Cardiac arrest - Knowledge

60: 2881:"Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and the Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; and the Stroke Council" 1451: 461:, alcohol use, and possibly caffeine intake. Current cigarette smokers with coronary artery disease were found to have a two to threefold increase in the risk of sudden death between ages 30 and 59. Furthermore, it was found that former smokers' risk was closer to that of those who had never smoked. A statistical analysis of many of these risk factors determined that approximately 50% of all cardiac arrests occur in 10% of the population perceived to be at greatest risk, due to aggregate harm of multiple risk factors, demonstrating that cumulative risk of multiple comorbidities exceeds the sum of each risk individually. 981: 689: 650: 1713: 3469:"ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society" 1686: 934: 481: 1095:

included coughing, gasping, color, twitching, and movement. Per evidence that these guidelines were ineffective, the current International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommendation is that cardiac arrest should be diagnosed in all casualties who are unconscious and not breathing normally, a similar protocol to that which the European Resuscitation Council has adopted. In a non-acute setting where the patient is expired, diagnosis of cardiac arrest can be done via

552: 707:, the heart's main pumping chamber. This is because elevated blood pressure over the course of several years requires the heart to adapt to the requirement of pumping harder to adequately circulate blood throughout the body. If the heart does this for a prolonged period of time, the left ventricle can experience hypertrophy (grow larger) in a way that decreases the heart's effectiveness. Left ventricular hypertrophy can be demonstrated on an 5191:"ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons" 1582: 954:

cardiac output, thus resulting in insufficient perfusion of the brain and essential organs. Some of the electrophysiologic mechanisms underpinning ventricular fibrillations include ectopic automaticity, re-entry, and triggered activity. However, structural changes in the diseased heart as a result of inherited factors (mutations in ion-channel coding genes, for example) cannot explain the sudden onset of cardiac arrest.

1087:

Resuscitation Council in the United Kingdom stands in line with the European Resuscitation Council's recommendations and those of the American Heart Association. They have suggested that the technique to check carotid pulses should be used only by healthcare professionals with specific training and expertise, and even then that it should be viewed in conjunction with other indicators like

1929:(TTM) with the goal of improving neurological outcomes. The process involves cooling for a 24-hour period, with a target temperature of 32–36 °C (90–97 °F), followed by gradual rewarming over the next 12 to 24 hrs. There are several methods used to lower the body temperature, such as applying ice packs or cold-water circulating pads directly to the body or infusing cold saline. 1775:

is given every 3–5 minutes, following an initial round of CPR and defibrillation. Doses higher than 1 mg of epinephrine are not recommended for routine use in cardiac arrest. If the person has a non-shockable rhythm, such as asystole, following an initial round of CPR, 1 mg of epinephrine should be given every 3–5 minutes, with the goal of obtaining a shockable rhythm.

470: 1466:(ICD) is a battery-powered device that monitors electrical activity in the heart, and when an arrhythmia is detected, can deliver an electrical shock to terminate the abnormal rhythm. ICDs are used to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) in those who have survived a prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) due to ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. 346:

protect the person from brain injury and preserve neurological function. Some methods may include airway management and mechanical ventilation, maintenance of blood pressure and end-organ perfusion via fluid resuscitation and vasopressor support, correction of electrolyte imbalance, EKG monitoring and management of reversible causes, and temperature management.

422:. A prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest increases the likelihood of future episodes. A 2021 meta-analysis assessing the recurrence of cardiac arrest in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors identified that 15% of survivors experienced a second event, most often in the first year. Furthermore, of those who experienced recurrence, 35% had a third episode. 1833:, both of which can contribute to and exacerbate cardiac arrest. If acid-base or electrolyte disturbance is evident, bicarbonate may be used. However, if there is little suspicion that these imbalances are occurring and contributing to the arrest, routine use of bicarbonate is not recommended as it does not provide additional benefit. 1709:

shows irregular QRS complexes without P-waves. By contrast, the ECG for ventricular tachycardia will generally show a wide complex QRS with more than 100 beats occurring per minute. If sustained, ventricular tachycardia can also lead hemodynamic instability and compromise, resulting in pulselessness and poor perfusion to vital organs.

1871:. It is given at a does of 1 mg (iv), and additional 1 mg (iv) doses can be given every 3–5 minutes for a total of 3 mg. However, the 2010 guidelines from the American Heart Association removed the recommendation for atropine use in pulseless electrical activity and asystole for lack of evidence supporting its use. 6606:"2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Use of Advanced Airways, Vasopressors, and Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Cardiac Arrest: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 3911:"Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with apparently normal heart. Need for definition and standardized clinical evaluation. Consensus Statement of the Joint Steering Committees of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Registry of Europe and of the Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Registry of the United States". 1517:, which is often the major predictor of a deterioration and can often change up to 48 hours prior to a cardiac arrest. In response, many hospitals now have increased training for ward-based staff. A number of "early warning" systems also exist that aim to quantify the person's risk of deterioration based on their 788:

prolongation, history of unexplained syncope (fainting spells), or premature sudden cardiac death. Additionally, individuals with LQTS should avoid certain medications that carry the risk of increasing the severity of this conduction abnormality, such as certain anti-arrhythmics, anti-depressants, and

2111:

is a concerning outcome for people suffering a cardiac arrest. Most improvements in cognition occur during the first three months following cardiac arrest, with some individuals reporting improvement up to one year post-cardiac arrest. 50 – 70% of cardiac arrest survivors report fatigue as a symptom.

2071:

The overall rate of survival among those who have OHCA is 10%. Among those who have an OHCA, 70% occur at home, and their survival rate is 6%. For those who have an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), the survival rate one year from at least the occurrence of cardiac arrest is estimated to be 13%. For

1739:

In addition, there is increasing use of public access defibrillation. This involves placing AEDs in public places and training staff in these areas on how to use them. This allows defibrillation to occur prior to the arrival of emergency services, which has been shown to increase chances of survival.

1676:

When done by emergency medical personnel, 30 compressions followed by two breaths appear to be better than continuous chest compressions and breaths being given while compressions are ongoing. For bystanders, CPR that involves only chest compressions results in better outcomes as compared to standard

1015:

Obtaining a thorough history can help inform the potential cause and prognosis. The provider taking the person's clinical history should try to learn whether the episode was observed by anyone else, when it happened, what the patient was doing (in particular whether there was any trauma), and whether

787:

rather than cardiac arrest. The risk of cardiac arrest is still present, and people with family histories of sudden cardiac arrests should be screened for LQTS and other treatable causes of lethal arrhythmia. Higher levels of risk for cardiac arrest are associated with female sex, more significant QT

1879:

Hemodialysis patients carry a greater risk of cardiac arrest events. Multiple factors contribute including increased cardiovascular risk factors, electrolyte disturbances (calcium and potassium, caused by accumulation and aggressive removal), and acid-base disturbances. Calcium levels are considered

1774:

Epinephrine acts on the alpha-1 receptor, which in turn increases the blood flow that supplies the heart. Epinephrine in adults improves survival but does not appear to improve neurologically normal survival. In ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, 1 mg of epinephrine

1430:

A 2021 study found that diet may be a modifiable risk factor for a lower incidence of sudden cardiac death. The study found that those who fell under the category of having "Southern diets" representing those of "added fats, fried food, eggs, organ and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages"

782:

LQTS, a condition often mentioned in young people's deaths, occurs in one of every 5000 to 7000 newborns and is estimated to be responsible for 3000 deaths annually compared to the approximately 300,000 cardiac arrests seen by emergency services. These conditions are a fraction of the overall deaths

7831:"Systematic Review for the 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society" 1992:

Early recognition. If possible, recognition of illness before the person develops a cardiac arrest will allow the rescuer to prevent its occurrence. Early recognition that a cardiac arrest has occurred is key to survival, for every minute a patient stays in cardiac arrest, their chances of survival

1813:

despite defibrillation, improves survival to hospital discharge, despite both equally improving survival to hospital admission. Following an additional round of CPR and defibrillation, amiodarone can also be administered. The first dose is given as a 300 mg bolus. The second dose is given as a

1612:

Correctly performed bystander CPR has been shown to increase survival, however it is performed in fewer than 30% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) as of 2007. A 2019 meta-analysis found that use of dispatcher-assisted CPR improved outcomes, including survival, when compared with undirected

1094:

Various other methods for detecting circulation and therefore diagnosing cardiac arrest have been proposed. Guidelines following the 2000 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommendations were for rescuers to look for "signs of circulation" but not specifically the pulse. These signs

345:

If return of spontaneous circulation is achieved with these interventions, then sudden cardiac arrest has occurred. By contrast, if the person does not survive the event, this is referred to as sudden cardiac death. Among those whose pulses are re-established, the care team may initiate measures to

1720:

A defibrillator will deliver an electrical current through a pair of electrodes placed on the person's chest. This is thought to depolarize myocardial tissue thereby stopping the arrhythmia. Defibrillators can deliver energy as monophasic or biphasic waveforms, although biphasic defibrillators are

1426:

Exercise is an effective preventative measure for cardiac arrest in the general population but may be risky for those with pre-existing conditions. The risk of a transient catastrophic cardiac event increases in individuals with heart disease during and immediately after exercise. The lifetime and

1054:

is a tool that can be used to examine the movement of the heart and its force of contraction at the patient's bedside. POCUS can accurately diagnose cardiac arrest in hospital settings, as well as visualize cardiac wall motion contractions. Using POCUS, clinicians can have limited, two-dimensional

1019:

During resuscitation efforts, continuous monitoring equipment including EKG leads should be attached to the patient so that providers can analyze the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle and use this information to guide the management efforts. EKG readings will help to identify the arrhythmia

357:

Per the 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines, there were approximately 535,000 incidents of cardiac arrest annually in the United States (about 13 per 10,000 people). Of these, 326,000 (61%) experience cardiac arrest outside of a hospital setting, while 209,000 (39%) occur within a hospital.

2238:

For management of pediatric cardiac arrest, CPR should be initiated if suspected. Guidelines provide algorithms for pediatric cardiac arrest management. Recommended medications during pediatric resuscitation include epinephrine, lidocaine, and amiodarone. However, the use of sodium bicarbonate or

2091:

A 1997 review found rates of survival to discharge of 14%, although different studies varied from 0 to 28%. In those over the age of 70 who have a cardiac arrest while in hospital, survival to hospital discharge is less than 20%. How well these individuals manage after leaving the hospital is not

1082:

POCUS can help predict outcomes in resuscitation efforts. Specifically, use of transthoracic ultrasound can be a helpful tool in predicting mortality in cases of cardiac arrest, with a systematic review from 2020 finding that there is a significant positive correlation between presence of cardiac

957:

In ventricular tachycardia, the heart also beats faster than normal, which may prevent the heart chambers from properly filling with blood. Ventricular tachycardia is characterized by an altered QRS complex and a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute. When V-tach is sustained (lasts for at

1932:

The effectiveness of TTM after OHCA is an area of ongoing study. Several recent reviews have found that patients treated with TTM have more favorable neurological outcomes. However, pre-hospital TTM after OHCA has been shown to increase the risk of adverse outcomes. The rates of re-arrest may be

1708:

Ventricular fibrillation involves the ventricles of the heart (lower chambers responsible for pumping blood) rapidly contracting in an disorganized pattern, and thereby limiting blood flow from the heart. This can be due to uncoordinated electrical activity. The electrocardiogram (ECG) generally

953:

The mechanism responsible for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths is ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a tachyarrhythmia characterized by turbulent electrical activity in the ventricular myocardium leading to a heart rate too disorganized and rapid to produce any meaningful

726:

system) may predispose an individual to arrhythmias with a risk of progressing to sudden cardiac arrest, albeit this risk remains low. Many of these conduction blocks can be treated with internal cardiac defibrillators for those determined to be at high risk due to severity of fibrosis or severe

2095:

The global rate of people who were able to recover from OHCA after receiving CPR has been found to be approximately 30%, and the rate of survival to discharge from the hospital has been estimated at 9%. Survival to discharge from the hospital is more likely among people whose cardiac arrest was

1608:

and defibrillating shockable rhythms. After defibrillation, chest compressions should be continued for two minutes before another rhythm check. This is based on a compression rate of 100-120 compressions per minute, a compression depth of 5–6 centimeters into the chest, full chest recoil, and a

869:

Circadian patterns are also recognized as triggering factors in cardiac arrest. Per a 2021 systematic review, throughout the day there are two main peak times in which cardiac arrest occurs. The first is in the morning hours and the second is in the afternoon. Moreover, survival rates following

6344:

Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H, Kuisma M, Wolcke B, Gliner BE, et al. (October 2000). "Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to

2132:

Based on death certificates, sudden cardiac death accounts for about 20% of all deaths in the United States. In the United States, approximately 326,000 cases of out-of-hospital and 209,000 cases of IHCA occur among adults annually, which works out to be an incidence of approximately 110.8 per

831:

Respiratory arrest will be followed by cardiac arrest unless promptly treated. Respiratory arrest can be caused by pulmonary embolus, choking, drowning, trauma, drug overdose, and poisoning. Pulmonary embolus carries a high mortality rate and may be the triggering cause for up to 5% of cardiac

2201:

Such practices are ethically controversial and are banned in some jurisdictions. The European Resuscitation Council Guidelines released a statement in 2021 that clinicians are not suggested to participate/take part in "slow codes". According to the American College of Physicians, half-hearted

1609:

ventilation rate of 10 breath ventilations per minute. Mechanical chest compressions (as performed by a machine) are no better than chest compressions performed by hand. It is unclear if a few minutes of CPR before defibrillation results in different outcomes than immediate defibrillation.

1086:

Owing to the inaccuracy diagnosis solely based on central pulse detection, some bodies like the European Resuscitation Council have de-emphasized its importance. Instead, the current guidelines prompt individuals to begin CPR on any unconscious person with absent or abnormal breathing. The

1724:

For ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation techniques may utilized either monophasic or biphasic waveforms. Prior studies suggest that biphasic shock is more likely to produce successful defibrillation after a single shock, however rate of survival is comparable between the methods.

1548:

and the general hospital wards. This is particularly important as many studies have shown that a significant percentage of patients discharged from critical care environments quickly deteriorate and are re-admitted; the outreach team offers support to ward staff to prevent this from

730:

Structural heart diseases unrelated to coronary artery disease account for 10% of all sudden cardiac deaths. A 1999 review of sudden cardiac deaths in the United States found that structural heart diseases accounted for over 30% of sudden cardiac arrests for those under 30 years.

2226:

and coronary artery abnormalities. In childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, previous adverse cardiac events, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, syncope, and left ventricular hypertrophy have been shown to predict sudden cardiac death. Other causes can include drugs, such as

2239:

calcium is not recommended. The use of calcium in children has been associated with poor neurological function as well as decreased survival. Correct dosing of medications in children is dependent on weight, and to minimize time spent calculating medication doses, the use of a

972:. Similar to the result of tachyarrhythmias, these conditions lead to an inability to sustain adequate blood flow as well, though in the case of bradyarrhythmias, the underlying cause is an absence of mechanical activity rather than rapid beats leading to disorganization. 2169:

malfunctions. Furthermore, the American Heart Association explains that "if corrective measures are not taken rapidly, this condition progresses to sudden death. Cardiac arrest should be used to signify an event as described above, that is reversed, usually by CPR and/or

1732:(AED), a portable machine that can be used by any user. The AED provides voice instructions that guide the process, automatically checks the person's condition, and applies the appropriate electric shocks. Some defibrillators even provide feedback on the quality of 7562:

Millin MG, Comer AC, Nable JV, Johnston PV, Lawner BJ, Woltman N, et al. (November 2016). "Patients without ST elevation after return of spontaneous circulation may benefit from emergent percutaneous intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

1743:

Defibrillation is applied to certain arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation cannot be applied to asystole, and CPR must be initiated first in this case. Moreover, defibrillation is different than

2062:

may be considered in those with witnessed, monitored, unstable ventricular tachycardia (including pulseless VT) if a defibrillator is not immediately ready for use, but it should not delay CPR and shock delivery or be used in those with unwitnessed OHCA.

1540:– These teams respond to all emergencies with the aim of treating people in the acute phase of their illness in order to prevent a cardiac arrest. These teams have been found to decrease the rates of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and improve survival. 1509:. A dramatic drop in vital sign measurements is referred to as "coding" or "crashing", though coding is usually used when it results in cardiac arrest, while crashing might not. Treatment for cardiac arrest is sometimes referred to as "calling a code". 5323:

Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D, Parr M, Flabouris A, Hillman K (September 2004). "A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom--the ACADEMIA study".

2164:

In 2021, the American Heart Association clarified that "heart attack" is often mistakenly used to describe cardiac arrest. While a heart attack refers to death of heart muscle tissue as a result of blood supply loss, cardiac arrest is caused when the

1604:(CPR) is essential to surviving cardiac arrest with good neurological function. It is recommended that it be started as soon as possible with minimal interruptions once begun. The components of CPR that make the greatest difference in survival are 2923:

Schenone AL, Cohen A, Patarroyo G, Harper L, Wang X, Shishehbor MH, et al. (November 2016). "Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: A systematic review/meta-analysis exploring the impact of expanded criteria and targeted temperature".

5232:"Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg . Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study" 5359:

American Heart Association (May 2006). "2005 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) of pediatric and neonatal patients: pediatric advanced life support".

