Coronary artery disease

1583: 685: 458: 1653: 4843:"ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians" 826: 53: 799: 5192:"2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons" 1096:

anti-anginal treatments in patients with refractory and recurrent angina. When nitroglycerine enters the bloodstream, it forms free radical nitric oxide, or NO, which activates guanylate cyclase and in turn stimulates the release of cyclic GMP. This molecular signaling stimulates smooth muscle relaxation, ultimately resulting in vasodilation and consequently improved blood flow to regions of the heart affected by atherosclerotic plaque.

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Cis unsaturated fats are bent in molecular structure and trans are linear in structure. Saturated fats originate from animal sources (such as animal fats) and are also molecularly linear in structure. The linear configurations of unsaturated trans and saturated fats allow them to easily accumulate and stack at the arterial walls when consumed in high amounts (and other positive measures towards physical health are not met).

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has a number of well determined risk factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. These risk factors for CAD include "smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), abnormal (high) amounts of cholesterol and other fat in the blood (dyslipidemia), type 2 diabetes and being overweight or obese (having excess body fat)" due to lack of exercise and a poor diet. Some other risk factors include

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irregular heartbeat, dizziness, sweating, and nausea. Burning, pain, or pressure in the chest or upper abdomen that can travel to the arm or jaw can also be experienced in females, but it is less commonly reported by females than males. On average, females experience symptoms 10 years later than males. Females are less likely to recognize symptoms and seek treatment.

951: 1574:. Newer "anaortic" or no-touch off-pump coronary artery revascularization techniques have shown reduced postoperative stroke rates comparable to percutaneous coronary intervention. Hybrid coronary revascularization has also been shown to be a safe and feasible procedure that may offer some advantages over conventional CABG though it is more expensive. 1244:. Medications and exercise are roughly equally effective. High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of coronary artery disease by about 25%. Life's Essential 8 are the key measures for improving and maintaining cardiovascular health, as defined by the American Heart Association. AHA added sleep as a factor influencing heart health in 2022. 6995:"ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)" 6342:"Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity)" 498:. In adults who go to the emergency department with an unclear cause of pain, about 30% have pain due to coronary artery disease. Angina, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea or vomiting, and lightheadedness are signs of a heart attack, or myocardial infarction, and immediate emergency medical services are crucial. 415:, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking. Medications for diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure are sometimes used. There is limited evidence for screening people who are at low risk and do not have symptoms. Treatment involves the same measures as prevention. Additional medications such as 900:. Although these people have kidney dysfunction, almost fifty percent of them die due to coronary artery disease. Plaques can be thought of as large "pimples" that protrude into the channel of an artery, causing partial obstruction to blood flow. People with coronary artery disease might have just one or two 1743:

As of 2010, CAD was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths. This increased from 5.2 million deaths from CAD worldwide in 1990. It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each

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Fats and cholesterol are insoluble in blood and thus are amalgamated with proteins to form lipoproteins for transport. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) transport cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body and therefore raise blood cholesterol levels. The consumption of "saturated fats increases

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The consumption of different types of fats including trans unsaturated, saturated and trans in a diet "influences the level of cholesterol that is present in the bloodstream". Unsaturated fats originate from plant sources (such as oils). There are two types of unsaturated fats, cis and trans isomers.

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Coronary artery disease is characterized by heart problems that result from atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis which is the "chronic inflammation of the arteries which causes them to harden and accumulate cholesterol plaques (atheromatous plaques) on the artery walls". CAD

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With advanced disease, the narrowing of coronary arteries reduces the supply of oxygen-rich blood flowing to the heart, which becomes more pronounced during strenuous activities during which the heart beats faster and has an increased oxygen demand. For some, this causes severe symptoms, while others

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Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death for both males and females and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year. According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old males will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy

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A thorough systematic review found that indeed there is a link between a CHD condition and brain dysfunction in females. Consequently, since research is showing that cardiovascular diseases, like CHD, can play a role as a precursor for dementia, like Alzheimer's disease, individuals with CHD should

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Job stress appears to play a minor role accounting for about 3% of cases. In one study, females who were free of stress from work life saw an increase in the diameter of their blood vessels, leading to decreased progression of atherosclerosis. In contrast, females who had high levels of work-related

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infection and atherosclerosis. While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor. Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk

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In those with no previous history of heart disease, aspirin decreases the risk of a myocardial infarction but does not change the overall risk of death. Aspirin therapy to prevent heart disease is thus recommended only in adults who are at increased risk for cardiovascular events, which may include

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Antibiotics may help patients with coronary disease to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. However, the latest evidence suggests that antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease are harmful with increased mortality and occurrence of stroke. So, the use of antibiotics is

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Most guidelines recommend combining these preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that counseling and education to bring about behavioral change might help in high-risk groups. However, there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardiovascular

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The RNA changes are mostly related to ciliary and endocytic transcripts, which in the circulating immune system would be related to the immune synapse. The immune synapse is the contact-dependent mode of communication between T cells and B cells, on one side, and a variety of antigen-presenting and

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Symptoms in females can differ from those in males, and the most common symptom reported by females of all races is shortness of breath. Other symptoms more commonly reported by females than males are extreme fatigue, sleep disturbances, indigestion, and anxiety. However, some females do experience

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High levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream lead to atherosclerosis. With increased levels of LDL in the bloodstream, "LDL particles will form deposits and accumulate within the arterial walls, which will lead to the development of plaques, restricting blood flow". The resultant reduction in the

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is the most common form of ischemic heart disease, and is associated with reduced quality of life and increased mortality. It is caused by epicardial coronary stenosis which results in reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium. Stable angina is characterized as short-term chest pain

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In minor to moderate cases, nitroglycerine may be used to alleviate acute symptoms of stable angina or may be used immediately prior to exertion to prevent the onset of angina. Sublingual nitroglycerine is most commonly used to provide rapid relief for acute angina attacks and as a complement to

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or stress test is inferior to non-invasive imaging methods due to risk of both false negative and false positive test results. The use of non-invasive imaging is not recommended on individuals who are exhibiting no symptoms and are otherwise at low risk for developing coronary disease. Invasive

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Schematic representation of Treg-related TRACs identified by RNAseq. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNAseq were curated by automated and manual analysis to identify the molecular pathways involved. The resulting pattern points to changes in the 'immune synapse', which

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It is estimated that 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world's population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the

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High density lipoproteins (HDL) are considered 'good' lipoproteins as they search for excess cholesterol in the body and transport it back to the liver for disposal. Trans fats also "increase LDL levels whilst decreasing HDL levels within the body, significantly raising blood cholesterol

1206:. It is mainly based on age, gender, diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and systolic blood pressure. When it comes to predicting risk in younger adults (18–39 years old), Framingham Risk Score remains below 10–12% for all deciles of baseline-predicted risk. 4878:"ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina)" 454:. The number of cases of CAD for a given age also decreased between 1990 and 2010. In the United States in 2010, about 20% of those over 65 had CAD, while it was present in 7% of those 45 to 64, and 1.3% of those 18 to 45; rates were higher among males than females of a given age. 777:(psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who used substances, mentally ill, suicidal, or incarcerated) showed a graded correlation with the presence of adult diseases including coronary artery (ischemic heart) disease. 4758:

Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, Prescott E, Storey RF, Deaton C, Cuisset T, Agewall S, Dickstein K, Edvardsen T, Escaned J, Gersh BJ (31 August 2019). "2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes".

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Nordestgaard, B. G. & Palmer, T. M. & Benn, M. & Zacho, J & Tybjærg-Hansen, A. & Smith, G. D. & Timpson, N. J. (2012). "The Effect of Elevated Body Mass Index on Ischemic Heart Disease Risk: Causal Estimates from a Mendelian Randomisation Approach".

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Psychological symptoms are common in people with CHD, and while many psychological treatments may be offered following cardiac events, there is no evidence that they change mortality, the risk of revascularization procedures, or the rate of non-fatal myocardial infarction.

1535:. The benefits outweigh the harms most favorably in people at high risk for a cardiovascular event, where high risk is defined as at least a 3% chance over a five-year period, but others with lower risk may still find the potential benefits worth the associated risks. 1400:

found "insufficient evidence" to recommend that doctors counsel patients on exercise but "it did not review the evidence for the effectiveness of physical activity to reduce chronic disease, morbidity, and mortality", only the effectiveness of counseling itself. The

1550:. In others at high risk but not having an acute event, the evidence is weak. Specifically, its use does not change the risk of death in this group. In those who have had a stent, more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death. 562:. About half of cases are linked to genetics. Smoking and obesity are associated with about 36% and 20% of cases, respectively. Smoking just one cigarette per day about doubles the risk of CAD. Lack of exercise has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Exposure to the 1099:

Stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) is also often called stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). A 2015 monograph explains that "Regardless of the nomenclature, stable angina is the chief manifestation of SIHD or SCAD." There are U.S. and European

3593:"The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1751:

reported that: "The world’s biggest killer is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021."

1393:, like walking, jogging, or swimming, can reduce the risk of mortality from coronary artery disease. Aerobic exercise can help decrease blood pressure and the amount of blood cholesterol (LDL) over time. It also increases HDL cholesterol. 738:

pathway is reflected in concurrent changes in the BMP receptor 1B RNA (BMPR1B), because the bone morphogenic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, and likewise impact Treg differentiation. As noted, several of the transcripts

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McCaffrey TA, Toma I, Yang Z, Katz R, Reiner J, Mazhari R, Shah P, Tackett M, Jones D, Jepson T, Falk Z, Wargodsky R, Shtakalo D, Antonets D, Ertle J, Kim JH, Lai Y, Arslan Z, Aledort E, Alfaraidy M, Laurent GS (September 2021).

