Universal health care

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over 1 billion individuals globally. Additionally, in the year 2019, it was found that 2 billion people experienced financial difficulties due to health expenses, with ongoing, significant disparities in coverage. The report suggests several strategies to mitigate these challenges: it calls for the acceleration of essential health services, sustained attention to infectious disease management, improvement in health workforce and infrastructure, the elimination of financial barriers to care, an increase in pre-paid and pooled health financing, policy initiatives to curtail OOP expenses, a focus on primary healthcare to reinforce overall health systems, and the fortification of collaborative efforts to achieve UHC. These measures aim to increase health service coverage by an additional 477 million individuals by the year 2023 and to continue progress towards covering an extra billion people by the 2030 deadline.

1137: 1122: 1404: 1337:, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for the provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds, or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan. 250: 1152: 106: 718: 772: 736: 232: 160: 1231:, effectively a single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition, but without a compensation pool. That resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering much less expensive health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market, which then made higher profits at VHI's expense. The government later reintroduced community rating by a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, withdrew from the Irish market. 790: 520: 3198:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 1544: 1603: 610: 1432:

legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually, some costs are borne by the patient at the time of consumption, but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care.

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the American values of individual choice and personal responsibility; it would raise healthcare expenditures due to the high cost of implementation that the United States government supposedly cannot pay; and represents unnecessary government overreach into the lives of American citizens, healthcare, the health insurance industry, and employers' rights to choose what health coverage they want to offer to their employees.

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pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there is no advantage in eliminating people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but they compete mainly on price and service. In some countries, the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified.

682: 466: 4141: 1268:). In some instances, such as Italy and Spain, both these realities may exist at the same time. "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system. 1428:

regulated rates, through mutual or publicly owned medical insurers. A few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, operate via privately owned but heavily regulated private insurers, which are not allowed to make a profit from the mandatory element of insurance but can profit by selling supplemental insurance.

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involvement in the running of these plans. Community-based health insurance generally only play a limited role in helping countries move towards universal health coverage. Challenges includes inequitable access by the poorest that health service utilization of members generally increase after enrollment.

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Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through

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Universal health care systems vary according to the degree of government involvement in providing care or health insurance. In some countries, such as Canada, the UK, Italy, Australia, and the Nordic countries, the government has a high degree of involvement in the commissioning or delivery of health

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indicates that the advancement towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030 has not progressed since 2015. The UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI) has remained constant at a score of 68 from 2019 to 2021. It is reported that catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures have impacted

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This is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, but sometimes the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of multiple public and private funds providing a standard service (as in Germany) or sometimes just a single public fund (as in the

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Universal healthcare does not imply coverage for all cases and for all people – only that all people have access to healthcare when and where needed without financial hardship. Some universal healthcare systems are government-funded, while others are based on a requirement that all citizens purchase

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Critics of universal healthcare say that it leads to longer wait times and a decrease in the quality of healthcare. Critics of implementing universal healthcare in the United States say that it would require healthy people to pay for the medical care of unhealthy people, which they say goes against

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protection mechanisms have only a limited impact, is community-based health insurance. Individual members of a specific community pay to a collective health fund which they can draw from when they need medical care. Contributions are not risk-related and there is generally a high level of community

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sickness funds. Contributions are compulsory and defined according to law. A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of the healthcare is funded by the municipality, specialty healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a

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Sometimes, the health funds are derived from a mixture of insurance premiums, salary-related mandatory contributions by employees or employers to regulated sickness funds, and by government taxes. These insurance based systems tend to reimburse private or public medical providers, often at heavily

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in 2003 published an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries, nine universal systems against one non-universal system (the United States), and their relative costs and key health outcomes. A wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with

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is overcome by using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus, a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the

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revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific charge (which may be charged to the individual or an employer) or with the option of private payments (by direct or optional insurance) for services beyond those covered by the public system. Almost all

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introduced a tax-payer funded decentralised universal healthcare system as well as comprehensive public and private health insurances that helped reduce mortality rates drastically and improved healthcare infrastructure across the country dramatically. A 2012 study examined progress being made by