1525:

Crash teams (or code teams) – These are designated staff members with particular expertise in resuscitation who are called to the scene of all arrests within the hospital. This usually involves a specialized cart of equipment (including a

949:

are the most commonly recorded arrhythmias preceding cardiac arrest. These are rapid and erratic arrhythmias that alter the circulatory pathway such that adequate blood flow cannot be sustained and is inadequate to meet the body's needs.

361:

Cardiac arrest becomes more common with age and affects males more often than females. Black people are twice as likely to die from cardiac arrest as white people. Asian and Hispanic people are not as frequently affected as white people.

6917:

McLeod SL, Brignardello-Petersen R, Worster A, You J, Iansavichene A, Guyatt G, Cheskes S (December 2017). "Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmics for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and network meta-analysis".

1748:. In synchronized cardioversion, a similar approach is utilized in that electrical current is applied to correct an arrhythmia, however this is used in cases where a pulse is present but the patient is hemodynamically unstable, such as 1512:

Patients in general wards often deteriorate for several hours or even days before a cardiac arrest occurs. This has been attributed to a lack of knowledge and skill amongst ward-based staff, in particular, a failure to measure the

1469:

Numerous studies have been conducted on the use of ICDs for the secondary prevention of SCD. These studies have shown improved survival with ICDs compared to the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs. ICD therapy is associated with a 50%

1996:

Early CPR improves the flow of blood and of oxygen to vital organs, an essential component of treating a cardiac arrest. In particular, by keeping the brain supplied with oxygenated blood, the chances of neurological damage are

370:

Cardiac arrest is not preceded by any warning symptoms in approximately 50 percent of people. For individuals who do experience symptoms, the symptoms are usually nonspecific to the cardiac arrest. For example, new or worsening

6305:

Leng CT, Paradis NA, Calkins H, Berger RD, Lardo AC, Rent KC, Halperin HR (June 2000). "Resuscitation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation with use of monophasic and biphasic waveform pulses for external defibrillation".

280:

are most commonly recorded. However, as many incidents of cardiac arrest occur out-of-hospital or when a person is not having their cardiac activity monitored, it is difficult to identify the specific mechanism in each case.

3271:

Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, Linz D, Pitman BM, Hendriks JM, et al. (February 2022). "Alcohol consumption and risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: An observational study of 408,712 individuals".

1477:

Prevention of SCD with ICD therapy for high-risk patient populations has similarly shown improved survival rates in several large studies. The high-risk patient populations in these studies were defined as those with severe

2218:

that has not been treated. Cardiac arrhythmias are another possible cause. Arrhythmias such as asystole or bradycardia are more likely in children, in contrast to ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia as seen in adults.

1055:

views of different parts of the heart during arrest. These images can help clinicians determine whether electrical activity within the heart is pulseless or pseudo-pulseless, as well as help them diagnose the potentially

2096:

witnessed by a bystander or emergency medical services, who received bystander CPR, and who live in Europe and North America. Relatively lower survival to hospital discharge rates have been observed in Asian countries.

5099:

Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS (September 2012). "Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1102:

Other physical signs or symptoms can help determine the potential cause of the cardiac arrest. Below is a chart of the clinical findings and signs/symptoms a person may have and potential causes associated with them.

1543:

Critical care outreach – In addition to providing the services of the other two types of teams, these teams are responsible for educating non-specialist staff. In addition, they help to facilitate transfers between

1655:

may be used to help with breathing particularly since vomiting and regurgitation are common, especially in OHCA. If this occurs, then modification to existing oropharyngeal suction may be required, such as using

9146: 9131: 9116: 488:

The underlying causes of sudden cardiac arrest can result from cardiac and non-cardiac etiologies. The most common underlying causes are different, depending on the patient's age. Common cardiac causes include

1020:

present and allow the team to monitor any changes that occur with the administration of CPR and defibrillation. Clinicians classify cardiac arrest into "shockable" versus "non-shockable", as determined by the

7143:

Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS, Caravati EM, Cobaugh DJ, Booze LL, et al. (January 2007). "Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management".

1613:

bystander CPR. Likewise, a 2022 systematic review on exercise-related cardiac arrests supported early intervention of bystander CPR and AED use (for shockable rhythms) as they improve survival outcomes.

402:

When cardiac arrest is suspected by a layperson (due to signs of unconsciousness, abnormal breathing, and/or no pulse) it should be assumed that the victim is in cardiac arrest. Bystanders should call

7688:

Camuglia AC, Randhawa VK, Lavi S, Walters DL (November 2014). "Cardiac catheterization is associated with superior outcomes for survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest: review and meta-analysis".

2161:

from cardiac causes. Some physicians call cardiac arrest "sudden cardiac death" even if the person survives. Thus one can hear mentions of "prior episodes of sudden cardiac death" in a living person.

2051:

in those who have survived an OHCA appears to improve outcomes, although high-quality evidence is lacking. It is recommended to be done as soon as possible in those who have had a cardiac arrest with

577:

CAD underlies 68 percent of sudden cardiac deaths in the United States. Indeed, postmortem examinations have shown that the most common finding in cases of sudden cardiac death is chronic, high-grade

5276:"Implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention of death in left ventricular dysfunction with and without ischaemic heart disease: a meta-analysis of 8567 patients in the 11 trials" 2639:"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected] improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association" 1771:

Medications recommended in the ACLS protocol include epinephrine, amiodarone, and lidocaine. The timing and administration of these medications depends on the underlying arrhythmia of the arrest.

1435:" had an inverse relationship regarding the risk of cardiac arrest. According to a 2012 review published, omega-3 PUFA supplementation is not associated with a lower risk of sudden cardiac death. 512:(forward pumping of blood from the heart to the rest of the body). This hemodynamic collapse results in poor blood flow to the brain and other organs, which if prolonged causes persistent damage. 1805:, also used to manage acute arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmic medications may be used after an unsuccessful defibrillation attempt. However, neither lidocaine nor amiodarone, in those who continue in 1411:

With the lack of positive outcomes following cardiac arrest, efforts have been spent finding effective strategies to prevent cardiac arrest events. The approach to primary prevention promotes a

493:, non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities, structural heart damage, and inherited arrhythmias. Common non-cardiac causes include respiratory arrest, diabetes, medications, and trauma. 291:, is a common underlying condition in people who experience cardiac arrest. The most common risk factors include age and cardiovascular disease. Additional underlying cardiac conditions include 803:, in which an accessory conduction pathway bypassing the atrioventricular node is present and can cause abnormal conduction patterns leading to supraventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest. 574:

injury. In the heart, this results in myocardial tissue damage which can lead to structural and functional changes that disrupt normal conduction patterns and alter heart rate and contraction.

570:

along with other systemic blood vessels. When an atherosclerotic plaque dislodges, it can block the flow of blood and oxygen through small arteries, such as the coronary arteries, resulting in

941:

The definitive electrical mechanisms of cardiac arrest, which may arise from any of the functional, structural, or physiologic abnormalities mentioned above, are characterized by arrhythmias.

835:

Diabetes-related factors contributing to cardiac arrest include silent myocardial ischemia, nervous system dysfunction, and electrolyte disturbances leading to abnormal cardiac repolarization.

2099:

Prognosis is typically assessed 72 hours or more after cardiac arrest. Rates of survival are better in those who had someone witness their collapse, received bystander CPR, and/or had either

523:. Both ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation can prevent the heart from generating coordinated ventricular contractions, thereby failing to sustain adequate blood circulation. 627:

Embolism, or clotting, of the coronary arteries most commonly occurs from septic emboli secondary to endocarditis with involvement of the aortic valve, tricuspid valve, or prosthetic valves.

783:

related to cardiac arrest but represent conditions that may be detected prior to arrest and may be treatable. The symptomatic expression of LQTS is quite broad and more often presents with

8297:

Bougouin W, Mustafic H, Marijon E, Murad MH, Dumas F, Barbouttis A, et al. (September 2015). "Gender and survival after sudden cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

1099:

or postmortem molecular testing, which uses a set of molecular techniques to find the ion channels that are cardiac defective. This could help elucidate the cause of death in the patient.

3111:

Lam TJ, Yang J, Poh JE, Ong ME, Liu N, Yeo JW, et al. (July 2022). "Long term risk of recurrence among survivors of sudden cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2198:

to a person in cardiac arrest, when CPR is considered to have no medical benefit. A "show code" is the practice of faking the response altogether for the sake of the person's family.

6993: 4366:

Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE (October 1987). "Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population".

6518:

Vargas M, Buonanno P, Iacovazzo C, Servillo G (March 2019). "Epinephrine for out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

59: 1948:

are not associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia, and may be considered a benign physiological phenomenon, associated with lower mortality in univariable analyses.

1701:. These shockable rhythms have a 25-40% likelihood of survival, compared with a significantly lower rate (less than 5%) in non-shockable rhythms. The non-shockable rhythms include 8016:"Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 6760:

Xu T, Wu C, Shen Q, Xu H, Huang H (November 2023). "The effect of sodium bicarbonate on OHCA patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT and propensity score studies".

2590:"Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 1851:. Overall, calcium is not routinely used during cardiac arrest as it does not provide additional benefit (compared to non-use) and may even cause harm (poor neurologic outcomes). 5673:

Grubic N, Hill B, Phelan D, Baggish A, Dorian P, Johri AM (April 2022). "Bystander interventions and survival after exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest: a systematic review".

2125:

The risk of cardiac arrest varies with geographical region, age, and gender. The lifetime risk is three times greater in men (12.3%) than women (4.2%) based on analysis of the

3236:

Weinmann S, Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Arbogast P, Smith H, Bovbjerg VE, et al. (September 1997). "Caffeine intake in relation to the risk of primary cardiac arrest".

838:

Certain medications can worsen an existing arrhythmia. Some examples include antibiotics like macrolides, diuretics, and heart medications such as anti-arrhythmic medications.

249:

around the body and there is diminished blood flow to the brain and other organs. When the brain does not receive enough blood, this can cause a person to lose consciousness.

1635:

If cardiac arrest occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy, the uterus should be pulled or pushed to the left during CPR. If a pulse has not returned by four minutes, an emergency

4296:

Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, Lindner KH, Zielinski T, McKnite S, Krismer AC, Wenzel V (September 2000). "Vasopressin improves survival after cardiac arrest in hypovolemic shock".

538:. These rhythms are seen when there is prolonged cardiac arrest, progression of ventricular fibrillation, or efforts like defibrillation executed to resuscitate the person. 2707:

Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF (January 1989). "Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases".

1521:

and thus provide a guide to staff. In addition, specialist staff are being used more effectively to augment the work already being done at the ward level. These include:

5771:"Part 10: Special Circumstances of Resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 612:(most commonly anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery). These conditions account for 10-15% of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. 2144:

Non-Western regions of the world have differing incidences. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in China is 41.8 per 100,000 and in South India is 39.7 per 100,000.

1427:

acute risks of cardiac arrest are decreased in people with heart disease who perform regular exercise, perhaps suggesting the benefits of exercise outweigh the risks.

588:

While CAD is a leading contributing factor, this is an age-dependent factor, with CAD being a less common cause of sudden cardiac death in people under the age of 40.

4195:

Kürkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F, Janata K, Domanovits H, Holzer M, et al. (May 2000). "Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome".

7012:"Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 1673:

Mouth-to-mouth as a means of providing respirations to the person has been phased out due to the risk of contracting infectious diseases from the affected person.

1666:

has not been found to improve survival rates or neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest, and in the prehospital environment, may worsen it. Endotracheal tubes and

1048:. Moreover, in the post-resuscitation patient, a 12-lead EKG can help identify some causes of cardiac arrest, such as STEMI which may require specific treatments. 8895:"Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 2136:

In the United States, during-pregnancy cardiac arrest occurs in about one in twelve-thousand deliveries or 1.8 per 10,000 live births. Rates are lower in Canada.

2088:. One-year survival is estimated to be higher in people with cardiac admission diagnoses (39%) when compared to those with non-cardiac admission diagnoses (11%). 873:

Many of these non-cardiac causes of cardiac arrest are reversible. A common mnemonic used to recall the reversible causes of cardiac arrest is referred to as the

8994:"Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 8163:"The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2045:

devices has been attempted with better results for in-hospital cardiac arrest (29% survival) than OHCA (4% survival) in populations selected to benefit most.

9891: 8417: 772: 633:

may result in cardiac arrhythmias, altering the heart's electrical conduction with a risk of complete cardiac arrest from severe or prolonged rhythm changes.

8775: 6281: 1657: 5624: 6451:

Chieng D, Paul V, Denman R (January 2019). "Current Device Therapies for Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention - the ICD, Subcutaneous ICD and Wearable ICD".

5810:

Simons RW, Rea TD, Becker LJ, Eisenberg MS (September 2007). "The incidence and significance of emesis associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest".

2107:

when assessed. Survival among those with V-fib or V-tach is 15 to 23%. Women are more likely to survive cardiac arrest and leave the hospital than men.

322:

Cardiac arrest is diagnosed by the inability to find a pulse in an unresponsive patient. The goal of treatment for cardiac arrest is to rapidly achieve

6561:

Aves T, Chopra A, Patel M, Lin S (27 November 2019). "Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

6008:"The association between prehospital endotracheal intubation attempts and survival to hospital discharge among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients" 3655: 1933:

higher in people who were treated with pre-hospital TTM. Moreover, TTM may have adverse neurological effects in people who survive post-cardiac arrest

6093:"Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest" 7733:"Part 7: CPR techniques and devices: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 7492:

Loertscher L, Reed DA, Bannon MP, Mueller PS (January 2010). "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and do-not-resuscitate orders: a guide for clinicians".

562:(CAD), also known as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, involves the deposition of cholesterol and subsequent inflammation-driven formation of 3075:

Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2014). "327. Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death".

8214:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 7321:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 5497:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 3014:

Lilly LS, Braunwald E, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E (2015). "Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death". In Myerburg RJ (ed.).

2453: 3949:

Drory Y, Turetz Y, Hiss Y, Lev B, Fisman EZ, Pines A, Kramer MR (November 1991). "Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age".

2072:

IHCA, survival to discharge is around 22%. Those who survive to return of spontaneous circulation and hospital admission frequently present with

8388:"Lifetime risk for sudden cardiac death at selected index ages and by risk factor strata and race: cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project" 8797: 7220:

Perrott J, Henneberry RJ, Zed PJ (December 2010). "Thrombolytics for cardiac arrest: case report and systematic review of controlled trials".

5625:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of dispatcher-assisted CPR on outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest in adults and children" 4961:

Glatter KA, Chiamvimonvat N, He Y, Chevalier P, Turillazzi E (2006), Rutty GN (ed.), "Postmortem Analysis for Inherited Ion Channelopathies",

3054: 1595: 4331:

Waldmann V, Narayanan K, Combes N, Jost D, Jouven X, Marijon E (April 2018). "Electrical cardiac injuries: current concepts and management".

1442:

published in 2016 found moderate-quality evidence to show that blood pressure-lowering drugs do not reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death.

6900: 6954: 4678:

Baldzizhar A, Manuylova E, Marchenko R, Kryvalap Y, Carey MG (September 2016). "Ventricular Tachycardias: Characteristics and Management".

779:. Many are also associated with environmental or neurogenic triggers such as response to loud sounds that can initiate lethal arrhythmias. 3984: 2514: 1620:, stopping CPR and pronouncing the person's death is generally reasonable after 20 minutes. Exceptions to this include certain cases with 3672:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (February 2002). "State-specific mortality from sudden cardiac death--United States, 1999".

1486:(LVEF)). The LVEF criteria used in these trials ranged from less than or equal to 30% in MADIT-II to less than or equal to 40% in MUSTT. 636:

Mechanical abnormalities with an associated risk of cardiac arrest may arise from coronary artery dissection, which can be attributed to

8117:"The chance of survival and the functional outcome after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in older people: a systematic review" 4761: 2338: 9532: 4611: 8740:

Primož P, Gräsner GD, Semeraro JT, Olasveengen F, Soar T, Lott J, Van de Voorde C, Madar P, Zideman J, Mentzelopoulos DA, Gradišek S.

4487: 2166: 476:. Changes in this pattern can result from injury to the cardiac muscle and lead to non-conducted beats and ultimately cardiac arrest. 5538:"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plus delayed defibrillation versus immediate defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest" 9222: 1064: 7447:"Osborn waves following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-Effect of level of temperature management and risk of arrhythmia and death" 1886:

can lead to cardiac arrest with typical ECG findings including wide QRS and prolonged QTc. Treatment for this condition includes

6380: 2129:. This gender difference disappeared beyond 85 years of age. Around half of these individuals are younger than 65 years of age. 9949: 9266: 1760: 1463: 1455: 800: 739:

Arrhythmias not due to structural heart disease account for 5 to 10% of sudden cardiac arrests. These are frequently caused by

8613: 7270:"The efficacy and safety of pre-hospital cooling after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6803:

Messias Hirano Padrao E, Bustos B, Mahesh A, de Almeida Castro M, Randhawa R, John Dipollina C, et al. (December 2022).

4978: 4945: 3343: 4936:

First Aid Manual: The Authorised Manual of St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, and the British Red Cross

9753: 9590: 3788:"Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients with hypertension: update and practical clinical applications" 1489:

In certain high-risk patient populations (such as patients with LQTS), ICDs are also used to prevent sudden cardiac death (

1060: 3443: 9944: 9758: 9748: 9337: 2042: 1976:

or, if comfort measures are all that are desired, by stipulating that healthcare providers should "allow natural death".