722:(STRC) has been studied principally in outer sensory hair cells, and mutations lead to deafness. Steriocilin is a partner to mesothelin (MSN), a related super-helical protein, whose transcript is also modulated in CAD. Likewise, 3512:

Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, Li Y, Panaritis C, du Berger R, et al. (October 2001). "Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus".

1025:– the rare coronary artery disease that is more common in females, as mentioned, is a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, usually, the same tests are used as in any person with the suspected of having coronary artery disease: 702:, the most down-regulated transcript (2.4-fold), is an important 'cytolinker' that connects actin and desmin to facilitate cytoskeletal function and vesicular movement. The endocytic pathway is further modulated by changes in 726:, a double-cortin protein, is a known modulator of ciliary length. In the signaling pathways of the immune synapse, there were numerous transcripts that related directly to T cell function and the control of differentiation. 633:

heart's blood supply due to atherosclerosis in coronary arteries "causes shortness of breath, angina pectoris (chest pains that are usually relieved by rest), and potentially fatal heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)".

1182:), the chest pain is attributed to a "non-ST elevation MI" (NSTEMI). If there is no evidence of damage, the term "unstable angina" is used. This process usually necessitates hospital admission and close observation on a 7077:"Coronary artery bypass grafting vs percutaneous coronary intervention and long-term mortality and morbidity in multivessel disease: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of the arterial grafting and stenting era" 6075:"Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials" 6037:

Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS (September 2012). "Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

5540:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1190:– irregularities in the heart rate). Depending on the risk assessment, stress testing or angiography may be used to identify and treat coronary artery disease in patients who have had an NSTEMI or unstable angina. 7854:

Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmäki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, et al. (February 1992). "Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study".

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Boden WE, Franklin B, Berra K, Haskell WL, Calfas KJ, Zimmerman FH, Wenger NK (October 2014). "Exercise as a therapeutic intervention in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: an underfilled prescription".

1972:"Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Executive summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association" 8259: 8244: 8213: 1513:

It is recommended that blood pressure typically be reduced to less than 140/90 mmHg. The diastolic blood pressure however should not be lower than 60 mmHg. Beta blockers are recommended first line for this use.

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McNeal CJ, Dajani T, Wilson D, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dickerson JB, Ory M (January 2010). "Hypercholesterolemia in youth: opportunities and obstacles to prevent premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease".

8164: 4913:"2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines" 1771:

After analysing data from 2 111 882 patients, the recent meta-analysis revealed that the incidence of coronary artery diseases in breast cancer survicors was 4.29 (95% CI 3.09–5.94) per 1000 person-years.

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Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, Braun LT, de Ferranti S, Faiella-Tommasino J, Forman DE, Goldberg R, Heidenreich PA, Hlatky MA, Jones DW, Lloyd-Jones D (25 June 2019).

7036:"Percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in patients with stable obstructive coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia: a collaborative meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials" 2346:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3844: 597: 6734:"Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension" 4010:

McCaffrey TA, Toma I, Yang Z, Katz R, Reiner J, Mazhari R, Shah P, Falk Z, Wargowsky R, Goldman J, Jones D, Shtokalo D, Antonets D, Tisha Jepson T, Fetisova A, Jaatinen K, Ree N, Ri M (June 2023).

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that downplayed early findings about the role of a diet heavy in sugar in the development of CAD and emphasized the role of fat; that review influenced decades of research funding and guidance on

4339:"A new and automated risk prediction of coronary artery disease using clinical endpoints and medical imaging-derived patient-specific insights: protocol for the retrospective GeoCAD cohort study" 2292:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 789:

Patient-specific vessel ageing or remodelling determines endothelial cell behaviour and thus disease growth and progression. Such 'hemodynamic markers' are thus patient-specific risk surrogates.

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Narvaez Linares NF, Poitras M, Burkauskas J, Nagaratnam K, Burr Z, Labelle PR, Plamondon H (August 2021). "Neuropsychological Sequelae of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: A Systematic Review".

884:. Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) deposits in the muscular layer of the blood vessels appear to play a significant role in stiffening the arteries and inducing the early phase of coronary 6244:

Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Cornish S, Mazereeuw G, Marzolini S, Sham L, Lanctôt KL (April 2012). "Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".

2476:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1212:

is another way of risk assessment. In one study the relative risk of incident coronary events was 91% higher among participants at high genetic risk than among those at low genetic risk.

1940: 5678:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 7951:

Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL (June 2005). "Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1150:, where ECGs may be performed sequentially to identify "evolving changes" (indicating ongoing damage to the heart muscle). Diagnosis is clear-cut if ECGs show elevation of the " 989:

For stable patient but who are symptomatic there are several non-invasive tests to diagnose CAD depending on pre assessment of the risk profile. Non invasive imaging include;

2658:"2018 Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 7503:

Galimzhanov A, Istanbuly S, Tun HN, Ozbay B, Alasnag M, Ky B, Lyon AR, Kayikcioglu M, Tenekecioglu E, Panagioti M, Kontopantelis E, Abdel-Qadir H, Mamas MA (27 July 2023).

490:. Angina also includes chest tightness, heaviness, pressure, numbness, fullness, or squeezing. Angina that changes in intensity, character or frequency is termed unstable. 7599: 849:(commonly referred to as a heart attack). It leads to damage, death, and eventual scarring of the heart muscle without regrowth of heart muscle cells. Chronic high-grade 7656: 1198:

There are various risk assessment systems for determining the risk of coronary artery disease, with various emphasis on different variables above. A notable example is

4824: 3688:"Psychosocial stress and atherosclerosis: family and work stress accelerate progression of coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Angiography Study" 2620:

Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. (October 2023). "2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes".

7214: 710:, which is a tubulin-severing enzyme that is a GWAS marker for cardiovascular risk. Protein recycling would be modulated by changes in the proteasomal regulator 610:, a group of personality characteristics including time urgency, competitiveness, hostility, and impatience, is linked to an increased risk of coronary disease. 4972: 7713: 7241:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 689:

involves both endocytic pathways of T cell receptor (TCR)-containing vesicles, as well as ciliary protrusions that couple to intracellular signaling pathways.

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Plant-based nutrition has been suggested as a way to reverse coronary artery disease, but strong evidence is still lacking for claims of potential benefits.

3852: 4167:"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study" 3548:

Kerola AM, Kauppi MJ, Kerola T, Nieminen TV (October 2012). "How early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis does the excess cardiovascular risk appear?".

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

6544: 5141: 698:(FMOD, increased 2.8-fold in CAD). Several other regulated transcripts encode for proteins related to the structure and function of the immune synapse. 7438:"Heart disease and stroke statistics—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee" 6293:

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (August 2002). "Behavioral counseling in primary care to promote physical activity: recommendation and rationale".

994: 7385: 876:. With atherosclerosis, the artery's lining becomes hardened, stiffened, and accumulates deposits of calcium, fatty lipids, and abnormal inflammatory 6915:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review finds long-term treatment with blood-thinning medicine Plavix (clopidogrel) does not change risk of death" 2230: 7477: 4264: 2265: 2199: 2344:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

719: 7556: 5251:"Association of high-sensitivity troponin T with outcomes in asymptomatic non-severe aortic stenosis: a post-hoc substudy of the SEAS trial" 2037: 4733: 734:

is a well-known modulator of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, which is a primary determinant of Tre differentiation. Further impact on the

5406:"Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study" 1948: 666: 439:(CABG) may be used in severe disease. In those with stable CAD it is unclear if PCI or CABG in addition to the other treatments improves 3494: 2410: 1873:

was confined to families with multiple cases of myocardial infarction. Other genome-wide studies have identified a firm risk variant on

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have a lower risk of heart disease, possibly due to their greater consumption of fruits and vegetables. Evidence also suggests that the

8677: 6785:"Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 1785:

Other terms sometimes used for this condition are "hardening of the arteries" and "narrowing of the arteries". In Latin it is known as

715: 707: 678: 8114:"Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bedside-to-bench approach" 6157:

Linden W, Stossel C, Maurice J (April 1996). "Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".

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Hadziselimovic E, Greve AM, Sajadieh A, Olsen MH, Kesäniemi YA, Nienaber CA, Ray SG, Rossebø AB, Wachtell K, Nielsen OW (April 2023).

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Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Prevention involves adequate physical

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ischaemic heart disease does not appear to have benefits over medical therapy alone. In those with disease in more than one artery,

8367: 752: 7311:"Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations" 3447:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 3398:"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports" 2424: 3640:

Garshick M, Underberg JA (October 2017). "The Use of Primary Prevention Statin Therapy in Those Predisposed to Atherosclerosis".

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or discomfort that occurs regularly with activity, after eating, or at other predictable times; this phenomenon is termed stable

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Sethi NJ, Safi S, Korang SK, Hróbjartsson A, Skoog M, Gluud C, Jakobsen JC, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021).

