
87:
1669:
1101:
272:
per 1000 people, a larger amount then those in the comparable Nordic nations.
2804:
2332:
1505:
1464:
901:
634:
625:
601:
493:
224:
171:
149:
107:
194:
159:
2110:
1513:
1420:
1374:
335:
324:
237:
175:
considered the base of the current model of modern health care in Finland.
122:
1527:
1496:
1479:
2256:
1827:
1787:
1480:"Telemedicine and e-Health Solutions for COVID-19: Patients' Perspective"
440:
1575:
1455:
920:"Number of deaths at under one year decreased clearly from one year ago"
878:
2400:
1817:
1770:
832:
670:
233:
155:
130:
1675:
1412:
79:
have been the main focus of Finnish healthcare policies for decades.
497:
261:
145:
189:
During the 20th century, a notable contribution to the reduction of
2291:
1928:
1709:
580:
444:
367:
183:
1911:
871:
178:
The plans to reform the healthcare system were delayed due to the
1933:
1740:
1680:
745:"Suomen terveydenhuoltojärjestelmän ja sairaaloiden kehittyminen"
418:
Life expectancy vs healthcare spending for some countries in 2007
375:
281:
126:
68:
350:, Finland is geographically divided into 21 hospital districts (
2246:
1478:
Pappot, Nina; Taarnhøj, Gry Assam; Pappot, Helle (2020-04-24).
379:
264:
for every 1000 people, which is very low compared to the other
1600:"National Action Plan to Reduce Health Inequalities 2008–2011"
2196:
1938:
1075:. Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from
371:
269:
134:
295:
in Finland will be the highest of all EU countries in 2025.
1943:
1397:
1349:
Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017).
458:
383:
254:
1704:
Benchmarking ICT use among General Practitioners in Europe
1622:
Suomen kuvalehti 27 April 2018 Ei varaa lääkkeisiin page 9
1437:
Ahmadinia, Hamed; Eriksson-Backa, Kristina (2020-03-05).
588:
training and strengthen its related research in Finland.
114:, was established. At the time Finland was a part of the
1436:
1266:
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland
609:
61:
system and a much smaller private sector. Although the
771:"Turun lääninlasaretti — Suomen ensimmäinen sairaala"
1477:
1293:
Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions
657:
One of the areas that the service has focused on is
474:
Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions
228:
Historical development of life expectancy in Finland
1348:
338:is obtained from the health care centers employing
1432:
1430:
801:"County elections will be held on 23 January 2022"
483:Health care financing %, in Finland 2006–2009
443:pay EUR 27.40 per consultation; in-patients pay a
1700:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health publication
703:"Health and long-term care in the European Union"
2802:
1634:"Social and Healthcare Services in Finland 2018"
1041:"Ageing population - will public finances cope?"
559:
386:. All these five cities have a medical faculty.
75:. The prevention of diseases and other types of
1427:
162:portrayed on a postage stamp published in 1987.
57:consists of a highly decentralized three-level
2416:
1725:
1286:"Svensk sjukvård i internationell jämförelse"
943:
941:
939:
240:, there has been a remarkable improvement in
121:An example of early treatment facilities for
604:are entitled to the same health services as
516:
1552:"Immigrant Health Problems Often Untreated"
1172:
902:Why Finnish babies sleep in cardboard boxes
846:
472:In a comparison of 16 countries on 2008 by
305:
2423:
2409:
1732:
1718:
1401:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1233:"Health Expenditure and Financing in 2009"
949:"Health at a Glance 2011. OECD Indicators"
936:
1686:Social welfare and health care strategies
1676:National Institute for Health and Welfare
1495:
1454:
1237:National Institute for Health and Welfare
197:. He conducted research about children's
2430:
1706:European Commission, 2008. Final Report.