1756: 5904:"Suction Assisted Laryngoscopy and Airway Decontamination (SALAD): A technique for improved emergency airway management" 5731: 4444:

Tran DT, St Pierre Schneider B, McGinnis GR (July–August 2021). "Circadian Rhythms in Sudden Cardiac Arrest: A Review".

964:

occur following dissociation of spontaneous electrical conduction and the mechanical function of the heart resulting in

10055: 9886: 9500: 8942:"Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2508: 2015: 1897:. However, without specific indication, magnesium is not generally given in cardiac arrest. In people with a confirmed 7527:

Knox C, Vereb JA (December 2005). "Allow natural death: a more humane approach to discussing end-of-life directives".

1857:

overall does not improve or worsen outcomes compared to epinephrine. The combination of epinephrine, vasopressin, and

699:

is a leading cause of sudden cardiac deaths in the adult population. This is most commonly the result of longstanding

9926: 8481: 7887: 7369: 5454: 4755: 4730: 4261:

Raab H, Lindner KH, Wenzel V (November 2008). "Preventing cardiac arrest during hemorrhagic shock with vasopressin".

3649: 3413: 3084: 3023: 2332: 1883: 1794: 1698: 1037: 496:

The most common mechanism underlying sudden cardiac arrest is an arrhythmia (an irregular rhythm). Without organized

351: 323: 9921: 7180: 5403: 2747:"Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease" 2290: 1848: 1729: 8765: 992:. The physical examination to diagnose cardiac arrest focuses on the absence of a pulse. In many cases, lack of a 515:

There are many different types of arrhythmias, but the ones most frequently recorded in sudden cardiac arrest are

9790: 9571: 8809: 4401:

Tran DT, St Pierre Schneider B, McGinnis GR (July 2021). "Circadian Rhythms in Sudden Cardiac Arrest: A Review".

1926: 1571: 1166: 347: 20: 3197:"Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the General Population: Review of Traditional and Emerging Risk Factors" 2840:"2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 9866: 9861: 9785: 1575: 1068: 96: 2837: 1616:

If high-quality CPR has not resulted in return of spontaneous circulation and the person's heart rhythm is in

596:

Abnormalities of the coronary arteries not related to atherosclerosis include inflammation (known as coronary

10212: 10088: 10017: 9849: 9585: 8639:"Single ventricle with persistent truncus arteriosus as two rare entities in an adult patient: a case report" 2195: 1965: 1961: 1733: 1601: 1567: 1079:

guidelines, have recognized the potential benefits of using POCUS in diagnosing and managing cardiac arrest.

1076: 1045: 965: 670: 527: 407: 339: 327: 200: 67: 1864:

The use of atropine, lidocaine, and amiodarone have not been shown to improve survival from cardiac arrest.

1693:

Defibrillation is indicated if an electric-shockable heart rhythm is present. The two shockable rhythms are

10310: 10207: 10000: 9983: 9916: 9836: 9215: 3736:"Increased left ventricular mass as a predictor of sudden cardiac death: is it time to put it to the test?" 2275: 2179: 2073: 2022:

If one or more links in the chain are missing or delayed, then the chances of survival drop significantly.

1749: 696: 126: 7446: 10305: 10050: 9495: 8688:

Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. (February 2021).

6719:

Sanfilippo F, Corredor C, Santonocito C, Panarello G, Arcadipane A, Ristagno G, Pellis T (October 2016).

2223: 662: 254: 122: 8850:

Sulmasy LS, Bledsoe TA (January 2019). "American College of Physicians Ethics Manual: Seventh Edition".

7179:

Ludwin K, Smereka J, Jaguszewski MJ, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Szarpak L, Wozniak S, Evrin T (2020-10-28).

1755:

Defibrillators may also be used as part of post-cardiac arrest management. These defibrillators include

10032: 9520: 9505: 8387: 4931: 3510:"The transient outward potassium current plays a key role in spiral wave breakup in ventricular tissue" 3154:

Friedlander Y, Siscovick DS, Weinmann S, Austin MA, Psaty BM, Lemaitre RN, et al. (January 1998).

2445: 2026: 1431:

had a positive association with an increased risk of cardiac arrest, while those deemed following the "

1072: 403: 9579: 4231: 1736:

compressions, encouraging the lay rescuer to press the person's chest hard enough to circulate blood.

216:

Overall survival rate ≈10% (outside of hospital) 25% (in hospital); depends strongly on type and cause

10110: 9807: 9775: 9702: 9429: 6880: 5958:"Advanced airway management in out of hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 5137:"Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive individuals" 1369: 1337: 497: 473: 454: 8829: 7181:"Place of magnesium sulfate in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6852:

Belletti A, Benedetto U, Putzu A, Martino EA, Biondi-Zoccai G, Angelini GD, et al. (May 2018).

5957: 3404:

Walls R, Hockberger R, Gausche-Hill M (2017-03-09). Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M (eds.).

1450: 10315: 10234: 10060: 9990: 9780: 9677: 9658: 9488: 9261: 9161: 8258:"Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6604:

Panchal AR, Berg KM, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Del Rios M, Cabañas JG, et al. (December 2019).

5052:"Mediterranean Diet Score, Dietary Patterns, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in the REGARDS Study" 4146:

Chen N, Callaway CW, Guyette FX, Rittenberger JC, Doshi AA, Dezfulian C, Elmer J (September 2018).

4004:"Drugs to be avoided in patients with long QT syndrome: Focus on the anaesthesiological management" 3050: 2100: 2001: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1694: 1506: 1033: 942: 682: 520: 284: 273: 9041:

Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, Apostolopoulou C, Karanikolas M (April 2016).

8940:

Norrish G, Cantarutti N, Pissaridou E, Ridout DA, Limongelli G, Elliott PM, Kaski JP (July 2017).

7445:

Hadziselimovic E, Thomsen JH, Kjaergaard J, Køber L, Graff C, Pehrson S, et al. (July 2018).

7100:

Kim ED, Parekh RS (November 2015). "Calcium and Sudden Cardiac Death in End-Stage Renal Disease".

6006:

Studnek JR, Thestrup L, Vandeventer S, Ward SR, Staley K, Garvey L, Blackwell T (September 2010).

5769:

Lavonas EJ, Drennan IR, Gabrielli A, Heffner AC, Hoyte CO, Orkin AM, et al. (November 2015).

1740:

People who have cardiac arrests in remote locations have worse outcomes following cardiac arrest.

10267: 10241: 10229: 10217: 10202: 9936: 9878: 9682: 9663: 9315: 9255: 9208: 7829:

Kusumoto FM, Bailey KR, Chaouki AS, Deshmukh AJ, Gautam S, Kim RJ, et al. (September 2018).

6854:"Vasopressors During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials" 6853: 5230:

Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, et al. (December 2000).

5189:

Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, et al. (May 2008).

2104: 2048: 2005: 1806: 1501:

In hospital, a cardiac arrest is referred to as a "crash", or a "code". This typically refers to

1479: 1471: 1186: 946: 609: 559: 516: 490: 288: 277: 152: 148: 112: 8559:

Zimmerman DS, Tan HL (December 2021). "Epidemiology and risk factors of sudden cardiac arrest".

5135:

Taverny G, Mimouni Y, LeDigarcher A, Chevalier P, Thijs L, Wright JM, Gueyffier F (March 2016).

2838:

ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association (December 2005).

2637:

Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, Christenson J, de Caen AR, Bhanji F, et al. (July 2013).

1847:. Calcium is used in specific circumstances such as electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalemia) and 245:, is when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. As a result, blood cannot properly 9856: 9822: 9765: 9743: 9565: 9547: 9483: 9350: 9303: 9231: 8992:

de Caen AR, Berg MD, Chameides L, Gooden CK, Hickey RW, Scott HF, et al. (November 2015).

8690:"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association" 8337:

Gräsner JT, Herlitz J, Tjelmeland IB, Wnent J, Masterson S, Lilja G, et al. (April 2021).

7782:"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association" 6953:

Ali MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Kenny M, Raina P, Atkins DL, Soar J, et al. (November 2018).

3988: 3467:

Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, et al. (September 2006).

2745:

Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Matetzky S, Shotan A, et al. (October 2003).

2498: 2126: 1913:

is unclear, but it may still be used. In people with cardiac arrest due to a local anesthetic,

1537: 811:

Non-cardiac causes account for 15 to 25% of cardiac arrests. Common non-cardiac causes include

666: 419: 8212:

Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. (November 2015).

7615: 7319:

Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. (November 2015).

7010:

Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. (November 2010).

6140:

Woolcott OO, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Nichols GA, Stecker EC, Jui J, Chugh SS (October 2020).

5495:

Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. (November 2015).

3637: 1008:. Lack of a pulse in the periphery (radial/pedal) may also result from other conditions (e.g. 9620: 9615: 9510: 9425: 9320: 9125: 8472:

Wang VJ, Joing SA, Fitch MT, Cline DM, John Ma O, Cydulka RK (2017-08-28). Cydulka RK (ed.).

8411: 6049:"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation" 5445:

Wang VJ, Joing SA, Fitch MT, Cline DM, John Ma O, Cydulka RK (2017-08-28). Cydulka RK (ed.).

4745: 4071: 4054: 3699:

Kannel WB, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J (August 1998). "Sudden coronary death in women".

2322: 1628:

victims. Some of these cases should have longer and more sustained CPR until they are nearly

1490: 918: 832:

arrests, according to a retrospective study from an urban tertiary care emergency department.

719: 616:

Coronary arteritis commonly results from a pediatric febrile inflammatory condition known as

469: 172: 27: 7731:

Cave DM, Gazmuri RJ, Otto CW, Nadkarni VM, Cheng A, Brooks SC, et al. (November 2010).

2475: 2418: 10116: 9644: 9625: 9525: 9436: 9379: 7957:"One-year survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 7395:"Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses" 2879:

Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, Böttiger BW, et al. (December 2008).

2352: 2228: 1474:

in death caused by an arrhythmia and a 25% relative risk reduction in all-cause mortality.

1330: 1156: 1051: 1005: 789: 608:, mechanical abnormalities related to connective tissue diseases or trauma, and congenital 567: 8893:

Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, et al. (January 2021).

8339:"European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Epidemiology of cardiac arrest in Europe" 2478:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 19 May 2022 2421:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 19 May 2022 653:

Short axis view of the heart demonstrating wall thickening in left ventricular hypertrophy

8: 10121: 9978: 9973: 9896: 9800: 9770: 9729: 9355: 9272: 9150: 6955:"Effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for shockable cardiac arrest: A systematic review" 4883:"Prognostic value of point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest: a systematic review" 2389: 2215: 2211: 2202:

resuscitation efforts are deceptive and should not be performed by physicians or nurses.

2157:

In many publications, the stated or implicit meaning of "sudden cardiac death" is sudden

2077: 2030: 1973: 1894: 1667: 1663: 1545: 1241: 1025: 1009: 1001: 980: 712: 688: 388: 8355: 8338: 8310: 8014:

Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, et al. (November 2015).

7973: 7956: 7701: 7576: 7462: 6973: 6931: 6737: 6720: 6531: 6494: 6282:"Basic principles and technique of external electrical cardioversion and defibrillation" 5862: 5823: 5643: 5337: 4163: 3124: 2988: 2963: 2937: 2588:

Kronick SL, Kurz MC, Lin S, Edelson DP, Berg RA, Billi JE, et al. (November 2015).

1964:

makes it clear that in the event of cardiac arrest, the person does not wish to receive

649: 10224: 10022: 9844: 9795: 9420: 9367: 9277: 9067: 9043:"Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature Review" 9042: 9018: 8993: 8971: 8922: 8875: 8770: 8719: 8665: 8638: 8584: 8541: 8368: 8189: 8162: 8089: 8064: 8045: 7996: 7806: 7781: 7757: 7732: 7713: 7624: 7599: 7474: 7419: 7394: 7362:

Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest : clinical application and management

7296: 7269: 7245: 7125: 7077: 7052: 6985: 6892: 6829: 6804: 6785: 6635: 6586: 6543: 6476: 6428: 6403: 6166: 6141: 6117: 6092: 5988: 5930: 5903: 5902:

Root CW, Mitchell OJ, Brown R, Evers CB, Boyle J, Griffin C, et al. (2020-03-01).

5879: 5866: 5846: 5698: 5655: 5562: 5537: 5385: 5300: 5275: 5161: 5136: 5076: 5051: 5024: 4999: 4934: 4909: 4882: 4863: 4809: 4660: 4588: 4563: 4539: 4512: 4469: 4426: 4172: 4147: 4120: 4095: 4030: 4003: 3814: 3787: 3760: 3735: 3534: 3509: 3297: 3136: 2619: 2554: 2529: 1957: 1898: 1858: 1826: 1822: 1605: 1563: 1432: 1234: 1208: 1198: 1175: 1088: 882: 855: 812: 784: 674: 630: 380: 335: 316: 304: 262: 246: 104: 91: 84: 9155: 9094:

The Center for Resuscitation Science at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

7929: 7912: 7780:

Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. (March 2017).

7748: 7665: 7648: 7028: 7011: 5207: 5190: 5050:

Shikany JM, Safford MM, Soroka O, Brown TM, Newby PK, Durant RW, Judd SE (July 2021).

3485: 3468: 2897: 2880: 2856: 2839: 10284: 10135: 10093: 10008: 9826: 9724: 9441: 9384: 9282: 9172: 9072: 9023: 8975: 8963: 8926: 8914: 8867: 8821: 8817: 8747: 8723: 8711: 8670: 8619: 8609: 8588: 8576: 8533: 8487: 8477: 8454: 8403: 8372: 8360: 8314: 8279: 8235: 8194: 8138: 8094: 8037: 7988: 7934: 7893: 7883: 7852: 7811: 7762: 7717: 7705: 7670: 7629: 7580: 7544: 7509: 7466: 7424: 7375: 7365: 7342: 7301: 7237: 7202: 7161: 7117: 7082: 7033: 6977: 6935: 6884: 6834: 6789: 6777: 6742: 6695: 6662: 6639: 6627: 6590: 6578: 6547: 6535: 6468: 6433: 6388: 6362: 6323: 6256: 6223: 6171: 6122: 6070: 6029: 6024: 6007: 5980: 5935: 5884: 5845:

Voss S, Rhys M, Coates D, Greenwood R, Nolan JP, Thomas M, Benger J (December 2014).

5827: 5792: 5702: 5690: 5647: 5605: 5601: 5567: 5518: 5460: 5450: 5377: 5341: 5305: 5253: 5212: 5166: 5117: 5081: 5029: 4974: 4941: 4914: 4867: 4855: 4801: 4751: 4695: 4664: 4652: 4593: 4544: 4473: 4461: 4430: 4418: 4383: 4379: 4348: 4313: 4309: 4278: 4243: 4212: 4177: 4125: 4076: 4035: 3966: 3962: 3928: 3893: 3846: 3819: 3765: 3716: 3681: 3645: 3618: 3566: 3539: 3490: 3419: 3409: 3349: 3339: 3301: 3289: 3253: 3249: 3218: 3177: 3140: 3128: 3090: 3080: 3029: 3019: 2993: 2941: 2902: 2861: 2809: 2768: 2724: 2720: 2660: 2611: 2559: 2504: 2328: 2270: 1985: 1483: 1420: 1382: 1342: 1221: 1193: 1096: 1021: 958:

least 30 seconds), inadequate blood flow to heart tissue can lead to cardiac arrest.

910: 863: 851: 776: 704: 703:, or hypertension, which has led to maladaptive overgrowth of muscular tissue of the 582: 505: 442: 376: 312: 179: 160: 75: 8879: 8545: 8510:

Wong CX, Brown A, Lau DH, Chugh SS, Albert CM, Kalman JM, Sanders P (January 2019).

8274: 8257: 8049: 8000: 7478: 7249: 6989: 6480: 5992: 5659: 5389: 3638:"Pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Role of vulnerable, ruptured, and eroded plaques" 2623: 1712: 10257: 10149: 10042: 9738: 9062: 9054: 9013: 9005: 8953: 8906: 8859: 8813: 8701: 8660: 8650: 8568: 8523: 8444: 8399: 8350: 8306: 8269: 8225: 8184: 8174: 8128: 8084: 8076: 8027: 7978: 7968: 7924: 7875: 7842: 7801: 7793: 7752: 7744: 7697: 7660: 7619: 7611: 7572: 7536: 7501: 7458: 7414: 7406: 7332: 7291: 7281: 7229: 7192: 7153: 7129: 7109: 7072: 7064: 7023: 6969: 6927: 6896: 6876: 6868: 6824: 6816: 6769: 6732: 6721:"Amiodarone or lidocaine for cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6617: 6570: 6527: 6460: 6423: 6415: 6354: 6315: 6161: 6153: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6060: 6019: 5972: 5925: 5915: 5874: 5858: 5819: 5782: 5682: 5639: 5597: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5508: 5369: 5333: 5295: 5287: 5243: 5202: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5109: 5071: 5063: 5019: 5011: 4966: 4904: 4894: 4845: 4813: 4791: 4687: 4644: 4583: 4575: 4534: 4524: 4453: 4410: 4375: 4340: 4305: 4270: 4204: 4167: 4159: 4115: 4107: 4066: 4025: 4015: 3958: 3920: 3883: 3809: 3799: 3755: 3747: 3708: 3608: 3529: 3521: 3480: 3281: 3245: 3208: 3167: 3120: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2962:

Arrich J, Schütz N, Oppenauer J, Vendt J, Holzer M, Havel C, Herkner H (May 2023).

