Leprosy - Knowledge

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levels, specifically to below one case per 10,000 population". Diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy are effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since multidrug therapy has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. The approach includes supporting an increase in health care professionals who understand the disease, and a coordinated and renewed political commitment that includes coordination between countries and improvements in the methodology for collecting and analysing data.

417: 490: 405: 453: 1961:(צָרַע, – tsaw-rah' – to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός–lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of the skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc....), as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, or discoloration on walls or surfaces throughout homes all, came under the "law of leprosy" (Leviticus 14:54–57). Ancient sources such as the 1364: 2056:, becoming a major health issue, the ecclesiastic leaders of the time discussed how to assist those affected as well as change the attitude of society towards them. They also tried this by using the name "Holy disease" instead of the commonly used "Elephant's disease" (elephantiasis), implying that God did not create this disease to punish people but to purify them for heaven. Although not always successful in persuading the public and a cure was never found by Greek medicians, they created an environment where victims could get 1260:. It appears to be 26% to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. The WHO concluded in 2018 that the BCG vaccine at birth reduces leprosy risk and is recommended in countries with high incidence of TB and people who have leprosy. People living in the same home as a person with leprosy are suggested to take a BCG booster which may improve their immunity by 56%. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing. 429: 2281:

that it is a punishment for sins or moral transgressions (distinct from other diseases and misfortunes, which are in general thought of as being according to the will of God). Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions.

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associated with the disease. Because of this stigma, leprosy can affect a person's participation in social activities and may also affect the lives of their family and friends. People with leprosy are also at a higher risk for problems with their mental well-being. The social stigma may contribute to problems obtaining employment, financial difficulties, and social isolation. Efforts to reduce discrimination and reduce the stigma surrounding leprosy may help improve outcomes for people with leprosy.

979: 49: 441: 2076:(sing. leprosarium) that treated people with leprosy in the 12th and 13th century seems to indicate a rise in cases, possibly in connection with the increase in urbanisation as well as returning crusaders from the Middle East. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosaria during this period. Additionally to the new leprosia, further steps were taken by secular and religious leaders to prevent further spread of the disease. The 1249:

home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.

2033: 1909: 1273: 12191: 1484:. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. 2111: 2052:, whose writings were later embraced by Byzantine and Latin writers. Gregory, for example, did not only compose sermons urging Christians to assist victims of the disease, but also condemned pagans or Christians who justified rejecting lepers on the allegation that God had sent them the disease to punish them. As cases of leprosy increased during these years in the 1698:"at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa to confirm the African origin of the disease". A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered by researchers from the 2232:, known in 1955 as the Louisiana Leper Home, was the only leprosy hospital on the mainland United States. Leprosy patients from all over the United States were sent to Carville in order to be kept in isolation away from the public, as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and stigma against those with leprosy was high (see 1461:(8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, there are parts of the world where leprosy is more common, including Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. About 150 to 250 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. 1621: 291:

the 20 years from 1994 to 2014, 16 million people worldwide were cured of leprosy. About 200 cases per year are reported in the United States. Central Florida accounted for 81% of cases in Florida and nearly 1 out of 5 leprosy cases nationwide. Separating people affected by leprosy by placing them in

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is equated to one thought to have died out in the human population in mediaeval times. Despite this, and speculation regarding past transmission through trade in squirrel furs, there does not seem to be a high risk of squirrel to human transmission from the wild population. Although Leprosy continues

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after multidrug therapy had become widely available in India. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease

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Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions because of its presentation in calendar blister packs. Post-treatment relapse rates remain low. Resistance has been reported in several

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Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the

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Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those affected in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is a disease transmitted by dogs, or that it is associated with sexual promiscuity, or

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observed isolation treatment for leprosy patients first-hand while visiting Norway, applying these methods in British India with the financial and logistical assistance of Protestant missionaries. Colonialist and religious viewpoints of the disease continued to be a major factor in the treatment and

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attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people with leprosy have an increased risk of injuring themselves. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers, toes, and limbs become shortened and deformed as the tissue is absorbed

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Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and

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The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another person infected by leprosy. People who are exposed to a person who has leprosy are 5–8 times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty.

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Approximately 30% of people affected with leprosy experience nerve damage. The nerve damage sustained is reversible when treated early, but becomes permanent when appropriate treatment is delayed by several months. Damage to nerves may cause loss of muscle function, leading to paralysis. It may also

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Leprosy is not highly contagious. People with leprosy can live with their families and go to school and work. In the 1980s, there were 5.2 million cases globally, but by 2020 this decreased to fewer than 200,000. Most new cases occur in 14 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In

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who took care of the lepers due to the still persisting moral stigma and who ran the leprosaria. Although the leprosaria in Western Europe removed the sick from society, they were never a place to quarantine them or from which they could not leave: lepers would go beg for alms for the upkeep of the

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The social perception of leprosy in the general population was in general mixed. On one hand, people feared getting infected with the disease and thought of people suspected of leprosy to be unclean, untrustworthy, and occasionally morally corrupt. On the other hand, Jesus' interaction with lepers,

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is five years. People may begin to notice symptoms within the first year or up to 20 years after infection. The first noticeable sign of leprosy is often the development of pale or pink coloured patches of skin that may be insensitive to temperature or pain. Patches of discolored skin are sometimes

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depicts the title character's mother, Miriam, and younger sister, Tirzah, are imprisoned by the Roman empire. When they are freed years later, they have leprosy and leave town for the Valley of the Lepers, rather than stay and reunite with Ben-Hur. They leave the colony, and when Jesus dies on the

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Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in

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Although leprosy has been curable since the mid-20th century, left untreated it can cause permanent physical impairments and damage to a person's nerves, skin, eyes, and limbs. Despite leprosy not being very infectious and having a low pathogenicity, there is still significant stigma and prejudice

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develop leprosy, and genetic factors are suspected to play a role in susceptibility to an infection. Cases of leprosy often cluster in families and several genetic variants have been identified. In many people who are exposed, the immune system is able to eliminate the leprosy bacteria during the

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Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy? No. The bacillus attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves on fire, thorns, rocks, even hot coffee cups. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss.

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Conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or genetic mutations, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Certain genetic factors in the person exposed have been associated with

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In countries or areas where leprosy is uncommon, such as the United States, diagnosis of leprosy is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes.

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do not develop the disease. Spread is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of a person infected by leprosy. Genetic factors and immune function play a role in how easily a person catches the disease. Leprosy does not spread during pregnancy to the unborn child or

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A goal of the World Health Organization is to "eliminate leprosy" and in 2016 the organization launched "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of leprosy patients in the community to very low

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Despite now effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by poverty. Fears of ostracism, loss of

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fibers in the skin of a person with leprosy are damaged. This damage usually results in hair loss to the area, a loss of the ability to sweat, and numbness (decreased ability to detect sensations such as temperature and touch). Further peripheral nerve damage may result in skin dryness, more

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strains suggests that they were of human origin for at most a few hundred years. Thus, it is suspected that armadillos first acquired the organism incidentally from early European explorers of the Americas. This incidental transmission was sustained in the armadillo population, and it may be

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In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an "untouchable" status that "often persists long after individuals with leprosy have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."

2135:. Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by sex to prevent reproduction. 1213:

in the lesions. In this form of leprosy, Mycobacteria leprae are found in lesions in large numbers. This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy, which occurs with a generalized lesion of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, peripheral nerves, lymph nodes, and internal organs.

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enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898, which mandated the compulsory segregation of people with leprosy by authorities in newly established leper asylums, where they were segregated by sex to prevent sexual activity. The act, which proved difficult to enforce, was repealed in 1983 by the

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in southeast England and dating back to AD 415–545. These findings suggest a different path for the spread of leprosy, meaning it may have originated in Western Eurasia. This study also indicates that there were more strains in Europe at the time than previously determined.

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is set in a leper colony in Belgian Congo. The story is also predominantly about a disillusioned architect working with a doctor on devising new cure and amenities for mutilated victims of lepers; the title, too, refers to the condition of mutilation and disfigurement in the

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by Red Hook Studios, a hero character known as the Leper suffers from this disease. He was once a benevolent king who embraced the sick and downtrodden, but abdicated his throne following an assassination attempt after he was infected to wander the world and marvel at its

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in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. Multi-drug therapy (MDT) combining all three drugs was first recommended by the

1048:(PCR)-based technique. This molecular test alone is not sufficient to diagnose a person, but this approach may be used to identify someone who is at high risk of developing or transmitting leprosy such as those with few lesions or an atypical clinical presentation. 260:

through sexual contact. Leprosy occurs more commonly among people living in poverty. There are two main types of the disease – paucibacillary and multibacillary, which differ in the number of bacteria present. A person with paucibacillary disease has five or fewer

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In 2018, there were 208,619 new cases of leprosy recorded, a slight decrease from 2017. In 2015, 94% of the new leprosy cases were confined to 14 countries. India reported the greatest number of new cases (60% of reported cases), followed by Brazil (13%) and

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in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is typically made without laboratory tests, based on symptoms. If a person has a new leprosy diagnosis and already has a visible disability caused by leprosy, the diagnosis is considered late.

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Duthie MS, Frevol A, Day T, Coler RN, Vergara J, Rolf T, et al. (February 2020). "A phase 1 antigen dose escalation trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the leprosy vaccine candidate LepVax (LEP-F1 + GLA-SE) in healthy adults".

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As the disease became more prevalent in Western Europe in the fifth century, efforts began to set up permanent institutions to house and feed lepers. These efforts were, inclusively, the work of bishops in France at the end of the sixth century, such as in

1835:, the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Hawai'i with a masters in chemistry, discovered how to make the oil water-soluble. This technique led to marked improvements in patients with Hansen's disease who were treated in Hawai'i. 247:

from repeated injuries or infection through unnoticed wounds. An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight. Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but, for some people, symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.

1925:, supplied all endemic countries with free multidrug therapy in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the multidrug therapy manufacturer 2084:

expelled lepers from city limits. Segregation from mainstream society became common, and people with leprosy were often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. As in the East, it was the

390:(additional bacterial or viral infections) can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. A person's immune response differs depending on the form of leprosy. 8838: 1017:. Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness, but muscle weakness without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy. 1472:'s "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") and national (e.g., the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. 1319:

For people with nerve damage, protective footwear may help prevent ulcers and secondary infection. Canvas shoes may be better than PVC boots. There may be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster. Topical

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alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful.

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through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free multidrug therapy by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2025. At the national level,

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do not develop leprosy; casual contact such as shaking hands and sitting next to someone with leprosy does not lead to transmission. People are considered non-infectious 72 hours after starting appropriate multi-drug therapy.

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burden. According to WHO, new cases in India during 2019 diminished to 114,451 patients (57% of the world's total new cases). Until 2019, Indians could justify a petition for divorce with their spouse's diagnosis of leprosy.

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The number of new leprosy cases is difficult to measure and monitor because of leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and lack of medical care in affected areas. The registered

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A novel vaccine called LepVax entered clinical trials in 2017 with the first encouraging results reported on 24 participants published in 2020. If successful, this would be the first leprosy-specific vaccine available.