1631:
1262:"Health Expenditure and Financing - THL"
1180:"Your social security rights in Finland"
1094:
1000:
998:
996:
591:
478:
413:
396:Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
323:
223:
213:
154:
97:
1443:Finnish Journal of EHealth and EWelfare
1207:"Pitäisikö Terveyskeskusmaksu poistaa?"
2803:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
389:
2404:
1713:
1694:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1688:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1681:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1604:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1353:. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 83.
1159:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
993:
977:"Population change at regional level"
879:"Life Expectancy at birth in Finland"
451:
312:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
63:Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
1739:
763:
649:
260:In 2009, Finland had 2.7 practicing
17:
724:
505:Social Insurance Institution (SII)
409:
13:
1295:(in Swedish). 2008. Archived from
536:
14:
2822:
1657:
487:
1006:"The Finnish Health Care System"
619:
404:Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
208:
140:Mainly due to the poor hygiene,
129:was a hospital on the island of
22:
1625:
1616:
1592:
1568:
1544:
1520:
1471:
1391:
1367:
1342:
1313:
1278:
1254:
1225:
1199:
1147:
1118:
1062:
1033:
969:
1840:History of independent Finland
1155:"Pricing in Public Healthcare"
981:European Commission - Eurostat
912:
895:
817:
793:
695:
598:European Health Insurance Card
102:A child welfare clinic in 1938
1:
689:
630:Social determinants of health
566:Health information technology
560:Health information technology
287:Lower fertility rates and an
1698:Health care in Finland, 2004
907:British Broadcasting Company
777:(in Finnish). Archived from
574:Health technology assessment
502:occupational health services
430:
7:
1325:Finnish Medical Association
677:
10:
2827:
2095:Government-owned companies
1766:Finland under Swedish rule
854:"Better Health Initiative"
623:
563:
300:Euro health consumer index
217:
112:The Royal Academy of Turku
93:
59:publicly funded healthcare
2782:
2734:
2696:
2438:
2355:
2237:
2167:
2158:
2106:National income agreement
2075:
2066:
1977:
1968:
1862:
1853:
1798:Golden Age of Finnish Art
1751:
1484:Telemedicine and E-Health
1375:"Electronic prescription"
1351:The Human Atlas of Europe
517:National health insurance
31:This article needs to be
1982:Administrative divisions
1632:Rissanen, Pekka (2020).
570:Electronic health record
306:Organizational structure
1813:Finland in World War II
1803:Independence of Finland
1070:"Outcomes in EHCI 2015"
467:purchasing power parity
425:diagnosis-related group
168:coronary heart diseases
106:Finland's journey to a
2481:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1015:. 2009. Archived from
553:Electronic prescribing
547:over-the-counter drugs
484:
419:
403:
363:
355:
332:
229:
163:
103:
2811:Healthcare in Finland
2432:Healthcare in Europe
1497:10.1089/tmj.2020.0099
1130:Nordic Casemix Center
659:influenza vaccination
592:Immigrant health care
529:Additional voluntary
482:
417:
340:general practitioners
327:
227:
218:Further information:
214:Healthcare indicators
158:
101:
73:universal health care
71:offers its residents
55:Healthcare in Finland
2343:World Heritage Sites
1670:The History of Seili
1321:"Private Healthcare"
781:on December 22, 2022
199:pathological anatomy
2697:States with limited
1672:University of Turku
1456:10.23996/fjhw.64157
1187:European Commission
1126:"Nordic DRG system"
749:Kasvatus & Aika
710:European Commission
606:permanent residents
390:Health institutions
316:municipal hospitals
84:European Commission
2136:Telecommunications
1776:Great Northern War
485:
463:health expenditure
452:Health expenditure
420:
333:
251:maternal mortality
230:
164:
104:
2798:
2797:
2398:
2397:
2351:
2350:
2154:
2153:
2062:
2061:
2044:Political parties
1997:Foreign relations
1964:
1963:
1413:10.1111/jep.12548
684:Health in Finland
650:Health Protection
364:sjukvĂĄrdsdistrikt
356:sairaanhoitopiiri
298:According to the
220:Health in Finland
52:
51:
2818:
2735:Dependencies and
2439:Sovereign states
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2326:Independence Day
2316:National symbols
2165:
2164:
2073:
2072:
1975:
1974:
1867:Cities and towns
1860:
1859:
1845:Military history
1823:Continuation War
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1528:"About Fincchta"
1524:
1518:
1517:
1499:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1239:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1002:
991:
990:
988:
987:
973:
967:
966:
964:
963:
953:
945:
934:
933:
931:
930:
916:
910:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
831:. Archived from
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
741:
722:
721:
719:
717:
707:
699:
531:health insurance
410:Health financing
293:dependency ratio
289:aging population
280:(pertussis) and
266:Nordic countries
247:Infant mortality
193:was achieved by
191:infant mortality
180:Second World War
90:average of 71%.
