1064:
1239:
sub-endothelium, the repair has to end up with altered remodeling of local endothelium. This is the manifestation of a misrepair. Important is this altered remodeling makes the local endothelium have increased fragility to damage and have reduced repair efficiency. As a consequence, this part of endothelium has an increased risk factor of being injured and improperly repaired. Thus, the accumulation of misrepairs of endothelium is focalized and self-accelerating. In this way, the growing of a plaque is also self-accelerating. Within a part of the arterial wall, the oldest plaque is always the biggest, and is the most dangerous one to cause blockage of a local artery.
54:
1342:
1156:
1353:
488:
1420:
851:
1384:, in general. However, these methods focus on detecting only severe narrowing, not the underlying atherosclerosis disease. As demonstrated by human clinical studies, most severe events occur in locations with heavy plaque, yet little or no lumen narrowing present before debilitating events suddenly occur. Plaque rupture can lead to artery lumen occlusion within seconds to minutes, and potential permanent debility, and sometimes sudden death.
7967:
1475:. Both anatomic and physiologic methods allow early detection before symptoms show up, disease staging, and tracking of disease progression. Anatomic methods are more expensive and some of them are invasive in nature, such as IVUS. On the other hand, physiologic methods are often less expensive and safer. But they do not quantify the current state of the disease or directly track progression. In recent years, developments in
1108:, and cellular debris. In advanced plaques, the central core of the plaque usually contains extracellular cholesterol deposits (released from dead cells), which form areas of cholesterol crystals with empty, needle-like clefts. At the periphery of the plaque are younger "foamy" cells and capillaries. These plaques usually produce the most damage to the individual when they rupture. Cholesterol crystals may also play a role.
790:. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to subendothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques. The buildup of an atheromatous plaque is a slow process, developed over a period of several years through a complex series of cellular events occurring within the arterial wall and in response to a variety of local vascular circulating factors. One recent hypothesis suggests that, for unknown reasons,
345:. Though it was first described in 1575, there is evidence suggesting that this disease state is genetically inherent in the broader human population, with its origins tracing back to genetic mutations that may have occurred more than two million years ago during the evolution of hominin ancestors of modern human beings.
1005:
atheromatous plaque interfering with the regulation of the calcium deposition, it accumulates and crystallizes. A similar form of intramural calcification, presenting the picture of an early phase of arteriosclerosis, appears to be induced by many drugs that have an antiproliferative mechanism of action (
2120:
and osteochondrocytes. Importantly, genetic lineage-tracing experiments have unequivocally shown that 40-90% of plaque-resident cells are vascular smooth muscle cell derived, therefore, it is important to research the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis to identify new therapeutic
777:
rich oils such as fish oil, when being sold in pill form, can hide the taste of oxidized or rancid fat that might be present. In the US, the health food industry's dietary supplements are self-regulated and outside of FDA regulations. To properly protect unsaturated fats from oxidation, it is best to
1984:
prior to excretion. Therefore, we know that ABCA1 plays an important role in preventing cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. By enhancing miR-33 function, the level of ABCA1 is decreased, leading to decrease cellular cholesterol efflux to apoA-1. On the other hand, by inhibiting miR-33 function,
1583:
Medical treatments often focus on alleviating symptoms. However measures which focus on decreasing underlying atherosclerosis—as opposed to simply treating symptoms—are more effective. Non-pharmaceutical means are usually the first method of treatment, such as stopping smoking and practicing regular
1182:
Repeated plaque ruptures, ones not resulting in total lumen closure, combined with the clot patch over the rupture and healing response to stabilize the clot is the process that produces most stenoses over time. The stenotic areas tend to become more stable despite increased flow velocities at these
510:
of the blood vessel to stretch, compensating for the additional bulk. The endothelial lining then thickens, increasing the separation between the plaque and lumen. The thickening somewhat offsets the narrowing caused by the growth of the plaque, but moreover, it causes the wall to stiffen and become
1178:
or closure of the lumen, or over time and after repeated ruptures, resulting in a persistent, usually localized stenosis or blockage of the artery lumen. Stenoses can be slowly progressive, whereas plaque ulceration is a sudden event that occurs specifically in atheromas with thinner/weaker fibrous
1439:
are only detectable at that particular severity of stenosis. However, clinical trials have shown that only about 14% of clinically debilitating events occur at sites with more than 75% stenosis. The majority of cardiovascular events that involve sudden rupture of the atheroma plaque do not display
428:
supply blood to the brain and neck. Marked narrowing of the carotid arteries can present with symptoms such as: a feeling of weakness; being unable to think straight; difficulty speaking; dizziness; difficulty in walking or standing up straight; blurred vision; numbness of the face, arms and legs;
7214:
Zimmer S, Grebe A, Bakke SS, Bode N, Halvorsen B, Ulas T, Skjelland M, De Nardo D, Labzin LI, Kerksiek A, Hempel C, Heneka MT, Hawxhurst V, Fitzgerald ML, Trebicka J, Björkhem I, Gustafsson JÅ, Westerterp M, Tall AR, Wright SD, Espevik T, Schultze JL, Nickenig G, Lütjohann D, Latz E (April 2016).
1587:
The key to the more effective approaches is to combine multiple different treatment strategies. In addition, for those approaches, such as lipoprotein transport behaviors, which have been shown to produce the most success, adopting more aggressive combination treatment strategies taken on a daily
1547:
medications are routinely used to control blood pressure. If the combined efforts of risk factor modification and medication therapy are not sufficient to control symptoms or fight imminent threats of ischemic events, a physician may resort to interventional or surgical procedures to correct the
1186:
From clinical trials, 20% is the average stenosis at plaques that subsequently rupture with resulting complete artery closure. Most severe clinical events do not occur at plaques that produce high-grade stenosis. From clinical trials, only 14% of heart attacks occur from artery closure at plaques
1147:(some argue for 90 units) has been the radiographic density usually accepted as clearly representing tissue calcification within arteries. These deposits demonstrate unequivocal evidence of the disease, relatively advanced, even though the lumen of the artery is often still normal by angiography.