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numbness, and muscle weaknesses or paralysis in the area affected. The skin can crack and if the skin injuries are not carefully cared for, there is a risk for a secondary infection that can lead to more severe damage.

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For countries where leprosy is endemic, further interventions include an improved screening of close contacts, improved treatment regimens, and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination against people who have

704:. Older research suggested the skin as the main route of transmission, but research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion. 2093:

Multiple groups in western Europe from the middle ages faced social ostracization and discrimination that was justified, in part, due to claims that they were the descendants of lepers. These groups included the

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The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek with Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabians on all Subjects Connected with Medicine and

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Leprosy incidence peaked in the United States in 1983, followed by a steep decline. However, case numbers have been slowly rising again since 2000. In 2020, 159 cases of leprosy were reported in the country.

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This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa.

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and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions do not persist at the site of entry in animals,

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suffers from leprosy. His condition seems to be cured by the magic of the fantasy land he finds himself in, but he resists believing in its reality, for example, by continuing to perform a regular

9734: 1653:(2005) determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. The four strains of 283:

for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy uses the same medications for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the

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that Viserys suffers from "a form of leprosy". Leprosy is not mentioned in the novel, where Viserys instead suffers from various health issues relating to his obesity, including infections and

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is a movie about Pi'ilani, whose husband, Ko'olau, and son, Kalei, contracted Hansen's disease. The family fought those who sought to capture and kill Hawaiians afflicted with Hansen's disease.

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skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. TT is characterized by the formation of

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Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, et al. (May 1982). "Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy".

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tree oil was used topically to manage Hansen's disease for centuries. Chaulmoogra oil could not be taken orally without causing nausea or injected without forming an abscess. In 1915,

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Job CK, Drain V, Truman R, Deming AT, Sanchez RM, Hastings RC (April 1992). "The pathogenesis of leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo and the significance of IgM antibodies to PGL-1".

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the writing of church leaders and the Christian focus on charitable works led to viewing the lepers as "chosen by God" or seeing the disease as a means of obtaining access to heaven.

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from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the

2383:, a Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of 9283: 9017: 7506: 2236:). The Carville leprosarium was known for its innovations in reconstructive surgery for those with leprosy. In 1941, 22 patients at Carville underwent trials for a new drug called 10246: 2817:. Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of 9924: 1888:

was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. The mechanism of plantar ulceration in leprosy and its treatment was first described by

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Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community.

2552:. The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that "there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it." 3825: 2813:. This is believed to be because armadillos have a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the 1645:, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of 3679: 6191: 7763: 10431: 8580: 5502:

Singh N, Manucha V, Bhattacharya SN, Arora VK, Bhatia A (June 2004). "Pitfalls in the cytological classification of borderline leprosy in the Ridley-Jopling scale".

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Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N (February 2012). "Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives".

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and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. Traditional Judaism and Jewish rabbinical authorities, both historical and modern, emphasize that the

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by the 1860s, authorities in the West frequently embraced isolation treatment due to a combination of reasons, including fears of the disease spreading from the

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There is no recommended test to diagnose latent leprosy in people without symptoms. Few people with latent leprosy test positive for anti PGL-1. The presence of

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (n.d.). National Hansen's disease (leprosy) program Retrieved from

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Loughry WJ, Truman RW, McDonough CM, Tilak MK, Garnier S, et al. (2009) "Is leprosy spreading among nine-banded armadillos in the southeastern United States?"

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Merle CS, Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC (February 2010). "BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control".

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as a safety check. Donaldson gained experience with the disease as a young man in India, where his father worked in a missionary for people with leprosy.

8082:[See: Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'Leper; Leprosy'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915. Access-date=6 January 2017 2291: 416: 2000:). The Bible's description of leprosy is congruous (if lacking detail) with the symptoms of modern leprosy, but the relationship between this disease, 1786:

which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs.

1013:). Experiencing sensory loss at the skin lesion is a feature that can help determine if the lesion is caused by leprosy or by another disorder such as 358:; muscle weakness; reddish skin; smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand; loss of sensation in fingers and toes; thickening of 3598: 2321: 1209:, but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Loss of eyebrows and lashes can be seen in advanced disease. LL is characterized by the absence of 1146:. In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are either absent from the lesion or occur in very small numbers. This type of leprosy is most benign. 9756: 2377:

had leprosy from the age of 12 and kept a personal journal that documented her struggles and suffering. It was published as an autobiography in 1923.

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believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope

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An outbreak in chimpanzees in West Africa is showing that the bacteria can infect another species and also possibly have additional rodent hosts.

1770:, originally dating to c. 600 BC but only surviving in emended texts no earlier than the 5th century. They were separately described by 2403:, Norwegian writer whose leprosy is thought to have influenced her poetry, which is characterized by a strong religious faith in God's salvation. 11512: 2670:) to act on his behalf at a probate hearing, but proves to be using the outward trappings of chronic illness to conceal a deadly secret agenda. 5690:

Jardim MR, Antunes SL, Santos AR, Nascimento OJ, Nery JA, Sales AM, et al. (July 2003). "Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy".

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Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the

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Leprosy is not sexually transmitted and is not spread through pregnancy to the unborn child. The majority (95%) of people who are exposed to

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resulted in Westerners coming into increasing contact with regions where the disease was endemic, including British India. English surgeon

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countries, although the number of cases is small. People with rifampicin-resistant leprosy may be treated with second line drugs such as

7785: 3748: 1954:(200 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. 9916: 9532: 7915: 7759: 7437: 7433: 3566: 3463: 2004:, and Hansen's disease has been disputed. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean can be found in a passage from 986:

In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs:

264:, numb skin patches, while a person with multibacillary disease has more than five skin patches. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding 7834: 5801:

Mishra B, Mukherjee A, Girdhar A, Husain S, Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK (1995). "Neuritic leprosy: further progression and significance".

12226: 9371: 4935: 3709: 2652:, is portrayed by wearing a mask to conceal his leprosy. There is no historical account that Baldwin wore a mask to hide his leprosy. 2413:, who used the Japanese fear of her leprosy to listen to their battle plans and deliver the information to the American forces under 1063:

The World Health Organization system distinguishes "paucibacillary" and "multibacillary" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("

6601: 243:, skin, and eyes. This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's 6809: 5480: 2060:

and were never expressly banned from society, as sometimes happened in Western Europe. Theodore Balsamon, a 12th-century jurist in

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affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of multidrug therapy by the WHO.

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to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was recorded over 200 years ago.

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still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law).

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is recommended for all people with leprosy, for six months for paucibacillary leprosy and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy.

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Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission of leprosy is through the upper

10218: 9617:"Recognizing the Leper: Hindu Myth, British Medicine, and the Crisis of Realism in Rudyard Kipling's "The Mark of the Beast"" 9592: 9526: 9441: 9412: 8869: 8785: 8697: 8560: 8462: 8431: 8406: 7622: 7489: 7337: 7299: 7272: 6769: 5589: 5449: 5102: 4701:

Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI (September 2019). "Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation".

4175: 4105: 3917: 3770: 3742: 3438: 3394: 3361: 1790: 9418: 9316: 8610: 4322:

Meredith A, Del Pozo J, Smith S, Milne E, Stevenson K, McLuckie J (September 2014). "Leprosy in red squirrels in Scotland".

1977:

of Leviticus is a spiritual ailment with no direct relationship to Hansen's disease or physical contagions. The relation of

1316:

activity. Evidence on the potential benefits and harms of alternative regimens for drug-resistant leprosy is not available.

9704: 8592: 5042:"Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches" 4925:"What Is Leprosy?"| from News-Medical.Net – Latest Medical News and Research from Around the World. Web. 20 November 2010. 6403:"The impact of leprosy on the mental wellbeing of leprosy-affected persons and their family members - a systematic review" 3648: 1694:, Rajasthan, in northwest India, the discoverers suggest that, if the disease did migrate from Africa to India during the 1059:

Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist. There are similarities between the classification approaches.

10323: 9901: 9349: 9250: 5247: 2564: 11944: 11923: 8718: 5369:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a Potential Point of Care Laboratory Test for Leprosy Diagnosis-A Systematic Review" 2124:

the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking the rate of infection.

11888: 11722: 11027: 10183: 8374: 8093: 7449: 6323: 5944:

Setia MS, Steinmaus C, Ho CS, Rutherford GW (March 2006). "The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis".

3965:"Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease" 3842: 2684:

about a leper colony in Hawaii. This novel follows the story of a seven-year-old girl taken from her family and put on

2591: 1464:

In the 1960s, there were tens of millions of leprosy cases recorded when the bacteria started to develop resistance to

12010: 10148: 10059: 9150: 5015: 4852: 3296: 2960: 2472:

has a story "The Mark of the Beast" in which a traveller on horseback literally stumbles into a leper colony in India.

1171:

may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.

11815: 11535: 10928: 7932: 6155: 2582: 1077:, though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate ("I") entry. 927:

conductance). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been associated with this nerve damage including the presence of a

11790: 11037: 9676: 8343: 7239: 6900: 6835: 10004:"Reprogramming adult Schwann cells to stem cell-like cells by leprosy bacilli promotes dissemination of infection" 4249: 12142: 9646: 9087: 5762:"Three cases of pure neuritic (PN) leprosy at detection in which skin lesions became visible during their course" 3937: 2064:, noted that lepers were allowed to enter the same churches, cities and assemblies that healthy people attended. 1817: 10083:"In vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis" 6689: 6568: 5142: 1993: 11859: 11849: 11756: 10996: 10622: 9468: 8745: 3621: 1989: 1870:, which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis. 1699: 903:

Most leprosy complications are the result of nerve damage. The nerve damage occurs from direct invasion by the

883:

may cause a person to be susceptible to develop leprosy symptoms after exposure to the bacteria. The region of

6754:. World Health Organization technical report series. Vol. 716. World Health Organization. pp. 1–60. 6715: 6106:

Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Unzueta A, Berenise Gámez-González L, González-Saldaña N, Sorensen RU (August 2020).

5420:"The WHO Skin NTD mobile application – a paradigm shift in leprosy diagnosis through Artificial Intelligence?" 4671: 4601:

Alcaïs A, Mira M, Casanova JL, Schurr E, Abel L (February 2005). "Genetic dissection of immunity in leprosy".

1997: 428: 11189: 10880: 10717: 3523:

Rodrigues LC, Lockwood DN (June 2011). "Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps".

2860: 2159: 1931: 1800: 1367: 5733:

Mendiratta V, Khan A, Jain A (2006). "Primary neuritic leprosy: a reappraisal at a tertiary care hospital".

1256:

vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its closely related target of

12122: 11967: 11600: 11356: 11111: 10802: 10732: 6022:

World Health Organization (June 2018). "BCG vaccine: WHO position paper, February 2018 - Recommendations".

3588: 3195:

Schreuder PA, Noto S, Richardus JH (January 2016). "Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century".

2761:

suffers from a debilitating disease where parts of his body develop lesions and slowly rot away over time.