2933: 2892: 2851: 2799: 2758: 2716: 2650: 2601: 2549: 2541: 2108: 2059: 1925:

Current international guidelines suggest cooling adults after cardiac arrest using

1887: 1836: 1636: 1514: 997: 968:(PEA) or through complete absence of electrical activity of the heart resulting in 768: 764: 740: 708: 617: 434: 6802: 5404:"AHA Releases 2015 Heart and Stroke Statistics | Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation" 2681: 2182:. Sudden cardiac death should not be used to describe events that are not fatal". 10279: 9671: 9652: 9639: 9446: 9325: 9200: 9166: 9009: 8941: 8706: 8689: 8572: 8230: 8213: 8115:

van Gijn MS, Frijns D, van de Glind EM, C van Munster B, Hamaker ME (July 2014).

8032: 8015: 7847: 7830: 7797: 7505: 7410: 7337: 7320: 6872: 6820: 6622: 6605: 6574: 5920: 5787: 5770: 5686: 5623:

Nikolaou N, Dainty KN, Couper K, Morley P, Tijssen J, Vaillancourt C (May 2019).

5513: 5496: 5274:

Shun-Shin MJ, Zheng SL, Cole GD, Howard JP, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP (June 2017).

4850: 4833: 4457: 4414: 4274: 4208: 4055:"Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of non-cardiac origin. Epidemiology and outcome" 2763: 2746: 2655: 2638: 2606: 2589: 2246:

Rates of survival in children with cardiac arrest are 3 to 16% in North America.

2232: 1652: 1439: 1279: 723: 637: 563: 426: 100: 6157: 6065: 6048: 4932:

British Red Cross, St Andrew's Ambulance Association, St John Ambulance (2006).

3525: 3285: 3045: 3043: 10272: 10180: 9968: 9478: 9471: 9458: 7068: 6773: 6687: 6654: 6358: 6319: 6248: 6215: 6189: 5976: 5291: 4796: 4779: 4648: 4344: 3838: 3712: 3558: 3213: 3196: 2171: 1914: 1648: 1527: 1029: 989: 847: 658: 509: 458: 331: 257:

may result from cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is also identified by a lack of

204: 9177: 8910: 8894: 8751: 8623: 8528: 8511: 8179: 8080: 7540: 7286: 7157: 6464: 5720: 4899: 4691: 3751: 859: 10299: 10262: 10173: 9308: 8958: 8491: 7393:

Kalra R, Arora G, Patel N, Doshi R, Berra L, Arora P, Bajaj NS (March 2018).

7379: 7206: 5870: 5464: 4529: 4111: 3888: 3871: 3423: 3353: 3094: 3040: 3033: 2240: 2175: 1902: 1745: 1559: 760: 756: 292: 168: 31: 9140: 8655: 8133: 8116: 7955:

Schluep M, Gravesteijn BY, Stolker RJ, Endeman H, Hoeks SE (November 2018).

7197: 6419: 6142:"Sudden cardiac arrest with shockable rhythm in patients with heart failure" 5847:"How do paramedics manage the airway during out of hospital cardiac arrest?" 5113: 5067: 4970: 3924: 3671: 3172: 3155: 1689:

An automated external defibrillator stored in a visible orange mural support

1685: 1353: 192:

Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating

10194: 10168: 10012: 9960: 9633: 9609: 9556: 9415: 9076: 9027: 8967: 8918: 8871: 8825: 8715: 8674: 8580: 8537: 8458: 8364: 8318: 8283: 8239: 8198: 8161:

Yan S, Gan Y, Jiang N, Wang R, Chen Y, Luo Z, et al. (February 2020).

8142: 8041: 7992: 7938: 7897: 7856: 7815: 7766: 7709: 7674: 7633: 7584: 7548: 7513: 7470: 7428: 7346: 7305: 7241: 7165: 7121: 7086: 7037: 6981: 6939: 6888: 6838: 6781: 6746: 6699: 6666: 6631: 6582: 6539: 6472: 6437: 6366: 6327: 6260: 6227: 6175: 6126: 6074: 6033: 5984: 5956:

White L, Melhuish T, Holyoak R, Ryan T, Kempton H, Vlok R (December 2018).

5939: 5888: 5831: 5796: 5694: 5651: 5609: 5571: 5522: 5381: 5373: 5345: 5309: 5257: 5248: 5231: 5216: 5170: 5121: 5085: 5033: 4918: 4859: 4805: 4699: 4656: 4597: 4548: 4465: 4422: 4352: 4317: 4282: 4247: 4216: 4181: 4129: 4039: 3897: 3850: 3823: 3769: 3685: 3622: 3570: 3543: 3494: 3293: 3222: 3132: 2997: 2945: 2906: 2865: 2813: 2772: 2664: 2615: 2563: 2545: 2222:

Additional causes of sudden unexplained cardiac arrest in children include

2052: 1830: 1629: 1412: 1274: 1171: 933: 914: 902: 890: 824: 700: 501: 480: 430: 9093: 8449: 8432: 8098: 4726: 4387: 4080: 3970: 3932: 3804: 3720: 3613: 3596: 3257: 3181: 2804: 2787: 2728: 551: 10129: 10027: 9817: 9734: 9716: 9542: 9515: 9466: 9407: 4020: 2528:

Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, Donnino MW, Granfeldt A (March 2019).

2255: 2194:" is a slang term for the practice of deceptively delivering sub-optimal 1937: 1868: 1854: 1844: 1621: 1518: 1311: 1143: 961: 898: 894: 878: 748: 678: 531: 308: 299:. Additional factors that may contribute to cardiac arrest include major 164: 9058: 8512:"Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: Global and Regional Perspectives" 5015: 4881:

Kedan I, Ciozda W, Palatinus JA, Palatinus HN, Kimchi A (January 2020).

10157: 9707: 8743:

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021 : executive summary

8114: 7983: 6404:"Surviving out of hospital cardiac arrest at home: a postcode lottery?" 2285: 2260: 1969: 1778: 1531: 922: 820: 621: 438: 372: 296: 269: 80: 53:

Cardiopulmonary arrest, circulatory arrest, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

9108: 8741: 8603: 7233: 7113: 6718: 4750:(6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 43. 2029:, which usually denotes impending or acute onset of cardiac arrest or 1956:

Some people choose to avoid aggressive measures at the end of life. A

1944:

are frequent during TTM, particularly in patients treated with 33 °C.

334:, and/or cardiac pacing. Two protocols have been established for CPR: 9183: 8863: 6916: 4579: 2191: 1893:

Magnesium can be given at a does of 2 g (iv or oral bolus) to manage

1782: 1677:

CPR for those who have gone into cardiac arrest due to heart issues.

1596:

Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation § Compressions_with_rescue_breaths

1502: 874: 793: 605: 597: 566:

in the arteries. CAD involves the accumulation and remodeling of the

526:

Less common types of arrhythmias occurring in cardiac arrest include

384: 268:

Cardiac arrest and resultant hemodynamic collapse often occur due to

211: 9040: 7444: 5000:"The prevention and management of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes" 4677: 3235: 870:

cardiac arrest were lowest when occurring between midnight and 6am.

591: 10083: 9240: 7879: 7649:"[Extracorporeal life support for treating cardiac arrest]" 4511:

Szabó Z, Ujvárosy D, Ötvös T, Sebestyén V, Nánási PP (2020-01-29).

2280: 1906: 1840: 1702: 1625: 1617: 1416: 1289: 1131: 1041: 984:

Medical personnel checking the carotid pulse of a simulated patient

969: 886: 843: 816: 744: 601: 578: 571: 535: 450: 396: 392: 300: 156: 9188: 8798:""Slow" code: perspectives of a physician and critical care nurse" 5134: 4780:"Echocardiography in cardiac arrest: An emergency medicine review" 4635:

AlMahameed ST, Ziv O (September 2019). "Ventricular Arrhythmias".

4269:(11 Suppl). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): S474–S480. 3153: 1581: 8939: 4963:

Essentials of Autopsy Practice: Current Methods and Modern Trends

4148:"Arrest etiology among patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest" 2500:

Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials (Expert Consult – Online)

2081: 1880:

a key factor contributing to cardiac arrests in this population.

759:, and this group of conditions is therefore often referred to as 624:

can also contribute to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.

446: 418:

Major risk factors for cardiac arrest include age and underlying

354:

may be considered to reduce the chance of death from recurrence.

7954: 7178: 6139: 4232:"Diabetes mellitus and sudden cardiac death: what are the data?" 3514:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

3406:

Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice

3336:

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

3334:

Mann DL, Zipes PL, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E, eds. (2015).

3018:(Tenth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. pp. 821–860. 3016:

Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine

2964:"Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest" 10163: 10143: 9298: 9135: 9120: 8386:

Lloyd-Jones DM, Berry JD, Ning H, Cai X, Goldberger JJ (2009).

6517: 4960: 4513:"Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting" 4443: 4400: 4145: 2265: 1945: 1910: 1647:

High levels of oxygen are generally given during CPR. Either a

1267: 1126: 484:

EKG depiction of ventricular fibrillation (no organized rhythm)

7913:"Improving Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Next Steps" 6952: 6005: 5768: 5229: 3698: 3195:

Ha AC, Doumouras BS, Wang CN, Tranmer J, Lee DS (April 2022).

2636: 8796:

DePalma JA, Ozanich E, Miller S, Yancich LM (November 1999).

8336: 7828: 6851: 6343: 5714: 5712: 5188: 4880: 4295: 2744: 2158: 1728:

In out-of-hospital arrests, the defibrillation is made by an

993: 906: 258: 130: 8739: 8687: 8296: 7872:

Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time to Act

6495:"Deep Dive into the Evidence: Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest" 3156:"Family history as a risk factor for primary cardiac arrest" 2922: 1759:(such as LifeVest), subcutaneous cardiac defibrillator, and 1716:

Demonstration of electrode pad placement for defibrillation.

718:

Abnormalities of the cardiac conduction system (notably the

8795: 8256:

Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL (January 2010).

7687: 7491: 4510: 4330: 3403: 3338:(Tenth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. p. 826. 3051:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?" 2706: 2527: 2085: 1968:. Other directives may be made to stipulate the desire for 763:. Examples of these inherited arrhythmia syndromes include 250: 118: 8991: 8255: 7779: 7598:

Eroglu SE, Onur O, Urgan O, Denizbasi A, Akoglu H (2014).

6603: 6402:

Lyon RM, Cobbe SM, Bradley JM, Grubb NR (September 2004).

6046: 5709: 5622: 5536:

Huang Y, He Q, Yang LJ, Liu GJ, Jones A (September 2014).

5358: 3977: 3053:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. 1 April 2011. 2961: 2446:"How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?" 224:

13 per 10,000 people per year (outside hospital in the US)

8433:"Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998" 8211: 7318: 7142: 5494: 5098: 5049: 4777: 4304:(3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 627–634. 4194: 3597:"Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998" 2788:"Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998" 1941: 752: 8892: 8431:

Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA (October 2001).

7646: 7597: 7561: 6805:"Calcium use during cardiac arrest: A systematic review" 6304: 6280:

Knight BP (23 January 2023). Page RL, Dardas TF (eds.).

5955: 5809: 5273: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 3595:

Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA (October 2001).

3466: 2786:

Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA (October 2001).

2210:

In children, the most common cause of cardiac arrest is

2000:

Early defibrillation is effective for the management of

70:

being administered during a simulation of cardiac arrest

8385: 7730: 7440: 7438: 6339: 6337: 5844: 5672: 5322: 3444:"Pathophysiology and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest" 3013: 2682:"Cardiac Arrest - What Is Cardiac Arrest? | NHLBI, NIH" 2390:"Cardiac Arrest - Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH" 2235:, or overdose of medications, such as antidepressants. 6246: 5901: 5718: 4778:

Long B, Alerhand S, Maliel K, Koyfman A (March 2018).

4365: 4001: 3270: 3194: 3074: 2878: 8430: 8013: 7869: 7647:

Lehot JJ, Long-Him-Nam N, Bastien O (December 2011).

7009: 6401: 6091:

Zhan L, Yang LJ, Huang Y, He Q, Liu GJ (March 2017).

6047:

Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M (May 2000).

5588:

Mutchner L (January 2007). "The ABCs of CPR--again".

4706: 3594: 2785: 2587: 2324:

The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR

1558:

Sudden cardiac arrest may be treated via attempts at

1024:

rhythm. This refers to whether a particular class of

773:

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

350:

may improve outcomes. In post-resuscitation care, an

9098: 7435: 7392: 7219: 6334: 6213: 4002:

Fazio G, Vernuccio F, Grutta G, Re GL (April 2013).