77:health promotion
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2778:
2736:
2730:
2716:Northern Cyprus
2698:
2692:
2613:North Macedonia
2434:
2429:
2399:
2394:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2347:
2321:Public holidays
2233:
2150:
2058:
2022:Law enforcement
1960:
1849:
1781:The Great Wrath
1747:
1738:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1476:
1472:
1435:
1428:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1004:
1003:
994:
985:
983:
975:
974:
970:
961:
959:
951:
947:
946:
937:
928:
926:
918:
917:
913:
900:
896:
887:
885:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
852:
851:
847:
838:
836:
823:
822:
818:
809:
807:
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
769:
768:
764:
754:
752:
743:
742:
725:
715:
713:
705:
701:
700:
696:
692:
680:
652:
632:
622:
594:
576:
562:
543:pharmaceuticals
539:
537:Pharmaceuticals
519:
490:
454:
433:
412:
392:
308:
242:life expectancy
222:
216:
211:
96:
48:
42:
39:
36:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2790:European Union
2786:
2784:
2783:Other entities
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2737:other entities
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2688:United Kingdom
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Czech Republic
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2229:Welfare system
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Climate change
2179:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Stock exchange
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Prime Minister
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1897:National parks
1894:
1892:Municipalities
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Extreme points
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Finlandization
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1664:Lazaret Museum
1659:
1658:External links
1656:
1654:
1653:
1624:
1615:
1591:
1567:
1543:
1519:
1490:(7): 847–849.
1470:
1426:
1407:(5): 816–825.
1390:
1366:
1359:
1341:
1312:
1277:
1253:
1224:
1198:
1171:
1146:
1117:
1093:
1082:on 6 June 2017
1061:
1045:State Treasury
1032:
992:
968:
935:
911:
894:
870:
845:
816:
805:Valtioneuvosto
792:
762:
723:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
679:
676:
651:
648:
621:
618:
602:asylum seekers
593:
590:
561:
558:
538:
535:
518:
515:
489:
488:Private sector
486:
453:
450:
432:
429:
411:
408:
391:
388:
348:secondary care
329:Maria Hospital
307:
304:
278:whooping cough
215:
212:
210:
207:
116:Swedish Empire
95:
92:
50:
49:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2823:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Faroe Islands
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:South Ossetia
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Liechtenstein
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Ship-building
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1581:
1580:Infopankki.fi
1577:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1360:9781447313540
1356:
1352:
1345:
1331:on 2012-04-26
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1302:on 2009-03-25
1298:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1243:on 2012-04-23
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1212:
1211:Kansanuutiset
1208:
1202:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1136:on 2012-04-26
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1051:on 2014-02-28
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1022:on 2016-08-09
1018:
1014:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
982:
978:
972:
957:
950:
944:
942:
940:
925:
924:Tilastokeskus
921:
915:
909:
908:
903:
898:
884:
880:
874:
859:
855:
849:
835:on 2021-05-16
834:
830:
826:
825:"Frontpage -"
820:
806:
802:
796:
780:
776:
772:
766:
750:
746:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
711:
704:
698:
694:
685:
682:
681:
675:
672:
667:
663:
660:
655:
647:
643:
640:
639:socioeconomic
636:
631:
627:
626:Health equity
620:Health equity
617:
613:
611:
610:Infopankki.fi
607:
603:
599:
589:
585:
582:
575:
571:
567:
557:
554:
550:
548:
544:
534:
532:
527:
524:
514:
510:
508:
503:
499:
495:
494:Physiotherapy
481:
477:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
449:
446:
442:
438:
437:out-of-pocket
428:
426:
416:
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
330:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
303:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
226:
221:
209:Health status
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
172:breast cancer
169:
161:
157:
153:
151:
150:typhoid fever
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
108:welfare state
100:
91:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
46:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2726:Transnistria
2515:
2376:Bibliography
2293:The Kalevala
2292:
2267:Coat of arms
2252:Architecture
2201:
2187:Demographics
2111:Nordic model
2085:Central bank
2007:Human rights
1987:Constitution
1666:(in Finnish)
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1627:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1449:(1): 10–21.