2466: 5287: 907:

bacteria and a person's immune response resulting in inflammation. The molecular mechanism underlying how

12216: 12108: 12014: 11953: 11879: 11106: 10637: 10592: 8938: 2731: 2128: 1900:

The word "leprosy" comes from the Greek word "λέπος (lépos) – skin" and "λεπερός (leperós) – scaly man".

1774:

in 460 BC. However, Hansen's disease probably did not exist in Greece or the Middle East before the

1734:

Literary attestation of leprosy is unclear because of the ambiguity of many early sources, including the

524: 335: 9191: 7548:

Irgens LM (March 2002). "Oppdagelsen av leprabasillen" [The discovery of the leprosy bacillus].

1686:

Skeletal remains discovered in 2009 represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy, dating to the

1355: 1253: 587: 12221: 12181: 11668: 11459: 11179: 9831:"The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases" 7999:"The stigmatization of leprosy in India and its impact on future approaches to elimination and control" 7814:

Japan repealed its "Leprosy Prevention Laws" in 1996, but former patients still reside in sanatoriums.

6659: 6538: 5660: 2839:

Studies have demonstrated that the disease is endemic in the UK red Eurasian squirrel population, with

2617: 1779: 637: 484: 440: 271:

Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy. Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications

231: 141: 9458: 8970:"Explaining a complex disease process: talking to patients about Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Brazil" 7771: 5545:

Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966). "Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system".

2277:

employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment.

11999: 11783: 11717: 11381: 10198: 9187: 9122: 7936: 7789: 6805: 6632: 6575: 6542: 6452:"A systematic review of multi-level stigma interventions: state of the science and future directions" 6327: 4253: 3834: 3129: 2341:

Interventions in the "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world":

1981:

to "leprosy" comes from translations of Hebrew Biblical texts into Greek and ensuing misconceptions.

1856: 1469: 1045: 359: 284: 236: 11504: 10423: 3232:"Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature" 602:

creates difficulty definitively identifying the bacterial organism under a strict interpretation of

334:, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. Leprosy is classified as a 12136: 11800: 11614: 11224: 10870: 10807: 10702: 10334: 5581: 4163: 2633: 1205:, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and 1102: 1081: 20: 9117: 7461: 6105: 4500:"Leprosy in pre-Norman Suffolk, UK: biomolecular and geochemical analysis of the woman from Hoxne" 12038: 12024: 11805: 11634: 11576: 11489: 11184: 10903: 10875: 10505: 8661: 8656: 7734: 7141: 4468: 3160: 2859:

It has been shown that leprosy can reprogram cells in mouse and armadillo models, similar to how

2814: 2753: 2645: 2394: 1350: 1332:

applied to the skin improves skin changes to a greater degree when compared to saline dressings.

505: 489: 386:

accompanied or preceded by nerve problems including numbness or tenderness in the hands or feet.

9118:"The final push strategy to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem: questions and answers" 4958:

Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, Busso P, Rougemont J, Paniz-Mondolfi A, et al. (April 2011).

4279: 3430: 2356:

In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and

12031: 11985: 11933: 11898: 11810: 11761: 11730: 11705: 11464: 11376: 10692: 9761: 8226: 8201: 7171:

Schuenemann VJ, Avanzi C, Krause-Kyora B, Seitz A, Herbig A, Inskip S, et al. (May 2018).

5092: 4636:

Lockwood DN, Lambert SM (January 2011). "Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy: an update".

4097: 3792: 2802: 1813: 1624: 888: 880: 327: 200: 10374: 9727:"EW's West of Westeros: EW goes to the set of House of the Dragon episode 8 on Apple Podcasts" 8124: 7612: 7479: 7327: 7289: 7262: 3734:

Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific: a region-by-region history with first person accounts

3125: 12167: 12070: 11905: 11366: 11293: 10981: 10515: 10495: 10287: 7793: 5166: 4364:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppee JY, et al. (2005). "On the origin of leprosy".

3732: 3558: 2864: 2787: 2081: 2077: 251:

Leprosy is spread between people, although extensive contact is necessary. Leprosy has a low

9829:

Sharma R, Lahiri R, Scollard DM, Pena M, Williams DL, Adams LB, et al. (January 2013).

9516: 7912: 5573: 4089: 3455: 2428: 2388: 620:

Naturally occurring infection has been reported in nonhuman primates (including the African

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Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).

6964:

Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).

4927: 3951:

Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the cartilage is absorbed into the body.

2044:

Early medieval understanding of leprosy was influenced by early Christian writers such as

298:

Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the

8: 12066: 11961: 11864: 11844: 11751: 11673: 11585: 11434: 11371: 11346: 11320: 11174: 11152: 10747: 10707: 10627: 10617: 10312: 9039:

Barrett R (June 2005). "Self-mortification and the stigma of leprosy in northern India".

8516:

Covey HC (1 June 2001). "People with leprosy (Hansen's disease) during the Middle Ages".

5574: 4744:

Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J (September 2013).

2758: 2748: 2743: 2513: 2421: 2271: 2229: 2216: 2099: 387: 114: 10193: 9372:"Diocesan committee prepares to commemorate Josephine Cafrine's 109th death anniversary" 8914: 8889: 8801:"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2019: time to step-up prevention initiatives". 7099: 7040: 6981: 6801: 6229: 5472: 4746:"Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment" 2433: 2069: 12158: 12074: 11911: 11854: 11741: 11283: 11147: 11032: 10991: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10682: 10122: 10109: 10082: 10028: 10003: 9855: 9830: 9638: 9563: 9242: 9056: 8670: 8634: 8533: 8454: 8448: 8335: 8218: 8169: 8061: 8025: 7998: 7895: 7716: 7668: 7643: 7385: 7231: 7199: 7172: 7118: 7083: 7059: 7024: 7000: 6965: 6931: 6866: 6478: 6451: 6427: 6402: 6305: 6267: 6132: 6107: 6047: 6004: 5921: 5896: 5715: 5636: 5609: 5527: 5395: 5368: 5344: 5317: 5223: 5196: 5154: 5068: 5041: 4984: 4959: 4821: 4795:"Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1" 4794: 4775: 4726: 4578: 4551: 4529: 4409: 4382: 4347: 4065: 4041:"Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy" 4040: 3991: 3964: 3886: 3423: 3256: 3231: 3208: 3036: 2938: 2601: 2548: 2132: 2021: 2013: 1615: 121: 8529: 8214: 7818: 7704: 7417: 6083: 6066: 5957: 4900: 4875: 4743: 4714: 4446: 4431: 4226: 4209: 3536: 3386: 3346:. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2018. p. xiii. 3161:"New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'" 2345:

Early detection of cases focusing on children to reduce transmission and disabilities.

2240:. The results were described as miraculous, and soon after the success of promin came 1820:

in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans.

11766: 11690: 11341: 11047: 10923: 10918: 10797: 10771: 10697: 10687: 10525: 10500: 10345: 10214: 10179: 10126: 10114: 10081:

Hess S, Kendall TJ, Pena M, Yamane K, Soong D, Adams L, et al. (November 2022).

10033: 9946: 9887: 9860: 9811: 9642: 9588: 9522: 9464: 9437: 9408: 9234: 9064: 8991: 8919: 8865: 8781: 8693: 8622: 8556: 8537: 8458: 8427: 8402: 8370: 8268: 8222: 8065: 8030: 7899: 7887: 7708: 7673: 7618: 7557: 7518: 7485: 7425: 7381: 7333: 7295: 7268: 7204: 7123: 7064: 7005: 6923: 6899:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (May 2005).

6858: 6783: 6775: 6765: 6520: 6483: 6432: 6376: 6309: 6297: 6243: 6137: 6088: 6039: 5996: 5961: 5926: 5851: 5810: 5783: 5742: 5707: 5641: 5585: 5554: 5519: 5441: 5400: 5349: 5228: 5146: 5098: 5073: 4989: 4905: 4826: 4767: 4730: 4718: 4653: 4618: 4583: 4521: 4414: 4351: 4339: 4231: 4181: 4171: 4111: 4101: 4090: 4070: 3996: 3913: 3890: 3838: 3738: 3540: 3494: 3434: 3400: 3390: 3357: 3261: 3212: 3028: 3024: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2900: 2539: 2414: 2406: 2370: 2167: 2017: 2009: 1922: 1863: 1846:

was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of

1722: 1695: 1687: 1363: 1281: 1198: 1010: 940: 830: 701: 621: 382: 339: 326:; 'scale'), while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after the Norwegian physician 240: 220: 109: 10317: 9246: 8395: 7963: 7720: 7421: 7173:"Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe" 6935: 6870: 6636: 6008: 5719: 5531: 5158: 4533: 3040: 2942: 2348:

Enhanced healthcare services and improved access for people who may be marginalized.

1859:

in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens.

350:

Common symptoms present in the different types of leprosy include a runny nose; dry

12211: 12088: 11556: 11439: 11288: 11194: 11142: 11012: 10787: 10722: 10385: 10204: 10104: 10094: 10023: 10015: 9850: 9842: 9801: 9630: 9621: 9555: 9226: 9048: 8981: 8909: 8901: 8810: 8626: 8606: 8525: 8483: 8264: 8252: 8210: 8161: 8057: 8020: 8010: 7879: 7700: 7663: 7655: 7194: 7184: 7113: 7103: 7054: 7044: 6995: 6985: 6915: 6850: 6755: 6510: 6473: 6463: 6422: 6414: 6366: 6289: 6233: 6127: 6119: 6078: 6051: 6031: 5988: 5953: 5916: 5908: 5869: 5841: 5773: 5699: 5631: 5621: 5511: 5431: 5390: 5380: 5339: 5329: 5218: 5208: 5138: 5063: 5053: 4979: 4971: 4895: 4887: 4816: 4806: 4779: 4757: 4710: 4645: 4610: 4573: 4563: 4511: 4469:"Could squirrel fur trade have contributed to England's medieval leprosy outbreak?" 4404: 4394: 4331: 4221: 4060: 4056: 4052: 3986: 3976: 3882: 3532: 3382: 3347: 3251: 3243: 3204: 3020: 2912: 2659: 2527: 2400: 2201: 2080:

of 1179 required lepers to have their own priests and churches and a 1346 edict by

1765: 1301: 1210: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1014: 998: 947: 744: 646: 546: 261: 69: 8831:"Hindu Marriage Act: Parliament passes law removing leprosy as ground for divorce" 7025:"Infection, disease, and biosocial processes at the end of the Indus Civilization" 6629:"WHO | Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion" 6293: 6262: 6123: 6035: 5626: 5419: 5126: 4811: 3762: 1051:

New approaches propose tools to diagnose leprosy through Artificial Intelligence.

12195: 12099: 11869: 11649: 11424: 11351: 11022: 10737: 10582: 10520: 10339: 10241: 9402: 9308: 9230: 9215:"Communities of the afflicted: constituting leprosy through place in South India" 8390: 8015: 7919: 7767: 7373: 7189: 7108: 7049: 6990: 6834:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (2005).