1131:
However, atheromas within the vessel wall are soft and fragile with little elasticity. Arteries constantly expand and contract with each heartbeat, i.e., the pulse. In addition, the calcification deposits between the outer portion of the atheroma and the muscular wall, as they progress, lead to a
1611:
work by inhibiting HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, a hepatic rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol's biochemical production pathway. By inhibiting this rate-limiting enzyme, the body is unable to produce cholesterol endogenously, therefore reducing serum LDL-cholesterol. This
1604:
with few side effects. Secondary prevention therapy, which includes high-intensity statins and aspirin, is recommended by multi-society guidelines for all patients with history of ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) to prevent recurrence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, or
1534:
A controlled exercise program combats atherosclerosis by improving circulation and functionality of the vessels. Exercise is also used to manage weight in patients who are obese, lower blood pressure, and decrease cholesterol. Often lifestyle modification is combined with medication therapy. For
1284:. Atherosclerotic lesions, or atherosclerotic plaques, are separated into two broad categories: Stable and unstable (also called vulnerable). The pathobiology of atherosclerotic lesions is very complicated, but generally, stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be asymptomatic, are rich in
1087:
of the arteries, typically without narrowing the lumen due to compensatory expansion of the bounding muscular layer of the artery wall. Beneath the endothelium, there is a "fibrous cap" covering the atheromatous "core" of the plaque. The core consists of lipid-laden cells (macrophages and smooth
1004:
cells of the surrounding muscular layer, specifically in the muscle cells adjacent to atheromas and on the surface of atheroma plaques and tissue. In time, as cells die, this leads to extracellular calcium deposits between the muscular wall and outer portion of the atheromatous plaques. With the
2107:
components. However, in addition to the fibrous cap, vascular smooth muscle cells also give rise to many of the cell types found within the plaque core and can modulate their phenotype to both promote and reduce plaque stability. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit pronounced plasticity within
1238:
in the brain and that of age spots on the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that misrepair mechanisms play an important role in the focal development of atherosclerosis. Development of a plaque is a result of repair of injured endothelium. Because of the infusion of lipids into
1167:, which leads to immediate blood clotting at the site of the atheroma ulcer. This triggers a cascade of events that leads to clot enlargement, which may quickly obstruct the flow of blood. A complete blockage leads to ischemia of the myocardial (heart) muscle and damage. This process is the
1111:
The fibrous plaque is also localized under the intima, within the wall of the artery resulting in thickening and expansion of the wall and, sometimes, spotty localized narrowing of the lumen with some atrophy of the muscular layer. The fibrous plaque contains collagen fibers
429:
severe headache; and loss of consciousness. These symptoms are also related to stroke (death of brain cells). Stroke is caused by marked narrowing or closure of arteries going to the brain; lack of adequate blood supply leads to the death of the cells of the affected tissue.
1858:
in early 2006. Ongoing work starting in the 1990s may lead to human clinical trials—probably by about 2008. These may use synthesized Apo-A1 Milano HDL directly, or they may use gene-transfer methods to pass the ability to synthesize the Apo-A1 Milano HDLipoprotein.
1612:
reduced endogenous cholesterol production triggers the body to then pull cholesterol from other cellular sources, enhancing serum HDL-cholesterol. These data are primarily in middle-age men and the conclusions are less clear for women and people over the age of 70.
435:, which supply blood to the legs, arms and pelvis, also experience marked narrowing due to plaque rupture and clots. Symptoms of the narrowing are numbness within the arms or legs, as well as pain. Another significant location for plaque formation is the
4620:
Robbins CS, Hilgendorf I, Weber GF, Theurl I, Iwamoto Y, Figueiredo JL, Gorbatov R, Sukhova GK, Gerhardt LM, Smyth D, Zavitz CC, Shikatani EA, Parsons M, van
Rooijen N, Lin HY, Husain M, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK (September 2013).
1727:. Despite the average age of the soldiers being just 22 years old, 77% of them had visible signs of coronary atherosclerosis. This study showed that heart disease could affect people at a younger age and was not just a problem for older individuals.
1975:
mediates transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to
Apolipoprotein-1 and it is also important in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, where cholesterol is delivered from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it can be excreted into
1862:
Methods to increase HDL particle concentrations, which in some animal studies largely reverses and removes atheromas, are being developed and researched. However, increasing HDL by any means is not necessarily helpful. For example, the drug
2007:
is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular problems. The causative basis by which aging mediates its impact, independently of other recognized risk factors, remains to be determined. Evidence has been reviewed for a key role of
365:, occurs. Signs and symptoms only occur after severe narrowing or closure impedes blood flow to different organs enough to induce symptoms. Most of the time, patients realize that they have the disease only when they experience other
1308:
formation in the lumen. Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can occlude arteries outright (e.g., coronary occlusion), but more often they detach, move into the circulation, and eventually occlude smaller downstream branches causing
6670:"Atherosclerosis in children and young adults: An overview of the World Health Organization and International Society and Federation of Cardiology study on Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study (1985–1995)"
1046:
These capped fatty deposits (now called 'atheromas') produce enzymes that cause the artery to enlarge over time. As long as the artery enlarges sufficiently to compensate for the extra thickness of the atheroma, then no narrowing
5848:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
1447:
and stress-testing, other detection techniques have been developed in the past decades for earlier detection of atherosclerotic disease. Some of the detection approaches include anatomical detection and physiologic measurement.
5140:"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association"
1851:
HDL in people with unstable angina produced a fairly dramatic reduction in measured coronary plaque volume in only six weeks vs. the usual increase in plaque volume in those randomized to placebo. The trial was published in
2088:(TMAO). Its levels have been associated with atherosclerosis in human studies and animal research suggest that there can be a causal relation. An association between the bacterial genes encoding trimethylamine lyases — the
1016:(LDL) particles. To attract and stimulate macrophages, the cholesterol must be released from the LDL particles and oxidized, a key step in the ongoing inflammatory process. The process is worsened if it is insufficient
1399:
formation. The thrombus then travels downstream to other blood vessels, where the blood clot may partially or completely block blood flow. If the blood flow is completely blocked, cell deaths occur due to the lack of
220:. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types, and driven by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood. These lesions may lead to narrowing of the arterial walls due to buildup of
8050:
8027:
5263:
McNeal CJ, Dajani T, Wilson D, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Dickerson JB, Ory M (January 2010). "Hypercholesterolemia in youth: opportunities and obstacles to prevent premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease".
772:
Rancid fats and oils taste very unpleasant in even small amounts, so people avoid eating them. It is very difficult to measure or estimate the actual human consumption of these substances. Highly unsaturated
1584:
exercise. If these methods do not work, medicines are usually the next step in treating cardiovascular diseases and, with improvements, have increasingly become the most effective method over the long term.
5475:
Nordmann AJ, Suter-Zimmermann K, Bucher HC, Shai I, Tuttle KR, Estruch R, Briel M (September 2011). "Meta-analysis comparing
Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors".
4287:
Yap SC, Choo YM, Hew NF, Yap SF, Khor HT, Ong AS, Goh SH (December 1995). "Oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein from rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing coconut, palm, or soybean oils".
1051:") of the opening ("lumen") occurs. The artery becomes expanded with an egg-shaped cross-section, still with a circular opening. If the enlargement is beyond proportion to the atheroma thickness, then an
4054:
This early analysis from MESA suggests that higher long-term PM2.5 concentrations are associated with increased IMT progression and that greater reductions in PM2.5 are related to slower IMT progression.
1680:
1234:
The distribution of atherosclerotic plaques in a part of arterial endothelium is inhomogeneous. The multiple and focal development of atherosclerotic changes is similar to that in the development of
469:. A much-cited report involved the autopsies of 300 U.S. soldiers killed in Korea. Although the average age of the men was 22.1 years, 77.3 percent had "gross evidence of coronary arteriosclerosis".