2896:"Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study" 718:. On the ciliary aspect of the immune synapse, several of the modulated transcripts are related to ciliary length and function. 9094: 8411: 7596: 3526: 1056:

during physical exertion caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and metabolic oxygen demand. Various forms of

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stress experienced a decrease in the diameter of their blood vessels and significantly increased disease progression. Having a

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40-year-old females. It is the most common reason for death of males and females over 20 years of age in the United States.

7159:"Hybrid coronary revascularization versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 3750:

McCann SJ (November 2001). "The precocity-longevity hypothesis: earlier peaks in career achievement predict shorter lives".

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In 2015, CAD affected 110 million people and resulted in 8.9 million deaths. It makes up 15.6% of all deaths, making it the

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Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (April 2006). "Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease".

4812: 3253: 8184: 8038: 5658: 4816: 3911:"Identification of 64 Novel Genetic Loci Provides an Expanded View on the Genetic Architecture of Coronary Artery Disease" 9089: 8903: 8893: 8482: 1397: 1357:

Secondary prevention is preventing further sequelae of already established disease. Effective lifestyle changes include:

592: 3033: 1174:("clot buster" medication), whichever is available. In the absence of ST-segment elevation, heart damage is detected by 966:

The diagnosis of CAD depends largely on the nature of the symptoms. The first investigation when CAD is suspected is an

9450: 9200: 9031: 8645: 7729:"Genome-wide mapping of susceptibility to coronary artery disease identifies a novel replicated locus on chromosome 17" 7620:

Nestle M (November 2016). "Food Industry Funding of Nutrition Research: The Relevance of History for Current Debates".

7206: 2804:"Coronary artery bypass graft surgery vs percutaneous interventions in coronary revascularization: a systematic review" 1582: 1571: 1163: 1121: 432: 209: 46:

Arteriosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic vascular disease, coronary heart disease

3349:"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data" 1396:

Although exercise is beneficial, it is unclear whether doctors should spend time counseling patients to exercise. The

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Hemostatic factors: High levels of fibrinogen and coagulation factor VII are associated with an increased risk of CAD.

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Richards SH, Anderson L, Jenkinson CE, Whalley B, Rees K, Davies P, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (April 2017).

5042: 4441:"Chronic total occlusions—a stiff challenge requiring a major breakthrough: is there light at the end of the tunnel?" 3218: 4958: 2571:"The contribution of major depression to the global burden of ischemic heart disease: a comparative risk assessment" 9460: 9066: 7403: 938:

atherosclerosis. For reasons that are not well understood, females are more likely than males to have it; however,

4686:"Pathophysiology and management of patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X)" 930:(coronary angiogram) is being performed. The exact cause of microvascular angina is unknown. Explanations include 8935: 8716: 2723:

Desai CS, Blumenthal RS, Greenland P (April 2014). "Screening low-risk individuals for coronary artery disease".

1835: 1476: 990: 646: 511: 7819:

Dandona S, Stewart AF, Roberts R (March 2010). "Genomics in coronary artery disease: past, present and future".

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Several immunosuppressive drugs targeting the chronic inflammation in coronary artery disease have been tested.

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plus aspirin (dual anti-platelet therapy) reduces cardiovascular events more than aspirin alone in those with a

9011: 9006: 8930: 7118:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta: A Network Meta-Analysis" 5491:"Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study" 4954: 1125: 1089: 1005:(the three latter can be summarized as functional non invasive methods and are typically better to "rule in"). 457: 436: 213: 7358: 5963:"Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction" 5587: 5134: 9357: 9233: 9162: 8994: 8730: 5770:"Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review" 1656: 774: 7904:"Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of coronary heart disease: the hypothesis is still untested" 6568: 6279: 9352: 9145: 9128: 9061: 8981: 8360: 7034:

Stergiopoulos K, Boden WE, Hartigan P, Möbius-Winkler S, Hambrecht R, Hueb W, et al. (February 2014).

6478:"Coronary heart disease and risk for cognitive impairment or dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis" 6476:

Deckers K, Schievink SH, Rodriquez MM, Oostenbrugge RJ, Boxtel MP, Verhey FR, Köhler S (8 September 2017).

1567: 1495: 998: 574: 428: 234: 7657:"Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents" 7382: 4306:"The β fibrinogen gene G-455A polymorphism in Asian subjects with coronary heart disease: A meta analysis" 3686:

Wang HX, Leineweber C, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Theorell T, Orth-Gomér K (March 2007).

9195: 8640: 7988:"Myeloperoxidase: a new biomarker of inflammation in ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes" 5863:

Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, et al. (December 2013).

1259:

control improves cardiac risk although improved sugar control appears to decrease other problems such as

447: 332:

or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Occasionally it may feel like

6686:

Grove EL, Würtz M, Thomas MR, Kristensen SD (2015). "Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes".

681:

that are likely markers of regulatory T cells (Treg), consistent with known reductions in Tregs in CAD.

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Walker C, Reamy BV (April 2009). "Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence?".

4012:"RNAseq profiling of blood from patients with coronary artery disease: Signature of a T cell imbalance" 2945:"The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study" 1402: 1034: 786:

In the Asian population, the b fibrinogen gene G-455A polymorphism was associated with the risk of CAD.

755:) are known elements of the Wnt signaling pathway, which is major determinant of Treg differentiation. 8724: 2226: 9255: 8952: 8920: 8847: 8574: 8333: 5190:

Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, Bittl JA, Byrne JG, Fletcher BJ, et al. (November 2014).

3779: 2569:

Charlson FJ, Moran AE, Freedman G, Norman RE, Stapelberg NJ, Baxter AJ, et al. (November 2013).

2261: 2195: 1748: 1652: 1443: 1060:

may be used to induce both symptoms and detect changes by way of electrocardiography (using an ECG),

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Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. (October 2002).

3347:

Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L, et al. (October 2012).

3235:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Social Security Cardiovascular Disability Criteria. (2010).

1527:

females, males above 40, and younger people with risk factors for coronary heart disease, including

450:

globally. The risk of death from CAD for a given age decreased between 1980 and 2010, especially in

9379: 9205: 9135: 8925: 8822: 8803: 8633: 8406: 8282: 4876:

Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. (January 2003).

1890: 1757: 1159: 1077: 1029: 993:(CTA) (anatomical imaging, best test in patients with low risk profile-to "rule out" the disease), 862: 188: 7481: 6946:"Extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6732:

Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, Aronow WS, Black HR, Blumenthal RS, et al. (May 2015).

4911:

Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, et al. (December 2010).

9455: 9412: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9347: 9081: 9023: 8827: 8808: 8460: 8353: 7552: 5961:

Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, et al. (March 2005).

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Wong ND (May 2014). "Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology".

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Mikkelsen RR, Hundahl MP, Torp CK, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Kjolby M, Bruun JM, Kragstrup TW (2022).

6592:"Statin therapy in the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: a sex-based meta-analysis" 3961:"RNA sequencing of blood in coronary artery disease: involvement of regulatory T cell imbalance" 3125:

McSweeney JC, O'Sullivan P, Cleves MA, Lefler LL, Cody M, Moser DK, et al. (January 2010).

1151: 9001: 8967: 8910: 8888: 8710: 8692: 8628: 8495: 8448: 8376: 4165:

Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. (May 1998).

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Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, McCourt C, McFarlane A, Fleming P, et al. (March 2015).

1806: 1802: 1761: 1379: 1320: 1276: 1203: 893: 858: 376: 310: 302: 8311: 8234: 8226: 5865:"Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5162: 999:

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/nuclear stress test/myocardial scintigraphy

8765: 8760: 8655: 8570: 8465: 8238: 8230: 8222: 8071:

Freeman AM, Morris PB, Barnard N, Esselstyn CB, Ros E, Agatston A, et al. (March 2017).

2943:

Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, et al. (April 2014).

2394: 1970:

Faxon DP, Creager MA, Smith SC, Pasternak RC, Olin JW, Bettmann MA, et al. (June 2004).

1870: 1324: 1281:

A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.

1155: 1117: 846: 818: 543: 495: 345: 322: 164: 6842: 6825: 6306: 5538:

Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).

9261: 8789: 8770: 8670: 8581: 8524: 7505:"Cardiovascular outcomes in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6944:

Elmariah S, Mauri L, Doros G, Galper BZ, O'Neill KE, Steg PG, et al. (February 2015).

6826:"Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: recommendation and rationale" 6489: 5734: 5060: 4305: 2894:

Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M (April 2014).

1328: 1147: 1018: 1011: 915: 868:

Typically, coronary artery disease occurs when part of the smooth, elastic lining inside a

570: 555: 337: 7727:

Farrall M, Green FR, Peden JF, Olsson PG, Clarke R, Hellenius ML, et al. (May 2006).

7240: 7239:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

7116:

Zhao DF, Edelman JJ, Seco M, Bannon PG, Wilson MK, Byrom MJ, et al. (February 2017).

4841:

Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, Lai WW, Manning WJ, Patel AR, et al. (March 2011).

1405:, based on a non-systematic review, recommends that doctors counsel patients on exercise. 1076:

by the heart muscle). If part of the heart seems to receive an insufficient blood supply,

694:

immunomodulating cells on the other side. One of the most differentially expressed genes,

8: 9266: 9123: 9118: 9041: 8945: 8915: 8874: 8500: 8417: 8263: 7436:

Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. (February 2007).

6170: 5914:"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 5355:

Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, Natarajan P, Bick AG, Cook NR, et al. (December 2016).