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In private health insurance, premiums are paid directly from employers, associations, individuals and families to insurance companies, which pool risks across their membership base. Private insurance includes policies sold by commercial for-profit firms, non-profit companies and community health

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Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single-payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance or by limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary

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in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from

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described universal health coverage as the "single most powerful concept that public health has to offer" since it unifies "services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way". One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of

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Universal and comprehensive health insurance was debated at intervals all through the Second World War, and in 1946 such a bill was voted in Parliament. For financial and other reasons, its promulgation was delayed until 1955, at which time coverage was extended to include drugs and sickness

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care services and access is based on residence rights, not on the purchase of insurance. Others have a much more pluralistic delivery system, based on obligatory health with contributory insurance rates related to salaries or income and usually funded by employers and beneficiaries jointly.

1180:, Spain, Denmark and Sweden). Some nations, such as Germany, France, and Japan, employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions. However, much of the non-government funding comes from contributions from employers and employees to regulated 2075:{{cite web Greco, S., Putans, R., & Springe, L. (2022). Antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance in developing countries: Health economics, global governance, and sustainable development goals. In Antimicrobial Resistance: Collaborative Measures of Control (pp. 113-140). CRC Press. 956:

built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000. Single payer healthcare systems were introduced in

1358:. In the Netherlands, which has regulated competition for its main insurance system (but is subject to a budget cap), insurers must cover a basic package for all enrollees, but may choose which additional services they offer in supplementary plans; which most people possess . 1435:

A critical concept in the delivery of universal healthcare is that of population healthcare. This is a way of organizing the delivery, and allocating resources, of healthcare (and potentially social care) based on populations in a given geography with a common need (such as

1448:). Rather than focus on institutions such as hospitals, primary care, community care etc. the system focuses on the population with a common as a whole. This includes people currently being treated, and those that are not being treated but should be (i.e. where there is 1349:

In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes certain health conditions that are expensive and the state health care system can provide coverage. For example, in the United Kingdom, one of the largest private health care providers is

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In tax-based financing, individuals contribute to the provision of health services through various taxes. These are typically pooled across the whole population unless local governments raise and retain tax revenues. Some countries (notably

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member states have agreed to work toward worldwide universal health coverage by 2030. Therefore, the inclusion of the universal health coverage (UHC) within the SDGs targets can be related to the reiterated endorsements operated by the WHO.

4096: 3863: 4222: 44:. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes. 1911:"Will Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Lead to the Freedom to Lead Flourishing and Healthy Lives? Comment on "Inequities in the Freedom to Lead a Flourishing and Healthy Life: Issues for Healthy Public Policy"" 3943:“World Health Organization; World Bank. 2023. Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/40348 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.” 4193: 952:

From the 1970s to the 2000s, Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example,

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private health insurance. Universal healthcare can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered. It is described by the

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has also suggested that the country should embrace insurance to achieve universal health coverage. General tax revenue is currently used to meet the essential health requirements of all people.

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In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises and governments are pooled into single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. This is based on

1125: 1313:) choose to fund public health care directly from taxation alone. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via 3463: 3448: 2701:

Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low-income countries?".

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established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe.

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Currently, most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the

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costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations, or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as was the case in

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opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health. Critics say that universal healthcare leads to longer wait times and worse quality healthcare.

3864:"International health comparisons: a compendium of published information on healthcare systems, the provision of health care and health achievement in 10 countries" 1775: 1416: 1156: 1140: 3602: 1234:

In Poland, people are obliged to pay a percentage of the average monthly wage to the state, even if they are covered by private insurance. People working under a

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Serner, Uncas (1980). "Swedish health legislation: milestones in reorganisation since 1945". In Heidenheimer, Arnold J.; Elvander, Nils; Hultén, Charly (eds.).

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found that universal health care systems are modestly redistributive and that the progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall

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pay a percentage of their wage, while entrepreneurs pay a fixed rate, based on the average national wage. Unemployed people are insured by the labor office.