1446:
1442:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1292:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1213:(in Finnish)
1210:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1044:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1012:
984:. Retrieved
980:
971:
960:. Retrieved
955:
927:. Retrieved
923:
914:
905:
897:
886:. Retrieved
882:
873:
861:. Retrieved
857:
848:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
829:Soteuudistus
828:
819:
808:. Retrieved
804:
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
775:Arno Forsius
774:
765:
753:. Retrieved
751:(in Finnish)
748:
714:. Retrieved
709:
697:
668:
664:
656:
653:
644:
633:
614:
595:
586:
577:
551:
545:, including
540:
528:
520:
511:
491:
473:
471:
455:
441:out-patients
434:
421:
393:
345:
336:Primary care
334:
320:
309:
297:
286:
274:
259:
238:medical care
231:
203:
188:
177:
170:for men and
165:
139:
123:tuberculosis
120:
105:
81:
67:
54:
53:
43:October 2022
40:
32:
15:
2764:Isle of Man
2699:recognition
2673:Switzerland
2608:Netherlands
2080:Agriculture
1924:Urban areas
1828:Lapland War
1793:Grand Duchy
1788:Finnish War
1692:Legislation
1164:October 31,
671:antibiotics
669:The use of
541:Outpatient
2643:San Marino
2603:Montenegro
2583:Luxembourg
2563:Kazakhstan
2466:Azerbaijan
2287:Literature
2202:Healthcare
2039:Parliament
2002:Government
1818:Winter War
1771:Cudgel War
1761:Prehistory
1609:2011-12-13
1585:2011-12-13
1561:2011-12-13
1537:2023-01-17
1384:2014-09-06
1335:2011-12-15
1306:2011-12-15
1271:2021-11-01
1247:2011-12-13
1192:2012-02-15
1140:2011-12-15
1111:2014-09-04
1102:"About us"
1086:27 January
1055:2011-12-15
1026:2016-06-17
986:2011-12-15
962:2011-12-15
929:2014-09-06
888:2014-09-04
839:2021-11-01
810:2021-11-01
690:References
624:See also:
564:See also:
331:, Helsinki
262:physicians
234:healthcare
195:Arvo Ylppö
160:Arvo Ylppö
2754:Gibraltar
2578:Lithuania
2311:Mythology
2207:Languages
2192:Education
2146:Transport
2049:President
2012:Judiciary
1992:Elections
1949:Jyväskylä
1902:Provinces
1855:Geography
1808:Civil War
1506:1530-5627
1465:1798-0798
1217:August 3,
863:August 3,
785:August 3,
755:August 3,
716:March 29,
498:dentistry
431:User fees
146:dysentery
2805:Category
2774:Svalbard
2759:Guernsey
2706:Abkhazia
2658:Slovenia
2653:Slovakia
2628:Portugal
2486:Bulgaria
2385:Category
2282:Folklore
2224:Religion
2172:Abortion
2131:Taxation
2121:Startups
2101:Industry
2027:Military
1970:Politics
1956:Wildlife
1929:Helsinki
1745:articles
1576:"Health"
1556:YLE News
1532:Fincchta
1514:32329654
1421:27121026
678:See also
581:e-Health
445:per diem
427:system.