2471:"Cyclic phosphatidic acid inhibits the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from diabetic human coronary artery endothelial cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma"
1867:
is the most effective agent currently known for raising HDL (by up to 60%). However, in clinical trials, it also raised deaths by 60%. All studies regarding this drug were halted in
December 2006.
1190:
If the fibrous cap separating a soft atheroma from the bloodstream within the artery ruptures, tissue fragments are exposed and released. These tissue fragments are very clot-promoting, containing
6754:
Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Komajda M, Lopez-Sendon J, Mosca L, Tardif JC, Waters DD, Shear CL, Revkin JH, Buhr KA, Fisher MR, Tall AR, Brewer B (November 2007).
3492:"Benefits & risks of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Asian Indians - a population with the highest risk of premature coronary artery disease & diabetes"
1487:
Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Medical management of atherosclerosis first involves modification to risk factors–for example, via
1901:, that are a model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, adding D-PUFAs to diet indeed reduced body weight gain, improved cholesterol handling and reduced atherosclerotic damage to the aorta.
1822:
In 2011, coronary atherosclerosis was one of the top ten most expensive conditions seen during inpatient hospitalizations in the US, with aggregate inpatient hospital costs of $ 10.4 billion.
1737:
In a 2005 report of a study done between 1985 and 1995, it was found that around 87% of aortas and 30% of coronary arteries in age group 5–14 years had fatty streaks which increased with age.
1329:), causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to the death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately five minutes. This event is called an
761:
via polyunsaturated oils. In another study, rabbits fed heated soybean oil "grossly induced atherosclerosis and marked liver damage were histologically and clinically demonstrated." However,
985:
secreted by damaged endothelial cells. This causes the formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty streak. Intact endothelium can prevent this smooth muscle proliferation by releasing
3294:
Aviram M, Fuhrman B (November 1998). "LDL oxidation by arterial wall macrophages depends on the oxidative status in the lipoprotein and in the cells: role of prooxidants vs. antioxidants".
2052:: calcification of the aortic valve is also frequently observed. These findings link excessive unrepaired DNA damage to premature aging and early atherosclerotic plaque development (see
3869:
Griffin M, Frazer A, Johnson A, Collins P, Owens D, Tomkin GH (June 1998). "Cellular cholesterol synthesis--the relationship to post-prandial glucose and insulin following weight loss".
7819:"Extensive Proliferation of a Subset of Differentiated, yet Plastic, Medial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Neointimal Formation in Mouse Injury and Atherosclerosis Models"
1920:
of target mRNAs of protein-coding genes, and cause mRNA cleavage or repression of translational machinery. In diseased vascular vessels, miRNAs are dysregulated and highly expressed.
3592:
Velican C, Velican D (March 1985). "Differences in the pattern of atherosclerotic involvement between non-branched regions and adjacent branching points of human coronary arteries".
5401:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
4014:"Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: a prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution"
1391:
of the lesion breaks, usually at the shoulder of the fibrous cap that separates the lesion from the arterial lumen, where the exposed thrombogenic components of the plaque, mainly
1317:
Apart from thromboembolism, chronically expanding atherosclerotic lesions can cause complete closure of the lumen. Chronically expanding lesions are often asymptomatic until lumen
7989:
3145:
Li X, Fang P, Li Y, Kuo YM, Andrews AJ, Nanayakkara G, Johnson C, Fu H, Shan H, Du F, Hoffman NE, Yu D, Eguchi S, Madesh M, Koch WJ, Sun J, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X (June 2016).
2103:
play a key role in atherogenesis and were historically considered to be beneficial for plaque stability by forming a protective fibrous cap and synthesising strength-giving
1648:
without manipulation of the ascending aorta has demonstrated reduced rates of postoperative stroke and mortality compared to traditional on-pump coronary revascularization.
4211:
Staprãns I, Rapp JH, Pan XM, Hardman DA, Feingold KR (April 1996). "Oxidized lipids in the diet accelerate the development of fatty streaks in cholesterol-fed rabbits".
1143:(EBT) as rings of increased radiographic density, forming halos around the outer edges of the atheromatous plaques, within the artery wall. On CT, >130 units on the
8959:
7083:
Rayner KJ, Sheedy FJ, Esau CC, Hussain FN, Temel RE, Parathath S, van Gils JM, Rayner AJ, Chang AN, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Fisher EA, Moore KJ (July 2011).
1605:
peripheral arterial disease. However, prescription of and adherence to these guideline-concordant therapies is lacking, particularly among young patients and women.
3668:
Borissoff JI, Heeneman S, Kilinç E, Kassák P, Van Oerle R, Winckers K, Govers-Riemslag JW, Hamulyák K, Hackeng TM, Daemen MJ, ten Cate H, Spronk HM (August 2010).
333:
Atherosclerosis generally starts when a person is young and worsens with age. Almost all people are affected to some degree by the age of 65. It is the number one
842:
is a late event, which may never occur and is often the result of repeated plaque rupture and healing responses, not just the atherosclerotic process by itself.
4563:
Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Sprague EA, Kelley JL, Cayatte AJ, Mowery J (December 1992). "Atherosclerosis. Potential targets for stabilization and regression".
4248:"Polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids susceptible to peroxidation are increased in plasma and tissue lipids of rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils"
1128:
that are present. The muscular portion of artery walls usually remains strong, even after they have remodeled to compensate for the atheromatous plaques.
7173:
Singaraja RR, Stahmer B, Brundert M, Merkel M, Heeren J, Bissada N, Kang M, Timmins JM, Ramakrishnan R, Parks JS, Hayden MR, Rinninger F (August 2006).
5356:
Kratz M, Baars T, Guyenet S (February 2013). "The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease".
318:, and anticoagulant therapies to reduce the risk of blood clot formation. As the disease state progresses more invasive strategies are applied such as
1408:. The narrowing or obstruction of blood flow can occur in any artery within the body. Obstruction of arteries supplying the heart muscle results in a
1325:. These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive, and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see
4713:
Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ (May 1987). "Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries".
966:
content. Under the microscope, the lesion now appears as a fatty streak. Foam cells eventually die and further propagate the inflammatory process.
7994:
8969:
3955:"Carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and particulate air pollution exposure: the meta-analytical evidence"
2702:"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study"
2380:
1701:
Cardiovascular disease, which is predominantly the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
1270:'), which is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques, composed of macrophages nearest the
1210:(blood clot) overlying the atheroma, which obstructs blood flow acutely. With the obstruction of blood flow, downstream tissues are starved of
4593:
Linton MF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WG, Linton EF, Song WL, et al. (2000). "The Role of Lipids and
Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis".
1183:
narrowings. Most major blood-flow-stopping events occur at large plaques, which, before their rupture, produced very little if any stenosis.