6371: 6354: 5334: 4762: 4745: 4568: 4452: 4438: 4399: 2852: 2762: 2706: 2641: 2606: 2570: 2469: 2086: 2057: 2049: 1970: 1889: 1715: 1215: 966: 891:, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked at the 672: 363: 10391: 10002:

Masaki T, Qu J, Cholewa-Waclaw J, Burr K, Raaum R, Rambukkana A (January 2013).

9698: 9668: 7481:

Population History and the Family: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader

7023:

Robbins Schug G, Blevins KE, Cox B, Gray K, Mushrif-Tripathy V (December 2013).

2143: 11746: 11547: 11539: 11484: 11474: 11391: 10933: 10761: 10388: 10099: 10019: 5846: 5829: 5385: 5318:"PCR-based techniques for leprosy diagnosis: from the laboratory to the clinic" 2498: 2493: 2267: 2233: 2207: 2184: 2127:

Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists

2061: 1481: 1309: 625: 398:, which may lead to additional infections, ulcerations, and joint deformities. 331: 299: 292: 10350: 9434:

The leper king and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

9341: 9214: 9052: 8986: 8969: 6919: 6854: 6468: 6450:

Rao D, Elshafei A, Nguyen M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Frey S, Go VF (February 2019).

5703: 4891: 4649: 4614: 4210:"Uncultivable bacteria: implications and recent trends towards identification" 2479: 1064: 12205: 11736: 11658: 11571: 11469: 11444: 11399: 11361: 11229: 11096: 10956: 10908: 10840: 10812: 10236: 9973:"Medieval love of squirrel fur may have helped spread leprosy, study reveals" 8714: 7883: 7582:"The Trailblazing Black Woman Chemist Who Discovered a Treatment for Leprosy" 7142:"DNA of Jesus-Era Shrouded Man in Jerusalem Reveals Earliest Case of Leprosy" 6331: 5445: 5436: 5058: 3981: 2926: 2681: 2667: 2649: 2380: 2175: 2155: 2147: 1985: 1944: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1669: 1021: 920: 723:, but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. 559: 554: 523:

is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of

265: 252: 10302: 8774:

Leprosy, Racism, And Public Health: Social Policy In Chronic Disease Control

6779: 5007: 4844: 4792: 4185: 4115: 3288: 1001:, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be flat ( 12057: 11991: 11695: 11682: 11414: 10986: 10966: 10781: 10776: 10766: 10607: 10140: 10118: 10051: 10037: 9864: 9815: 9460:

Fra gamle dage: memoarer, dagbøker, salmer og dikt av kvinner ca. 1660-1880

9238: 9158: 9068: 8995: 8923: 8905: 8069: 8034: 7940: 7891: 7561: 7522: 7208: 7127: 7068: 7009: 6927: 6862: 6752:

Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control. Report of a WHO Study Group

6524: 6487: 6436: 6380: 6301: 6266:

for "Phase 1 LEP-F1 + GLA-SE Vaccine Trial in Healthy Adult Volunteers" at

6247: 6186: 6141: 6092: 6067:"Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis: innovation and precision public health" 6043: 6000: 5965: 5930: 5787: 5746: 5711: 5645: 5523: 5404: 5353: 5232: 5150: 5077: 4993: 4909: 4830: 4771: 4722: 4657: 4622: 4587: 4525: 4418: 4343: 4235: 4074: 4000: 3894: 3544: 3498: 3404: 3265: 3216: 3032: 2956: 2934: 2637: 2446: 2410: 2163: 2162:, efforts by Christian missionaries and a lack of understanding concerning 2012:, it did not explicitly make a moral judgement on those with leprosy. Some 1749: 1257: 1227:

Leprosy may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions.

959: 916: 892: 652: 633: 591: 10402: 9891: 9634: 7870:

Vernon G (February 2022). "Dr E W Price, the discoverer of podoconiosis".

7712: 7677: 7659: 6787: 6159: 5912: 5855: 5814: 5778: 5761: 5658: 5558: 5213: 4975: 3247: 1657:

are based in specific geographic regions where each predominantly occurs:

879:

early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A genetic defect in

12080: 11449: 11274: 10976: 10642: 10369: 9806: 9789: 8615:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

7644:"Experimental and clinical studies on rifampicin in treatment of leprosy" 6569:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 6501:"Global leprosy update, 2016: accelerating reduction of disease burden". 4793:

Joel Carlos Lastória JC, Milanez Morgado de Abreu MA (March–April 2014).

4516: 4499: 2830: 2666:, a person with leprosy asks private investigator Adrian Monk (played by 2211: 2171: 1847: 1828: 1771: 1738: 1620: 1468:, the most common treatment option at the time. International (e.g., the 1313: 1305: 1293: 280: 180: 149: 10209: 9757:"House of the Dragon: All the Fire and Blood Easter Eggs From Episode 8" 9567: 8815: 8674: 8339: 8323: 7235: 6515: 3352: 2384: 1235:

Leprosy may cause the victim to lose limbs and digits but not directly.

12128: 12114: 11778: 11710: 11686: 11409: 11250: 11127: 10845: 10817: 10587: 10397: 9846: 9060: 8638: 8173: 7445: 7223: 6760: 6418: 5992: 4257: 2826: 2663: 2622: 2559: 2374: 2073: 1950: 1862:

Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with

1851: 1832: 1775: 1477: 1325: 1321: 1285: 978: 951: 660: 629: 276: 172: 167: 9917:"Leprosy, ancient scourge of humans, found to assail wild chimpanzees" 9616: 9095: 4432:"Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli" 3933: 3873:

Talhari C, Talhari S, Penna GO (2015). "Clinical aspects of leprosy".

609:

While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture

48: 11534: 11454: 11404: 11168: 10755: 10727: 10632: 10467: 10453: 10380: 9559: 8862:

Disease: The extraordinary stories behind history's deadliest killers

8777: 8294:

Barber M (July 1994). "The Order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades".

7413: 6693: 5515: 4335: 4130:"Genomics Insights into the Biology and Evolution of Leprosy Bacilli" 2005: 1794: 1718:, dated by radiocarbon methods to the first half of the 1st century. 1711: 1458: 1329: 1206: 727: 614: 497: 367: 10270: 8741: 8642: 8630: 8165: 6238: 6213: 3379:

Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response

2438: 671:

which closely matched the strain carried by modern red squirrels on

342:

was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy.

11479: 11101: 11081: 11017: 10971: 10913: 10850: 10792: 10612: 10561: 10490: 9584:

Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power (Campaign Series, 40)

7441: 7405: 7401: 5659:

Kumar, Bhushan, Uprety, Shraddha, Dogra, Sunil (11 February 2016).

4550:

Penna ML, Penna GO, Iglesias PC, Natal S, Rodrigues LC (May 2016).

2170:

and how contagious the disease was. The rapid expansion of Western

1958: 1926: 1867: 1761: 1755: 1703: 1691: 1110: 990:

Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.

542: 410:

Paucibacillary leprosy (PB): Pale skin patch with loss of sensation

395: 10411: 7835:"Former Hansen's disease patients still struggling with prejudice" 7170: 6623: 6621: 6619: 295:

still occurs in some areas of India, China, Africa, and Thailand.

11278: 11132: 10961: 10948: 10898: 10827: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10194:

Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy

7429: 6355:"Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy" 5610:"Leprosy: a review of laboratory and therapeutic aspects--part 2" 5547:

International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases

5418:

Quilter EE, Butlin CR, Carrion C, Ruiz-Postigo JA (1 June 2024).

5131:

International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases

3344:

Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy

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describe instances of Jesus healing people with leprosy (

1721:

The oldest strains of leprosy known from Europe are from

1041: 884: 381:

Leprosy can affect people in different ways. The average

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cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak.

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887:

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370:

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strain 3 in Europe, North Africa, and the Americas;