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Most contemporary studies posit that a single payer universal healthcare system would benefit the United States. According to a 2020 study published in

4172:(November 15, 2010). New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. Report on the feasibility of establishing the systems and institutions needed to pursue UHC. 3758:"Inequitable Access to Health Care by the Poor in Community-Based Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Studies From Low- and Middle-Income Countries" 1091:

is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. The only forms of government-provided healthcare available are

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larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and medications are paid for by a state agency. A paper by Sherry A. Glied from

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In some European countries where private insurance and universal health care coexist, such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, the problem of

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found that a single-payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $ 100 billion in medical costs during the

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introduced a universal healthcare system based on an insurance mandate in 1994. In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some

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European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions. Most universal health care systems are funded primarily by

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provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The

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arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected.

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retained and reformed its universal health care system, as did other now-independent former Soviet republics and Eastern bloc countries.

820: 3381: 2679: 2915: 4203: 4112: 1667: 1136: 3242:. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Archived from 2275: 2856: 2104: 869:, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal 52:

as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship. Then-Director General of the WHO

1677: 1516: 1460: 1354:, which has a long list of general exclusions even in its highest coverage policy, most of which are routinely provided by the 3672:"Health and life cover: Health care select 1: Key features of this health insurance plan: What's covered? What's not covered?" 4145: 2899: 2663: 2626: 2597: 2575: 2543: 2521: 2489: 2384: 2352: 2323: 2287: 2179: 1860: 4012:"Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic" 3892:. Copenhagen: World Health Organization on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Archived from 3151: 2482:

Growth to limits: the Western European welfare states since World War II, Vol. 4 Appendix (synopses, bibliographies, tables)

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Since 2 July 1956 the entire population of Norway has been included under the obligatory health national insurance program.

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insurers. Generally, private insurance is voluntary in contrast to social insurance programs, which tend to be compulsory.

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region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage, including

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Galvani, Alison P; Parpia, Alyssa S; Foster, Eric M; Singer, Burton H; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C (February 13, 2020).

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Countries with social security programs in operation, January 1, 1955, by type of program and date of legislation

4156: 2993: 1265: 4237: 3415: 2815:"Towards neo-Bismarckian health care states? Comparing health insurance reforms in Bismarckian welfare systems" 1960:"Universal health coverage from multiple perspectives: a synthesis of conceptual literature and global debates" 1398: 835:

introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following the

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Closing the door to destitution: the shaping of the Social Security Acts of the United States and New Zealand

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in 1920. However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered.

819:, was the first form of universal care in modern times. Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the 2165: 1800: 1256:

Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all

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in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. A public healthcare system was introduced in

2753: 2171: 1730: 1566: 1522: 615: 3269: 1403: 4297: 4247: 4242: 4169: 4131: 2772: 2457:. DHEW publication ; no. (NIH) 77-673. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 43–44. 2105:"Chapter 5. Reorganizing the Health Care System in Brazil: International Development Research Centre" 1785: 1481: 1465: 1209: 1202: 929:

introduced their universal healthcare systems in 1950 and 1957 respectively (prior to independence).

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Percentage of population covered under national health programs , selected countries , 1955 and 1970

4187: 2255: 4277: 4252: 1092: 507: 4181: 3628: 3464:"Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: an essay on the economics of imperfect information" 3649: 3401:"Competition among social health insurers: a case study for the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany" 1810: 1408: 1355: 1251: 1144: 870: 633: 381: 111: 3440: 3235:

Bentes, Margarida; Dias, Carlos Matias; Sakellarides, Sakellarides; Bankauskaite, Vaida (2004).

2943:"Universal health insurance coverage for 1.3 billion people: What accounts for China's success?" 2087: 4307: 4282: 3706: 1720: 1562: 1163:

Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by a mixed model of funding. General

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Chicago: PNHP. A group of physicians and health professionals who support single-payer reform.

3521:"How adverse election affects the health insurance market. Policy Research Working Paper 2574" 2614: 2531: 2477: 2340: 4292: 4257: 3141:, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14, accessed 2007-10-22 2889: 2653: 2585: 2311: 2242: 2237:"OECD Reviews of Health Systems OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Russian Federation 2012": 38. 1116: 1104: 399: 345: 309: 291: 165: 147: 129: 2536:

Parting at the crossroads: the emergence of health insurance in the United States and Canada

2431:(3rd ed.). Oslo: Norwegian Joint Committee on International Social Policy. p. 23. 2196: 4262: 4127: 4023: 1663: 946: 921:

countries. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969.