508:, which prevents the heart from generating adequate 8471: 6652: 6190:"Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia? | NHLBI, NIH" 5444: 3872:"Sudden cardiac death with apparently normal heart" 3836: 3733: 3333: 1056: 9230: 7267: 7053:"Sudden Cardiac Death Among Hemodialysis Patients" 6685: 6560: 6381:"Zoll Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Plus" 4933: 3948: 2740: 2738: 2413: 2411: 1920: 1825:, given as sodium bicarbonate, works to stabilize 8509: 8416:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 8110: 8108: 5269: 5267: 4260: 4229: 3734:Stevens SM, Reinier K, Chugh SS (February 2013). 3508:Landaw J, Yuan X, Chen PS, Qu Z (February 2021). 2327:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11. 2014:Early post-resuscitation care, which may include 1785:are anti-arrhythmic medications. Amiodarone is a 734: 592:Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities 10297: 8987: 8985: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8262:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 7950: 7948: 7263: 7261: 7259: 6450: 5583: 5581: 4743: 4612:"Ventricular fibrillation - Symptoms and causes" 4093: 3507: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 2918: 2916: 1589: 8251: 8249: 8160: 8007: 6694:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 6661:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 6255:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 6222:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 6090: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5045: 5043: 4488:"Ventricular tachycardia - Symptoms and causes" 3869: 3845:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3781: 3779: 3565:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2735: 2468: 2408: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 1988:. The chain consists of the following "links": 799:Another condition that promotes arrhythmias is 657:Examples of structural heart diseases include: 8849: 8205: 8105: 7312: 6247:Foth C, Gangwani MK, Ahmed I, Alvey H (2024). 5535: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5264: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4680:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 3437: 3435: 3433: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 2957: 2955: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2345: 1107:Physical findings related to potential causes 9216: 8982: 8595: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8424: 8325: 7945: 7910: 7268:Lindsay PJ, Buell D, Scales DC (March 2018). 7256: 5951: 5949: 5578: 4634: 4289: 4052: 3944: 3942: 3740:Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 3590: 3588: 3586: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3308: 3110: 3009: 3007: 2913: 2676: 2674: 692:EKG depiction of left ventricular hypertrophy 8630: 8558: 8465: 8246: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8056: 7653:Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 6086: 6084: 5749: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5177: 5040: 4997: 4834:"Point-of-care Ultrasound in Cardiac Arrest" 4827: 4825: 4823: 4773: 4771: 4727:"Resuscitation Council (UK) Guidelines 2005" 4324: 4141: 4139: 4094:Smith JE, Rickard A, Wise D (January 2015). 3987:. American Heart Association. Archived from 3870:Chugh SS, Kelly KL, Titus JL (August 2000). 3785: 3776: 3642:Atherothrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease 3106: 3104: 2779: 2521: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2371: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 1984:Several organizations promote the idea of a 1040:, while the two "non-shockable" rhythms are 425:Additional significant risk factors include 8636: 6097:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5542:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5471: 5141:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4986: 4561: 4046: 3692: 3674:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3667: 3665: 3556: 3430: 2968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2952: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2570: 747:often affect specialized proteins known as 644: 504:, there is inconsistent contraction of the 326:using a variety of interventions including 9533:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9223: 9209: 8735: 8733: 8498: 6762:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 6759: 6395: 5965:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5946: 5316: 5092: 4831: 4784:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 4744:Soar J, Perkins JD, Nolan J, eds. (2012). 3939: 3640:. In Fuster V, Topol EJ, Nabel EG (eds.). 3583: 3360: 3077:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 3004: 2671: 2503:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1771. 1254:No breath sounds or distant breath sounds 546: 58: 9066: 9017: 8957: 8946:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 8705: 8664: 8654: 8527: 8448: 8354: 8273: 8229: 8188: 8178: 8149: 8132: 8088: 8031: 7982: 7972: 7928: 7846: 7805: 7756: 7664: 7623: 7616:10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.003 7526: 7418: 7336: 7295: 7285: 7196: 7099: 7076: 7027: 6881:1983/d002beb9-1298-4134-b062-c617f3df43f2 6828: 6736: 6621: 6427: 6165: 6116: 6081: 6064: 6023: 5929: 5919: 5878: 5786: 5561: 5512: 5421: 5299: 5247: 5206: 5160: 5075: 5056:Journal of the American Heart Association 5023: 4908: 4898: 4849: 4820: 4795: 4768: 4587: 4538: 4528: 4254: 4171: 4136: 4119: 4070: 4029: 4019: 3887: 3813: 3803: 3759: 3612: 3533: 3484: 3212: 3171: 3101: 2987: 2896: 2855: 2803: 2762: 2654: 2605: 2553: 2490: 2433: 2419:"Cardiac Arrest - Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH" 2303: 2025:These protocols are often initiated by a 1874: 1839:, given as calcium chloride, works as an 1817: 1083:motion and short term survival with CPR. 1012:) or be the rescuer's misinterpretation. 8605:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary 7050: 5587: 4100:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4072:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015407 3837:Bornstein AB, Rao SS, Marwaha K (2021). 3662: 3635: 3079:(19th ed.). New York: Mcgraw-Hill. 2820: 2353:"Cardiac Arrest - Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH" 1711: 1684: 1580: 1449: 1065:American College of Emergency Physicians 979: 932: 687: 648: 550: 479: 468: 464: 8730: 8601: 7911:Jollis JG, Granger CB (December 2016). 7359: 7185:Disaster and Emergency Medicine Journal 6686:Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A (2024). 6653:Florek JB, Lucas A, Girzadas D (2024). 6214:Ludhwani D, Goayal A, Jagtap M (2024). 1905:may be of benefit. Evidence for use of 1884:Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose 1562:. This is usually carried out based on 1445: 10298: 9267:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection 8474:Tintinalli's emergency medicine manual 8062: 6345:Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators". 6279: 5447:Tintinalli's emergency medicine manual 3441: 2530:"In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review" 2147: 1464:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 1456:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 842:Additional non-cardiac causes include 9204: 9047:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 4832:Paul JA, Panzer OP (September 2021). 4568:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 4562:Rubart M, Zipes DP (September 2005). 3792:International Journal of Hypertension 3644:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2496: 2320: 1951: 1789:. Amiodarone may be used in cases of 1406: 1153:Presence of secretions, vomit, blood 806: 365: 9591:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis 7870:Institute of Medicine (2015-06-30). 7600:"Blue code: Is it a real emergency?" 4637:The Medical Clinics of North America 4564:"Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death" 1979: 1909:in those with cardiac arrest due to 1642: 1546:intensive care/high dependency units 1061:American Society of Echocardiography 140:The risk of onset increases with age 8356:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.007 8311:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.06.018 7974:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.09.001 7702:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.08.025 7604:World Journal of Emergency Medicine 7577:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.09.004 7463:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.04.037 7057:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 6974:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.08.025 6932:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.012 6738:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.07.235 6532:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.10.026 6053:The New England Journal of Medicine 5863:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.008 5824:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.01.038 5644:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.035 5338:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.05.016 4164:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.024 3125:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.04.027 2938:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.07.238 2456:from the original on 27 August 2016 2043:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 1705:and pulseless electrical activity. 1419:, limited alcohol consumption, and 1075:, as well as the 2018 preoperative 581:of at least one segment of a major 307:, electrolyte disturbance (such as 13: 9887:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 8766:"Slow Codes, Show Codes and Death" 6999:from the original on 5 March 2020. 6906:from the original on 5 March 2020. 5675:British Journal of Sports Medicine 4368:The American Journal of Cardiology 4230:Bergner DW, Goldberger JJ (2010). 3951:The American Journal of Cardiology 3201:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2055:due to underlying heart problems. 2016:percutaneous coronary intervention 1658:suction-assisted airway management 1484:left ventricular ejection fraction 1032:. The two "shockable" rhythms are 988:Cardiac arrest is synonymous with 406:(such as 911 or 112) and initiate 14: 10327: 9087: 7930:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025818 7749:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970970 7659:(9): 2025–33, discussion 2033–6. 7029:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 5208:10.1161/CIRCUALTIONAHA.108.189742 4053:Kuisma M, Alaspää A (July 1997). 3486:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 3057:from the original on 21 June 2015 2898:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190652 2857:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 1867:Atropine is used for symptomatic 1795:pulseless ventricular tachycardia 1761:implantable cardiac defibrillator 1699:pulseless ventricular tachycardia 1680: 1222:Scar in the middle of the sternum 1038:pulseless ventricular tachycardia 727:electrophysiologic disturbances. 555:Normal vs blocked coronary artery 541: 352:implantable cardiac defibrillator 324:return of spontaneous circulation 9034: 8933: 8886: 8843: 8818:10.1097/00002727-199911000-00014 8789: 8778:from the original on 18 May 2013 8758: 8681: 8561:Current Opinion in Critical Care 8552: 8404:10.1161/circ.120.suppl_18.S416-c 8379: 8290: 7904: 7863: 7822: 7773: 7724: 7681: 7640: 7591: 7555: 7520: 7494:The American Journal of Medicine 7485: 7386: 7353: 7213: 7172: 7136: 7093: 7044: 7003: 6946: 6910: 6845: 6796: 6753: 6712: 6679: 6646: 6597: 6554: 6511: 6487: 6444: 6373: 6025:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00827.x 5737:from the original on 13 May 2015 5602:10.1097/00000446-200701000-00024 4998:Fanous Y, Dorian P (July 2019). 4764:from the original on 2017-09-05. 4733:from the original on 2009-12-15. 4310:10.1097/00000539-200009000-00024 3658:from the original on 2016-06-03. 3250:10.1097/00001648-199709000-00006 2517:from the original on 2017-09-05. 2341:from the original on 2017-09-05. 2291:Sudden cardiac death of athletes 2139: 2120: 1849:calcium-channel blocker toxicity 1730:automated external defibrillator 1059:. Published guidelines from the 1052:Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) 9572:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 8810:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 8802:Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 8643:Journal of Medical Case Reports 8275:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.889576 8065:"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation" 6298: 6273: 6240: 6207: 6182: 6133: 6040: 5999: 5895: 5838: 5803: 5666: 5616: 5590:The American Journal of Nursing 5529: 5396: 5352: 5223: 5128: 4954: 4925: 4874: 4737: 4671: 4628: 4604: 4555: 4504: 4480: 4437: 4394: 4359: 4223: 4188: 4087: 3995: 3904: 3863: 3830: 3727: 3629: 3550: 3501: 3460: 3264: 3229: 3188: 3147: 3068: 2872: 2700: 2630: 2115: 1927:targeted temperature management 1921:Targeted temperature management 1572:pediatric advanced life support 413: 348:Targeted temperature management 21:Cardiac arrest (disambiguation) 8637:Porter I, Vacek J (May 2008). 8602:Dorland WA (9 December 2019). 6109:10.1002/14651858.CD010134.pub2 5554:10.1002/14651858.CD009803.pub2 5153:10.1002/14651858.CD011745.pub2 3839:"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy" 2980:10.1002/14651858.CD004128.pub5 2076:, which usually presents with 1960:order (DNR) in the form of an 1861:appears to improve outcomes. 1766: 1576:neonatal resuscitation program 1496: 1235:Breath sounds only on one side 1069:European Resuscitation Council 1057:reversible causes of an arrest 801:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 753:electrically charged particles 735:Inherited arrhythmia syndromes 1: 10089:Pulseless electrical activity 10018:Multifocal atrial tachycardia 9892:Catecholaminergic polymorphic 8516:Heart, Lung & Circulation 7666:10.1016/S0001-4079(19)31894-1 7222:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 7051:Makar MS, Pun PH (May 2017). 6453:Heart, Lung & Circulation 5721:"Pre-hospital cardiac arrest" 4197:Archives of Internal Medicine 3786:Katholi RE, Couri DM (2011). 2751:Archives of Internal Medicine 2296: 2109:Hypoxic ischemic brain injury 1966:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1962:advance health care directive 1602:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1590:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1568:advanced cardiac life support 1553: 1401: 1167:positive pressure ventilation 1077:Advanced Cardiac Life Support 1046:pulseless electrical activity 966:pulseless electrical activity 858:, poisoning such as from the 528:pulseless electrical activity 340:advanced cardiac life support 201:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 9010:10.1161/cir.0000000000000266 8707:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950 8573:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000896 8231:10.1161/cir.0000000000000252 8033:10.1161/cir.0000000000000258 7848:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000550 7798:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485 7529:Journal of Emergency Nursing 7506:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.029 7411:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002646 7338:10.1161/cir.0000000000000252 6873:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003049 6821:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100315 6623:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000732 6575:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004130 5921:10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100005 5788:10.1161/cir.0000000000000264 5719:Resuscitation Council (UK). 5687:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104623 5514:10.1161/cir.0000000000000252 4965:, Springer, pp. 15–37, 4851:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003811 4458:10.1097/NNR.0000000000000512 4415:10.1097/NNR.0000000000000512 4380:10.1016/0002-9149(87)91027-7 4275:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818a8d7e 4209:10.1001/archinte.160.10.1529 3963:10.1016/0002-9149(91)90251-f 3919:(1): 265–272. January 1997. 3408:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2764:10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301 2721:10.1016/0002-8703(89)90670-4 2656:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654 2607:10.1161/cir.0000000000000258 2476:"Cardiac Arrest - Treatment" 2276:Post-cardiac arrest syndrome 2185: 2074:post-cardiac arrest syndrome 2066: 1750:supraventricular tachycardia 1187:Distension of the neck veins 975: 928: 697:Left ventricular hypertrophy 232:> 425,000 per year (U.S.) 184:Finding no pulse, ECG (EKG) 127:post-cardiac arrest syndrome 16:Sudden failure of heart beat 7: 8852:Annals of Internal Medicine 6158:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.038 6066:10.1056/NEJM200005253422101 6012:Academic Emergency Medicine 4008:World Journal of Cardiology 3526:10.1152/ajpheart.00608.2020 3286:10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.09.040 2249: 2224:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 2205: 1585:CPR training on a mannequin 1370:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 1209:Trachea shifted to one side 1140:Decreased body temperature 945:and pulseless or sustained 860:stings of certain jellyfish 827:(especially to the chest). 675:cardiac rhythm disturbances 272:(irregular heart rhythms). 