2996: 1528: 1057: 1006: 901: 881: 582: 392: 360: 344:

may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present. In many cases, the first sign is a

341: 180: 90: 7275: 6493: 5738: 5283: 5250: 4290: 4036: 4011: 1154:", which in the context of severe typical chest pain is strongly indicative of an acute 922:

in which chest pain and chest discomfort occur without signs of blockages in the larger

825: 9369: 9167: 8989: 8940: 8565: 8512: 8422: 8143: 8014: 7987: 7928: 7903: 7880: 7755: 7728: 7681: 7335: 7310: 7288: 7183: 7158: 7011: 6994: 6970: 6945: 6891: 6866: 6760: 6733: 6711: 6543:

Jameson JN, Kasper DL, Harrison TR, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL (2005).

6520: 6477: 6458: 6410: 6385: 6358: 6341: 6318: 6221: 6196: 6139: 5943: 5889: 5864: 5702: 5677: 5634: 5613: 5564: 5539: 5515: 5490: 5471: 5381: 5356: 5332: 5307: 5111: 5086: 5019: 4994: 4715: 4702: 4685: 4661: 4636: 4612: 4587: 4563: 4538: 4514: 4489: 4465: 4440: 4416: 4389: 4365: 4338: 4245: 4196: 4147: 4093: 4068: 4049: 3987: 3960: 3935: 3910: 3874:

McPherson R, Tybjaerg-Hansen A (February 2016). "Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease".

3767: 3717: 3665: 3617: 3592: 3573: 3471: 3446: 3422: 3397: 3373: 3348: 3319: 3292: 3195: 3178: 3151: 3126: 3077: 3052: 2969: 2944: 2920: 2895: 2871: 2844: 2748: 2705: 2597: 2570: 2548: 2500: 2475: 2370: 2345: 2316: 2291: 2169: 2144: 1988: 1971: 1447: 1316: 1286: 1187: 1183: 1014:(ICA) can be used when non-invasive testing is inconclusive or show a high event risk. 607: 404: 81: 8276: 7832: 7454: 7437: 7256: 6961: 5930: 5913: 5422: 5405: 4894: 4877: 4637:"Microvascular coronary dysfunction and ischemic heart disease: where are we in 2014?" 4183: 4166: 3462: 3364: 2960: 2911: 2491: 2361: 2307: 9429: 9280: 9238: 9153: 8971: 8869: 8586: 8529: 8427: 8171: 8147: 8135: 8094: 8053: 8019: 7968: 7933: 7872: 7836: 7801: 7760: 7686: 7637: 7534: 7526: 7459: 7418: 7340: 7280: 7265: 7188: 7139: 7098: 7093: 7076: 7057: 7052: 7035: 7016: 6975: 6914: 6896: 6847: 6806: 6765: 6703: 6668: 6613: 6560: 6550: 6525: 6507: 6462: 6450: 6415: 6363: 6310: 6261: 6226: 6174: 6143: 6131: 6096: 6055: 6019: 5984: 5935: 5894: 5845: 5818: 5791: 5750: 5707: 5639: 5614:"Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease" 5569: 5520: 5463: 5427: 5386: 5337: 5288: 5270: 5213: 5170: 5116: 5024: 4934: 4899: 4864: 4794: 4786: 4707: 4666: 4617: 4568: 4519: 4470: 4421: 4370: 4286: 4237: 4232: 4215: 4188: 4139: 4098: 4053: 4041: 3992: 3940: 3891: 3787: 3771: 3709: 3704: 3687: 3657: 3622: 3565: 3530: 3476: 3427: 3378: 3324: 3200: 3177:

McSweeney JC, Cody M, O'Sullivan P, Elberson K, Moser DK, Garvin BJ (November 2003).

3156: 3127:"Racial differences in women's prodromal and acute symptoms of myocardial infarction" 3082: 3008: 2974: 2925: 2876: 2825: 2784: 2740: 2697: 2689: 2637: 2602: 2540: 2505: 2400: 2375: 2321: 2174: 2118: 1993: 1866: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1503: 1366: 1252: 1241: 1113: 1101: 967: 923: 905: 535: 451: 416: 412: 388: 306: 176: 171: 132: 114: 65: 52: 8322: 8272: 8268: 7884: 7672: 7633: 6867:"Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events" 6608: 6591: 6446: 6322: 5947: 5475: 4719: 4249: 4200: 4151: 4084: 3780:"Current issues in Type A behaviour, coronary proneness, and coronary heart disease" 3721: 3608: 3561: 2752: 2709: 1881:

are found in intergenic segments and need further research in understanding how the

9402: 9294: 9187: 8883: 8125: 8084: 8009: 7999: 7960: 7923: 7915: 7864: 7828: 7791: 7750: 7740: 7676: 7668: 7629: 7516: 7449: 7330: 7322: 7292: 7270: 7260: 7252: 7178: 7170: 7129: 7088: 7047: 7006: 6965: 6957: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6837: 6796: 6755: 6745: 6715: 6695: 6660: 6636: 6603: 6515: 6497: 6442: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6353: 6302: 6253: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6166: 6123: 6091: 6086: 6074: 6047: 6011: 5974: 5925: 5884: 5876: 5781: 5742: 5725:

Li D (January 2014). "Effect of the vegetarian diet on non-communicable diseases".

5697: 5689: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5559: 5551: 5510: 5502: 5455: 5417: 5376: 5368: 5327: 5319: 5308:"Framingham risk score and prediction of coronary heart disease death in young men" 5278: 5262: 5203: 5167:

Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecular Pharmacology to Evidence-Based Therapeutics

5106: 5098: 5014: 5006: 4924: 4889: 4854: 4776: 4768: 4697: 4656: 4648: 4607: 4599: 4558: 4550: 4509: 4501: 4460: 4452: 4411: 4401: 4360: 4350: 4317: 4276: 4227: 4178: 4129: 4088: 4080: 4031: 4023: 3982: 3972: 3930: 3922: 3883: 3759: 3699: 3669: 3649: 3612: 3604: 3577: 3557: 3522: 3466: 3458: 3417: 3409: 3368: 3360: 3314: 3304: 3274: 3190: 3146: 3138: 3072: 3064: 2964: 2956: 2915: 2907: 2866: 2856: 2815: 2776: 2732: 2679: 2669: 2629: 2592: 2582: 2552: 2532: 2495: 2487: 2365: 2357: 2311: 2303: 2164: 2156: 2110: 2070: 1983: 1878: 1390: 1199: 1061: 983: 885: 353: 106: 6699: 3926: 3887: 2016: 649:

have identified over 160 genetic susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease.

9424: 8816: 8797: 8784: 8591: 8470: 8345: 8287: 8130: 8113: 7899: 7796: 7779: 7745: 7603: 7389: 7326: 6750: 6502: 6127: 5266: 5208: 5191: 5102: 4967: 4963: 4134: 4117: 4027: 3278: 2780: 1898: 1856: 1309: 1290: 1209: 1178:(blood tests that identify heart muscle damage). If there is evidence of damage ( 1105: 919: 873: 869: 814: 810: 806: 531: 491: 440: 364: 318: 148: 128: 74: 8253: 7868: 7174: 5912:

Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L (February 2019).

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5612:

Ebrahim S, Taylor F, Ward K, Beswick A, Burke M, Davey Smith G (January 2011).

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Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, O'Connor EA, Whitlock EP (June 2016).

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Erkkilä AT, Booth SL (February 2008). "Vitamin K intake and atherosclerosis".

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Deb S, Wijeysundera HC, Ko DT, Tsubota H, Hill S, Fremes SE (November 2013).

2693: 2684: 2587: 2536: 1455: 1339: 1301: 1282: 1112:(above 14 pg/mL) was found associated with an increased 5-year event rate of 1052: 1047: 971: 889: 764: 588: 349: 314: 102: 8165:

Risk Assessment of having a heart attack or dying of coronary artery disease

7919: 6564: 6051: 4505: 4456: 4281: 3445:

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).

2861: 9339: 9313: 9157: 9105: 8778: 8754: 8701: 8560: 8139: 8098: 8057: 8023: 7972: 7937: 7840: 7805: 7764: 7690: 7641: 7538: 7463: 7422: 7344: 7284: 7192: 7143: 7102: 7061: 7020: 6979: 6900: 6851: 6810: 6769: 6707: 6672: 6617: 6529: 6454: 6419: 6367: 6314: 6265: 6230: 6135: 6100: 6059: 6023: 5988: 5979: 5962: 5939: 5898: 5849: 5822: 5795: 5754: 5711: 5643: 5573: 5524: 5467: 5431: 5390: 5341: 5292: 5217: 5120: 5028: 4938: 4903: 4868: 4798: 4711: 4670: 4621: 4572: 4523: 4474: 4425: 4374: 4241: 4143: 4102: 4045: 3996: 3944: 3895: 3713: 3661: 3626: 3569: 3534: 3480: 3431: 3382: 3328: 3204: 3160: 3086: 3012: 2978: 2929: 2880: 2829: 2788: 2744: 2701: 2641: 2606: 2544: 2509: 2379: 2325: 2178: 1997: 1874: 1862: 1451: 1233: 1229: 1171: 1073: 1069: 897: 731: 727: 695: 642: 566: 527: 424: 408: 230: 198: 144: 110: 8004: 7876: 6664: 6432: 6178: 5372: 5151: 4192: 3068: 9274: 9172: 8962: 8879: 8861: 8687: 8660: 8611: 8552: 8306: 6631: 6337: 6015: 4738: 4554: 3396:

Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang JL, Milenković D (January 2018).