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System that grants access to healthcare to all residents or citizens of a country or region

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Washington, D.C.: Results for Development Institute. Portal on universal health coverage.

3918: 3545: 1820: 1815: 1286: 1235: 1224: 1151: 854:, a universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1938 to 1941. In 687: 471: 453: 255: 4027: 2022: 1472:, but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care. 4059: 4046: 4011: 3992: 3979: 3954: 3839: 3814: 3790: 3486: 3052: 3019: 2969: 2942: 2795: 2050: 1994: 1959: 1935: 1910: 1888: 1790: 1469: 836: 37: 3970: 3187: 2714: 4063: 4051: 3996: 3984: 3844: 3795: 3777: 3215: 3057: 3039: 3020:"Lessons from Brazil: on the difficulties of building a universal health care system" 2974: 2895: 2863: 2833: 2799: 2791: 2745: 2718: 2659: 2622: 2593: 2571: 2539: 2517: 2485: 2432: 2380: 2348: 2319: 2283: 2219: 2175: 2143: 2108: 1999: 1981: 1940: 1856: 1334: 1216: 1190: 816: 3219: 2959: 2462: 4041: 4031: 3974: 3966: 3926: 3834: 3826: 3785: 3769: 3478: 3333: 3191: 3047: 3031: 2964: 2954: 2855:

Green, David; Irvine, Benedict; Clarke, Emily; Bidgood, Elliot (January 23, 2013).

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in 2004. In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the

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The world health report: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage

1805: 1453: 1314: 937:(National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in 832: 41: 3569: 1711: 1374: 1282: 840: 828: 812: 65: 3893: 3757: 3243: 2069: 1976: 1132:). For example: 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 4231: 3830: 3781: 3299: 3043: 2749: 2408:. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. p. 7 1985: 1795: 1735: 1449: 1394: 1088: 1016: 807: 53: 4036: 3773: 2276:"Social welfare; Social security; Benefits in kind; National health schemes" 2215: 4055: 3988: 3848: 3799: 3061: 3035: 2978: 2722: 2453:

Gannik, Dorte; Holst, Erik; Wagner, Mardsen (1976). "Primary health care".

2147: 2003: 1944: 1926: 1028: 918: 906: 866: 3298:. Sterling, Virginia: American Medical Student Association. Archived from 2436: 2223: 2076: 1103:(active, reserve, and retired military personnel and dependants), and the 806:

The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in

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Starting year of universal health care. Links are "Healthcare in COUNTRY"

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was created from a revision of this article dated 30 April 2020

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A particular form of private health insurance that has often emerged, if

1290: 1257: 1169: 1073: 986: 978: 851: 3355:"Healthcare vote: Barack Obama passes US health reform by narrow margin" 3267: 3195: 2347:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–65. 1602: 811:

employers' contributions. This social health insurance model, named the

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Catalyzing Change: The System Reform Costs of Universal Health Coverage

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Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)

1750: 1658: 1485: 1181: 1147:. For example: $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 859: 3705:. New Delhi: Society for Environmental Communications. Archived from 3211: 2124:"Transforming Turkey's Health System--Lessons for Universal Coverage" 1326: 1069: 1020: 994: 938: 855: 40:

in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured

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Varshney, Vibha; Gupta, Alok; Pallavi, Aparna (September 30, 2012).

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Health services in Norway. English version by Dorothy Burton Skårdal

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which has the largest universal health care system in the world and

3919:"Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report" 3559:"Social Health Insurance Report of a Regional Expert Group Meeting" 3338: 3325: 1866: 1302: 1173: 1164: 1096: 1002: 962: 3930: 3234: 3208:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

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Taylor, Malcolm G. (1990). "Saskatchewan medical care insurance".