255:persistent vegetative state 123:persistent vegetative state 101:total loss of consciousness 10: 10332: 10033:Wandering atrial pacemaker 9580:non-infective endocarditis 9521:Endocardial fibroelastosis 7069:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.006 6774:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.08.020 6408:Emergency Medicine Journal 6359:10.1161/01.CIR.102.15.1780 6320:10.1161/01.CIR.101.25.2968 6216:"Ventricular Fibrillation" 5977:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.09.045 4797:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.031 4649:10.1016/j.mcna.2019.05.008 4096:"Traumatic cardiac arrest" 3713:10.1053/hj.1998.v136.90226 3557:Pahwa R, Jialal I (2021). 3214:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.007 1746:synchronized cardioversion 1593: 1073:American Heart Association 885:, hydrogen cation excess ( 404:emergency medical services 25: 18: 10250: 10193: 10111:hexaxial reference system 10102: 10069: 10056:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen 10041: 9999: 9958: 9935: 9909: 9877: 9835: 9816: 9715: 9701: 9601: 9586:Libman–Sacks endocarditis 9555: 9541: 9457: 9406: 9399: 9336: 9291: 9248: 9239: 9102: 9004:(18 Suppl 2): S526–S542. 8911:10.1542/peds.2020-038505D 8905:(Suppl 1): e2020038505D. 8529:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.08.026 8476:. McGraw-Hill Education. 8224:(18 Suppl 2): S315–S367. 8180:10.1186/s13054-020-2773-2 8081:10.1136/bmj.314.7092.1462 8026:(18 Suppl 2): S397–S413. 7743:(18 Suppl 3): S720–S728. 7541:10.1016/j.jen.2005.06.020 7331:(18 Suppl 2): S315–S367. 7287:10.1186/s13054-018-1984-2 7158:10.1080/15563650701226192 7022:(18 Suppl 3): S729–S767. 6465:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.09.011 6249:"Ventricular Tachycardia" 5781:(18 Suppl 2): S501–S518. 5507:(18 Suppl 2): S315–S367. 5449:. McGraw-Hill Education. 4900:10.1186/s12947-020-0185-8 4887:Cardiovascular Ultrasound 4692:10.1016/j.cnc.2016.04.004 4517:Frontiers in Pharmacology 3752:10.1161/CIRCEP.112.974931 2600:(18 Suppl 2): S397–S413. 2167:heart's electrical system 2133:100,000 adults per year. 1787:class III anti-arrhythmic 1482:(determined by a reduced 1338:abdominal aortic aneurysm 1242:Right mainstem intubation 610:coronary artery anomalies 317:intense physical exercise 228: 220: 210: 196: 188: 178: 144: 136: 111: 90: 74: 66: 57: 49: 44: 9991:Ventricular fibrillation 9262:Coronary artery aneurysm 8959:10.1177/2047487317702519 7399:Anesthesia and Analgesia 6385:Life Assistance Training 5292:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx028 4530:10.3389/fphar.2019.01640 4345:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx142 4298:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4112:10.1177/0141076814560837 3889:10.1161/01.cir.102.6.649 3636:Falk E, Shah PK (2005). 3442:Podrid PJ (2016-08-22). 2152: 2036: 2002:ventricular fibrillation 1901:as the cause of arrest, 1890:and sodium bicarbonate. 1811:ventricular fibrillation 1803:class Ib anti-arrhythmic 1799:wide complex tachycardia 1791:ventricular fibrillation 1695:ventricular fibrillation 1507:hospital emergency codes 1034:ventricular fibrillation 943:Ventricular fibrillation 937:Ventricular fibrillation 683:congestive heart failure 645:Structural heart disease 521:ventricular fibrillation 285:Structural heart disease 274:Ventricular fibrillation 105:abnormal or no breathing 26:Not to be confused with 10268:Diastolic heart failure 10242:Athletic heart syndrome 10203:Ventricular hypertrophy 9937:Pre-excitation syndrome 9791:Left posterior fascicle 9316:Acute coronary syndrome 9256:Coronary artery disease 8656:10.1186/1752-1947-2-184 7198:10.5603/DEMJ.a2020.0041 6420:10.1136/emj.2003.010363 5596:(1): 60–9, quiz 69–70. 5114:10.1001/2012.jama.11374 5068:10.1161/JAHA.120.019158 4971:10.1007/1-84628-026-5_2 3925:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.265 3173:10.1161/01.cir.97.2.155 2049:Cardiac catheterization 2006:ventricular tachycardia 1807:ventricular tachycardia 1670:appear equally useful. 1538:Medical emergency teams 1480:ischemic cardiomyopathy 1472:relative risk reduction 1308:Decreased heart sounds 947:ventricular tachycardia 564:atherosclerotic plaques 560:Coronary artery disease 547:Coronary artery disease 517:ventricular tachycardia 491:coronary artery disease 474:Conduction of the heart 289:coronary artery disease 278:ventricular tachycardia 153:congenital heart defect 149:Coronary artery disease 9786:Left anterior fascicle 9566:infective endocarditis 9351:Hibernating myocardium 9232:Cardiovascular disease 8406:(inactive 2024-09-12). 8063:Ballew KA (May 1997). 6861:Critical Care Medicine 6563:Critical Care Medicine 5374:10.1542/peds.2006-0346 5280:European Heart Journal 5249:10.1053/euhj.2000.2476 5236:European Heart Journal 4940:. Dorling Kindersley. 4333:European Heart Journal 4263:Critical Care Medicine 4059:European Heart Journal 3985:"Sudden Cardiac Death" 3701:American Heart Journal 2709:American Heart Journal 2546:10.1001/jama.2019.1696 2127:Framingham Heart Study 1875:Special considerations 1818:Additional medications 1757:wearable defibrillator 1717: 1690: 1586: 1530:) and drugs called a " 1459: 1358:Esophageal intubation 1257:Esophageal intubation 985: 938: 693: 654: 556: 485: 477: 420:cardiovascular disease 9950:Wolff–Parkinson–White 9910:Premature contraction 9808:Adams–Stokes syndrome 9511:Loeffler endocarditis 9321:Myocardial infarction 8450:10.1161/hc4301.098254 8134:10.1093/ageing/afu035 3614:10.1161/hc4301.098254 2850:(24 Suppl): IV1-203. 2805:10.1161/hc4301.098254 1715: 1688: 1584: 1534:" or "crash trolley". 1453: 1318:Tension pneumothorax 1239:Tension pneumothorax 1213:Tension pneumothorax 1191:Tension pneumothorax 1165:Inability to provide 1016:drugs were involved. 983: 936: 919:myocardial infarction 720:Atrioventricular Node 691: 652: 554: 483: 472: 465:Causes and mechanisms 243:sudden cardiac arrest 173:myocardial infarction 28:myocardial infarction 10117:Right axis deviation 10079:Sudden cardiac death 9437:Pericardial effusion 9380:Ventricular aneurysm 7364:. London: Springer. 7102:Seminars in Dialysis 4747:ABC of resuscitation 4021:10.4330/wjc.v5.i4.87 2082:mild memory problems 2080:that can range from 2011:Early advanced care. 1993:drop by roughly 10%. 1668:supraglottic airways 1446:Secondary prevention 1379:Asymmetrical pulses 1172:Tension pneumothorax 915:tension pneumothorax 19:For other uses, see 10311:Medical emergencies 10122:Left axis deviation 9979:Atrial fibrillation 9974:Ventricular flutter 9897:Torsades de pointes 9771:Bundle branch block 9730:Sick sinus syndrome 9516:Cardiac amyloidosis 9501:Tachycardia-induced 9356:Myocardial stunning 9304:Prinzmetal's angina 9273:Coronary thrombosis 9059:10.14740/jocmr2456w 8858:(2_Suppl): S1–S32. 8075:(7092): 1462–1465. 7360:Lundbye JB (2012). 7146:Clinical Toxicology 5016:10.1503/cmaj.190166 3805:10.4061/2011/495349 2216:respiratory failure 2148:Society and culture 2078:neurological injury 2041:Resuscitation with 2031:respiratory failure 1974:respiratory failure 1814:600 mg bolus. 1664:Tracheal intubation 1454:Illustration of an 1433:Mediterranean diets 1259:Airway obstruction 1108: 1028:is treatable using 1026:cardiac dysrhythmia 1002:subclavian arteries 701:high blood pressure 498:electrical activity 431:high blood pressure 389:shortness of breath 129:; if not reversed, 10306:Cardiac arrhythmia 10225:Atrial enlargement 10023:Pacemaker syndrome 9945:Lown–Ganong–Levine 9867:Junctional ectopic 9862:AV nodal reentrant 9368:Myocardial rupture 9278:Coronary vasospasm 8774:. 22 August 1987. 8771:The New York Times 6809:Resuscitation Plus 5908:Resuscitation Plus 5368:(5): e1005–e1028. 4236:Cardiology Journal 1958:do not resuscitate 1952:Do not resuscitate 1899:pulmonary embolism 1895:torsades de points 1888:activated charcoal 1859:methylprednisolone 1718: 1691: 1606:chest compressions 1587: 1578:(NRP) guidelines. 1564:basic life support 1491:primary prevention 1460: 1407:Primary prevention 1321:Pulmonary embolus 1315:Cardiac tamponade 1199:Pulmonary embolism 1176:Airway obstruction 1106: 1089:agonal respiration 986: 939: 856:pulmonary embolism 813:respiratory arrest 807:Non-cardiac causes 694: 655: 631:Coronary vasospasm 557: 486: 478: 366:Signs and symptoms 336:basic life support 309:very low potassium 263:abnormal or absent 165:very low potassium 159:, lack of oxygen, 85:emergency medicine 10293: 10292: 10285:Obstructive shock 10189: 10188: 10136:Short QT syndrome 10103:Other / ungrouped 10094:Sinoatrial arrest 10009:Ectopic pacemaker 9905: 9904: 9725:Sinus bradycardia 9697: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9442:Cardiac tamponade 9395: 9394: 9385:Dressler syndrome 9283:Myocardial bridge 9198: 9197: 8952:(11): 1220–1230. 8615:978-1-4557-5643-8 8443:(18): 2158–2163. 7923:(25): 2040–2042. 7841:(13): e392–e414. 7792:(10): e146–e603. 7696:(11): 1533–1540. 7234:10.1345/aph.1P364 7228:(12): 2007–2013. 7114:10.1111/sdi.12419 6616:(24): e881–e894. 6353:(15): 1780–1787. 6314:(25): 2968–2974. 6194:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 6152:(10): 1672–1678. 6059:(21): 1546–1553. 5971:(12): 2298–2306. 5857:(12): 1662–1666. 5408:www.sca-aware.org 5286:(22): 1738–1746. 5242:(24): 2071–2078. 5201:(21): e350–e408. 5108:(10): 1024–1033. 5010:(28): E787–E791. 4980:978-1-84628-026-9 4947:978-1-4053-1573-9 4339:(16): 1459–1465. 4203:(10): 1529–1535. 3957:(13): 1388–1392. 3607:(18): 2158–2163. 3559:"Atherosclerosis" 3479:(10): e385–e484. 3345:978-1-4557-5134-1 2891:(23): 2452–2483. 2798:(18): 2158–2163. 2757:(19): 2301–2305. 2686:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 2540:(12): 1200–1210. 2497:Adams JG (2012). 2452:. June 22, 2016. 2394:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 2357:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 2321:Field JM (2009). 2271:Chain of survival 1986:chain of survival 1980:Chain of survival 1801:. Lidocaine is a 1721:the most common. 1643:Airway management 1421:smoking cessation 1399: 1398: 1383:Aortic dissection 1343:ectopic pregnancy 1194:Cardiac tamponade 1097:molecular autopsy 864:electrical injury 852:hypovolemic shock 777:Short QT syndrome 741:genetic disorders 713:electrocardiogram 620:. Other types of 443:physical exercise 427:cigarette smoking 313:electrical injury 236: 235: 180:Diagnostic method 161:electrical injury 39:Medical condition 10323: 10258:Cardiac fibrosis 10150:T wave alternans 10043:Long QT syndrome 9837:Supraventricular 9833: 9832: 9766:Intraventricular 9713: 9712: 9553: 9552: 9404: 9403: 9249:Coronary disease 9246: 9245: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9202: 9201: 9100: 9099: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9021: 8989: 8980: 8979: 8961: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8864:10.7326/M18-2160 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8828:. Archived from 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8709: 8700:(8): e254–e743. 8685: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8658: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8531: 8507: 8496: 8495: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8415: 8407: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8358: 8334: 8323: 8322: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8233: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8192: 8182: 8158: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8092: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8035: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7986: 7976: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7850: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7760: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7668: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7422: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7340: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7299: 7289: 7265: 7254: 7253: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7080: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6867:(5): e443–e451. 6858: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6625: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6387:. Archived from 6377: 6371: 6370: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6103:(12): CD010134. 6088: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5923: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5766: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5728:www.resus.org.uk 5725: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5629: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5492: 5469: 5468: 5442: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5251: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5186: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5027: 4995: 4984: 4983: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4902: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4853: 4829: 4818: 4817: 4799: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4723: 4704: 4703: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4580:10.1172/JCI26381 4574:(9): 2305–2315. 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4446:Nursing Research 4441: 4435: 4434: 4403:Nursing Research 4398: 4392: 4391: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4074: 4065:(7): 1122–1128. 4050: 4044: 4043: 4033: 4023: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3891: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3807: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3520:(2): H826–H837. 3505: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3448:www.uptodate.com 3439: 3428: 3427: 3401: 3358: 3357: 3331: 3306: 3305: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3216: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2859: 2835: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2609: 2585: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2442: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2318: 2243:is recommended. 2060:precordial thump 1972:in the event of 1639:is recommended. 1637:Cesarean section 1515:respiratory rate 1296:Pulmonary edema 1226:Cardiac disease 1118:Possible Causes 1109: 1105: 998:carotid arteries 962:Bradyarrhythmias 769:Brugada Syndrome 765:Long QT syndrome 659:cardiomyopathies 618:Kawasaki disease 568:coronary vessels 435:high cholesterol 241:, also known as 62: 42: 41: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10316:Causes of death 10296: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10280:Rheumatic fever 10246: 10185: 10098: 10065: 10037: 9995: 9954: 9931: 9901: 9873: 9820: 9812: 9706: 9689: 9597: 9546: 9537: 9453: 9447:Hemopericardium 9391: 9332: 9326:Unstable angina 9299:Angina pectoris 9292:Active ischemia 9287: 9235: 9229: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9111: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9039: 9035: 8990: 8983: 8938: 8934: 8891: 8887: 8848: 8844: 8835: 8833: 8794: 8790: 8781: 8779: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8738: 8731: 8686: 8682: 8635: 8631: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8557: 8553: 8508: 8499: 8484: 8470: 8466: 8429: 8425: 8409: 8408: 8384: 8380: 8335: 8326: 8295: 8291: 8254: 8247: 8210: 8206: 8159: 8150: 8113: 8106: 8061: 8057: 8012: 8008: 7953: 7946: 7909: 7905: 7890: 7868: 7864: 7827: 7823: 7778: 7774: 7729: 7725: 7686: 7682: 7645: 7641: 7596: 7592: 7560: 7556: 7525: 7521: 7490: 7486: 7443: 7436: 7391: 7387: 7372: 7358: 7354: 7317: 7313: 7266: 7257: 7218: 7214: 7177: 7173: 7141: 7137: 7098: 7094: 7049: 7045: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6801: 6797: 6758: 6754: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6702: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6669: 6651: 6647: 6602: 6598: 6559: 6555: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6449: 6445: 6400: 6396: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6342: 6335: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6274: 6265: 6263: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6230: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6138: 6134: 6089: 6082: 6045: 6041: 6004: 6000: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5900: 5896: 5843: 5839: 5808: 5804: 5767: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5671: 5667: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5586: 5579: 5548:(9): CD009803. 5534: 5530: 5493: 5472: 5457: 5443: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5357: 5353: 5321: 5317: 5272: 5265: 5228: 5224: 5187: 5178: 5147:(3): CD011745. 5133: 5129: 5097: 5093: 5062:(13): e019158. 5048: 5041: 4996: 4987: 4981: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4930: 4926: 4879: 4875: 4830: 4821: 4776: 4769: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4725: 4724: 4707: 4676: 4672: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4560: 4556: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4442: 4438: 4399: 4395: 4374:(10): 801–806. 4364: 4360: 4329: 4325: 4294: 4290: 4259: 4255: 4228: 4224: 4193: 4189: 4144: 4137: 4092: 4088: 4051: 4047: 4000: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3947: 3940: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3835: 3831: 3784: 3777: 3732: 3728: 3697: 3693: 3670: 3663: 3652: 3634: 3630: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3555: 3551: 3506: 3502: 3465: 3461: 3452: 3450: 3440: 3431: 3416: 3402: 3361: 3346: 3332: 3309: 3269: 3265: 3234: 3230: 3193: 3189: 3152: 3148: 3109: 3102: 3087: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3026: 3012: 3005: 2974:(5): CD004128. 