2428: 2011: 1543: 1466: 1418:

not currently supported for preventing secondary coronary heart disease.

1256: 1237: 1085: 975: 139: 7478:"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics | American Heart Association (AHA)" 7033: 4781: 3309: 3142: 9302: 8852: 8328: 2845:"Conservative strategy for treatment of stable coronary artery disease" 2114: 1332: 1179: 1109: 979: 838: 802: 471: 329: 221: 86: 70: 8205: 5880: 5786: 5769: 5746: 5693: 5555: 5506: 5357:"Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease" 3527:

10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2331::aid-art395>3.0.co;2-i

3413: 1492:, which reduce cholesterol, reduce the risk of coronary artery disease 798: 8317: 6801: 6784: 6782: 6475: 5809:

Ginter E (2008). "Vegetarian diets, chronic diseases and longevity".

5163:"Overview of ischemic heart disease, stable angina, and drug therapy" 1902: 1882: 1435:

There are a number of treatment options for coronary artery disease:

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Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA (May 2016).

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Ohman EM (March 2016). "CLINICAL PRACTICE. Chronic Stable Angina".

6292: 4406: 3176: 3124: 3034:"Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms: Types, Causes, Risks, Treatment" 1852: 1532: 1384: 1221: 1081: 854: 850: 834: 735: 645:

of coronary artery disease has been estimated between 40% and 60%.

624:

LDL levels within the body, thus raising blood cholesterol levels".

479: 400: 368: 294: 156: 152: 8037:

Esselstyn CB, Gendy G, Doyle J, Golubic M, Roizen MF (July 2014).

7898:

Grayston JT, Belland RJ, Byrne GI, Kuo CC, Schachter J, Stamm WE,

7402:

Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC (December 2011).

6864: 6243: 5676:

Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (July 2014).

4537:

Aldiwani H, Mahdai S, Alhatemi G, Bairey Merz CN (February 2021).

3784:

Handbook of social and clinical psychology: the health perspective

1586:

Deaths due to ischaemic heart disease per million persons in 2012

387:

consumption. A number of tests may help with diagnoses including:

7075:

Sipahi I, Akay MH, Dagdelen S, Blitz A, Alhan C (February 2014).

5862: 5444: 4536: 4490:"Cardiac syndrome X: a critical overview and future perspectives" 3499:

US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration

2995:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 2011).

1659:

for ischaemic heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

1507: 1225: 939: 703: 559: 539: 420: 372: 226: 160: 7853: 6386:"Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease" 6194: 6001: 5305: 5248: 4216:"The genetics of atherothrombotic disorders: a clinician's view" 3237:

Cardiovascular Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings

9308: 9288: 8443: 8248: 8217: 6731: 5306:

Berry JD, Lloyd-Jones DM, Garside DB, Greenland P (July 2007).

4265:"Hemoglobin: Emerging marker in stable coronary artery disease" 4164: 3293:"Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction" 3179:"Women's early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction" 2997:"Prevalence of coronary heart disease—United States, 2006–2010" 1489: 842: 837:(cell starvation secondary to a lack of oxygen) of the heart's 740: 674: 662: 483: 475: 238: 7706:"How the sugar industry paid experts to downplay health risks" 6542: 5960: 4953: 3511: 2843:

Rezende PC, Scudeler TL, da Costa LM, Hueb W (February 2015).

1413:

Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease

872:(the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle) develops 8070: 7780:"9p21 and the genetic revolution for coronary artery disease" 5189: 5087:"Pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris" 4910: 3590: 2107:

Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control

1547: 1346: 1167: 958: 861:, which may terminate into a dangerous heart rhythm known as 748: 744: 723: 670: 487: 201:, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking 7502: 6992: 4875: 4118:"Psychological and social factors in coronary heart disease" 4066: 3685: 2619: 2038:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?" 1744:

decade of life. Males are affected more often than females.

1562:

has a mortality benefit. Percutaneous revascularization for

6589: 6383: 5768:

Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D (2012).

4757: 4588:"Cardiac syndrome X and microvascular coronary dysfunction" 3737:

Psychophysiology: human behavior and physiological response

3346: 2842: 2568: 1331:). There is tentative evidence that intake of menaquinone ( 950: 60:

Illustration depicting atherosclerosis in a coronary artery

8036: 6685: 5911: 5537: 3547: 3395: 2942: 2893: 2145:"Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors" 1969: 942:

and other risk factors unique to females may play a role.

888:. This can be seen in a so-called metastatic mechanism of 7985: 7435: 6336:

Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA,

6335: 6036: 3921:(3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 433–443. 2765: 2399:(Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 23. 2227:"How Can Coronary Heart Disease Be Prevented or Delayed?" 407:, among others. Ways to reduce CAD risk include eating a 6943: 6590:

Gutierrez J, Ramirez G, Rundek T, Sacco RL (June 2012).

6197:"Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease" 5611: 5354: 3873: 2801: 2722: 1104:

for SIHD/SCAD. In patients with non-severe asymptomatic

730:(BTN1A1) is a known co-regulator for T cell activation. 7897: 7726: 7238: 7074: 4992: 1941:"Coronary heart disease – causes, symptoms, prevention" 340:, last less than a few minutes, and improve with rest. 7401: 4840: 2343: 1895:

of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.

809:

with the most common form of coronary artery disease (

7818: 7308: 7115: 4959:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 4821:

Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

4817:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 4009: 3957: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3444: 3291:

Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS (January 2016).

2654: 1801:

The Infarct Combat Project (ICP) is an international

8195: 7309:

Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP (September 2013).

6824:

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (January 2002).

6156: 5403: 5135:"Nitrostat® (Nitroglycerin Sublingual Tablets, USP)" 3908: 3290: 1108:

and no overt coronary artery disease, the increased

904:, or might have dozens distributed throughout their 336:. Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional 7654: 4993:Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN (August 2014). 2289: 2104: 8375: 7950: 7655:Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA (November 2016). 4069:"Endometriosis and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease" 3800: 1312:and increase the risk of coronary artery disease. 569:may increase risk. Rheumatologic diseases such as 8073:"Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies" 7986:Loria V, Dato I, Graziani F, Biasucci LM (2008). 7610:, 12 September 2016. 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New York: Pergamon. pp. 197–220. 3335: 2559: 2516: 2262:"How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?" 1829:in the US, had sponsored an influential 1805:founded in 1998 which tries to decrease 1651: 1581: 1538: 1531:, a family history of heart disease, or 957: 949: 824: 797: 683: 456: 6843:10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00015 6791:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 6307:10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00014 5531: 4805: 4336: 4171:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3259: 3243:". NCBI, National Academies Press (US). 2467: 2214: 1352: 431:may be recommended. Procedures such as 14: 9443: 8412:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection 8182: 8167:, from the American Heart Association. 7778:Roberts R, Stewart AF (January 2012). 7619: 7589: 6435:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6379: 6377: 6282:. Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 2004. 6190: 6188: 5808: 5656: 3749: 3739:. Mahwah, NJ: L. 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U.S. National Library of Medicine. 7716:from the original on 20 August 2017. 7470: 6925:from the original on 4 February 2016 6171:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440070065008 5774:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 4813:American Society of Echocardiography 3219:"Women & Cardiovascular Disease" 2522: 1861:Research efforts are focused on new 1186:for possible complications (such as 27:Reduction of blood flow to the heart 7315:International Journal of Cardiology 7157:Reynolds AC, King N (August 2018). 6653:The New England Journal of Medicine 6374: 6185: 6004:The New England Journal of Medicine 5361:The New England Journal of Medicine 5147:from the original on 19 April 2014. 3782:. In Snyder CR, Forsyth DR (eds.). 2040:. 29 September 2014. Archived from 1877:(9p21.3). However, these and other 1572:percutaneous coronary interventions 1398:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 24: 9032:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 7821:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 7012:10.1161/01.CIR.0000037106.76139.53 6359:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77 5724: 5397: 5160: 4971:, American College of Cardiology, 4746: 4703:10.1161/01.CIR.0000116601.58103.62 3196:10.1161/01.CIR.0000097116.29625.7C 3167: 3019: 1989:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB 1193: 1164:percutaneous coronary intervention 1122:percutaneous coronary intervention 857:which leads to the induction of a 793: 433:percutaneous coronary intervention 401:high-sensitivity cardiac troponins 210:Percutaneous coronary intervention 25: 9472: 8158: 7455:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.179918 7411:National Vital Statistics Reports 6688:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5423:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 4995:"Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014" 4641:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 4592:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 4439:Aziz S, Ramsdale DR (June 2005). 3845:"Types of Fatty Acids | BioNinja" 3131:American Journal of Critical Care 2961:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046 2912:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 2149:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2077:from the original on 2 March 2015 1796: 8064: 8030: 7812: 7771: 7697: 7648: 7613: 7571: 7545: 7496: 7429: 7395: 7351: 7199: 7150: 7109: 7094:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12844 7053:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12855 6986: 6937: 6907: 6858: 6776: 6583: 6536: 6469: 6426: 6329: 6272: 6237: 6150: 6107: 6066: 4233:10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00276.x 3705:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01759.x 3597:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 3550:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 3254:What is Ischaemic Heart Disease? 2769:The American Journal of Medicine 1809:through education and research. 1448:cholesterol lowering medications 1375:(in partially hydrogenated oils) 1041: 974:and acute coronary syndrome. An 652: 443:or decreases heart attack risk. 8717:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 7673:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5394 7634:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5400 6609:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2145 6447:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.026 5995: 5905: 5829: 5802: 5761: 5718: 5669: 5650: 5605: 5580: 5482: 5448:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 5438: 5348: 5299: 5242: 5224: 5127: 5078: 5053: 5035: 4986: 4726: 4677: 4628: 4579: 4481: 4297: 4256: 4158: 4109: 4085:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002224 4060: 4003: 3951: 3902: 3867: 3837: 3815:"Lipid Health Risks | BioNinja" 3743: 3728: 3642:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3609:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206624 3562:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201334 3541: 3505: 3487: 3438: 3389: 3284: 3246: 3229: 3211: 3118: 3093: 3044: 2936: 2887: 2849:World Journal of Clinical Cases 2836: 2795: 2759: 2725:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2716: 2648: 2442: 2417: 2386: 2071:"Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)" 1945:Southern Cross Healthcare Group 1836:New England Journal of Medicine 1577: 1477:Coronary artery bypass grafting 991:Computed tomography angiography 767:in females under the age of 40. 647:Genome-wide association studies 520: 512:Cardiovascular disease in women 502:experience no symptoms at all. 309:. It is the most common of the 8046:The Journal of Family Practice 6883:10.1002/14651858.CD005158.pub4 6402:10.1002/14651858.CD003610.pub4 6280:"Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)" 6213:10.1002/14651858.CD002902.pub4 6092:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.262 5626:10.1002/14651858.cd001561.pub3 5236:European Society of Cardiology 5043:"Angina – Symptoms and causes" 4955:American College of Cardiology 4269:Chronicles of Young Scientists 4263:Padmanaban P, Toora B (2011). 3778:Rhodewalt F, Smith TW (1991). 2004: 1963: 1933: 1813:Industry influence on research 1483: 1345:), may reduce the risk of CAD 1319:supplementation in preventing 1126:coronary artery bypass surgery 962:Coronary angiogram of a female 865:, which often leads to death. 437:coronary artery bypass surgery 348:. Other complications include 214:coronary artery bypass surgery 13: 1: 9234:Pulseless electrical activity 9163:Multifocal atrial tachycardia 9037:Catecholaminergic polymorphic 7833:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)71064-3 7704:Ifill G (13 September 2016). 7404:"Deaths: final data for 2009" 7257:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 6962:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62052-3 6700:10.1517/14656566.2015.1079619 6596:Archives of Internal Medicine 6159:Archives of Internal Medicine 6116:Current Opinion in Lipidology 6079:Archives of Internal Medicine 5931:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 4895:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02848-6 4304:Fajar JK (27 February 2017). 4184:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 3927:10.1161/circresaha.117.312086 3888:10.1161/circresaha.115.306566 3463:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 3365:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5 2492:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2362:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 2308:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1926: 1657:Disability-adjusted life year 1568:coronary artery bypass grafts 1422:Neuropsychological Assessment 1215: 1166:(angioplasty with or without 1146:generally takes place in the 775:adverse childhood experiences 613: 8131:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174998 7797:10.1373/clinchem.2011.172759 7746:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020072 7359:"The top 10 causes of death" 7327:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.046 6751:10.1161/cir.0000000000000207 6503:10.1371/journal.pone.0184244 6128:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3282f1c57f 5267:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101875 5209:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000095 5103:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-1-63 4388:Ambrose JA, Singh M (2015). 4135:10.3109/07853890.2010.515605 4028:10.1016/j.jmccpl.2023.100033 3692:Journal of Internal Medicine 3279:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001212 2781:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.007 1430: 1371:Avoiding the consumption of 1102:clinical practice guidelines 995:positron emission tomography 954:Coronary angiogram of a male 945: 773:The number of categories of 575:systemic lupus erythematosus 7: 8183:Norman J (7 October 2019). 7869:10.7326/0003-4819-116-4-273 7857:Annals of Internal Medicine 7175:10.1097/MD.0000000000011941 6830:Annals of Internal Medicine 6789:Annals of Internal Medicine 6340:, et al. 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Cardiology 2474:Murray CJ (January 2015). 1850: 1553: 1517: 1465:Coronary interventions as 1403:American Heart Association 1338:), but not phylloquinone ( 1274: 1135: 1045: 1035:Magnetic resonance imaging 593:Excessive citations inline 509: 448:most common cause of death 9451:Aging-associated diseases 9395: 9338: 9256:hexaxial reference system 9247: 9214: 9201:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen 9186: 9144: 9103: 9080: 9054: 9022: 8980: 8961: 8860: 8846: 8746: 8731:Libman–Sacks endocarditis 8700: 8686: 8602: 8551: 8544: 8481: 8436: 8393: 8384: 8297: 8199: 8172:"Coronary Artery Disease" 7992:Mediators of Inflammation 7211:World Health Organization 6258:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.017 5838:American Family Physician 5460:10.1007/s11883-009-0072-0 5324:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.042 5011:10.1016/j.ccl.2014.04.006 4653:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.09.013 4604:10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.014 3764:10.1177/01461672012711004 3654:10.1007/s11883-017-0685-7 2737:10.1007/s11883-014-0402-8 2634:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 2161:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005 1833:published in 1965 in the 1787:morbus ischaemicus cordis 1749:World Health Organization 1444:commonly prescribed drugs 932:microvascular dysfunction 252: 244: 220: 205: 194: 170: 138: 124: 96: 80: 64: 59: 50: 42: 37: 9136:Ventricular fibrillation 8407:Coronary artery aneurysm 7965:10.1001/jama.293.21.2641 7602:28 February 2017 at the 6637:Nitroglycerin Sublingual 6632:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 5967:The Journal of Nutrition 4773:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425 4116:Albus C (October 2010). 3515:Arthritis and Rheumatism 2821:10.1001/jama.2013.281718 2588:10.1186/1741-7015-11-250 2537:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.26 2450:"Ischemic Heart Disease" 2012:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 1891:Chlamydophila pneumoniae 1780: 1758:Indian Heart Association 1460:calcium channel blockers 1378:Decreasing psychosocial 1080:may be used to identify 1030:Intravascular ultrasound 926:of their hearts when an 908:. A more severe form is 863:ventricular fibrillation 758: 9461:Ischemic heart diseases 9413:Diastolic heart failure 9387:Athletic heart syndrome 9348:Ventricular hypertrophy 9082:Pre-excitation syndrome 8936:Left posterior fascicle 8461:Acute coronary syndrome 8401:Coronary artery disease 8334:Coronary artery disease 8039:"A way to reverse CAD?" 6052:10.1001/2012.jama.11374 4966:: an initiative of the 4506:10.1136/hrt.2005.067330 4457:10.1136/hrt.2004.058495 4343:British Medical Journal 4337:Adikari D (June 2022). 