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MEDICC Review: International Journal of Cuban Health and Medicine

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Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle

2680:"Austerity and the Unraveling of European Universal Health Care" 4140: 3131: 1691: 1437: 1329:. The social health insurance model is also referred to as the 1298: 1155:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

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Saltman, Richard B.; Busse, Reinhard; Figueras, Josep (eds.).

3091:"Developing Countries Strive to Provide Universal Health Care" 1958:

Abiiro, Gilbert Abotisem; De Allegri, Manuela (July 4, 2015).

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World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia

2043: 1306: 1294: 1278: 1177: 1065: 1049: 1044: 1032: 970: 930: 910: 898: 1095:(for elderly patients as well as people with disabilities), 4010:

Galvani, Alison P.; Parpia, Alyssa S.; et al. (2022).

3382:"Switzerland – a case study in consumer driven health care" 3183: 2615:"Protection of childhood and motherhood in the countryside" 2590:

National health systems of the world: Volume II: The issues

1672: 1412: 1351: 1061: 982: 917:. Centralized public healthcare systems were set up in the 2916:"WHO - Rocky road from the Semashko to a new health model" 2538:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 121–22. 1107:(members of federally recognized Native American tribes). 3952: 3152:"The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States" 3132:

Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations

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Umeh, Chukwuemeka A.; Feeley, Frank G. (June 27, 2017).

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List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

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List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

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Rothschild, Michael; Stiglitz, Joseph (November 1976).

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Hassenteufel, Patrick; Palier, Bruno (December 2007).

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Rural women in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia

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Insuring national health care: the Canadian experience

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Varkevisser, Marco; van der Geest, Stéphanie (2002).

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International Journal of Health Policy and Management

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which improved coverage up to 80% of the population.

897:(1964). Universal health insurance was introduced in 4198:

Information on health coverage in various countries

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Gray, M.; Pitini, E.; Kelley, T.; Bacon, N. (2017).

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Kuhnle, Stein; Hort, Sven E.O. (September 1, 2004).

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Rowland, Diane; Telyukov, Alexandre V. (Fall 1991).