2960: 2953: 2921: 2914: 2877: 2873: 2836: 2821: 2784: 2780: 2743: 2736: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2635: 2631: 2586: 2571: 2526: 2522: 2511: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2335: 2319: 2304: 2299: 2252: 2233:methamphetamine 2208: 2188: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2123: 2118: 2069: 2039: 1982: 1954: 1923: 1877: 1820: 1769: 1683: 1653:advanced airway 1645: 1598: 1592: 1556: 1499: 1448: 1440:Cochrane review 1409: 1404: 1280:Pulmonary edema 978: 931: 923:thromboembolism 809: 761:channelopathies 737: 647: 638:Marfan Syndrome 594: 583:coronary artery 549: 544: 467: 416: 368: 97:Decreased level 40: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10329: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10273:Cardiac asthma 10270: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10222: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10181:Strain pattern 10178: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10073: 10071:Cardiac arrest 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10051:Andersen–Tawil 10047: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9976: 9971: 9969:Atrial flutter 9965: 9963: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9841: 9839: 9830: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9741: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9719: 9710: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9561: 9559: 9550: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9479:Cardiomyopathy 9476: 9475: 9474: 9472:Chagas disease 9463: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9423: 9412: 9410: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9259: 9252: 9250: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9228: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9180: 9169: 9158: 9143: 9128: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103:Classification 9097: 9096: 9089: 9088:External links 9086: 9083: 9082: 9053:(4): 277–283. 9033: 8981: 8932: 8885: 8842: 8788: 8757: 8729: 8680: 8629: 8614: 8594: 8567:(6): 613–616. 8551: 8497: 8482: 8464: 8423: 8378: 8324: 8289: 8245: 8204: 8148: 8127:(4): 456–463. 8121:Age and Ageing 8104: 8055: 8006: 7944: 7903: 7888: 7880:10.17226/21723 7862: 7821: 7772: 7723: 7680: 7639: 7590: 7554: 7535:(6): 560–561. 7519: 7484: 7434: 7405:(3): 867–875. 7385: 7370: 7352: 7311: 7255: 7212: 7191:(4): 182–189. 7171: 7152:(3): 203–233. 7135: 7108:(6): 624–635. 7092: 7063:(5): 684–695. 7043: 7002: 6945: 6909: 6844: 6795: 6752: 6711: 6678: 6645: 6596: 6569:(2): 225–229. 6553: 6510: 6486: 6443: 6414:(5): 619–624. 6394: 6391:on 2011-06-21. 6372: 6333: 6297: 6272: 6239: 6206: 6181: 6132: 6080: 6039: 6018:(9): 918–925. 5998: 5945: 5894: 5837: 5818:(3): 427–431. 5802: 5748: 5730:. p. 41. 5708: 5681:(7): 410–416. 5665: 5615: 5577: 5528: 5470: 5455: 5420: 5395: 5351: 5332:(3): 275–282. 5315: 5263: 5222: 5176: 5127: 5091: 5039: 4985: 4979: 4953: 4946: 4924: 4873: 4844:(3): 508–519. 4838:Anesthesiology 4819: 4790:(3): 488–493. 4767: 4756: 4736: 4705: 4686:(3): 317–329. 4670: 4643:(5): 881–895. 4627: 4603: 4554: 4503: 4479: 4452:(4): 298–309. 4436: 4409:(4): 298–309. 4393: 4358: 4323: 4288: 4253: 4242:(2): 117–129. 4222: 4187: 4135: 4086: 4045: 3994: 3991:on 2010-03-25. 3976: 3938: 3903: 3882:(6): 649–654. 3862: 3829: 3775: 3746:(1): 212–217. 3726: 3707:(2): 205–212. 3691: 3680:(6): 123–126. 3661: 3650: 3628: 3582: 3549: 3500: 3459: 3429: 3414: 3359: 3344: 3307: 3280:(2): 177–184. 3263: 3244:(5): 505–508. 3228: 3207:(4): 465–478. 3187: 3166:(2): 155–160. 3146: 3100: 3085: 3067: 3039: 3024: 3003: 2951: 2912: 2871: 2819: 2778: 2734: 2715:(1): 151–159. 2699: 2670: 2649:(4): 417–435. 2629: 2569: 2520: 2510:978-1455733941 2509: 2489: 2467: 2432: 2407: 2370: 2344: 2333: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2207: 2204: 2187: 2184: 2180:cardiac pacing 2172:defibrillation 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2068: 2065: 2038: 2035: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2004:and pulseless 1998: 1994: 1981: 1978: 1953: 1950: 1922: 1919: 1915:lipid emulsion 1876: 1873: 1819: 1816: 1768: 1765: 1682: 1681:Defibrillation 1679: 1649:bag valve mask 1644: 1641: 1594:Main article: 1591: 1588: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1498: 1495: 1447: 1444: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392:Needle tracks 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366:Blood present 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1352:Distended and 1350: 1347: 1346: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1030:defibrillation 990:clinical death 977: 974: 930: 927: 925:, and trauma. 917:, thrombosis ( 848:aortic rupture 840: 839: 836: 833: 808: 805: 743:. The genetic 736: 733: 709:echocardiogram 705:left ventricle 671:arrhythmogenic 646: 643: 642: 641: 634: 628: 625: 593: 590: 548: 545: 543: 542:Cardiac causes 540: 510:cardiac output 466: 463: 459:cardiomyopathy 455:family history 415: 412: 367: 364: 332:defibrillation 305:lack of oxygen 295:and inherited 259:central pulses 239:Cardiac arrest 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 205:defibrillation 198: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 115: 109: 108: 94: 88: 87: 78: 72: 71: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 45:Cardiac arrest 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10328: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10263:Heart failure 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10174:ST depression 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9801:Trifascicular 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9684: 9683:regurgitation 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9664:regurgitation 9662: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9645:regurgitation 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9626:regurgitation 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9309:Stable angina 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9221: 9219: 9214: 9212: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8832:on 2013-03-28 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8792: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8736: 8734: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8483:9780071837026 8479: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8398:: S416–S417. 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343:Resuscitation 8340: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8299:Resuscitation 8293: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8250: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8167:Critical Care 8164: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7961:Resuscitation 7958: 7951: 7949: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7889:9780309371995 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7690:Resuscitation 7684: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7565:Resuscitation 7558: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7451:Resuscitation 7448: 7441: 7439: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7371:9781447129509 7367: 7363: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7274:Critical Care 7271: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6962:Resuscitation 6956: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920:Resuscitation 6913: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6725:Resuscitation 6722: 6715: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6520:Resuscitation 6514: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5851:Resuscitation 5848: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5812:Resuscitation 5806: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632:Resuscitation 5626: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5582: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5456:9780071837026 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326:Resuscitation 5319: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4757:9781118474853 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:Resuscitation 4149: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3651:9780781735834 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3415:9780323390163 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113:Resuscitation 3107: 3105: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086:9780071802154 3082: 3078: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3025:9781455751341 3021: 3017: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:Resuscitation 2919: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2688:. 19 May 2022 2687: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2477: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2396:. 19 May 2022 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2359:. 27 May 2022 2358: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2334:9780781788991 2330: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241:Broselow tape 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2176:cardioversion 2173: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2140:Other regions 2137: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2121:United States 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1918: 1917:may be used. 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:thrombolytics 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:resuscitation 1547: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528:defibrillator 1524: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1457: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006:gold standard 1003: 999: 995: 994:central pulse 991: 982: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948: 944: 935: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905:. The Ts are 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877:. The Hs are 876: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 834: 830: 829: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 804: 802: 797: 796:antibiotics. 795: 791: 786: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:cell membrane 754: 751:that conduct 750: 746: 742: 732: 728: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 690: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 651: 639: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 615: 614: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 589: 586: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 539: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 482: 475: 471: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437:, history of 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 411: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 363: 359: 355: 353: 349: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:heart failure 290: 286: 282: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 174: 170: 169:heart failure 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117:If reversed, 116: 114: 113:Complications 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 32:heart failure 29: 22: 10195:Cardiomegaly 10169:ST elevation 10156: 10142: 10128: 10109: 10078: 10070: 10013:Ectopic beat 9961:fibrillation 9796:Bifascicular 9670: 9651: 9632: 9608: 9578: 9564: 9557:Endocarditis 9496:Hypertrophic 9430:Constrictive 9416:Pericarditis 9374: 9362: 9345: 9182: 9171: 9160: 9145: 9130: 9115: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9001: 8997: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8834:. Retrieved 8830:the original 8805: 8801: 8791: 8780:. Retrieved 8769: 8760: 8742: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8608:. Elsevier. 8604: 8597: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8519: 8515: 8473: 8467: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8412:cite journal 8395: 8391: 8381: 8346: 8342: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8268:(1): 63–81. 8265: 8261: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8170: 8166: 8124: 8120: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8023: 8019: 8009: 7964: 7960: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7871: 7865: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7610:(1): 20–23. 7607: 7603: 7593: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7454: 7450: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7361: 7355: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7277: 7273: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7060: 7056: 7046: 7019: 7015: 7005: 6965: 6961: 6948: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6864: 6860: 6847: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6703:. Retrieved 6691: 6681: 6670:. Retrieved 6658: 6655:"Amiodarone" 6648: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6502:. Retrieved 6499:www.emra.org 6498: 6489: 6459:(1): 65–75. 6456: 6452: 6446: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6389:the original 6384: 6375: 6350: 6346: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6289:. Retrieved 6285: 6275: 6264:. Retrieved 6252: 6242: 6231:. Retrieved 6219: 6209: 6198:. Retrieved 6196:. 2022-03-24 6193: 6184: 6149: 6146:Heart Rhythm 6145: 6135: 6100: 6096: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5968: 5964: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5778: 5774: 5739:. Retrieved 5727: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5635: 5631: 5618: 5593: 5589: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5504: 5500: 5446: 5413:21 September 5411:. Retrieved 5407: 5398: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5283: 5279: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5198: 5194: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5059: 5055: 5007: 5003: 4962: 4956: 4935: 4927: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4841: 4837: 4787: 4783: 4746: 4739: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4619:. Retrieved 4615: 4606: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4495:. Retrieved 4491: 4482: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4155: 4151: 4106:(1): 11–16. 4103: 4099: 4089: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4014:(4): 87–93. 4011: 4007: 3997: 3989:the original 3979: 3954: 3950: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3854:. Retrieved 3842: 3832: 3795: 3791: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3677: 3673: 3641: 3631: 3604: 3600: 3574:. Retrieved 3562: 3552: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3451:. Retrieved 3447: 3405: 3335: 3277: 3274:Heart Rhythm 3273: 3266: 3241: 3238:Epidemiology 3237: 3231: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3116: 3112: 3076: 3070: 3059:. Retrieved 3015: 2971: 2967: 2929: 2925: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2847: 2843: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2754: 2750: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2692:20 September 2690:. Retrieved 2685: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2597: 2593: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2499: 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2470: 2458:. Retrieved 2449: 2423:. Retrieved 2400:30 September 2398:. Retrieved 2393: 2363:20 September 2361:. Retrieved 2356: 2347: 2323: 2245: 2237: 2221: 2209: 2200: 2189: 2163: 2156: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2116:Epidemiology 2098: 2094: 2090: 2070: 2057: 2053:ST elevation 2047: 2040: 2024: 2021: 1983: 1955: 1946:Osborn waves 1938:Osborn waves 1934: 1931: 1924: 1892: 1882: 1878: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1835: 1831:hyperkalemia 1821: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1754: 1742: 1738: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1707: 1692: 1675: 1672: 1662: 1646: 1634: 1630:normothermic 1615: 1611: 1599: 1557: 1511: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1468: 1461: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1413:healthy diet 1410: 1376:Extremities 1340: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1298: 1295: 1278: 1275:Bronchospasm 1273: 1258: 1245: 1240: 1197: 1192: 1174: 1101: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1050: 1018: 1014: 987: 960: 956: 952: 940: 909:, (cardiac) 903:hypoglycemia 891:hyperkalemia 872: 868: 841: 825:blunt trauma 810: 798: 781: 749:ion channels 738: 729: 724:His-Purkinje 717: 695: 663:hypertrophic 656: 595: 587: 576: 558: 525: 514: 502:heart muscle 495: 487: 424: 417: 414:Risk factors 401: 369: 360: 356: 344: 321: 283: 267: 242: 238: 237: 36: 10061:Romano–Ward 10028:Parasystole 9927:Ventricular 9879:Ventricular 9818:Tachycardia 9735:Heart block 9717:Bradycardia 9543:Endocardium 9506:Restrictive 9467:Myocarditis 9408:Pericardium 8998:Circulation 8694:Circulation 8522:(1): 6–14. 8437:Circulation 8392:Circulation 8218:Circulation 8020:Circulation 7984:1765/110349 7917:Circulation 7835:Circulation 7786:Circulation 7737:Circulation 7457:: 119–125. 7325:Circulation 7016:Circulation 6688:"Lidocaine" 6610:Circulation 6347:Circulation 6308:Circulation 5775:Circulation 5741:3 September 5501:Circulation 5195:Circulation 4616:Mayo Clinic 4492:Mayo Clinic 3913:Circulation 3876:Circulation 3601:Circulation 3473:Circulation 3160:Circulation 2932:: 102–110. 2885:Circulation 2844:Circulation 2792:Circulation 2643:Circulation 2594:Circulation 2256:Heart block 1869:bradycardia 1855:Vasopressin 1845:vasopressor 1823:Bicarbonate 1767:Medications 1622:hypothermia 1574:(PALS), or 1519:vital signs 1497:Crash teams 1395:Drug abuse 1312:Hypovolemia 1294:Aspiration 1272:Aspiration 1246:Aspiration 1144:Hypothermia 899:hypothermia 895:hypokalemia 879:hypovolemia 821:medications 755:across the 679:myocarditis 532:bradycardia 297:arrhythmias 270:arrhythmias 265:breathing. 137:Usual onset 50:Other names 10300:Categories 9959:Flutter / 9922:Junctional 9857:Junctional 9850:Multifocal 9823:paroxysmal 9739:Sinoatrial 9708:arrhythmia 9703:Conduction 9459:Myocardium 9173:DiseasesDB 8899:Pediatrics 8836:2013-04-07 8782:2013-04-06 8752:1258336024 8624:1134470998 7967:: 90–100. 7500:(1): 4–9. 6815:: 100315. 6705:2024-01-31 6692:StatPearls 6672:2024-01-31 6659:StatPearls 6504:2021-11-12 6291:2024-01-18 6266:2024-01-31 6253:StatPearls 6233:2024-01-31 6220:StatPearls 6200:2024-01-31 5914:: 100005. 