4282:10.4103/2229-5186.82971 3057:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2862:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i2.163 1901:has been proposed as a 1807:ischemic heart diseases 1560:acute coronary syndrome 1270: 1144:acute coronary syndrome 1138:Acute coronary syndrome 1132:Acute coronary syndrome 1114:ischemic cardiac events 1003:stress echocardiography 910:chronic total occlusion 608:type A behavior pattern 598:considered for deletion 478:and is associated with 311:cardiovascular diseases 263:Coronary artery disease 38:Coronary artery disease 8931:Left anterior fascicle 8711:infective endocarditis 8496:Hibernating myocardium 8377:Cardiovascular disease 7661:JAMA Internal Medicine 7622:JAMA Internal Medicine 7583:Infarct Combat Project 7522:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad243 7480:. 2007. Archived from 7081:JAMA Internal Medicine 7040:JAMA Internal Medicine 6246:American Heart Journal 5312:American Heart Journal 5061:"Coronary Angiography" 4761:European Heart Journal 4214:Grant PJ (July 2003). 3241:Ischemic Heart Disease 2017:Coronary heart disease 1803:nonprofit organization 1762:World Heart Federation 1740: 1649: 1558:Revascularization for 1321:cardiovascular disease 1277:Diet and heart disease 1204:Framingham Heart Study 963: 955: 894:chronic kidney disease 859:ventricular arrhythmia 830: 822: 690: 544:high blood cholesterol 462: 393:cardiac stress testing 377:high blood cholesterol 303:atherosclerotic plaque 279:ischemic heart disease 271:coronary heart disease 165:high blood cholesterol 107:abnormal heart rhythms 18:Coronary Heart Disease 9095:Wolff–Parkinson–White 9055:Premature contraction 8953:Adams–Stokes syndrome 8656:Loeffler endocarditis 8466:Myocardial infarction 7920:10.1093/femspd/ftu015 7908:Pathogens and Disease 7555:. 29 September 2014. 7266:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 6665:10.1056/NEJMcp1502240 5373:10.1056/NEJMoa1605086 4345:(Prospective study). 3752:Pers Soc Psychol Bull 3735:Andreassi JL (2000). 3069:10.4065/mcp.2009.0560 2264:. 29 September 2014. 2198:. 29 September 2014. 1851:Further information: 1760:are working with the 1655: 1585: 1539:Anti-platelet therapy 1325:myocardial infarction 1156:myocardial infarction 1118:myocardial infarction 1106:aortic valve stenosis 1021:(previously known as 961: 953: 847:myocardial infarction 845:and this is called a 828: 801: 687: 510:Further information: 496:myocardial infarction 460: 359:Risk factors include 323:myocardial infarction 307:arteries of the heart 133:arteries of the heart 9262:Right axis deviation 9224:Sudden cardiac death 8582:Pericardial effusion 8525:Ventricular aneurysm 7827:(Suppl A): 56A–59A. 6016:10.1056/NEJMra054035 5980:10.1093/jn/135.3.562 5588:"Life's Essential 8" 4815:(20 December 2012). 4555:10.15420/ecr.2021.15 4451:(Suppl 3): iii42-8. 3915:Circulation Research 3876:Circulation Research 2356:(10053): 1459–1544. 2302:(10053): 1545–1602. 1442:Medical treatment – 1353:Secondary prevention 1329:sudden cardiac death 1160:coronary angiography 1148:emergency department 1078:coronary angiography 1058:cardiac stress tests 1019:microvascular angina 1012:coronary angiography 970:(ECG/EKG), both for 916:Microvascular angina 571:rheumatoid arthritis 556:psychological stress 538:, lack of exercise, 371:, lack of exercise, 328:A common symptom is 9267:Left axis deviation 9124:Atrial fibrillation 9119:Ventricular flutter 9042:Torsades de pointes 8916:Bundle branch block 8875:Sick sinus syndrome 8661:Cardiac amyloidosis 8646:Tachycardia-induced 8501:Myocardial stunning 8449:Prinzmetal's angina 8418:Coronary thrombosis 8005:10.1155/2008/135625 7484:on 20 December 2008 7388:18 May 2015 at the 6921:. 6 November 2015. 6571:on 19 February 2014 6494:2017PLoSO..1284244D 5739:2014JSFA...94..169L 3310:10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.1 3273:vol. 9,5 e1001212. 3256:" Clinic Barcelona. 3143:10.4037/ajcc2010372 2044:on 24 February 2015 1867:stem-cell therapies 1776:Society and culture 1570:appear better than 1529:high blood pressure 1300:(commonly found in 1296:The consumption of 1230:high blood pressure 1188:cardiac arrhythmias 1170:insertion) or with 583:psoriatic arthritis 528:high blood pressure 506:Symptoms in females 452:developed countries 361:high blood pressure 342:Shortness of breath 301:due to build-up of 287:myocardial ischemia 181:cardiac stress test 145:High blood pressure 91:shortness of breath 9370:Atrial enlargement 9168:Pacemaker syndrome 9090:Lown–Ganong–Levine 9012:Junctional ectopic 9007:AV nodal reentrant 8513:Myocardial rupture 8423:Coronary vasospasm 8298:External resources 7784:Clinical Chemistry 7608:The New York Times 7595:O'Connor, Anahad, 7251:(9859): 2095–128. 6252:(4): 666–76.e1–3. 5924:(10170): 434–445. 5501:(oct01 1): f5577. 4999:Cardiology Clinics 4957:(September 2013), 4394:F1000Prime Reports 4122:Annals of Medicine 3855:on 19 October 2023 3849:ib.bioninja.com.au 3825:on 19 October 2023 3819:ib.bioninja.com.au 2393:Bhatia SK (2010). 1741: 1650: 1504:Antiplatelet drugs 1317:omega-3 fatty acid 1287:Mediterranean diet 1184:coronary care unit 1023:cardiac syndrome X 986:may be performed. 976:X-ray of the chest 964: 956: 831: 823: 819:Masson's trichrome 691: 466:Signs and symptoms 463: 405:coronary angiogram 354:abnormal heartbeat 256:8.9 million (2015) 248:110 million (2015) 189:coronary angiogram 9438: 9437: 9430:Obstructive shock 9334: 9333: 9281:Short QT syndrome 9248:Other / ungrouped 9239:Sinoatrial arrest 9154:Ectopic pacemaker 9050: 9049: 8870:Sinus bradycardia 8842: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8587:Cardiac tamponade 8540: 8539: 8530:Dressler syndrome 8428:Myocardial bridge 8343: 8342: 7902:(February 2015). 7667:(11): 1680–1685. 7628:(11): 1685–1686. 7515:(18): 2018–2031. 6556:978-0-07-140235-4 5881:10.1136/bmj.f6879 5787:10.1159/000337301 5747:10.1002/jsfa.6362 5694:10.1136/bmj.g4490 5556:10.1136/bmj.i3857 5507:10.1136/bmj.f5577 5367:(24): 2349–2358. 5255:eClinicalMedicine 5176:978-0-470-91537-0 5091:Clinical Medicine 3793:978-0-08-036128-4 3414:10.1136/bmj.j5855 3007:(40): 1377–1381. 2955:(14): 1493–1501. 2906:(14): 1483–1492. 2685:20.500.12749/1738 2668:(24): e285–e350. 2628:(38): 3720–3826. 2406:978-1-4419-6920-0 2124:978-92-4-156437-3 2073:. 12 March 2013. 1831:literature review 1823:trade association 1819:Sugar Association 1731: 3,500–4,000 1725: 3,150–3,500 1719: 2,800–3,150 1713: 2,450–2,800 1707: 2,100–2,450 1701: 1,750–2,100 1695: 1,400–1,750 1689: 1,050–1,400 1646: 2,369–7,233 1640: 1,444–2,368 1634: 1,069–1,443 1439:Lifestyle changes 1367:Smoking cessation 1304:products such as 1253:diabetes mellitus 1072:(using uptake of 1068:of the heart) or 1017:The diagnosis of 968:electrocardiogram 924:coronary arteries 906:coronary arteries 389:electrocardiogram 260: 259: 177:Electrocardiogram 172:Diagnostic method 115:cardiogenic shock 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9468: 9403:Cardiac fibrosis 9295:T wave alternans 9188:Long QT syndrome 8982:Supraventricular 8978: 8977: 8911:Intraventricular 8858: 8857: 8698: 8697: 8549: 8548: 8394:Coronary disease 8391: 8390: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8179: 8152: 8151: 8133: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8092: 8083:(9): 1172–1187. 8068: 8062: 8061: 8043: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8007: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7931: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7799: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7748: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7617: 7611: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7524: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7457: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7408: 7399: 7393: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7306: 7297: 7296: 7278: 7268: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7186: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7055: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7005:(14): 1893–900. 6990: 6984: 6983: 6973: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6877:(12): CD005158. 6862: 6856: 6855: 6845: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6802:10.7326/M15-2113 6780: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6753: 6729: 6720: 6719: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6648: 6639: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6567:. Archived from 6540: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6505: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6361: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6192: 6183: 6182: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6034: 6028: 6027: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5933: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5335: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5211: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4932: 4907: 4897: 4872: 4862: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4784: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4705: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4409: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4358: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4186: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4137: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4039: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3980: 3965:BMC Med Genomics 3955: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851:. Archived from 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3821:. Archived from 3811: 3798: 3797: 3775: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3707: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3457:(9838): 219–29. 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3359:(9852): 1491–7. 3344: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3288: 3282: 3266: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3223:Cleveland Clinic 3215: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3038:Cleveland Clinic 3030: 3017: 3016: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2864: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2687: 2677: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2590: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2486:(9963): 117–71. 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2223: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2140: 2129: 2128: 2102: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2067: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2034: 2019: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1982:(21): 2595–604. 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1947:. Archived from 1937: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1391:Aerobic exercise 1293:lower the risk. 1242:stopping smoking 1200:Framingham Score 1062:echocardiography 984:echocardiography 892:as it occurs in 886:arteriosclerosis 601: 383:, and excessive 313:. Types include 157:lack of exercise 55: 35: 34: 21: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9425:Rheumatic fever 9391: 9330: 9243: 9210: 9182: 9140: 9099: 9076: 9046: 9018: 8965: 8957: 8851: 8834: 8742: 8691: 8682: 8598: 8592:Hemopericardium 8536: 8477: 8471:Unstable angina 8444:Angina pectoris 8437:Active ischemia 8432: 8380: 8374: 8344: 8339: 8338: 8293: 8292: 8208: 8170: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8118:Eur J Pharmacol 8110: 8106: 8069: 8065: 8052:(7): 356–364b. 8041: 8035: 8031: 7984: 7980: 7949: 7945: 7896: 7892: 7852: 7848: 7817: 7813: 7776: 7772: 7725: 7721: 7702: 7698: 7653: 7649: 7618: 7614: 7604:Wayback Machine 7594: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7434: 7430: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7390:Wayback Machine 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7307: 7300: 7237: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7155: 7151: 7114: 7110: 7073: 7069: 7032: 7028: 6991: 6987: 6956:(9970): 792–8. 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6863: 6859: 6822: 6818: 6781: 6777: 6744:(19): e435-70. 6730: 6723: 6694:(14): 2133–47. 6684: 6680: 6659:(12): 1167–76. 6649: 6642: 6629: 6625: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6488:(9): e0184244. 6474: 6470: 6431: 6427: 6396:(5): CD003610. 6382: 6375: 6352:(24): 3109–16. 6334: 6330: 6291: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6242: 6238: 6207:(2): CD002902. 6193: 6186: 6155: 6151: 6112: 6108: 6071: 6067: 6046:(10): 1024–33. 6035: 6031: 6010:(15): 1601–13. 