1687: 945:, which led to universal coverage under the current 3955:"Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA" 3648:. Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from 3618:"Social health insurance systems in western Europe" 3272:. Chicago: Physicians for a National Health Program 3112:"Universal Healthcare on the rise in Latin America" 2282:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1368: 873:. Universal health care was next introduced in the 3461: 2812: 2568:Health care in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 2269: 2267: 2265: 862:introduced a free public hospital system in 1946. 3268:Physicians for a National Health Program (2004). 3179: 3177: 2452: 1381: 1048:these countries, focusing on nine in particular: 4229: 3615: 3392: 2475: 1957: 3885:Grosse-Tebbe, Susanne; Figueras, Josep (2004). 3455: 2592:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 94. 2262: 2194: 1849:World Health Organization (November 22, 2010). 1227:at one time had a "community rating" system by 841:fully public and centralized health care system 3326:"Health Care Financing, Efficiency and Equity" 3230: 3228: 3174: 2484:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 137–40. 1771:List of countries by health insurance coverage 905:through stages, starting with the province of 4009: 3690: 3237:"Health care systems in transition: Portugal" 2728: 2379:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 103. 1766:Healthcare reform debate in the United States 1666:would save 68,000 lives and $ 450 billion in 1551:The examples and perspective in this section 4288:Health Resources and Services Administration 3346: 2652:Perrin, Karen (Kay) M. (September 8, 2016). 2505: 2088:Foreign Countries with Universal Health Care 1781:List of countries with universal health care 1464:universal health care, was published by the 1388:List of countries with universal health care 1008:Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, 79:List of countries with universal health care 4152:WHO fact sheet on universal health coverage 3408:Research in Healthcare Financial Management 3225: 2891:Health-Care Reform: A Surgeon'S Perspective 2770: 2729:Busse, Reinhard; Riesberg, Annette (2004). 2303: 1531:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3862:National Audit Office (February 1, 2003). 3755: 3512: 3317: 2771:Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). 2403: 2338: 2273: 1844: 1842: 1569:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1320: 1143:. Public and private spending. US dollars 4045: 4035: 3978: 3838: 3789: 3664: 3595:"Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models" 3337: 3284: 3261: 3051: 2968: 2958: 2672: 2476:Alestalo, Matti; Uusitalo, Hannu (1987). 2197:"Soviet Healthcare From Two Perspectives" 1993: 1975: 1964:BMC International Health and Human Rights 1934: 1640:Learn how and when to remove this message 1585:Learn how and when to remove this message 4176:Physicians for a National Health Program 4123:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4106: 3878: 3855: 3819:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3638: 3599:Physicians for a National Health Program 2612: 2377:The shaping of the Swedish health system 2309: 1908: 1670:annually. A 2022 study published in the 1492: 1402: 1150: 1135: 1120: 3605:from the original on February 13, 2024. 3352: 2694: 2469: 2446: 2397: 2163: 2077:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003313175}} 1839: 1456:and a more effective use of resources. 1196: 4230: 3451:from the original on December 4, 2023. 3017: 2888:Hilmy, Ashraf A. (November 14, 2012). 2651: 2583: 2529: 2511: 2420: 2374: 2368: 2121: 2023:"Universal Health Care Topic Overview" 1678:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 1271: 3726: 3724: 3518: 3323: 3089:Eagle, William (September 20, 2012). 3088: 2991: 2887: 2647: 2645: 2565: 2455:The national health system in Denmark 2426: 2159: 2157: 2081: 1855:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 3291:Chua, Kao-Ping (February 10, 2006). 3290: 3201: 2780:International Social Security Review 2621:. New York: Routledge. p. 167. 2559: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1596: 1537: 1496: 1407:Health spending per capita, in US$ 1340: 1015:Beyond the 1990s, many countries in 3762:Global Health: Science and Practice 3353:Tomasky, Michael (March 21, 2010). 3162:from the original on April 23, 2018 3125: 2994:"In Brazil, health care is a right" 2992:Gómez, Eduardo J. (July 13, 2012). 2658:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2566:Kaser, Michael (1976). "The USSR". 2115: 2107:. February 11, 2008. Archived from 2092:New York State Department of Health 1909:Matheson, Don * (January 1, 2015). 