5638:: 82–105. 5362:Pediatrics 4621:2021-11-29 4497:2021-11-29 3856:2021-11-05 3843:StatPearls 3798:: 495349. 3576:2021-11-05 3563:StatPearls 3453:2017-12-03 3061:2015-06-21 2297:References 2286:Sam Parnia 2261:Arrhythmia 1997:decreased. 1970:intubation 1779:Amiodarone 1554:Management 1549:happening. 1532:crash cart 1402:Prevention 1299:Pneumonia 1157:Aspiration 1132:Hemorrhage 1071:, and the 844:hemorrhage 819:, certain 640:or trauma. 622:vasculitis 506:ventricles 441:, lack of 439:arrhythmia 373:chest pain 338:(BLS) and 301:blood loss 287:, such as 189:Prevention 157:blood loss 107:, no pulse 81:Cardiology 10218:Pulmonary 10001:Pacemaker 9672:pulmonary 9653:tricuspid 9489:Alcoholic 9189:410429000 9184:SNOMED CT 8976:206821305 8927:224826594 8812:: 89–97. 8724:231762900 8589:238581415 8492:957505642 8373:232408830 8349:: 61–79. 8305:: 55–60. 8173:(1): 61. 7718:207517242 7571:: 54–60. 7380:802346256 7280:(1): 66. 7207:2543-5957 6968:: 63–72. 6926:: 90–97. 6790:260893519 6768:: 40–46. 6731:: 31–37. 6640:208019248 6591:208537959 6548:207940828 6526:: 54–60. 5871:1873-1570 5703:244800392 5465:957505642 4868:234486749 4665:199437558 4474:233349757 4431:233349757 4158:: 33–40. 3424:989157341 3354:881838985 3302:245422237 3141:248569642 3119:: 30–41. 3095:893557976 3034:890409638 2460:16 August 2425:3 October 2192:slow code 2186:Slow code 2067:Prognosis 2027:code blue 1783:lidocaine 1503:code blue 1341:Ruptured 1336:Ruptured 1333:and dull 1331:Distended 1127:Pale skin 1115:Findings 1112:Location 1004:) is the 976:Diagnosis 929:Mechanism 911:tamponade 875:Hs and Ts 794:macrolide 790:quinolone 745:mutations 606:vasospasm 598:arteritis 385:dizziness 381:blackouts 247:circulate 221:Frequency 212:Prognosis 197:Treatment 76:Specialty 10084:Asystole 9984:Familial 9678:stenosis 9659:stenosis 9640:stenosis 9621:stenosis 9616:prolapse 9338:Sequelae 9241:Ischemia 9077:26985247 9028:26473000 8968:28482693 8919:33087552 8880:58004782 8872:30641552 8826:10646457 8776:Archived 8716:33501848 8675:18513397 8581:34629421 8546:53744984 8538:30482683 8459:11684624 8365:33773833 8319:26143159 8284:20123673 8240:26472989 8199:32087741 8143:24760957 8050:10073267 8042:26472992 8001:52270938 7993:30213495 7939:27994023 7898:26225413 7857:29084732 7816:28122885 7767:20956223 7710:25195073 7675:22930866 7634:25215142 7585:27640933 7549:16308044 7514:20102982 7479:19236851 7471:29723608 7429:29239942 7347:26472989 7306:29534742 7250:11006778 7242:21119096 7166:17453872 7122:26257009 7087:28223004 7038:20956224 6994:Archived 6990:52154562 6982:30179691 6940:29037886 6901:Archived 6889:29652719 6839:36238582 6782:37611525 6747:27496262 6700:30969703 6667:29489285 6632:31722552 6583:31789700 6540:30685547 6481:53272603 6473:30389367 6438:15333549 6367:11023932 6328:10869271 6286:UpToDate 6261:30422549 6228:30725805 6176:32504821 6127:28349529 6075:10824072 6034:20836771 5993:52931036 5985:30293843 5940:34223292 5889:25260723 5832:17433526 5797:26472998 5732:Archived 5695:34853034 5660:73727100 5652:30853623 5610:17200636 5572:25212112 5523:26472989 5390:46720891 5382:16651281 5346:15325446 5310:28329280 5258:11102258 5217:18483207 5171:26961575 5122:22968891 5086:34189926 5034:31308007 4919:31931808 4893:(1): 1. 4860:33979442 4806:29269162 4762:Archived 4731:Archived 4700:27484660 4657:31378332 4598:16138184 4549:32140103 4523:: 1640. 4466:33883500 4423:33883500 4353:28444167 4318:10960389 4283:20449913 4248:20544609 4217:10826469 4182:29940296 4130:25572990 4040:23675554 3898:10931805 3851:32491466 3824:21755036 3770:23424223 3686:11898927 3656:Archived 3623:11684624 3571:29939576 3544:33385322 3495:16935995 3294:35101186 3223:35041932 3133:35526728 3055:Archived 2998:37217440 2989:10202224 2946:27521472 2907:18948368 2866:16314375 2814:11684624 2773:14581249 2665:23801105 2624:10073267 2616:26472992 2564:30912843 2515:Archived 2454:Archived 2339:Archived 2281:Rearrest 2250:See also 2206:Children 1907:naloxone 1841:inotrope 1827:acidosis 1703:asystole 1626:drowning 1618:asystole 1570:(ACLS), 1417:exercise 1354:tympanic 1327:Abdomen 1268:Wheezing 1123:General 1042:asystole 970:asystole 887:acidosis 817:diabetes 767:(LQTS), 602:embolism 579:stenosis 572:ischemic 536:asystole 451:diabetes 397:vomiting 393:weakness 342:(ACLS). 155:, major 92:Symptoms 9484:Dilated 9426:Chronic 9234:(heart) 9167:D006323 9068:4780490 9019:6191296 8666:2424060 8649:: 184. 8190:7036236 8099:9167565 8090:2126720 7807:5408160 7758:3741663 7625:4129865 7420:5820193 7297:5850970 7130:5503149 7078:5457912 6897:4851288 6830:9550532 6429:1726412 6167:7541513 6118:6464160 5931:8244406 5880:4265730 5563:6516832 5301:5461475 5162:8665834 5077:8403280 5025:6629536 4910:6958750 4814:3874849 4589:1193893 4540:7043313 4388:3661393 4173:6092216 4121:4291327 4081:9243146 4031:3653016 3971:1951130 3933:8994445 3815:3132610 3761:3596001 3721:9704680 3535:8082802 3258:9270951 3182:9445167 2729:2911968 2555:6482460 2482:24 July 2229:cocaine 2092:clear. 1911:opioids 1837:Calcium 1505:on the 1363:Rectal 1150:Airway 883:hypoxia 785:syncope 715:(EKG). 667:dilated 500:in the 447:obesity 377:fatigue 203:(CPR), 10164:J wave 9917:Atrial 9845:Atrial 9634:aortic 9610:mitral 9602:Valves 9548:valves 9400:Layers 9269:(SCAD) 9075: 9065: 9026: 9016: 8974: 8966: 8925: 8917: 8878: 8870: 8824: 8750: 8722: 8714: 8673: 8663: 8622: 8612: 8587: 8579: 8544: 8536: 8490: 8480: 8457: 8371: 8363: 8317: 8282: 8238: 8197: 8187: 8141: 8097: 8087: 8048: 8040: 7999: 7991: 7937: 7896: 7886: 7855: 7814: 7804: 7765: 7755: 7716: 7708: 7673: 7632: 7622: 7583: 7547: 7512: 7477: 7469: 7427: 7417: 7378: 7368: 7345: 7304: 7294: 7248: 7240: 7205: 7164: 7128: 7120: 7085: 7075: 7036: 6988: 6980: 6938: 6895: 6887: 6837: 6827: 6788: 6780: 6745: 6698: 6665: 6638: 6630: 6589: 6581: 6546: 6538: 6479: 6471: 6436: 6426: 6365: 6326: 6259: 6226: 6174: 6164: 6125: 6115: 6073: 6032: 5991: 5983: 5938: 5928: 5887: 5877: 5869: 5830: 5795: 5701: 5693: 5658: 5650: 5608: 5570: 5560: 5521: 5463: 5453: 5388: 5380: 5344: 5308: 5298: 5256: 5215: 5169: 5159: 5120: 5084: 5074: 5032: 5022: 4977: 4944: 4917: 4907: 4866: 4858: 4812: 4804: 4754: 4698: 4663: 4655: 4596: 4586: 4547: 4537: 4472: 4464: 4429: 4421: 4386: 4351: 4316: 4281: 4246: 4215: 4180: 4170: 4128: 4118: 4079: 4038: 4028: 3969: 3931: 3896: 3849: 3822: 3812: 3768: 3758: 3719: 3684: 3648: 3621: 3569: 3542: 3532: 3493: 3422: 3412: 3352: 3342: 3300: 3292: 3256: 3221: 3180: 3139: 3131: 3093: 3083: 3032: 3022: 2996: 2986: 2944: 2905: 2864: 2812: 2771: 2727: 2663: 2622: 2614: 2562: 2552: 2507: 2331: 2266:Angina 2105:V-tach 1797:, and 1651:or an 1600:Early 1305:Heart 1231:Lungs 1218:Chest 907:toxins 901:, and 862:, and 823:, and 775:, and 681:, and 534:, and 315:, and 229:Deaths 145:Causes 10251:Other 10235:Right 10213:Right 9827:sinus 9776:Right 9526:Viral 9421:Acute 9375:weeks 9346:hours 9258:(CAD) 9156:427.5 8972:S2CID 8923:S2CID 8876:S2CID 8808:(3). 8720:S2CID 8585:S2CID 8542:S2CID 8369:S2CID 8046:S2CID 7997:S2CID 7714:S2CID 7475:S2CID 7246:S2CID 7126:S2CID 6997:(PDF) 6986:S2CID 6958:(PDF) 6904:(PDF) 6893:S2CID 6857:(PDF) 6786:S2CID 6636:S2CID 6587:S2CID 6544:S2CID 6477:S2CID 5989:S2CID 5961:(PDF) 5867:eISSN 5735:(PDF) 5724:(PDF) 5699:S2CID 5656:S2CID 5628:(PDF) 5386:S2CID 4864:S2CID 4810:S2CID 4661:S2CID 4470:S2CID 4427:S2CID 3298:S2CID 3137:S2CID 2620:S2CID 2450:NHLBI 2212:shock 2178:, or 2159:death 2153:Names 2101:V-fib 2037:Other 1458:(ICD) 1389:Skin 1290:Rales 1183:Neck 1010:shock 669:, or 395:, or 131:death 10230:Left 10208:Left 9825:and 9781:Left 9363:days 9178:2095 9162:MeSH 9151:9-CM 9126:MC82 9073:PMID 9024:PMID 8964:PMID 8915:PMID 8868:PMID 8822:PMID 8748:OCLC 8712:PMID 8671:PMID 8620:OCLC 8610:ISBN 8577:PMID 8534:PMID 8488:OCLC 8478:ISBN 8455:PMID 8418:link 8361:PMID 8315:PMID 8280:PMID 8236:PMID 8195:PMID 8139:PMID 8095:PMID 8038:PMID 7989:PMID 7935:PMID 7894:PMID 7884:ISBN 7853:PMID 7812:PMID 7763:PMID 7706:PMID 7671:PMID 7630:PMID 7581:PMID 7545:PMID 7510:PMID 7467:PMID 7425:PMID 7376:OCLC 7366:ISBN 7343:PMID 7302:PMID 7238:PMID 7203:ISSN 7162:PMID 7118:PMID 7083:PMID 7034:PMID 6978:PMID 6936:PMID 6885:PMID 6835:PMID 6778:PMID 6743:PMID 6696:PMID 6663:PMID 6628:PMID 6579:PMID 6536:PMID 6469:PMID 6434:PMID 6363:PMID 6324:PMID 6257:PMID 6224:PMID 6172:PMID 6123:PMID 6071:PMID 6030:PMID 5981:PMID 5936:PMID 5885:PMID 5828:PMID 5793:PMID 5743:2014 5691:PMID 5648:PMID 5606:PMID 5568:PMID 5519:PMID 5461:OCLC 5451:ISBN 5415:2019 5378:PMID 5342:PMID 5306:PMID 5254:PMID 5213:PMID 5167:PMID 5145:2016 5118:PMID 5102:JAMA 5082:PMID 5030:PMID 5004:CMAJ 4975:ISBN 4942:ISBN 4915:PMID 4856:PMID 4802:PMID 4752:ISBN 4696:PMID 4653:PMID 4594:PMID 4545:PMID 4462:PMID 4419:PMID 4384:PMID 4349:PMID 4314:PMID 4279:PMID 4244:PMID 4213:PMID 4178:PMID 4126:PMID 4077:PMID 4036:PMID 3967:PMID 3929:PMID 3894:PMID 3847:PMID 3820:PMID 3796:2011 3766:PMID 3717:PMID 3682:PMID 3646:ISBN 3619:PMID 3567:PMID 3540:PMID 3491:PMID 3420:OCLC 3410:ISBN 3350:OCLC 3340:ISBN 3290:PMID 3254:PMID 3219:PMID 3178:PMID 3129:PMID 3091:OCLC 3081:ISBN 3030:OCLC 3020:ISBN 2994:PMID 2942:PMID 2903:PMID 2862:PMID 2810:PMID 2769:PMID 2725:PMID 2694:2023 2661:PMID 2612:PMID 2560:PMID 2534:JAMA 2505:ISBN 2484:2022 2462:2016 2427:2022 2402:2023 2365:2023 2329:ISBN 2231:and 2086:coma 2058:The 1843:and 1829:and 1781:and 1697:and 1044:and 1036:and 722:and 711:and 519:and 276:and 261:and 253:and 251:Coma 119:coma 9147:ICD 9141:I46 9132:ICD 9117:ICD 9063:PMC 9055:doi 9014:PMC 9006:doi 9002:132 8954:doi 8907:doi 8903:147 8860:doi 8856:170 8814:doi 8702:doi 8698:143 8661:PMC 8651:doi 8569:doi 8524:doi 8445:doi 8441:104 8400:doi 8396:120 8351:doi 8347:161 8307:doi 8270:doi 8226:doi 8222:132 8185:PMC 8175:doi 8129:doi 8085:PMC 8077:doi 8073:314 8069:BMJ 8028:doi 8024:132 7979:hdl 7969:doi 7965:132 7925:doi 7921:134 7876:doi 7843:doi 7839:138 7802:PMC 7794:doi 7790:135 7753:PMC 7745:doi 7741:122 7698:doi 7661:doi 7657:195 7620:PMC 7612:doi 7573:doi 7569:108 7537:doi 7502:doi 7498:123 7459:doi 7455:128 7415:PMC 7407:doi 7403:126 7333:doi 7329:132 7292:PMC 7282:doi 7230:doi 7193:doi 7154:doi 7110:doi 7073:PMC 7065:doi 7024:doi 7020:122 6970:doi 6966:132 6928:doi 6924:121 6877:hdl 6869:doi 6825:PMC 6817:doi 6770:doi 6733:doi 6729:107 6618:doi 6614:140 6571:doi 6528:doi 6524:136 6461:doi 6424:PMC 6416:doi 6355:doi 6351:102 6316:doi 6312:101 6162:PMC 6154:doi 6113:PMC 6105:doi 6061:doi 6057:342 6020:doi 5973:doi 5926:PMC 5916:doi 5912:1–2 5875:PMC 5859:doi 5820:doi 5783:doi 5779:132 5683:doi 5640:doi 5636:138 5598:doi 5594:107 5558:PMC 5550:doi 5509:doi 5505:132 5370:doi 5366:117 5334:doi 5296:PMC 5288:doi 5244:doi 5203:doi 5199:117 5157:PMC 5149:doi 5110:doi 5106:308 5072:PMC 5064:doi 5020:PMC 5012:doi 5008:191 4967:doi 4905:PMC 4895:doi 4846:doi 4842:135 4792:doi 4688:doi 4645:doi 4641:103 4584:PMC 4576:doi 4572:115 4535:PMC 4525:doi 4454:doi 4411:doi 4376:doi 4341:doi 4306:doi 4271:doi 4205:doi 4201:160 4168:PMC 4160:doi 4156:130 4116:PMC 4108:doi 4104:108 4067:doi 4026:PMC 4016:doi 3959:doi 3921:doi 3884:doi 3880:102 3810:PMC 3800:doi 3756:PMC 3748:doi 3709:doi 3705:136 3609:doi 3605:104 3530:PMC 3522:doi 3518:320 3481:doi 3477:114 3282:doi 3246:doi 3209:doi 3168:doi 3121:doi 3117:176 2984:PMC 2976:doi 2934:doi 2930:108 2893:doi 2889:118 2852:doi 2848:112 2800:doi 2796:104 2759:doi 2755:163 2717:doi 2713:117 2651:doi 2647:128 2602:doi 2598:132 2550:PMC 2542:doi 2538:321 2214:or 2196:CPR 2190:A " 2174:or 2103:or 2084:to 1942:ECG 1940:on 1809:or 1734:CPR 1624:or 1493:). 1462:An 1022:EKG 1000:or 921:), 889:), 792:or 673:), 600:), 408:CPR 328:CPR 311:), 99:or 68:CPR 30:or 10302:: 10158:ST 10130:QT 10011:/ 9759:3° 9754:2° 9749:1° 9744:AV 9737:: 9428:/ 9187:: 9176:: 9165:: 9154:: 9139:: 9136:10 9124:: 9121:11 9071:. 9061:. 9049:. 9045:. 9022:. 9012:. 9000:. 8996:. 8984:^ 8970:. 8962:. 8950:24 8948:. 8944:. 8921:. 8913:. 8901:. 8897:. 8874:. 8866:. 8854:. 8820:. 8806:22 8804:. 8800:. 8768:. 8746:. 8732:^ 8718:. 8710:. 8696:. 8692:. 8669:. 8659:. 8645:. 8641:. 8618:. 8583:. 8575:. 8565:27 8563:. 8540:. 8532:. 8520:28 8518:. 8514:. 8500:^ 8486:. 8453:. 8439:. 8435:. 8414:}} 8410:{{ 8394:. 8390:. 8367:. 8359:. 8345:. 8341:. 8327:^ 8313:. 8303:94 8301:. 8278:. 8264:. 8260:. 8248:^ 8234:. 8220:. 8216:. 8193:. 8183:. 8171:24 8169:. 8165:. 8151:^ 8137:. 8125:43 8123:. 8119:. 8107:^ 8093:. 8083:. 8071:. 8067:. 8044:. 8036:. 8022:. 8018:. 7995:. 7987:. 7977:. 7963:. 7959:. 7947:^ 7933:. 7919:. 7915:. 7892:. 7882:. 7874:. 7851:. 7837:. 7833:. 7810:. 7800:. 7788:. 7784:. 7761:. 7751:. 7739:. 7735:. 7712:. 7704:. 7694:85 7692:. 7669:. 7655:. 7651:. 7628:. 7618:. 7606:. 7602:. 7579:. 7567:. 7543:. 7533:31 7531:. 7508:. 7496:. 7473:. 7465:. 7453:. 7449:. 7437:^ 7423:. 7413:. 7401:. 7397:. 7374:. 7341:. 7327:. 7323:. 7300:. 7290:. 7278:22 7276:. 7272:. 7258:^ 7244:. 7236:. 7226:44 7224:. 7201:. 7187:. 7183:. 7160:. 7150:45 7148:. 7124:. 7116:. 7106:28 7104:. 7081:. 7071:. 7061:69 7059:. 7055:. 7032:. 7018:. 7014:. 6992:. 6984:. 6976:. 6964:. 6960:. 6934:. 6922:. 6899:. 6891:. 6883:. 6875:. 6865:46 6863:. 6859:. 6833:. 6823:. 6813:12 6811:. 6807:. 6784:. 6776:. 6766:73 6764:. 6741:. 6727:. 6723:. 6690:. 6657:. 6634:. 6626:. 6612:. 6608:. 6585:. 6577:. 6567:48 6565:. 6542:. 6534:. 6522:. 6497:. 6475:. 6467:. 6457:28 6455:. 6432:. 6422:. 6412:21 6410:. 6406:. 6383:. 6361:. 6349:. 6336:^ 6322:. 6310:. 6284:. 6251:. 6218:. 6192:. 6170:. 6160:. 6150:17 6148:. 6144:. 6121:. 6111:. 6099:. 6095:. 6083:^ 6069:. 6055:. 6051:. 6028:. 6016:17 6014:. 6010:. 5987:. 5979:. 5969:36 5967:. 5963:. 5948:^ 5934:. 5924:. 5910:. 5906:. 5883:. 5873:. 5865:. 5855:85 5853:. 5849:. 5826:. 5816:74 5814:. 5791:. 5777:. 5773:. 5751:^ 5726:. 5711:^ 5697:. 5689:. 5679:56 5677:. 5654:. 5646:. 5634:. 5630:. 5604:. 5592:. 5580:^ 5566:. 5556:. 5544:. 5540:. 5517:. 5503:. 5499:. 5473:^ 5459:. 5423:^ 5406:. 5384:. 5376:. 5364:. 5340:. 5330:62 5328:. 5304:. 5294:. 5284:38 5282:. 5278:. 5266:^ 5252:. 5240:21 5238:. 5234:. 5211:. 5197:. 5193:. 5179:^ 5165:. 5155:. 5143:. 5139:. 5116:. 5104:. 5080:. 5070:. 5060:10 5058:. 5054:. 5042:^ 5028:. 5018:. 5006:. 5002:. 4988:^ 4973:, 4913:. 4903:. 4891:18 4889:. 4885:. 4862:. 4854:. 4840:. 4836:. 4822:^ 4808:. 4800:. 4788:36 4786:. 4782:. 4770:^ 4760:. 4729:. 4708:^ 4694:. 4684:28 4682:. 4659:. 4651:. 4639:. 4614:. 4592:. 4582:. 4570:. 4566:. 4543:. 4533:. 4521:10 4519:. 4515:. 4490:. 4468:. 4460:. 4450:70 4448:. 4425:. 4417:. 4407:70 4405:. 4382:. 4372:60 4370:. 4347:. 4337:39 4335:. 4312:. 4302:91 4300:. 4277:. 4267:36 4265:. 4240:17 4238:. 4234:. 4211:. 4199:. 4176:. 4166:. 4154:. 4150:. 4138:^ 4124:. 4114:. 4102:. 4098:. 4075:. 4063:18 4061:. 4057:. 4034:. 4024:. 4010:. 4006:. 3965:. 3955:68 3953:. 3941:^ 3927:. 3917:95 3915:. 3892:. 3878:. 3874:. 3841:. 3818:. 3808:. 3794:. 3790:. 3778:^ 3764:. 3754:. 3742:. 3738:. 3715:. 3703:. 3678:51 3676:. 3664:^ 3654:. 3617:. 3603:. 3599:. 3585:^ 3561:. 3538:. 3528:. 3516:. 3512:. 3489:. 3475:. 3471:. 3446:. 3432:^ 3418:. 3362:^ 3348:. 3310:^ 3296:. 3288:. 3278:19 3276:. 3252:. 3240:. 3217:. 3205:38 3203:. 3199:. 3176:. 3164:97 3162:. 3158:. 3135:. 3127:. 3115:. 3103:^ 3089:. 3042:^ 3028:. 3006:^ 2992:. 2982:. 2970:. 2966:. 2954:^ 2940:. 2928:. 2915:^ 2901:. 2887:. 2883:. 2860:. 2846:. 2842:. 2822:^ 2808:. 2794:. 2790:. 2767:. 2753:. 2749:. 2737:^ 2723:. 2711:. 2684:. 2673:^ 2659:. 2645:. 2641:. 2618:. 2610:. 2596:. 2592:. 2572:^ 2558:. 2548:. 2536:. 2532:. 2513:. 2448:. 2435:^ 2410:^ 2392:. 2373:^ 2355:. 2337:. 2305:^ 2033:. 1793:, 1763:. 1752:. 1660:. 1632:. 1566:, 1438:A 1423:. 1415:, 1091:. 1067:, 1063:, 913:, 897:, 893:, 881:, 866:. 854:, 850:, 846:, 815:, 771:, 685:. 677:, 665:, 604:, 585:. 530:, 457:, 453:, 449:, 445:, 433:, 429:, 410:. 399:. 391:, 387:, 383:, 379:, 375:, 330:, 319:. 303:, 171:, 167:, 163:, 151:, 125:, 121:, 103:, 83:, 10144:T 9829:) 9821:( 9705:/ 9545:/ 9224:e 9217:t 9210:v 9149:- 9134:- 9119:- 9109:D 9079:. 9057:: 9051:8 9030:. 9008:: 8978:. 8956:: 8929:. 8909:: 8882:. 8862:: 8839:. 8816:: 8785:. 8754:. 8726:. 8704:: 8677:. 8653:: 8647:2 8626:. 8591:. 8571:: 8548:. 8526:: 8494:. 8461:. 8447:: 8420:) 8402:: 8375:. 8353:: 8321:. 8309:: 8286:. 8272:: 8266:3 8242:. 8228:: 8201:. 8177:: 8145:. 8131:: 8101:. 8079:: 8052:. 8030:: 8003:. 7981:: 7971:: 7941:. 7927:: 7900:. 7878:: 7859:. 7845:: 7818:. 7796:: 7769:. 7747:: 7720:. 7700:: 7677:. 7663:: 7636:. 7614:: 7608:5 7587:. 7575:: 7551:. 7539:: 7516:. 7504:: 7481:. 7461:: 7431:. 7409:: 7382:. 7349:. 7335:: 7308:. 7284:: 7252:. 7232:: 7209:. 7195:: 7189:5 7168:. 7156:: 7132:. 7112:: 7089:. 7067:: 7040:. 7026:: 6972:: 6942:. 6930:: 6879:: 6871:: 6841:. 6819:: 6792:. 6772:: 6749:. 6735:: 6708:. 6675:. 6642:. 6620:: 6593:. 6573:: 6550:. 6530:: 6507:. 6483:. 6463:: 6440:. 6418:: 6369:. 6357:: 6330:. 6318:: 6294:. 6269:. 6236:. 6203:. 6178:. 6156:: 6129:. 6107:: 6101:3 6077:. 6063:: 6036:. 6022:: 5995:. 5975:: 5942:. 5918:: 5891:. 5861:: 5834:. 5822:: 5799:. 5785:: 5745:. 5705:. 5685:: 5662:. 5642:: 5612:. 5600:: 5574:. 5552:: 5546:9 5525:. 5511:: 5467:. 5417:. 5392:. 5372:: 5348:. 5336:: 5312:. 5290:: 5260:. 5246:: 5219:. 5205:: 5173:. 5151:: 5124:. 5112:: 5088:. 5066:: 5036:. 5014:: 4969:: 4950:. 4921:. 4897:: 4870:. 4848:: 4816:. 4794:: 4702:. 4690:: 4667:. 4647:: 4624:. 4600:. 4578:: 4551:. 4527:: 4500:. 4476:. 4456:: 4433:. 4413:: 4390:. 4378:: 4355:. 4343:: 4320:. 4308:: 4285:. 4273:: 4250:. 4219:. 4207:: 4184:. 4162:: 4132:. 4110:: 4083:. 4069:: 4042:. 4018:: 4012:5 3973:. 3961:: 3935:. 3923:: 3900:. 3886:: 3859:. 3826:. 3802:: 3772:. 3750:: 3744:6 3723:. 3711:: 3688:. 3625:. 3611:: 3579:. 3546:. 3524:: 3497:. 3483:: 3456:. 3426:. 3356:. 3304:. 3284:: 3260:. 3248:: 3242:8 3225:. 3211:: 3184:. 3170:: 3143:. 3123:: 3097:. 3064:. 3036:. 3000:. 2978:: 2972:5 2948:. 2936:: 2909:. 2895:: 2868:. 2854:: 2816:. 2802:: 2775:. 2761:: 2731:. 2719:: 2696:. 2667:. 2653:: 2626:. 2604:: 2566:. 2544:: 2486:. 2464:. 2429:. 2404:. 2367:. 2018:. 2008:. 1935:. 996:( 661:( 34:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index