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While this text defines the leper as 1912:Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century 1804:Distribution of leprosy around the world in 1891 997:Skin lesions can be single or many, and usually 496:, one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an 468: 330:. Leprosy has historically been associated with 9545: 9082: 9080: 9078: 8939:"Stigma Related to Leprosy – A Scientific View" 8767: 8765: 8763: 8712: 7786:"Communicable Diseases Department, Leprosy FAQ" 7642:Rees RJ, Pearson JM, Waters MF (January 1970). 5895:Duthie MS, Gillis TP, Reed SG (November 2011). 5827: 5603: 5601: 5246:Moschella SL, Garcia-Albea V (September 2016). 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5124: 4921: 4919: 4635: 4463: 4461: 3190: 3188: 3186: 1842:) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s, 982:Testing for loss of sensation with monofilament 692:developing lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy. 56:Rash on the chest and abdomen caused by leprosy 9309:"Seychelles: 14 Inspiring Women of Seychelles" 8511: 8509: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8047: 7851: 7778: 7684: 6353:Reibel F, Cambau E, Aubry A (September 2015). 5828:Talwar S, Jha PK, Tiwari VD (September 1992). 5035: 5033: 4170:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. 3827:WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy – Eight report 874:Not all people who are infected or exposed to 594:) in the laboratory. The inability to culture 11520: 10939:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 10439: 9914: 9173: 8583:[Some news of the Cagots in France]. 8364: 8358: 7254: 6657: 6182:"Trial set for world's first leprosy vaccine" 5607: 5544: 5306: 5288:"National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program" 5115: 4873: 4545: 4543: 3647:. Independat News & Media. Archived from 3376: 3047: 2809:) in south central United States often carry 2765:, the actor playing the role, explained on a 2506:'s leper settlement, including Father Damien. 1789:Leprosy did not exist in the Americas before 726:Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by 645:transmitted back to humans, making leprosy a 10593:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 9486:"5 Famous Spies Who Made Philippine History" 9075: 8864:. UK: Quercus Editions Ltd. pp. 26–27. 8760: 8287: 8122: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7541: 7471: 7264:Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins 6749: 6064: 5753: 5726: 5683: 5598: 5179: 5171:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 4916: 4458: 4315: 3901: 3563:Health Resources and Services Administration 3429:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 3338: 3336: 3334: 3183: 2424:(reigned 1399 to 1413) possibly had leprosy. 1753: 10173: 10052:"Leprosy bacteria use 'biological alchemy'" 8883: 8881: 8506: 8471: 8180: 7997:Jacob JT, Franco-Paredes C (January 2008). 7961: 7610: 7504: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6158:. American Leprosy Missions. Archived from 5821: 5794: 5538: 5281: 5279: 5194: 5097:(22nd ed.). : Saunders. p. 1056. 5030: 4951: 4376: 4374: 4161: 4045:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4034: 4032: 4030: 3907: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 919:, which may lead to nerve injury including 578:that are necessary for independent growth. 11527: 11513: 10446: 10432: 9336: 9334: 7635: 7332:. Feldheim Publishers. 2003. p. 951. 7016: 6957: 5039: 4540: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3737:. 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The 2792:a family saga novel by Abraham Verghese. 2315:A 26-year-old woman with leprous lesions 2142: 2109: 2090:leprosaria or meet with their families. 2031: 1907: 1799: 1793:by modern Europeans nor did it exist in 1649:with specific regional locations: Monot 1619: 1362: 1354: 1271: 977: 488: 11821:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 9574: 9539: 9483: 9394: 9364: 9331: 9212: 9038: 8389: 8365:Miller TS, Nesbitt JW (19 April 2014). 8250: 8091: 7819:"Koizumi apologises for leper colonies" 7550:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 7477: 7221: 6112:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 5565: 4087: 4081: 4007: 3793:"Pathogenesis and Pathology of Leprosy" 3694: 3619: 3613: 3505: 3411: 3272: 2796: 2525:— English author Graham Greene's novel 12204: 11607:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection 11246:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 9787: 9535:from the original on 8 September 2017. 9514: 9496:from the original on 22 September 2021 9400: 8859: 8771: 8553:The Formation of a Persecuting Society 8293: 7869: 7547: 6812:from the original on 26 September 2021 5111:from the original on 4 September 2017. 4250:"WHO | Microbiology: culture in vitro" 4214:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 4192:from the original on 12 February 2009. 4096:(4th ed.). 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Cornell University Press. 8016:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000113 7872:Journal of Medical Biography 7190:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006997 7109:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669 7050:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814 6991:10.1371/journal.pone.0005669 6372:10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.002 5335:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002655 4763:10.1016/j.adengl.2012.03.028 4569:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004703 4400:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002544 4168:Baron's Medical Microbiology 4092:Sherris Medical Microbiology 3670:Pisuthipan A (6 July 2020). 3643:Lyn TE (13 September 2006). 3493:(34): 317–328. August 2012. 2732:The Wind & the Reckoning 2228:The National Leprosarium at 1895: 1267: 1009:), or solid elevated areas ( 973: 939:that can bind to laminin on 898: 322: 310: 7: 12109:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 10638:Lymphangioma circumscriptum 9788:Truman R (September 2005). 7964:"Leprosy – Hidden Disease?" 7358:. London: Sydenham Society. 5471:Smith DS (19 August 2008). 5195:Bhat RM, Prakash C (2012). 4750:Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas 4164:"Mycobacteria and Nocardia" 2129:Daniel Cornelius Danielssen 1932:nongovernment organizations 1754: 1335: 1084:, three groupings are used. 733: 525:diffuse lepromatous leprosy 10: 12243: 11460:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 10100:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100820 10020:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.014 9587:. Osprey Publishing (UK). 9432:Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 8968:White C (September 2005). 8937:admin (11 February 2016). 8518:The Social Science Journal 8092:Shurpin Y (6 April 2022). 7760:"Syphilis through history" 7484:. MIT Press. p. 132. 7267:. ACP Press. p. 133. 6901:"On the origin of leprosy" 6836:"On the origin of leprosy" 6808:(WHO). 13 September 2021. 5847:10.5935/0305-7518.19920031 5386:10.3390/tropicalmed3040107 5257:. p. 3, Section 2.3. 5094:Manson's tropical diseases 3013:The Journal of Dermatology 2899:Sophie M. Worobec (2008). 2845:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 2409:was a Filipino spy during 2265: 2199: 1965:(Sifra 63) make clear that 1957:The Hebraic root tsara or 1838:The first effective drug ( 1668:, Nepal, north India, and 1613: 1609: 1348: 1044:can be identified using a 915:has been shown to bind to 638:Multilocus sequence typing 632:macaque), armadillos, and 553:is surrounded by the waxy 485:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 478: 336:neglected tropical disease 316: 304: 232:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 223:infection by the bacteria 142:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 18: 12157: 12098: 12056: 12009: 11943: 11922: 11887: 11878: 11829: 11784:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 11718:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 11666: 11657: 11648: 11624: 11555: 11546: 11423: 11390: 11334: 11319: 11310: 11267: 11238: 11217: 11208: 11161: 11120: 11089: 11078: 11060: 11005: 10947: 10889: 10826: 10746: 10675: 10664: 10655: 10570: 10534: 10466: 10459: 10360: 10264: 10199:World Health Organization 9880:Indian Journal of Leprosy 9188:World Health Organization 9123:World Health Organization 9053:10.1525/maq.2005.19.2.216 8987:10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.310 8744:. Store norske leksikon. 8717:. Store norske leksikon. 8659:(11 May 1912). "Cagots". 8450:Medieval English medicine 7937:World Health Organization 7790:World Health Organization 6806:World Health Organization 6716:"Epidemiology of Leprosy" 6633:World Health Organization 6576:World Health Organization 6543:World Health Organization 6469:10.1186/s12916-018-1244-y 6328:World Health Organization 6071:The Lancet. Global Health 5981:Expert Review of Vaccines 5870:"Embrace a village - FAQ" 5735:Indian Journal of Leprosy 5704:10.1007/s00415-003-1081-5 5145:(inactive 28 June 2024). 4892:10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1447 4672:"Epidemiology of Leprosy" 4650:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.016 4615:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.006 4254:World Health Organization 3835:World Health Organization 3620:Walsh F (31 March 2007). 3130:World Health Organization 2580:— The lead character in 2502:dramatizes the island of 2478:— Jack London published 2261: 2118: 1046:polymerase chain reaction 434:Hands deformed by leprosy 285:World Health Organization 194: 186: 166: 158: 148: 130: 120: 108: 60: 55: 46: 38: 33: 12137:Corynebacterium jeikeium 11801:Tuberculous pericarditis 11615:Actinomyces gerencseriae 11225:Thrombocytopenic purpura 10871:Dermatitis herpetiformis 10856:Acute contact dermatitis 10808:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 10733:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 10703:Lichen simplex chronicus 10583:Epidermal inclusion cyst 10247:templates for discussion 10203:(Report). October 2018. 7884:10.1177/0967772019888406 7507:"Leprosy in New Zealand" 7294:. B&H. p. 194. 6750:Organization WH (1985). 5504:Diagnostic Cytopathology 5437:10.47276/lr.95.2.2024030 5059:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674 3982:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635 2634:Kingdom of Heaven (film) 2195: 463: 21:Leprosy (disambiguation) 11806:Urogenital tuberculosis 11635:Propionibacterium acnes 11577:Cutaneous actinomycosis 11490:Squamous-cell carcinoma 11485:Systemic histoplasmosis 10876:Porphyria cutanea tarda 10506:Squamous-cell carcinoma 9673:Encyclopedia Britannica 8662:British Medical Journal 8657:British Medical Journal 8123:van der Loos H (1968). 7772:Encyclopædia Britannica 7648:British Medical Journal 7505:Montgomerie JZ (1988). 6920:10.1126/science/1109759 6855:10.1126/science/1109759 5046:Frontiers in Immunology 4383:"On the age of leprosy" 3969:Frontiers in Immunology 3934:"Q and A about leprosy" 3454:CDC (26 January 2018). 2959:. The Free Dictionary. 2957:"Definition of leprosy" 2815:upper respiratory tract 2747:, the TV adaptation of 2646:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 2395:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 2381:Saint Damien De Veuster 2150:on his deathbed in 1889 2139:Leprosy and imperialism 1741:and Kausika Sutra, the 1637:Historical distribution 1351:Epidemiology of leprosy 1184:and lepromatous ("LL") 590:, and cannot be grown ( 11811:Tuberculous dactylitis 11762:Tuberculous cellulitis 11465:Cicatricial pemphigoid 11382:Acne keloidalis nuchae 11377:Folliculitis decalvans 10087:Cell Reports. Medicine 9280:Seychelles News Agency 8906:10.3201/eid2908.220367 8202:Social Science Journal 8050:Clinics in Dermatology 7454:Stephanus Antiochensis 6692:. ILEP. Archived from 6260:Clinical trial number 4876:"Treatment of leprosy" 3875:Clinics in Dermatology 3197:Clinics in Dermatology 2803:nine-banded armadillos 2151: 2115: 2037: 1913: 1814:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 1805: 1664:strain 2 in Ethiopia, 1633: 1453: 1360: 1277: 983: 881:cell-mediated immunity 509: 328:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 201:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 12168:Gardnerella vaginalis 12071:Nocardia brasiliensis 11367:Loose anagen syndrome 11294:Necrobiosis lipoidica 11230:Actinic/solar purpura 10904:Insect bite reactions 10693:Seborrheic dermatitis 10516:Merkel-cell carcinoma 10496:Molluscum contagiosum 9635:10.1353/vcr.2016.0011 9184:"Leprosy elimination" 9127:. 18 September 2003. 8713:Svein Atle Skålevåg. 8692:. McGill University. 8555:. Oxford: Blackwell. 8126:The Miracles of Jesus 8094:"Is Tzaraat Leprosy?" 7939:(WHO). Archived from 7918:14 April 2021 at the 7858:Arch Dermato Syphilis 7660:10.1136/bmj.1.5688.89 7580:Magazine S, Wong KM. 7398:Marcellus the Emperic 6635:(WHO). Archived from 6330:(WHO). Archived from 5913:10.4161/hv.7.11.16848 5779:10.5025/hansen.69.101 4976:10.1056/NEJMoa1010536 4324:The Veterinary Record 4256:(WHO). Archived from 3248:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076 2865:transcription factors 2863:are generated by the 2851:strain discovered on 2788:The Covenant of Water 2704:— In the video game 2146: 2113: 2078:third Lateran Council 2035: 1911: 1803: 1623: 1366: 1358: 1275: 993:Positive skin smears. 