1476:Overview of Health Coverage Reports 1386:For a more comprehensive list, see 13: 4212:", - Statistics Explained eurostat 4210:Unmet health care needs statistics 4093: 3923:Tracking Universal Health Coverage 3732:"Community based health insurance" 3721: 3188:Health resources - Health spending 2940: 2822:Social Policy & Administration 2642: 2586:"Social security for medical care" 2154: 1726:Cultural competence in health care 1212:is based on compulsory insurance. 14: 4319: 4074: 2862:. London: Civitas. Archived from 2738:Health Care Systems in Transition 2532:"The 1960s: the political battle" 2051:"Universal health coverage (UHC)" 2010: 1889:"Universal health coverage (UHC)" 1512:This section has multiple issues. 1110: 4139: 4105: 3815:"Managing population healthcare" 3076:"India | Commonwealth Fund" 2834:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00573.x 2792:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x 2345:A concise history of New Zealand 1704: 1690: 1601: 1542: 1501: 1369:Community-based health insurance 1141:Total healthcare cost per person 788: 770: 752: 734: 716: 698: 680: 662: 644: 626: 608: 590: 572: 554: 536: 518: 500: 482: 464: 446: 428: 410: 392: 374: 356: 338: 320: 302: 284: 266: 248: 230: 212: 194: 176: 158: 140: 122: 104: 4157:Achieving Universal Health Care 4003: 3946: 3937: 3911: 3866:. London: National Audit Office 3806: 3749: 3609: 3587: 3551: 3538: 3433: 3379: 3373: 3324:Glied, Sherry A. (March 2008). 3144: 3104: 3082: 3068: 3011: 2985: 2960:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.07.008 2934: 2908: 2881: 2655:Principles of Health Navigation 2280:The new Encyclopædia Britannica 2230: 2188: 1668:national healthcare expenditure 1520:or discuss these issues on the 1264:before the introduction of the 1245: 3674:. London: Bupa. Archived from 3548:", Merriam Webster Dictionary. 3526:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank 3471:Quarterly Journal of Economics 3270:"International health systems" 2341:"Making New Zealand 1930–1949" 2097: 1951: 1902: 1881: 1415:countries. For later data see 1399:Health care systems by country 1382:Implementation and comparisons 1157:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 1: 3971:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3 2857:"Healthcare systems: Germany" 2715:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X 2703:Social Science & Medicine 2584:Roemer, Milton Irwin (1993). 2339:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2170:. Santa Barbara, California: 1832: 1826:Universal Health Coverage Day 1099:(for low-income people), the 62:Sustainable Development Goals 3330:NBER Working Paper No. 13881 2613:Denisova, Liubov N. (2010). 1756:Health insurance cooperative 1452:). This approach encourages 1363:Planning Commission of India 1085:National Academy of Medicine 935:Servizio Sanitario Nazionale 7: 4184:, World Health Organization 3568:. June 2003. Archived from 3519:Belli, Paolo (March 2001). 2617:. In Mukhina, Irina (ed.). 1801:Publicly funded health care 1683: 1565:, discuss the issue on the 1242:price between individuals. 915:Egyptian revolution of 1952 825:National Insurance Act 1911 10: 4324: 3441:"Ubezpieczenie dobrowolne" 3414:(1): 65–84. Archived from 2312:"Two Social Security Acts" 2310:Richards, Raymond (1993). 2274:Abel-Smith, Brian (1987). 2172:Greenwood Publishing Group 1731:Euro Health Consumer Index 1392: 1385: 1266:Health and Social Care Act 1249: 1200: 1126:Health spending by country 1114: 815:after Prussian Chancellor 76: 72: 3625:World Health Organization 2480:. In Flora, Peter (ed.). 2164:Butticè, Claudio (2019). 2055:World Health Organization 1977:10.1186/s12914-015-0056-9 1786:National health insurance 1480:The 2023 report from the 1466:World Health Organization 1411:-adjusted, among various 1210:Healthcare in Switzerland 1203:National health insurance 50:World Health Organization 26:universal health coverage 3831:10.1177/0141076817721099 3699:"Universal health scare" 3024:Journal of Global Health 3018:Muzaka, Valbona (2017). 2530:Maioni, Antonia (1998). 2463:2027/pur1.32754081249264 4037:10.1073/pnas.2200536119 3774:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00286 2216:10.1377/hlthaff.10.3.71 1811:Single-payer healthcare 1409:purchasing power parity 1356:National Health Service 1321:Social health insurance 1252:Single-payer healthcare 871:National Health Service 4101: 4081:Listen to this article 3925:. September 18, 2023. 3361:. London: The Guardian 3359:Michael Tomasky's blog 3156:cthealth.server101.com 3036:10.7189/jogh.07.010303 2392:compensation, as well. 2250:Cite journal requires 1927:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.09 1721:Acronyms in healthcare 1420: 1160: 1148: 1133: 1130:Gross domestic product 1101:Military Health System 4238:Universal health care 4100: 3899:on September 26, 2007 3709:on September 20, 2012 2167:Universal Health Care 2111:on February 11, 2008. 1493:Criticism and support 1461:National Audit Office 1406: 1208:Canadian provinces). 1154: 1139: 1124: 1117:Health care economics 1105:Indian Health Service 985:countries, including 42:access to health care 22:Universal health care 4148:at Wikimedia Commons 4146:Universal healthcare 4132:More spoken articles 3447:. January 22, 2024. 