224:. At onset there are usually no symptoms, but if they develop, symptoms generally begin around middle age. In severe cases, it can result in
4850:
4499:"Oxidized fatty acids promote atherosclerosis only in the presence of dietary cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice"
1600:
are widely prescribed for treating atherosclerosis. They have shown benefit in reducing cardiovascular disease and mortality in those with
6873:"Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia"
1039:, and transform into foam cells themselves. A protective fibrous cap normally forms between the fatty deposits and the artery lining (the
8185:
6087:"Vitamin K Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials"
5224:"Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study"
2999:
1960:
1952:
1491:
and diet restrictions. Prevention then is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight.
8758:
6255:"G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 is involved in the protective effect of protocatechuic aldehyde against endothelial dysfunction"
4186:
4012:
Adar SD, Sheppard L, Vedal S, Polak JF, Sampson PD, Diez Roux AV, Budoff M, Jacobs DR, Barr RG, Watson K, Kaufman JD (April 23, 2013).
2080:, processing of nutrients and production of certain metabolites that can get into blood circulation. One such metabolite, produced by
1989:. Suppression of miR-33 will lead to less cellular cholesterol and higher plasma HDL level through the regulation of ABCA1 expression.
402:
in the coronary arteries, which are responsible for bringing oxygenated blood to the heart, can produce symptoms such as chest pain of
6232:
3026:
6871:
Berbée JF, Mol IM, Milne GL, Pollock E, Hoeke G, Lütjohann D, Monaco C, Rensen PC, van der Ploeg LH, Shchepinov MS (September 2017).
2230:
6044:
Zhao DF, Edelman JJ, Seco M, Bannon PG, Wilson MK, Byrom MJ, Thourani V, Lamy A, Taggart DP, Puskas JD, Vallely MP (February 2017).
1174:
If the heart attack is not fatal, fibrous organization of the clot within the lumen ensues, covering the rupture but also producing
446:
In 2004, US data indicated that in ~66% of men and ~47% of women, the first symptom of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was a
3747:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients)
3109:
Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J (1953). "Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea: Preliminary Report".
934:
Initial damage to the endothelium results in an inflammatory response. Monocytes enter the artery wall from the bloodstream, with
4880:
Wang J, Michelitsch T, Wunderlin A, Mahadeva R (6 April 2009). "Aging as a consequence of misrepair -- A novel theory of aging".
1440:
any evident narrowing of the lumen. Thus, greater attention has been focused on "vulnerable plaque" from the late 1990s onwards.
1431:
that is greater than 75% was considered the hallmark of clinically significant disease in the past because recurring episodes of
685:
330:. Genetic factors are also strongly implicated in the disease process; it is unlikely to be entirely based on lifestyle choices.
306:, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining normal body weight. Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower
7175:"Hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is a key molecule in high-density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester metabolism in mice"
4331:
Greco AV, Mingrone G (1990). "Serum and biliary lipid pattern in rabbits feeding a diet enriched with unsaturated fatty acids".
6836:
Spiteller G (November 2005). "The relation of lipid peroxidation processes with atherogenesis: a new theory on atherogenesis".
705:
5807:"Secondary Prevention for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Comparing Recent US and European Guidelines on Dyslipidemia"
8530:
6403:
5524:
4823:
3763:
3088:
2797:
2770:
2364:
7971:
5948:"Sex-Related Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Care Among Patients With Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease"
1163:
Although the disease process tends to be slowly progressive over decades, it usually remains asymptomatic until an atheroma
8535:
1668:
metabolism, may actually promote arterial calcification in the long term despite reducing clot formation in the short term.
1423:
Doppler ultrasound of right internal carotid artery with calcified and non-calcified plaques showing less than 70% stenosis
6728:
1723:
In 1953, a study was published which examined the results of 300 autopsies performed on U.S. soldiers who had died in the
1929:
1734:
in over 50% of children aged 10–14 and 8% had even more advanced lesions with more accumulations of extracellular lipid.
1675:
1510:
A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Evidence suggests that the
1499:
Changes in diet may help prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Tentative evidence suggests that a diet containing
1588:
basis and indefinitely has generally produced better results, both before and especially after people are symptomatic.
1569:
319:
7767:"Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis"
3196:"Dysfunctional Vascular Endothelium as a Driver of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Insights Into Pathogenesis and Treatment"
950:, which is selectively required for the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The monocytes differentiate into
495:
The atherosclerotic process is not well understood. Atherosclerosis is associated with inflammatory processes in the
2108:
atherosclerotic plaque and can modify their gene expression profile to resemble various other cell types, including
380:
Early atherosclerotic processes likely begin in childhood. Fibrous and gelatinous lesions have been observed in the
8685:
8302:
5621:"Endothelial (dys)function: the target of physical exercise for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease"
2289:
2009:
1968:
1135:
The calcification deposits, after they have become sufficiently advanced, are partially visible on coronary artery
357:
for decades because the arteries enlarge at all plaque locations, thus there is no effect on blood flow. Even most
3135:
The average age was calculated from the ages of 200 of the soldiers. No age was recorded in nearly 100 of the men.
2902:
2600:
2324:
8317:
8178:
2469:
Tsukahara, Tamotsu; Tsukahara, Ryoko; Haniu, Hisao; Matsuda, Yoshikazu; Murakami-Murofushi, Kimiko (2015-09-05).
1964:
1731:
757:
Rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing various oils were found to undergo the most oxidative susceptibility of
7280:
Wu H, Roks AJ (February 2014). "Genomic instability and vascular aging: a focus on nucleotide excision repair".
6956:
Chen WJ, Yin K, Zhao GJ, Fu YC, Tang CK (June 2012). "The magic and mystery of microRNA-27 in atherosclerosis".
6518:
6179:"Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study"
4942:
Wang-Michelitsch J, Michelitsch TM (2015). "Misrepair mechanism in the development of atherosclerotic plaques".
439:, which supply blood to the kidneys. Plaque occurrence and accumulation lead to decreased kidney blood flow and
8636:
7868:"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness"
6046:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta: A Network Meta-Analysis"
4366:
3370:
2258:
2204:
1645:
893:. The primary documented driver of this process is oxidized lipoprotein particles within the wall, beneath the
6371:
2175:
8448:
8003:
6564:
2919:
Velican D, Velican C (June 1979). "Study of fibrous plaques occurring in the coronary arteries of children".
2032:, thus linking DNA damage to plaque formation. DNA strand breaks also increased in atherosclerotic plaques.
1083:
The fibro-lipid (fibro-fatty) plaque is characterized by an accumulation of lipid-laden cells underneath the
701:
6177:
Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, et al. (November 2004).
1944:
will raise HDL level and the expression of miR-33 is down-regulated in humans with atherosclerotic plaques.
1924:
is found in cardiovascular diseases. It is involved in atherosclerotic initiation and progression including
503:(LDL) particles. This retention may be a cause, an effect, or both, of the underlying inflammatory process.
8753:
8673:
8378:
6918:
Tsikas D (September 2017). "Combating atherosclerosis with heavy PUFAs: Deuteron not proton is the first".
4748:
4478:
3709:
Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, ten Cate H (May 2011). "The hemostatic system as a modulator of atherosclerosis".