368:Helsinki
232:Finnish
184:Helsinki
2683:Ukraine
2633:Romania
2593:Moldova
2551:Ireland
2546:Iceland
2541:Hungary
2531:Germany
2526:Georgia
2516:Finland
2511:Estonia
2506:Denmark
2491:Croatia
2476:Belgium
2471:Belarus
2461:Austria
2456:Armenia
2451:Andorra
2446:Albania
2362:Outline
2272:Cuisine
2239:Culture
2217:Swedish
2212:Finnish
2160:Society
2141:Tourism
2068:Economy
1934:Tampere
1907:Regions
1882:Islands
1877:Geology
1753:History
1741:Finland
1646:May 28,
400:Finnish
376:Tampere
360:Swedish
352:Finnish
282:measles
127:leprosy
94:History
69:Finland
33:updated
2769:Jersey
2711:Kosovo
2678:Turkey
2668:Sweden
2648:Serbia
2638:Russia
2623:Poland
2618:Norway
2598:Monaco
2568:Latvia
2536:Greece
2521:France
2496:Cyprus
2390:Portal
2262:Cinema
2247:Anthem
2099:
2090:Energy
1919:Rivers
1743:
1512:
1504:
1463:
1419:
1357:
958:. 2011
712:. 2000
635:Equity
572:, and
398:(THL,
382:, and
380:Kuopio
270:nurses
142:famine
2744:Ă…land
2663:Spain
2588:Malta
2558:Italy
2369:Index
2338:Sport
2333:Sauna
2306:Music
2301:Media
2197:Finns
2177:Crime
1939:Turku
1912:Ă…land
1887:Lakes
1637:(PDF)
1379:Kanta
1300:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
1013:SITRA
1009:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
706:(PDF)
372:Turku
135:Turku
131:Själö
2277:Flag
2032:NATO
1944:Oulu
1648:2020
1510:PMID
1502:ISSN
1461:ISSN
1417:PMID
1355:ISBN
1219:2015
1166:2021
1088:2016
956:OECD
865:2015
858:OECD
787:2015
757:2015
718:2020
628:and
523:KELA
507:KELA
500:and
459:OECD
435:The
394:The
384:Oulu
346:For
255:OECD
249:and
148:and
125:and
2257:Art
2017:Law
1641:THL
1492:doi
1451:doi
1409:doi
1106:THL
883:WHO
2807::
1639:.
1602:.
1578:.
1554:.
1530:.
1508:.
1500:.
1488:26
1486:.
1482:.
1459:.
1447:12
1445:.
1441:.
1429:^
1415:.
1405:22
1403:.
1377:.
1323:.
1291:.
1264:.
1235:.
1209:.
1185:.
1157:.
1128:.
1104:.
1043:.
1011:.
995:^
979:.
954:.
938:^
922:.
904:,
881:.
856:.
827:.
803:.
773:.
747:.
726:^
708:.
612:.
568:,
509:.
496:,
402::
378:,
374:,
370:,
362::
358:,
354::
284:.
152:.
88:EU
2424:e
2417:t
2410:v
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
1650:.
1612:.
1588:.
1564:.
1540:.
1516:.
1494::
1467:.
1453::
1423:.
1411::
1387:.
1363:.
1338:.
1309:.
1274:.
1250:.
1221:.
1195:.
1168:.
1143:.
1114:.
1090:.
1058:.
1029:.
989:.
965:.
932:.
891:.
867:.
842:.
813:.
789:.
759:.
720:.
45:)
41:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