6000: 5996: 5959: 5955: 5910: 5906: 5861: 5857: 5834: 5830: 5807: 5803: 5766: 5762: 5723: 5719: 5674: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5620:(1): CD001561. 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5536: 5532: 5487: 5483: 5443: 5439: 5402: 5398: 5353: 5349: 5304: 5300: 5247: 5243: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5202:(19): 1749–67. 5188: 5184: 5177: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5036: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4968:ABIM Foundation 4964:Choosing Wisely 4952: 4948: 4923:(25): e50-103. 4830: 4828: 4810: 4806: 4756: 4747: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4682: 4678: 4633: 4629: 4584: 4580: 4535: 4531: 4486: 4482: 4437: 4433: 4386: 4382: 4335: 4331: 4302: 4298: 4261: 4257: 4212: 4208: 4163: 4159: 4114: 4110: 4065: 4061: 4008: 4004: 3956: 3952: 3907: 3903: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3794: 3776: 3758:(11): 1429–39. 3748: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3684: 3677: 3638: 3634: 3589: 3585: 3556:(10): 1606–15. 3546: 3542: 3510: 3506: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3443: 3439: 3394: 3390: 3345: 3336: 3289: 3285: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3189:(21): 2619–23. 3175: 3168: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3049: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3020: 2993: 2986: 2941: 2937: 2892: 2888: 2841: 2837: 2814:(19): 2086–95. 2800: 2796: 2764: 2760: 2721: 2717: 2653: 2649: 2618: 2614: 2567: 2560: 2521: 2517: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2342: 2333: 2288: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2141: 2132: 2125: 2103: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2022: 2009: 2005: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1951:on 3 March 2014 1939: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1917: 1899:Myeloperoxidase 1859: 1857:Atherosclerosis 1849: 1815: 1799: 1783: 1778: 1739: 1738: 1737: >4,000 1734: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1683: 700–1,050 1680: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1628: 895–1,068 1625: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1556: 1541: 1520: 1486: 1433: 1424: 1355: 1343: 1336: 1310:atherosclerosis 1291:high fiber diet 1279: 1273: 1218: 1210:Polygenic score 1196: 1194:Risk assessment 1176:cardiac markers 1140: 1134: 1050: 1044: 948: 920:angina pectoris 874:atherosclerosis 870:coronary artery 811:atherosclerosis 807:coronary artery 796: 794:Pathophysiology 783:Low hemoglobin. 761: 655: 639: 616: 586: 523: 514: 508: 492:Unstable angina 468: 441:life expectancy 319:unstable angina 269:), also called 129:Atherosclerosis 75:cardiac surgery 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9474: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9456:Heart diseases 9453: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9418:Cardiac asthma 9415: 9405: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9344: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9326:Strain pattern 9323: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9216:Cardiac arrest 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9196:Andersen–Tawil 9192: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9121: 9116: 9114:Atrial flutter 9110: 9108: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9086: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9009: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8986: 8984: 8975: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8886: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8855: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8706: 8704: 8695: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8624:Cardiomyopathy 8621: 8620: 8619: 8617:Chagas disease 8608: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8568: 8557: 8555: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8395: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8325: 8314: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8279: 8256: 8241: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200:Classification 8194: 8193: 8180: 8168: 8160: 8159:External links 8157: 8154: 8153: 8104: 8063: 8029: 7978: 7959:(21): 2641–7. 7943: 7890: 7846: 7811: 7770: 7719: 7696: 7647: 7612: 7588: 7570: 7544: 7495: 7469: 7448:(5): e69-171. 7428: 7394: 7375: 7350: 7298: 7228: 7198: 7169:(33): e11941. 7149: 7128:(8): 924–936. 7108: 7067: 7026: 6985: 6936: 6906: 6857: 6816: 6795:(12): 804–13. 6775: 6721: 6678: 6640: 6623: 6602:(12): 909–19. 6582: 6555: 6535: 6468: 6425: 6373: 6328: 6285: 6271: 6236: 6184: 6149: 6106: 6065: 6029: 5994: 5953: 5904: 5855: 5828: 5801: 5760: 5717: 5668: 5649: 5604: 5579: 5530: 5481: 5437: 5416:(9): 1216–27. 5396: 5347: 5298: 5241: 5223: 5182: 5175: 5161:Li YR (2015). 5150: 5126: 5077: 5052: 5034: 4985: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4908: 4873: 4853:(9): 1126–66. 4804: 4767:(3): 407–477. 4745: 4725: 4676: 4627: 4578: 4529: 4480: 4431: 4407:10.12703/P7-08 4380: 4349:(6): e054881. 4329: 4296: 4255: 4226:(7): 1381–90. 4206: 4157: 4108: 4059: 4002: 3950: 3901: 3866: 3836: 3799: 3792: 3742: 3727: 3675: 3632: 3583: 3540: 3521:(10): 2331–7. 3504: 3486: 3437: 3388: 3334: 3283: 3258: 3245: 3228: 3210: 3166: 3117: 3092: 3043: 3018: 2984: 2935: 2886: 2835: 2794: 2775:(10): 905–11. 2758: 2715: 2647: 2612: 2558: 2515: 2466: 2441: 2416: 2405: 2385: 2331: 2279: 2244: 2213: 2184: 2130: 2123: 2088: 2055: 2020: 2003: 1962: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1869:. A region on 1848: 1845: 1841:healthy eating 1827:sugar industry 1814: 1811: 1798: 1797:Support groups 1795: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1576: 1555: 1552: 1540: 1537: 1525:postmenopausal 1519: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1471:coronary stent 1463: 1440: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1362:Weight control 1354: 1351: 1341: 1334: 1275:Main article: 1272: 1269: 1261:kidney failure 1217: 1214: 1202:, used in the 1195: 1192: 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1090:bypass surgery 1046:Main article: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1032: 947: 944: 795: 792: 791: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 771: 768: 760: 757: 654: 651: 638: 635: 630: 629: 625: 615: 612: 558:and excessive 552:family history 522: 519: 507: 504: 467: 464: 461:Clogged artery 399:, biomarkers ( 299:cardiac muscle 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 224: 218: 217: 207: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 174: 168: 167: 142: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 119:cardiac arrest 100: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 68: 62: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9473: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9408:Heart failure 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9319:ST depression 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8946:Trifascicular 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8829: 8828:regurgitation 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8809:regurgitation 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8790:regurgitation 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8771:regurgitation 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8454:Stable angina 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7790:(1): 104–12. 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7733:PLOS Genetics 7730: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7579:"Our Mission" 7574: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7321:(2): 934–45. 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7303: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7087:(2): 223–30. 7086: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7046:(2): 232–40. 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6836:(2): 157–60. 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6378: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6165:(7): 745–52. 6164: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6085:(9): 686–94. 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5817:(10): 463–6. 5816: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5780:(4): 233–40. 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5733:(2): 169–73. 5732: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5593: 5592:www.heart.org 5589: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5155: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5005:(3): 463–78. 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4888:(1): 159–68. 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4696:(5): 568–72. 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4647:(2): 98–103. 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500:(2): 159–66. 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4177:(4): 245–58. 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4128:(7): 487–94. 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079:(3): 257–64. 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882:(4): 564–78. 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3698:(3): 245–54. 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:PLoS Medicine 3265: 3263: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063:(3): 284–99. 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2855:(2): 163–70. 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531:(5): 276–89. 2530: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155:(2): 140–51. 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1885:is affected. 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:chromosome 17 1868: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1677: 350–700 1671: <350 1665: no data 1658: 1654: 1622: 692–894 1616: 577–691 1610: 461–576 1604: 380–460 1598: 289–379 1592: 160–288 1584: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1515: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1496:Nitroglycerin 1494: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456:nitroglycerin 1453: 1452:beta-blockers 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1236:, decreasing 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224:, decreasing 1223: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:Diagnosis of 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1053:Stable angina 1049: 1042:Stable angina 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1010:testing with 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972:stable angina 969: 960: 952: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 918:is a type of 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:calciphylaxis 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 827: 820: 816: 813:) and marked 812: 808: 804: 800: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 772: 769: 766: 765:Endometriosis 763: 762: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 686: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 653:Transcriptome 650: 648: 644: 634: 626: 622: 621: 620: 611: 609: 603: 599: 595: 594: 590: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546:, poor diet, 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 518: 513: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 459: 455: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:nitroglycerin 426: 425:beta blockers 422: 418: 417:antiplatelets 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379:, poor diet, 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 350:heart failure 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 315:stable angina 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:heart disease 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 255: 251: 247: 243: 240: 236: 235:nitroglycerin 232: 231:beta blockers 228: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:Heart failure 101: 99: 98:Complications 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 9340:Cardiomegaly 9314:ST elevation 9301: 9287: 9273: 9254: 9158:Ectopic beat 9106:fibrillation 8941:Bifascicular 8815: 8796: 8777: 8753: 8723: 8709: 8702:Endocarditis 8641:Hypertrophic 8575:Constrictive 8561:Pericarditis 8519: 8507: 8490: 8400: 8327: 8316: 8305: 8281: 8258: 8243: 8212: 8189:Endocrineweb 8188: 8175: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8080: 8076: 8066: 8049: 8045: 8032: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7911: 7907: 7893: 7863:(4): 273–8. 7860: 7856: 7849: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7710:PBS NewsHour 7709: 7699: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7607: 7591: 7582: 7573: 7561:. 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