3531:
3147:"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation"
1573:
1479:
techniques such as PET and SPECT have provided ways of estimating the severity of atherosclerotic plaques.
323:
1757:
is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from
1514:
may improve cardiovascular results. There is also evidence that a
Mediterranean diet may be better than a
1300:) is usually weak and prone to rupture. Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as
8768:
8763:
8490:
8480:
6872:
5709:"Combination therapy for treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis: focus on the lipid-RAAS interaction"
3743:
1745:
The following terms are similar, yet distinct, in both spelling and meaning, and can be easily confused:
1063:
243:
The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown and is proposed to be multifactorial. Risk factors include
2443:
1321:
is so severe (usually over 80%) that blood supply to downstream tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in
1020:(HDL), the lipoprotein particle that removes cholesterol from tissues and carries it back to the liver.
8964:
8869:
8520:
8495:
8312:
8241:
8171:
7085:"Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis"
6589:
Wilson, Don P. (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.),
5448:
Walker C, Reamy BV (April 2009). "Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence?".
2053:
1890:
697:
432:
7260:
6416:
2653:"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study"
2470:
8894:
8837:
8485:
8438:
8288:
8251:
6314:"Vasculoprotective Effects of 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde against VSMCs Proliferation and ECs Inflammation"
4179:
2887:
Atherosclerosis. Harvard Health
Publications Harvard Health Publications. Health Topics A – Z, (2011)
1629:
1561:
1341:
889:, then by their migration to the sub-endothelial space, and further activation into monocyte-derived
315:
233:
105:
53:
27:
6622:
1878:
is the term for techniques that modulate immune system function to suppress this macrophage action.
1348:
of atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta. Woman of 70 years old with hypertension and dyslipidemia.
1079:
Although arteries are not typically studied microscopically, two plaque types can be distinguished:
291:
limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body. Diagnosis is based upon a physical exam,
8879:
8692:
8646:
8641:
8465:
8443:
8069:
7715:"Detection of histone modifications at specific gene loci in single cells in histological sections"
2651:
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. (December 2020).
1844:
1836:
1460:
1140:
1017:
958:" – so-called because of their changed appearance resulting from the numerous internal cytoplasmic
8934:
8916:
8398:
8393:
8357:
8327:
7421:"Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair enzymes in human atherosclerotic plaques"
4858:
4771:"Cholesterol crystal-induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque"
3781:"Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women"
2813:
2570:
2408:
1690:
1464:
1013:
920:
908:
758:
717:
500:
389:
225:
97:
92:
3745:
1885:
chain reaction in atherogenesis triggered research on the protective role of the heavy isotope (
1296:, and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the
8974:
8906:
8889:
8884:
8874:
8715:
8651:
8293:
8194:
6991:
Sacco J, Adeli K (June 2012). "MicroRNAs: emerging roles in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism".
6463:
5756:
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. (January 2013).
5039:
Didangelos A, Simper D, Monaco C, Mayr M (May 2009). "Proteomics of acute coronary syndromes".
2100:
2085:
2021:
1933:
1796:
1577:
1504:
1456:
1381:
1001:
916:
835:
713:
588:
440:
366:
327:
248:
8120:
5512:
4921:
Wang-Michelitsch J, Michelitsch T (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of
Misrepairs".
3003:
2569:
Scipione, Corey A.; Hyduk, Sharon J.; Polenz, Chanele K.; Cybulsky, Myron I. (December 2023).
2407:
Scipione, Corey A.; Hyduk, Sharon J.; Polenz, Chanele K.; Cybulsky, Myron I. (December 2023).
2354:
8911:
8656:
8515:
8507:
8475:
8362:
7817:
Chappell J, Harman JL, Narasimhan VM, Yu H, Foote K, Simons BD, et al. (December 2016).
5846:
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. (June 2019).
5620:
5185:
4494:
2117:
1686:
1544:
1409:
1223:
1168:
870:
858:
628:
447:
425:
374:
185:
4190:
2787:
2760:
1463:(IVUS). Examples of physiologic measurement methods include lipoprotein subclass analysis,
8825:
8820:
8624:
8416:
7566:
6623:"Early Lesions of Atherosclerosis in Childhood and Youth: Natural History and Risk Factors"
6464:"Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: The PDAY study"
6325:
6266:
6228:
5897:
Nanna MG, Wang TY, Xiang Q, Goldberg AC, Robinson JG, Roger VL, et al. (August 2019).
4679:
3966:
2846:
2104:
2045:
1963:
gene on chromosome 17. miR-33a/b regulates cholesterol/lipid homeostatis by binding in the
1713:
1388:
1285:
740:
739:) in humans is not clear. Rabbits fed rancid fats develop atherosclerosis faster. Rats fed
560:
520:
451:
296:
7371:"DNA damage-dependent mechanisms of ageing and disease in the macro- and microvasculature"
6969:
6931:
6888:
5724:
5085:
Tarkin JM, Dweck MR, Evans NR, Takx RA, Brown AJ, Tawakol A, et al. (February 2016).
4473:
8:
8901:
8668:
8054:
6709:
2837:
Ross R (April 1993). "The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s".
1894:
1436:
1377:
1289:
1136:
725:
721:
673:
648:
342:
252:
221:
137:
7570:
6621:
Strong, Jack P.; Malcom, Gray T.; Newman, William P.; Oalmann, Margaret C. (June 1992).
6329:
6270:
4810:
Maton A, Hopkins RL, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, et al. (1993).
4683:
3970:
2850:
1356:
Microphotography of arterial wall with calcified (violet color) atherosclerotic plaque (
1155:
8815:
8725:
8307:
7944:
7892:
7867:
7843:
7818:
7791:
7766:
7765:
Wang Y, Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Asonye E, Sahin B, Jaw JE, et al. (May 2019).
7739:
7714:
7690:
7665:
7641:
7616:
7587:
7554:
7530:
7505:
7437:
7420:
7398:
7346:
7319:
7241:
7216:
7191:
7174:
7109:
7084:
7060:
7035:
7016:
6900:
6813:
6796:
6499:
6348:
6313:
6289:
6254:
6113:
6086:
6021:
5996:
5972:
5947:
5923:
5898:
5782:
5757:
5733:
5708:
5684:
5651:
5619:
Pigozzi F, Rizzo M, Fagnani F, Parisi A, Spataro A, Casasco M, Borrione P (June 2011).
5425:
5400:
5381:
5333:
5308:
5289:
5199:
5180:
5111:
5086:
5064:
4943:
4922:
4903:
4885:
4647:
4622:
4455:
4409:
4313:
4163:
4138:
4097:
4084:
4067:
4040:
4013:
3989:
3954:
3930:
3905:
3846:
3829:
3805:
3780:
3569:
3544:
3508:
3491:
3472:
3459:
3434:
3410:
3385:
3319:
3271:
3246:
3222:
3195:
3171:
3146:
2870:
2741:
2677:
2652:
2516:
1897:– they are involved in metabolism in that very form as they are consumed with food. In
1882:
1750:
1511:
1468:
774:
689:
530:
82:
8063:
7916:
7617:"The role of smooth muscle cells in plaque stability: Therapeutic targeting potential"
7370:
6432:
5823:
5806:
5240:
5223:
5135:
4344:
3882:
3686:
3669:
3543:
Tyrrell DJ, Blin MB, Song J, Wood SC, Zhang M, Beard DA, Goldstein DR (January 2020).