981: 669:Mycobacterium leprae, 492: 354:; eye problems; skin 42:Hansen's disease (HD) 11774:Lichen scrofulosorum 11626:Propionibacteriaceae 11566:Actinomyces israelii 11190:Annulare centrifugum 10713:Glucagonoma syndrome 10511:Basal-cell carcinoma 10486:Seborrheic keratosis 10174:Pam Fessler (2020). 10147:. 16 November 2022. 9807:10.47276/lr.76.3.198 9615:Fernandez J (2016). 9219:Medical Anthropology 9098:on 17 September 2006 8837:. 13 February 2019. 8742:"Carl Wilhelm Boeck" 7586:Smithsonian Magazine 7291:The Gospels and Acts 7261:Haubrich WS (2003). 7224:"The Name 'Leprosy'" 7148:. 16 December 2009. 6722:. 11 February 2016. 6407:Global Mental Health 5692:Journal of Neurology 4934:. 18 November 2009. 4678:. 11 February 2016. 4638:Dermatologic Clinics 4517:10.1099/jmm.0.000606 4451:12 June 2022 at the 4445:, 11 November 2016. 4437:12 June 2022 at the 4286:. 11 February 2016. 4162:McMurray DN (1996). 4136:. 11 February 2016. 3908:Kulkarni GS (2008). 3799:. 11 February 2016. 3731:McMenamin D (2011). 3167:. 28 November 2008. 2905:Dermatologic Therapy 2841:Mycobacterium leprae 2811:Mycobacterium leprae 2807:Dasypus novemcinctus 2797:Infection of animals 2772:Entertainment Weekly 2688:'s leper settlement. 2604:has an album titled 2600:— Death metal band 2588:Stephen R. Donaldson 2180:Henry Vandyke Carter 2054:Eastern Roman Empire 2046:Gregory of Nazianzus 1812:, was discovered by 1643:comparative genomics 481:Mycobacterium leprae 388:Secondary infections 226:Mycobacterium leprae 136:Mycobacterium leprae 19:For other uses, see 12067:Nocardia asteroides 11962:Mycobacterium avium 11865:Lepromatous leprosy 11845:Tuberculoid leprosy 11586:Tropheryma whipplei 11435:Aphthous stomatitis 11372:Lichen planopilaris 11347:Androgenic alopecia 11153:Fixed drug eruption 10728:Pemphigus foliaceus 10628:Granular cell tumor 10058:. 17 January 2013. 9979:. 25 October 2017. 9765:. 10 October 2022. 9521:. CABI. p. 8. 9348:. 14 January 2016. 8669:(2680): 1091–1092. 8455:David & Charles 7766:13 May 2013 at the 7699:(8283): 1199–1202. 7478:Rotberg RI (2001). 7394:Octavius Horatianus 7222:Lendrum FC (1954). 7100:2009PLoSO...4.5669R 7041:2013PLoSO...884814R 6982:2009PLoSO...4.5669R 6914:(5724): 1040–1042. 6849:(5724): 1040–1042. 6230:2016Natur.537...12. 6162:on 15 November 2015 5473:"Leprosy: Overview" 5294:on 10 February 2011 5214:10.1155/2012/181089 4886:(7454): 1447–1448. 3769:. 22 October 2018. 3456:"World Leprosy Day" 2849:Mycobacteria leprae 2759:Viserys I Targaryen 2749:George R. R. Martin 2744:House of the Dragon 2618:"Weird Al" Yankovic 2422:Henry IV of England 2297:Leprosy in Tahiti, 2272:Leper colony stigma 2230:Carville, Louisiana 2208:colonial government 2036:Medieval leper bell 1904:Society and culture 1383: < 1.5 1125:tuberculoid ("BT") 1121:tuberculoid ("TT"), 889:Parkinson's disease 715:Two exit routes of 663:skull excavated in 506:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 504:appears red when a 115:Infectious diseases 12217:Bacterial diseases 12159:Bifidobacteriaceae 12100:Corynebacteriaceae 12075:Nocardia farcinica 11912:Aquarium granuloma 11855:Borderline leprosy 11742:Erythema induratum 11455:Pemphigus vulgaris 11284:Granuloma annulare 11148:Carcinoid syndrome 11033:Tuberous sclerosis 10992:Coccidioidomycosis 10866:Bullous pemphigoid 10861:Pemphigus vulgaris 10793:Secondary syphilis 10683:Contact dermatitis 10361:External resources 9847:10.1242/dmm.010215 9378:. 8 January 2016. 9213:Staples J (2014). 9161:on 18 October 2014 8860:Dobson M (2013) . 8835:The Economic Times 8772:Gussow Z (2021) . 8595:on 8 October 2021. 8488:Intriguing history 8484:"Medieval Leprosy" 8397:The Medieval world 8251:Brenner E (2010). 7943:on 11 October 2014 7845:on 26 August 2009. 7796:on 1 February 2010 7386:Caelius Aurelianus 6639:on 18 October 2016 6604:on 22 October 2019 6419:10.1017/gmh.2020.3 6268:ClinicalTrials.gov 5993:10.1586/ERV.09.161 4928:"What is Leprosy?" 2549:The House Is Black 2480:"Koolau the Leper" 2389:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 2152: 2133:Carl Wilhelm Boeck 2116: 2038: 2022:Isidore of Seville 1914: 1806: 1634: 1616:History of leprosy 1454: 1449: > 20 1361: 1282:leprostatic agents 1278: 1161:borderline ("BB") 984: 688:develop symptoms. 510: 374:of the testes and 346:Signs and symptoms 12222:Tropical diseases 12177: 12176: 12153: 12152: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12047: 11767:Tuberculous gumma 11650:Corynebacterineae 11644: 11643: 11593:Whipple's disease 11502: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11342:Telogen effluvium 11306: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11204: 11203: 11056: 11055: 10924:Lichen spinulosus 10919:Keratosis pilaris 10798:Mycosis fungoides 10698:Stasis dermatitis 10688:Atopic dermatitis 10651: 10650: 10526:Trichoepithelioma 10501:Actinic keratosis 10421: 10420: 10220:978-92-9022-638-3 9594:978-1-85532-395-7 9581:Bryant A (1995). 9528:978-1-78064-682-4 9515:Webber R (2015). 9443:978-0-521-64187-6 9414:978-0-7432-3301-9 9401:Tayman J (2007). 9376:Seychelles Weekly 9346:Seychelles Nation 8871:978-1-4351-5166-6 8787:978-0-3670-0292-3 8699:978-0-494-72613-6 8562:978-1-4051-2964-0 8551:Moore RI (2007). 8490:. 24 April 2017. 8464:978-0-06-496016-8 8433:978-1-112-20443-2 8408:978-1-85585-081-1 8232:on 15 August 2016 8192:Covey HC (2001). 7933:"WHO donated MDT" 7624:978-0-521-43686-1 7491:978-0-262-68130-8 7466:Guido de Cauliaco 7382:Scribonius Largus 7378:Serenus Samonicus 7339:978-1-58330-592-8 7301:978-1-4336-8101-1 7274:978-1-930513-49-5 6771:978-92-4-120716-4 6696:on 12 August 2014 6334:on 4 October 2014 6156:"Leprosy Vaccine" 6030:(24): 3408–3410. 5907:(11): 1172–1183. 5591:978-0-7216-2921-6 5104:978-1-4160-4470-3 5014:. 29 April 2013. 4970:(17): 1626–1633. 4851:. 29 April 2013. 4510:(11): 1640–1649. 4177:978-0-9631172-1-2 4107:978-0-8385-8529-0 3919:978-81-8448-242-3 3744:978-0-7864-6323-7 3440:978-0-313-34102-1 3421:Byrne JP (2008). 3396:978-0-12-381302-2 3363:978-92-9022-638-3 3295:. 29 April 2013. 2833:and lymph nodes. 2540:Forugh Farrokhzad 2415:Douglas MacArthur 2407:Josefina Guerrero 2371:Josephine Cafrine 2217:Indian government 2168:medical diagnosis 2018:Gregory the Great 1923:Nippon Foundation 1748:, and the Hebrew 1723:Great Chesterford 1696:3rd millennium BC 1688:2nd millennium BC 1607: 1606: 1549:No. of new cases 1225: 1224: 1211:epithelioid cells 1144:epithelioid cells 941:peripheral nerves 872: 871: 702:respiratory tract 640:of the armadillo 604:Koch's postulates 383:incubation period 366:; and changes in 360:peripheral nerves 340:World Leprosy Day 241:respiratory tract 206: 205: 162:Multidrug therapy 28:Medical condition 12234: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12185: 12089:Rhodococcus equi 11885: 11884: 11752:Prosector's wart 11664: 11663: 11659:Mycobacteriaceae 11655: 11654: 11557:Actinomycetaceae 11553: 11552: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11506: 11505: 11440:Oral candidiasis 11317: 11316: 11215: 11214: 11143:Erythema nodosum 11087: 11086: 11076: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11013:Tinea versicolor 10851:Bullous impetigo 10788:Pityriasis rosea 10723:Lichen sclerosus 10708:Darier's disease 10673: 10672: 10662: 10661: 10618:Kaposi's sarcoma 10464: 10463: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10425: 10424: 10262: 10261: 10224: 10212: 10189: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10112: 10102: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10031: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9858: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9622:Victorian Review 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9560:10.2307/40093803 9543: 9537: 9536: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9315:. 9 March 2017. 9305: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9272: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9157:. Archived from 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9094:. Archived from 9084: 9073: 9072: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8917: 8900:(8): 1698–1700. 8885: 8876: 8875: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8769: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8645:on 27 June 2022. 8641:. Archived from 8603: 8597: 8596: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8480: 8469: 8468: 8447:Rubin S (1974). 8444: 8438: 8437: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8400: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8319: 8304: 8303: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8231: 8225:. Archived from 8198: 8189: 8178: 8177: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8028: 8018: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7968:Science Reporter 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7929: 7923: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7867: 7861: 7860:1898; 44:159–174 7855: 7849: 7846: 7830: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7782: 7776: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7671: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7577: 7566: 7565: 7552:(in Norwegian). 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7475: 7469: 7462:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī 7366: 7360: 7359: 7353:Adams F (1678). 7350: 7344: 7343: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7202: 7192: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7111: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7062: 7052: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7003: 6993: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6905: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6879: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6763: 6747: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6625: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6600:. Archived from 6590: 6584: 6583: 6573: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6481: 6471: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6430: 6398: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6288:(7): 1700–1707. 6276: 6270: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6118:(8): 1841–1850. 6103: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5803:Acta Leprologica 5798: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5629: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5579: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5516:10.1002/dc.20012 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5439: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5388: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5290:. Archived from 5283: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5263: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5216: 5192: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5091:Cook GC (2009). 5088: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5061: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4932:News-Medical.net 4923: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4799:An Bras Dermatol 4790: 4784: 4783: 4765: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4581: 4571: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4465: 4456: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4402: 4378: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4336:10.1136/vr.g5680 4319: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4260:on 9 August 2020 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4205: 4194: 4193: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4095: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4036: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3984: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854:on 5 August 2013 3853: 3847:. Archived from 3832: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3520: 3503: 3502: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3428: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3340: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3192: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3122: 3045: 3044: 3008: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2920: 2896: 2784: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2703: 2693: 2675: 2660:Monk (TV Series) 2657: 2631: 2615: 2599: 2579: 2557: 2537: 2528:A Burnt-Out Case 2524: 2511: 2491: 2484:Tales of Hawai'i 2477: 2461: 2454:Leprosy in media 2434:Ōtani Yoshitsugu 2427:Vietnamese poet 2401:Ingeborg Grytten 2324: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2202:Leprosy in India 2070:Chalon-sur-Saône 2014:Early Christians 1938:Historical texts 1759: 1627:, discoverer of 1487: 1486: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1302:fluoroquinolones 1140:epithelioid cell 1088: 1087: 1015:tinea versicolor 948:white blood cell 738: 737: 655:Sciurus vulgaris 647:zoonotic disease 549:and rod-shaped. 