2427:Evang, Karl (1970). 2140:10.1056/NEJMp1410433 1664:Medicare for All Act 1563:improve this section 1553:may not represent a 1197:Compulsory insurance 778:United Arab Emirates 4268:Health care quality 4182:Primary health care 4028:2022PNAS..11900536G 4022:(25): e2200536119. 3500:on October 20, 2017 3305:on October 24, 2006 3249:on January 26, 2010 3210:. May 26, 2017. By 3196:10.1787/8643de7e-en 2922:on October 18, 2014 2174:. pp. 20, 25. 2057:. December 12, 2016 1821:Two-tier healthcare 1816:Socialized medicine 1459:The United Kingdom 1333:, after Chancellor 1272:Tax-based financing 1236:employment contract 1225:Republic of Ireland 1187:Columbia University 843:was established in 85: 4102: 3965:(10223): 524–533. 3652:on October 9, 2010 3634:on March 31, 2022. 3293:"Single payer 101" 3137:2007-08-18 at the 2869:on October 5, 2013 2682:. Dissent Magazine 1869:on August 20, 2010 1791:Primary healthcare 1614:. 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Percent of GDP ( 949:system from 1984. 837:Russian Revolution 83: 38:health care system 30:universal coverage 4144:Media related to 4098: 3575:on March 18, 2017 3216:Our World in Data 2901:978-1-4759-5231-5 2843:on April 12, 2019 2759:on March 21, 2020 2665:978-1-284-09076-5 2628:978-0-203-84684-1 2599:978-0-19-507845-9 2577:978-0-89158-604-3 2545:978-0-691-05796-5 2523:978-0-8078-1934-0 2491:978-3-11-011133-0 2386:978-0-312-71627-1 2354:978-1-107-40217-1 2325:978-0-271-02665-7 2289:978-0-85229-443-7 2181:978-1-4408-6844-3 1862:978-92-4-156402-1 1650: 1649: 1642: 1632: 1631: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1535: 1341:Private insurance 1335:Otto von Bismarck 1217:adverse selection 1191:income inequality 941:in 1975 with the 817:Otto von Bismarck 804: 803: 4315: 4298:Health education 4248:Health insurance 4243:Health economics 4143: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4039: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3982: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3678:on April 9, 2010 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3627:. 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Archived from 1846: 1746:Health promotion 1714: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1698:Economics portal 1695: 1694: 1645: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1605: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1527: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1311:Nordic countries 1087:and others, the 901:in 1961, and in 875:Nordic countries 793: 792: 791: 775: 774: 773: 757: 756: 755: 739: 738: 737: 721: 720: 719: 703: 702: 701: 685: 684: 683: 667: 666: 665: 649: 648: 647: 631: 630: 629: 613: 612: 611: 595: 594: 593: 577: 576: 575: 559: 558: 557: 541: 540: 539: 523: 522: 521: 505: 504: 503: 487: 486: 485: 469: 468: 467: 451: 450: 449: 433: 432: 431: 415: 414: 413: 397: 396: 395: 379: 378: 377: 361: 360: 359: 343: 342: 341: 325: 324: 323: 307: 306: 305: 289: 288: 287: 271: 270: 269: 253: 252: 251: 235: 234: 233: 217: 216: 215: 199: 198: 197: 181: 180: 179: 163: 162: 161: 145: 144: 143: 127: 126: 125: 109: 108: 107: 86: 82: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4278:Health sciences 4253:Right to health 4228: 4227: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4113:This audio file 4110: 4103: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4008: 4004: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3860: 3856: 3825:(11): 434–439. 3811: 3807: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3483:10.2307/1885326 3466: 3460: 3456: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3421:on May 16, 2013 3418: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3351: 3347: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3206: 3202: 3182: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3139:Wayback Machine 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3078:. 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proposed 1646: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1612:needs expansion 1606: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1478: 1454:integrated care 1450:health inequity 1401: 1391: 1384: 1371: 1343: 1323: 1315:social security 1274: 1254: 1248: 1205: 1199: 1119: 1113: 933:introduced its 858:, the state of 789: 787: 771: 769: 753: 751: 735: 733: 717: 715: 699: 697: 681: 679: 663: 661: 645: 643: 627: 625: 609: 607: 591: 589: 573: 571: 555: 553: 537: 535: 519: 517: 501: 499: 483: 481: 465: 463: 447: 445: 429: 427: 411: 409: 393: 391: 375: 373: 357: 355: 339: 337: 321: 319: 303: 301: 285: 283: 267: 265: 249: 247: 231: 229: 213: 211: 195: 193: 177: 175: 159: 157: 141: 139: 123: 121: 105: 103: 81: 75: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4149: 4125: 4111: 4104: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075:External links 4073: 4070: 4069: 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