2718:
2701:
2547:
2036:(WS) is a premature aging condition in humans. WS is caused by a genetic defect in a
1556:
Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as
377:. These symptoms, however, still vary depending on which artery or organ is affected.
8606:
8555:
8455:
8080:
7948:
7936:
7897:
7848:
7796:
7744:
7695:
7646:
7592:
7535:
7483:
7442:
7390:
7351:
7297:
7246:
7196:
7155:
7114:
7065:
7008:
6973:
6935:
6892:
6853:
6818:
6777:
6736:
6691:
6650:
6642:
6598:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6503:
6491:
6483:
6444:
6436:
6399:
6353:
6294:
6210:
6159:
6118:
6067:
6026:
5977:
5928:
5879:
5828:
5787:
5738:
5689:
5671:
5632:
5601:
5560:
5520:
5493:
5457:
5430:
5373:
5338:
5281:
5245:
5204:
5161:
5116:
5056:
5021:
4980:
4829:
4819:
4812:
4792:
4730:
4695:
4652:
4598:
4572:
4538:
4520:
4447:
4443:
4401:
4348:
4305:
4269:
4228:
4168:
4154:
4089:
4045:
3994:
3935:
3886:
3851:
3810:
3759:
3726:
3691:
3650:
3609:
3605:
3574:
3513:
3464:
3415:
3311:
3276:
3227:
3176:
3126:
3122:
3084:
3049:
2977:
2936:
2932:
2862:
2793:
2766:
2745:
2733:
2682:
2551:
2508:
2500:
2360:
1996:, removed cholesterol that had built up in the arteries of mice fed a high-fat diet.
1986:
1705:
1519:
1488:
1326:
1089:
959:
898:
653:
638:
525:
393:
381:
358:
292:
66:
8059:
7020:
6904:
5914:
5293:
5068:
4459:
4413:
4068:"Biological gradient between long-term arsenic exposure and carotid atherosclerosis"
3476:
3323:
2814:"Evolutionary gene loss may help explain why only humans are prone to heart attacks"
2520:
1893:(D-PUFAs) that are less prone to oxidation than ordinary PUFAs (H-PUFAs). PUFAs are
8611:
8260:
8163:
7928:
7887:
7879:
7838:
7830:
7786:
7778:
7734:
7726:
7685:
7677:
7636:
7628:
7582:
7574:
7525:
7517:
7473:
7432:
7402:
7382:
7341:
7331:
7318:
Bautista-Niño PK, Portilla-Fernandez E, Vaughan DE, Danser AH, Roks AJ (May 2016).
7289:
7236:
7228:
7186:
7145:
7104:
7096:
7055:
7047:
7000:
6965:
6927:
6884:
6845:
6808:
6767:
6681:
6638:
6634:
6530:
6475:
6428:
6343:
6333:
6284:
6274:
6200:
6190:
6149:
6108:
6098:
6057:
6016:
6008:
5967:
5959:
5918:
5910:
5869:
5859:
5818:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5728:
5720:
5679:
5663:
5591:
5552:
5485:
5420:
5412:
5385:
5365:
5328:
5320:
5273:
5235:
5194:
5151:
5106:
5098:
5048:
5011:
4972:
4907:
4895:
4782:
4722:
4687:
4642:
4634:
4623:"Local proliferation dominates lesional macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis"
4510:
4439:
4393:
4340:
4317:
4297:
4259:
4220:
4158:
4150:
4139:"High-risk periodontal pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis"
4079:
4035:
4025:
3984:
3974:
3925:
3917:
3878:
3841:
3800:
3792:
3751:
3718:
3681:
3640:
3601:
3564:
3556:
3503:
3454:
3446:
3405:
3397:
3303:
3266:
3258:
3217:
3207:
3166:
3158:
3118:
3076:
3041:
2967:
2928:
2874:
2854:
2723:
2713:
2672:
2664:
2582:
2543:
2490:
2482:
2420:
2065:
1925:
1746:
1601:
1476:
1144:
882:
633:
209:
20:
8131:
7834:
7681:
5102:
4397:
4101:
3744:
Food and nutrition board, institute of medicine of the national academies (2005).
3560:
1971:(ABC) transporters and enhance or represses its expression. Study have shown that
728:. These dietary recommendations reach a consensus, though, against consumption of
8803:
8798:
8710:
8433:
8388:
8074:
7984:
7386:
7232:
7004:
6686:
6669:
6394:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).
6338:
6279:
5963:
5489:
4030:
3979:
3904:
King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Lauderdale DS (December 2008).
3401:
3080:
3045:
2534:
Lind L (August 2003). "Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis".
2044:. WS patients develop a considerable burden of atherosclerotic plaques in their
2033:
1898:
1886:
1633:
1432:
1310:
1271:
1235:
1219:
939:
866:
736:
555:
482:
264:
240:, depending on which body part(s) the affected arteries are located in the body.
237:
109:
5580:"The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update"
4976:
4726:
4606:
1518:
in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lower
1412:, while the obstruction of arteries supplying the brain results in an ischaemic
1352:
769:, or oxidized cholesterols, from fried foods and smoking, that are the culprit.
8852:
8702:
8565:
8525:
8460:
8421:
8332:
7782:
7578:
7217:"Cyclodextrin promotes atherosclerosis regression via macrophage reprogramming"
7051:
6668:
Mendis, Shanthi; Nordet, P.; Fernandez-Britto, J.E.; Sternby, N. (2005-03-01).
6590:
6062:
6045:
5946:
Lee MT, Mahtta D, Ramsey DJ, Liu J, Misra A, Nasir K, et al. (July 2021).
5864:
5847:
5652:"Pharmacological Options in Atherosclerosis: A Review of the Existing Evidence"
5596:
5579:
5016:
4999:
4787:
4770:
4115:
4066:
Wang CH, Jeng JS, Yip PK, Chen CL, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, et al. (April 2002).
3450:
3162:
3068:
2668:
2627:
2586:
2571:"Unveiling the Hidden Landscape of Arterial Diseases at Single-Cell Resolution"
2424:
2409:"Unveiling the Hidden Landscape of Arterial Diseases at Single-Cell Resolution"
2072:
in the body, can contribute to atherosclerosis in many ways: modulation of the
1758:
1523:
1256:
1116:), precipitates of calcium (hematoxylinophilic), and rarely, lipid-laden cells.
1006:
807:
709:
668:
663:
658:
443:, which, like in all other areas, is typically asymptomatic until late stages.