455: 443: 431: 419: 407: 364:nasal cartilages 325: 319: 318: 313: 307: 306: 262:poorly pigmented 213:Hansen's disease 211:, also known as 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 51: 31: 30: 12242: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12190: 12188: 12180: 12178: 12173: 12149: 12094: 12044: 12005: 11939: 11918: 11874: 11870:Histoid leprosy 11825: 11672: 11669:M. tuberculosis 11640: 11620: 11542: 11533: 11503: 11494: 11426: 11419: 11386: 11352:Alopecia areata 11330: 11312: 11298: 11255: 11234: 11210: 11200: 11157: 11116: 11102:Viral exanthems 11080: 11064: 11062: 11052: 11023:Pityriasis alba 11001: 10943: 10885: 10822: 10742: 10738:Zinc deficiency 10668: 10666: 10647: 10575: 10566: 10530: 10521:Nevus sebaceous 10455: 10452: 10422: 10417: 10416: 10356: 10355: 10273: 10250: 10231: 10221: 10192: 10186: 10170: 10168:Further reading 10165: 10164: 10154: 10152: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9984: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9953:. 30 March 2019 9945: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9928: 9913: 9909: 9898: 9876: 9872: 9827: 9823: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9579: 9575: 9544: 9540: 9529: 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9482: 9478: 9471: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9430: 9426: 9415: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9383: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9322: 9320: 9307: 9306: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9182: 9181: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9086: 9085: 9076: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9008: 9007: 9003: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8931: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8770: 8761: 8751: 8749: 8738: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8686: 8682: 8654: 8650: 8631:10.2307/2841703 8604: 8600: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8549: 8545: 8514: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8482: 8481: 8472: 8465: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8422:Clay R (1909). 8420: 8416: 8409: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8320: 8307: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8257:History Compass 8249: 8245: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8196: 8190: 8181: 8166:10.2307/2803354 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8077: 8046: 8042: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7920:Wayback Machine 7911: 7907: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7833: 7825:. 25 May 2001. 7817: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7768:Wayback Machine 7758: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7689: 7685: 7654:(5688): 89–92. 7640: 7636: 7625: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7569: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7418:Aëtius of Amida 7367: 7363: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7220: 7216: 7183:(5): e1006997. 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7080: 7076: 7021: 7017: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6838: 6832: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6772: 6748: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6448: 6444: 6399: 6388: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6277: 6273: 6259: 6255: 6239:10.1038/537012a 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6190:. 6 June 2014. 6180: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6104: 6100: 6063: 6059: 6020: 6016: 5977: 5973: 5942: 5938: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5872:. 3 June 2021. 5868: 5867: 5863: 5826: 5822: 5799: 5795: 5758: 5754: 5731: 5727: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5653: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5570: 5566: 5543: 5539: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5416: 5412: 5365: 5361: 5314: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5193: 5180: 5164: 5163: 5123: 5116: 5105: 5089: 5085: 5038: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4956: 4952: 4941: 4939: 4926: 4924: 4917: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4791: 4787: 4742: 4738: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4634: 4630: 4599: 4595: 4562:(5): e0004703. 4548: 4541: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4453:Wayback Machine 4439:Wayback Machine 4430: 4426: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4330:(11): 285–286. 4320: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4206: 4197: 4178: 4160: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4108: 4086: 4082: 4051:(7): CD012235. 4037: 4008: 3961: 3957: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3906: 3902: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3708:. 6 June 2011. 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3651:on 8 April 2010 3641: 3637: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3597:. August 2023. 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3521: 3506: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3419: 3412: 3397: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3342: 3341: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3273: 3228: 3224: 3193: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3048: 3009: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2853:Brownsea Island 2829:at the site of 2799: 2763:Paddy Considine 2707:Darkest Dungeon 2642:William Monahan 2640:and written by 2571:My Uncle Oswald 2470:Rudyard Kipling 2464:Life's Handicap 2456: 2445:British writer 2367: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2274: 2264: 2255: 2250: 2226: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2141: 2121: 2108: 2058:palliative care 2050:John Chrysostom 2030: 1971:ritual impurity 1940: 1919: 1906: 1898: 1890:Ernest W. Price 1826: 1732: 1639: 1625:G. H. A. Hansen 1618: 1612: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1270: 1246: 1240:into the body. 1233: 1216:Histoid leprosy 1183: 1179:Multibacillary 1160: 1158: 1154:Multibacillary 1124: 1122: 1118:Paucibacillary 1094:Ridley-Jopling 1057: 1020:In some cases, 976: 967:autonomic nerve 901: 736: 698: 681: 673:Brownsea Island 653:Red squirrels ( 600:M. lepromatosis 584:M. lepromatosis 572:M. lepromatosis 529:M. lepromatosis 521:M. lepromatosis 517:M. lepromatosis 487: 479:Main articles: 477: 474:M. lepromatosis 466: 459: 456: 447: 444: 435: 432: 423: 420: 411: 408: 348: 104: 71: 67: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12240: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12199: 12198: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12163: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12119: 12118: 12117: 12104: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12092: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12020: 12018: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12003: 12000:M. haemophilum 11996: 11995: 11994: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11950: 11948: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11929: 11927: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11902: 11894: 11892: 11882: 11880:Nontuberculous 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11837: 11835: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11776: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11747:Lupus vulgaris 11744: 11739: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11708: 11698: 11693: 11691:Ghon's complex 11679: 11677: 11661: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11630: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11561: 11559: 11550: 11548:Actinomycineae 11544: 11543: 11540:Actinomycetota 11532: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11509: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11475:Coxsackievirus 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11221: 11219: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11192: 11187: 11185:Gyratum repens 11182: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11107:Toxic erythema 11104: 11099: 11097:Drug eruptions 11093: 11091: 11084: 11073: 11066: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10953: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10934:Lichen nitidus 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10836:Herpes simplex 10832: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10670: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10472: 10470: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10405: 10394: 10377: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10342: 10331: 10320: 10305: 10290: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265:Classification 10259: 10258: 10230: 10229:External links 10227: 10226: 10225: 10219: 10190: 10185:978-1631495038 10184: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10132: 10093:(11): 100820. 10073: 10043: 10014:(1–2): 51–67. 9994: 9964: 9938: 9907: 9886:(2): 137–151. 9870: 9821: 9800:(3): 198–208. 9794:Leprosy Review 9780: 9748: 9731:Apple Podcasts 9718: 9690: 9660: 9607: 9593: 9573: 9538: 9527: 9507: 9476: 9469: 9449: 9442: 9424: 9413: 9393: 9363: 9330: 9297: 9264: 9205: 9172: 9142: 9109: 9074: 9047:(2): 216–230. 9031: 9001: 8980:(3): 310–330. 8960: 8929: 8877: 8870: 8852: 8822: 8793: 8786: 8759: 8732: 8705: 8698: 8680: 8648: 8598: 8579:(March 1798). 8568: 8561: 8543: 8505: 8470: 8463: 8439: 8432: 8414: 8407: 8382: 8376:978-0801470769 8375: 8357: 8334:(1/2): 16–28. 8305: 8286: 8263:(5): 388–406. 8243: 8179: 8144: 8115: 8084: 8075: 8040: 7989: 7954: 7924: 7905: 7862: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7831: 7807: 7777: 7752: 7726: 7683: 7634: 7623: 7603: 7567: 7556:(7): 708–709. 7540: 7517:(2): 115–152. 7497: 7490: 7470: 7452:translated by 7422:Sicamus Aëtius 7361: 7345: 7338: 7319: 7300: 7280: 7273: 7253: 7214: 7177:PLOS Pathogens 7163: 7133: 7074: 7035:(12): e84814. 7015: 6956: 6891: 6823: 6793: 6770: 6737: 6707: 6681: 6650: 6615: 6585: 6560: 6530: 6493: 6442: 6386: 6365:(9): 383–393. 6345: 6315: 6271: 6253: 6205: 6173: 6147: 6098: 6057: 6014: 5987:(2): 209–222. 5971: 5952:(3): 162–170. 5936: 5901:Human Vaccines 5887: 5861: 5840:(3): 263–268. 5834:Leprosy Review 5820: 5809:(4): 187–194. 5793: 5772:(2): 101–106. 5752: 5741:(3): 261–267. 5725: 5698:(7): 806–809. 5682: 5651: 5620:(3): 389–401. 5597: 5590: 5564: 5553:(3): 255–273. 5537: 5510:(6): 386–388. 5494: 5463: 5424:Leprosy Review 5410: 5359: 5305: 5275: 5238: 5178: 5137:(2): 169–170. 5114: 5103: 5083: 5029: 4999: 4950: 4915: 4866: 4836: 4805:(2): 205–218. 4785: 4756:(7): 554–563. 4736: 4693: 4663: 4644:(1): 125–128. 4628: 4593: 4539: 4490: 4457: 4424: 4370: 4357: 4314: 4301: 4271: 4241: 4220:(4): 174–177. 4195: 4176: 4151: 4121: 4106: 4080: 4006: 3955: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3865: 3844:978-9241209687 3843: 3814: 3784: 3754: 3743: 3723: 3693: 3662: 3635: 3612: 3580: 3550: 3531:(6): 464–470. 3504: 3477: 3446: 3439: 3410: 3395: 3369: 3362: 3310: 3271: 3242:(3): 522–527. 3222: 3182: 3147: 3046: 3019:(2): 121–129. 2974: 2948: 2911:(6): 518–537. 2890: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2780: 2754:Fire and Blood 2736: 2724: 2712: 2699: 2689: 2680:is a novel by 2671: 2653: 2627: 2611: 2595: 2575: 2553: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2494:James Michener 2487: 2473: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2442:(feudal lord). 2431: 2425: 2418: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2378: 2366: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2296: 2289: 2268:Leprosy stigma 2263: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2234:Leprosy stigma 2225: 2222: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185:decolonization 2140: 2137: 2120: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2062:Constantinople 2029: 2026: 2020:(540–604) and 1939: 1936: 1918: 1917:Treatment cost 1915: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1825: 1822: 1731: 1728: 1706:, next to the 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1662: 1655:M. leprae 1638: 1635: 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1482:disease burden 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1310:clarithromycin 1269: 1266: 1245: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1056: 1055:Classification 1053: 995: 994: 991: 975: 972: 900: 897: 870: 869: 867: 862: 859: 855: 854: 847: 842: 839: 835: 834: 827: 822: 819: 815: 814: 807: 802: 799: 795: 794: 783: 778: 775: 771: 770: 768: 763: 760: 756: 755: 752: 747: 742: 735: 732: 697: 694: 680: 677: 665:Hoxne, Suffolk 626:sooty mangabey 476: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 450: 448: 445: 438: 436: 433: 426: 424: 421: 414: 412: 409: 402: 347: 344: 293:leper colonies 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 190:209,000 (2018) 188: 184: 183: 170: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 132: 128: 127: 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 103: 102: 64: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12239: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12197: 12187: 12186: 12183: 12170: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11978:MAI infection 11976: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11737:Scrofuloderma 11735: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11637: 11636: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11572:Actinomycosis 11570: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11530: 11525: 11523: 11518: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11445:Lichen planus 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11400:Onychomycosis 11398: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:Tinea capitis 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11311:Miscellaneous 11309: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11209:Nonblanchable 11207: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11059: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006:Hypopigmented 11004: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Acne vulgaris 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10909:Lichen planus 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10841:Herpes zoster 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813:Parapsoriasis 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10222: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10202: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10178:. Liveright. 