418:—the heart beating either too slowly or too quickly—are another consequence of
361:
do not produce symptoms until enough narrowing or closure of an artery, due to
334:
8142:
8085:
8040:
8036:
7932:
7521:
7293:
6138:"Warfarin-induced artery calcification is accelerated by growth and vitamin D"
5667:
5543:
Fonarow G (2003). "Aggressive treatment of atherosclerosis: The time is now".
5369:
5324:
5277:
5052:
3307:
3212:
2486:
1774:
8953:
8720:
8383:
7979:
7915:
Basatemur GL, Jørgensen HF, Clarke MC, Bennett MR, Mallat Z (December 2019).
7506:"Atherosclerosis: Association between the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis"
7478:
7461:
6695:
6646:
6542:
6487:
6479:
6440:
6195:
6178:
5874:
5675:
5309:"Dairy and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Recent Observational Research"
5156:
5139:
4899:
4515:
4498:
4264:
4247:
3796:
2504:
2113:
2073:
2069:
2037:
1956:
1848:
1840:
1671:
1657:
1500:
1451:
Examples of anatomical detection methods include coronary calcium scoring by
1195:
1084:
1032:
997:
978:
970:
954:, which proliferate locally, ingest oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large "
815:
762:
751:
643:
623:
611:
606:
8547:
8044:
7317:
6154:
6137:
4833:
4224:
3262:
3067:
Roquer, J.; Ois, Angel (2010), Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald R. (eds.),
2972:
2955:
1730:
In 1992, a report had shown that microscopic fatty streaks were seen in the
271:, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, and an unhealthy diet.
8861:
8773:
8588:
8278:
8221:
7940:
7901:
7852:
7800:
7748:
7699:
7650:
7596:
7553:
Jie Z, Xia H, Zhong SL, Feng Q, Li S, Liang S, et al. (October 2017).
7539:
7487:
7446:
7394:
7355:
7301:
7250:
7200:
7159:
7118:
7069:
7012:
6977:
6939:
6896:
6857:
6849:
6822:
6797:"Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis: implications for vaccine development"
6781:
6740:
6602:
6550:
6495:
6357:
6298:
6214:
6163:
6122:
6071:
6030:
5981:
5932:
5883:
5832:
5791:
5742:
5693:
5636:
5605:
5564:
5497:
5461:
5434:
5377:
5342:
5285:
5249:
5208:
5120:
5060:
5025:
4796:
4699:
4656:
4602:
4524:
4492:
4451:
4405:
4273:
4172:
4093:
4049:
3998:
3939:
3855:
3814:
3730:
3695:
3654:
3578:
3517:
3468:
3419:
3231:
3180:
3130:
3053:
2737:
2728:
2686:
2555:
2512:
2013:
1993:
1515:
1472:
1113:
1097:
986:
974:
928:
902:
877:
Early atherogenesis is characterized by the adherence of blood circulating
823:
811:
748:
693:
684:
The relation between dietary fat and atherosclerosis is controversial. The
617:
545:
540:
487:
462:
436:
411:
385:
354:
303:
244:
168:
8019:
7150:
7133:
6772:
6755:
6654:
6448:
6085:
Vlasschaert C, Goss CJ, Pilkey NG, McKeown S, Holden RM (September 2020).
5556:
5165:
4984:
4734:
4670:
Miller JD (June 2013). "Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins".
4576:
4352:
4309:
4232:
3921:
3890:
3722:
3613:
3315:
3280:
2981:
2866:
1419:
16:
Inflammatory disease involving buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
8926:
8322:
8115:
7883:
7336:
7036:"Regulation of lipid homeostasis by the bifunctional SREBF2-miR33a locus"
6519:"Coronary Disease Among United States Soldiers Killed in Action in Korea"
6012:
3645:
3628:
2940:
2029:
1864:
1717:
1637:
1625:
1444:
1373:
1357:
1297:
1203:
1040:
912:
894:
886:
819:
803:
744:
577:
496:
478:
307:
276:
132:
127:
Accumulation of saturated fats, smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes
7866:
Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM, Shanahan CM (March 2018).
7419:
Martinet W, Knaapen MW, De Meyer GR, Herman AG, Kockx MM (August 2002).
3532:
http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/
2700:
Song P, Fang Z, Wang H, Cai Y, Rahimi K, Zhu Y, et al. (May 2020).
2356:
Tresch and Aronow's
Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, Fifth Edition
1985:
the level of ABCA1 is increased and increases the cholesterol efflux to
1693:
have shown vasculoprotective effects to reduce risk of atherosclerosis.
1012:
Cholesterol is delivered into the vessel wall by cholesterol-containing
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8560:
8137:
7730:
6103:
4384:
Mattes RD (December 2005). "Fat taste and lipid metabolism in humans".
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2495:
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951:
890:
854:
791:
583:
466:
415:
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7632:
6205:
5650:
Gupta, Keshav Kumar; Ali, Shair; Sanghera, Ranjodh Singh (June 2019).
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Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Canadian Medical-surgical Nursing
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Enas EA, Kuruvila A, Khanna P, Pitchumoni CS, Mohan V (October 2013).
2956:"A comparative study of cerebral atherosclerosis in males and females"
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850:
8596:
8337:
8273:
8229:
8212:
8207:
8151:
8126:
8091:
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6756:"Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events"
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2231:"New Concept of Heart Disease Posits Vitamin C Deficiency as Culprit"
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1293:
1024:
955:
878:
799:
795:
766:
729:
550:
157:
153:
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7134:"A role of miR-33 for cell cycle progression and cell proliferation"
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Zieske, Arthur W.; Malcom, Gray T.; Strong, Jack P. (January 2002).
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Kong BS, Im SJ, Lee YJ, Cho YH, Do YR, Byun JW, et al. (2016).
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Provost EB, Madhloum N, Int Panis L, De Boever P, Nawrot TS (2015).
3545:"Age-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Accelerates Atherogenesis"
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protein. A small short-term trial using bacterial synthesized human
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4963:
Ross R (January 1999). "Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease".
4948:
4927:
3755:
3629:"Is thrombin a key player in the 'coagulation-atherogenesis' maze?"
3435:"Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations in HIV: What, How, and Why"
1909:
1811:
1792:
1661:
1621:
1428:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1369:
1345:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1252:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1175:
1125:
1121:
1101:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1028:
982:
935:
839:
827:
787:
565:
535:
419:
399:
362:
288:
272:
256:
217:
141:
6735:(168). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5474:
5399:
Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (July 2014).
4890:
4840:
4749:"Coronary atherosclerosis — the fibrous plaque with calcification"
4187:"Food Pyramids: Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health"
2176:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
2092:
involved in TMAO generation — and atherosclerosis has been noted.
1292:. On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and
901:
also plays a major role and not all factors are fully understood.
8096:
7966:
5262:
4998:
Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R (July 2010).