10177: 10172: 10171: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9596: 9590: 9586: 9585: 9577: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9511: 9495: 9491: 9490:Esquiremag.ph 9487: 9480: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9397: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9342:"Nation Home" 9337: 9335: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9269: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8587:(in German). 8586: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8564: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8524:(2): 315–21. 8523: 8519: 8512: 8510: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8378: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8302:(3): 439–456. 8301: 8297: 8290: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8209:(2): 315–21. 8208: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7474: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7284: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7257: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6828: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6581: 6578:(WHO). 2002. 6577: 6570: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4368:308: 1040–42. 4367: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2682:Alan Brennert 2679: 2672: 2669: 2668:Tony Shalhoub 2665: 2661: 2656:December 2005 2654: 2651: 2650:Edward Norton 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436:, a Japanese 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2365:Notable cases 2362: 2359: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2333:Public policy 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2253:United States 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224:United States 2221: 2218: 2213: 2212:British India 2209: 2206:In 1898, the 2203: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2176:Victorian era 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Western world 2149: 2148:Father Damien 2145: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:Matthew 8:1–4 1987: 1986:New Testament 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1945:Atharava Veda 1935: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1910: 1901: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1780:Francis Adams 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1746:Ebers Papyrus 1744: 1740: 1737: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702:in a tomb in 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690:. Located at 1689: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670:New Caledonia 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1437: 13.5–15 1431: 12–13.5 1425: 10.5–12 1377: No data 1369: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1231:Complications 1228: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187:A30.4, A30.5 1186: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1157:midborderline 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:hypopigmented 1133: 1130: 1128:A30.1, A30.2 1127: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:hypopigmented 992: 989: 988: 987: 980: 971: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:demyelination 918: 917:Schwann cells 914: 910: 906: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 868: 866: 863: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 843: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 828: 826: 823: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 808: 806: 803: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 788: 784: 782: 779: 776: 773: 772: 769: 767: 764: 761: 758: 757: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 740: 739: 731: 729: 724: 722: 718: 713: 710: 705: 703: 693: 689: 687: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 656: 650: 648: 643: 639: 635: 634:red squirrels 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566:Genetically, 564: 562: 561: 560:Mycobacterium 556: 555:cell envelope 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 482: 475: 471: 454: 449: 442: 437: 430: 425: 418: 413: 406: 401: 400: 399: 397: 391: 389: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 343: 341: 337: 333: 332:social stigma 329: 324: 312: 301: 296: 294: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 258: 254: 253:pathogenicity 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233: 228: 227: 222: 218: 214: 210: 202: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 144: 143: 138: 137: 133: 129: 125: 123: 119: 116: 113: 111: 107: 98: 66: 65: 63: 61:Pronunciation 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 12166: 12135: 12121: 12107: 12087: 12065: 12058:Nocardiaceae 12039:M. abscessus 12037: 12030: 12025:M. fortuitum 12023: 11998: 11992:Buruli ulcer 11984: 11966: 11960: 11954: 11932: 11904: 11897: 11840: 11830: 11729: 11700: 11696:Pott disease 11683:Tuberculosis 11667: 11633: 11613: 11599: 11584: 11564: 11415:Ingrown nail 11042: 10987:Dermatophyte 10982:Gonococcemia 10967:Folliculitis 10608:Neurofibroma 10576:subcutaneous 10407: 10396: 10379: 10368: 10344: 10333: 10322: 10307: 10292: 10277: 10240: 10210:10665/274127 10197: 10175: 10153:. Retrieved 10144: 10135: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10064:. Retrieved 10055: 10046: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9985:. Retrieved 9976: 9967: 9955:. Retrieved 9950: 9941: 9929:. Retrieved 9920: 9910: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9841:(1): 19–24. 9838: 9834: 9824: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9771:. Retrieved 9760: 9751: 9739:. Retrieved 9730: 9721: 9709:. Retrieved 9699: 9693: 9681:. Retrieved 9672: 9663: 9651:. Retrieved 9626: 9620: 9610: 9598:. Retrieved 9583: 9576: 9551: 9548:Books Abroad 9547: 9541: 9517: 9510: 9498:. Retrieved 9489: 9479: 9459: 9452: 9433: 9427: 9403: 9396: 9384:. Retrieved 9375: 9366: 9354:. Retrieved 9345: 9321:. Retrieved 9312: 9288:. Retrieved 9279: 9255:. Retrieved 9222: 9218: 9208: 9196:. Retrieved 9163:. Retrieved 9159:the original 9154: 9145: 9133:. Retrieved 9121: 9112: 9100:. Retrieved 9096:the original 9091: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9022:. Retrieved 9013: 9004: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8951:. Retrieved 8942: 8932: 8897: 8893: 8861: 8855: 8843:. 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Retrieved 4133: 4124: 4091: 4083: 4048: 4044: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3949: 3942:. Retrieved 3928: 3909: 3903: 3881:(1): 26–37. 3878: 3874: 3868: 3856:. Retrieved 3849:the original 3826: 3805:. Retrieved 3796: 3787: 3775:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3733: 3726: 3714:. Retrieved 3705: 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3676:Bangkok Post 3675: 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3649:the original 3638: 3625: 3615: 3603:. Retrieved 3592: 3583: 3571:. Retrieved 3562: 3553: 3528: 3524: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3459: 3449: 3424: 3378: 3372: 3353:10665/274127 3343: 3301:. Retrieved 3292: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3203:(1): 24–31. 3200: 3196: 3173:. Retrieved 3165:ScienceDaily 3164: 3138:. Retrieved 3016: 3012: 2965:. Retrieved 2951: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2858: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2825:multiply in 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2786: 2770: 2752: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2705: 2702:January 2016 2695: 2677: 2648:, played by 2638:Ridley Scott 2636:directed by 2621: 2605: 2581: 2569: 2563: 2562:short story 2547: 2526: 2514: 2497: 2483: 2463: 2449:(1910–1977). 2447:Peter Greave 2437: 2411:World War II 2355: 2340: 2336: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2256: 2248:21st century 2227: 2205: 2191:20th century 2164:bacteriology 2160:Global South 2153: 2126: 2122: 2106:19th century 2092: 2066: 2043: 2039: 2001: 1998:Luke 5:12–16 1994:Mark 1:40–45 1983: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1920: 1899: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1861: 1837: 1827: 1809: 1807: 1791:colonization 1788: 1783: 1766: 1733: 1720: 1685: 1681: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1628: 1474: 1463: 1455: 1419: 9–10.5 1345:Epidemiology 1339: 1318: 1314:bactericidal 1298: 1280:A number of 1279: 1262: 1258:tuberculosis 1251: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1226: 1190:Lepromatous 1131:Tuberculoid 1107:Description 1058: 1050: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1019: 996: 985: 964: 960:phagocytosis 955: 945: 936: 912: 908: 904: 902: 875: 873: 849: 829: 809: 785: 725: 716: 714: 708: 706: 699: 696:Transmission 690: 685: 682: 679:Risk factors 668: 654: 651: 641: 619: 610: 608: 599: 595: 583: 579: 571: 567: 565: 558: 550: 538: 537: 532: 528: 520: 516: 512: 511: 501: 493: 473: 469: 392: 380: 349: 297: 289: 270: 256: 250: 230: 224: 216: 212: 208: 207: 150:Risk factors 140: 134: 25: 12081:Nocardiosis 12032:M. chelonae 11986:M. ulcerans 11934:M. gordonae 11899:M. kansasii 11470:Herpesvirus 11450:Leukoplakia 11275:Scleroderma 11162:Specialized 11090:Generalized 11065:involvement 10977:Candidiasis 10669:involvement 10643:Myxoid cyst 10491:Acrochordon 10370:MedlinePlus 10235:‹ The 10155:18 November 10066:18 November 9773:28 December 9762:Vanity Fair 9653:21 February 9600:28 February 9386:15 November 9356:16 November 9323:15 November 9290:15 November 9257:22 November 9225:(1): 6–20. 8625:: 376–385. 8577:von Zach FX 8498:10 November 8350:10 November 8279:10 November 8009:(1): e113. 7839:Japan Times 7596:27 December 7533:3 September 7458:Alsharavius 6949:22 November 6884:22 November 6761:10665/40171 6674:24 February 6608:26 February 6553:19 December 6263:NCT03302897 5675:12 February 5022:28 February 4859:28 February 4483:21 November 4312:45: 144–52. 4310:J Wildl Dis 4144:11 February 3767:www.cdc.gov 3716:28 November 3303:28 February 3140:10 February 2831:inoculation 2827:macrophages 2739:August 2022 2598:August 1988 2565:The Visitor 2460:August 1891 2302: 1895 2174:during the 2172:imperialism 2082:King Edward 2028:Middle Ages 1848:clofazimine 1829:Chaulmoogra 1778:. In 1846, 1772:Hippocrates 1739:Atharvaveda 1443: 15–20 1413: 7.5–9 1407: 6–7.5 1401: 4.5–6 1395: 3–4.5 1389: 1.5–3 1306:minocycline 1294:clofazimine 1207:nose bleeds 1167:Borderline 1005:), raised ( 954:may engulf 952:macrophages 893:biochemical 500:bacterium, 378:may occur. 281:clofazimine 245:extremities 196:Named after 181:clofazimine 39:Other names 12206:Categories 12129:Erythrasma 12115:Diphtheria 11906:M. marinum 11779:Tuberculid 11711:Rich focus 11706:Meningitis 11687:Ghon focus 11410:Paronychia 11251:Vasculitis 11175:Multiforme 11173:Erythema ( 11128:Cellulitis 11079:Blanchable 10828:Blistering 10818:Ichthyosis 10676:Eczematous 10588:Hemangioma 10398:Patient UK 10346:DiseasesDB 9951:Vet Record 9741:20 October 9711:20 January 9629:: 89–105. 9470:8200062503 9165:9 February 9102:9 February 8160:(4): 598. 8098:Chabad.org 8056:(1): 3–7. 7878:(1): 2–5. 7800:31 January 7460:, Rhases ( 7450:Haly Abbas 7436:; Arabic: 7428:, Nonnus, 7416:, Aetius ( 7156:31 January 6643:14 January 6198:20 October 6166:20 October 5880:2 February 5487:1 February 5430:(2): 1–3. 5379:(4): 107. 5207:: 181089. 4709:: 105041. 3944:22 January 3655:31 January 3573:12 January 3175:31 January 2967:25 January 2886:References 2664:Randy Zisk 2623:Poodle Hat 2560:Roald Dahl 2429:Hàn Mặc Tử 2375:Seychelles 2266:See also: 2200:See also: 2074:leprosaria 1951:Manusmriti 1852:rifampicin 1833:Alice Ball 1776:Common Era 1767:Compendium 1478:prevalence 1326:clioquinol 1322:ketanserin 1286:rifampicin 1244:Prevention 1123:borderline 1040:bacterial 728:armadillos 661:Norman era 630:cynomolgus 628:, and the 622:chimpanzee 615:armadillos 277:rifampicin 173:Rifampicin 168:Medication 11832:M. leprae 11731:cutaneous 11405:Psoriasis 11313:disorders 11268:Indurated 11169:Urticaria 11121:Localized 11063:epidermal 10846:Varicella 10756:Psoriasis 10667:epidermal 10633:Leiomyoma 10535:Pigmented 10468:Epidermal 10392:neuro/187 10381:eMedicine 10127:253577148 9683:16 August 9643:164335632 9024:7 October 8953:7 October 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