3952:
3906:"Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification"
1636:
can re-establish flow around the diseased segment of artery, and
1565:
1540:
1452:
1281:
1105:
1072:
924:
831:
507:
458:
280:
268:
260:
189:
149:
145:
6176:
4879:
4367:"Scientist, 98, challenges orthodoxy on causes of heart disease"
3034:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1940:
differentiation. It was found in rodents that the inhibition of
388:
have been observed in the coronary arteries of juveniles. While
8203:
8031:
7998:
7914:
7610:
7608:
7606:
3670:"Early atherosclerosis exhibits an enhanced procoagulant state"
3626:
2290:"How Can Atherosclerosis Be Prevented or Delayed? - NHLBI, NIH"
2089:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1620:
When atherosclerosis has become severe and caused irreversible
1608:
1597:
1557:
1536:
1413:
1401:
1387:
Plaques that have ruptured are called complicated lesions. The
1211:
1187:
producing a 75% or greater stenosis before the vessel closing.
1120:
In effect, the muscular portion of the artery wall forms small
1093:
943:
814:
leads to the formation of atheromatous plaques in the arterial
407:
403:
370:
311:
229:
213:
181:
101:
7555:"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease"
7172:
5758:"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
4768:
2954:
Flora GC, Baker AB, Loewenson RB, Klassen AC (November 1968).
2468:
1380:" have long been the focus of human diagnostic techniques for
7764:
7460:
Ishida T, Ishida M, Tashiro S, Yoshizumi M, Kihara Y (2014).
7418:
6753:
5899:"Sex Differences in the Use of Statins in Community Practice"
4809:
4769:
Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK, Abela GS (July 2016).
3667:
3627:
Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, Heeneman S, ten Cate H (June 2009).
3247:"The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis"
3027:"Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in stroke"
2914:
2912:
2049:
2004:
1972:
1709:
1641:
1361:
1267:
1068:
963:
947:
862:
284:
7603:
7459:
6084:
4851:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?"
4619:
4562:
3489:
2626:
Information (US), National Center for Biotechnology (1998),
1810:
is used for substances or processes that cause formation of
1132:
loss of elasticity and stiffening of the artery as a whole.
454:(defined as death within one hour of onset of the symptom).
392:
is more prevalent in men than women, atherosclerosis of the
8579:
7865:
7713:
Gomez D, Shankman LS, Nguyen AT, Owens GK (February 2013).
5133:
4941:
4920:
3868:
2650:
2568:
2406:
1977:
1854:
7816:
5038:
2953:
2909:
2381:"Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis - Symptoms and causes"
1280:
Calcification at the outer base of older or more advanced
61:
The progression of atherosclerosis (narrowing exaggerated)
6620:
5618:
3778:
2017:
1951:
16 of human sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (
1568:. A number of procedures may also be carried out such as
1539:
help to lower cholesterol. Antiplatelet medications like
897:
cells, though upper normal or elevated concentrations of
743:-containing oils experienced marked disruptions to their
7712:
5755:
5519:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 730–1047.
4997:
4592:
4432:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
4418:
The rancid odor of an oxidized fat is readily detectable
3903:
3073:
Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures
969:
In addition to these cellular activities, there is also
938:
adhering to the area of insult. This may be promoted by
7082:
5805:
Virani SS, Smith SC, Stone NJ, Grundy SM (April 2020).
5513:"Cardiovascular, Circulatory, and Hematologic Function"
3779:
Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB, Herrington DM (November 2004).
3708:
1035:
cells, which in turn ingest lipids, become replaced by
212:, characterized by development of abnormalities called
7812:
7810:
6231:. Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University.
5896:
5804:
5707:
Koh KK, Han SH, Oh PC, Shin EK, Quon MJ (April 2010).
4429:
4210:
4116:"Treating Hypothyroidism Reduces Atherosclerosis Risk"
4011:
1247:
The plaque is divided into three distinct components:
720:) recommends much higher levels of fat, especially of
6870:
6729:"Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2011"
6043:
5845:
2993:
2991:
1644:
can reopen narrowed arteries and improve blood flow.
8193:
8009:
7213:
5221:
5138:, Glagov S, Insull W, et al. (September 1995).
5084:
4245:
2792:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8.
2634:, National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)
1159:
Progression of atherosclerosis to late complications
171:, exercise, not smoking, maintaining a normal weight
7807:
6726:
6135:
5625:
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
3830:"Need to test the arterial inflammation hypothesis"
3542:
1967:of genes involved in cholesterol transport such as
1791:is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an
1664:, which inhibit clot formation by interfering with
1443:Besides the traditional diagnostic methods such as
1088:muscle cells) with elevated tissue cholesterol and
826:. The bulk of these lesions is made of excess fat,
7771:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
7320:"DNA Damage: A Main Determinant of Vascular Aging"
7179:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6801:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6794:
6461:
6142:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
6136:Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK (February 2000).
5945:
5538:
5536:
5004:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4811:
4213:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4136:
3251:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3151:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
2988:
818:, a region of the vessel wall located between the
511:less compliant to stretching with each heartbeat.
410:, dizziness or lightheadedness, breathlessness or
7917:"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis"
7666:"Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis"
7663:
5355:
5215:
4246:Song JH, Fujimoto K, Miyazawa T (December 2000).
3862:
3383:
2905:. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. 2011.
1564:, or medications that decrease clotting, such as
8960:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
8951:
7414:
7412:
7313:
7311:
7033:
6727:Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Steiner C (December 2013).
5903:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
5649:
5398:
5222:McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS (March 2008).
2897:
2895:
2893:
2765:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2.
2625:
2601:"How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH"
1839:(HDL) on atherosclerosis has been with the rare
1229:
778:keep them cool and in oxygen-free environments.
747:systems, and accumulated significant amounts of
708:make similar recommendations. In contrast, Prof
7664:Bennett MR, Sinha S, Owens GK (February 2016).
7614:
7552:
7503:
6795:Nilsson J, Hansson GK, Shah PK (January 2005).
5533:
4588:
4586:
4065:
3108:
2699:
2235:DAIC (Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology)
2095:
1936:, cell type progression and proliferation, and
865:showing significant atherosclerosis and marked
765:claims that it is not dietary cholesterol, but
7499:
7497:
7462:"Role of DNA damage in cardiovascular disease"
6951:
6949:
4137:Bale BF, Doneen AL, Vigerust DJ (April 2017).
3750:. National Academies Press. pp. 481–484.
3591:
3432:
2918:
2352:
2325:"How Is Atherosclerosis Treated? - NHLBI, NIH"
786:Atherogenesis is the developmental process of
8179:
7546:
7453:
7409:
7362:
7308:
7273:
7166:
7125:
7076:
7027:
6984:
6955:
6305:
6246:
6050:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5852:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
5584:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4330:
4286:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3293:
3244:
3193:
3024:
2890:
2657:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2438:
2436:
2434:
2253:
2251:
2042:repair processes that remove damages from DNA
1912:(miRNAs) have complementary sequences in the
1783:is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of
1031:encourage the migration and proliferation of
6627:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
6468:Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine
6414:
6311:
5706:
5577:
5510:
5178:
5172:
4583:
4423:
4377:
4005:
3524:
3377:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3194:Botts SR, Fish JE, Howe KL (December 2021).
3075:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 899–918,
2284:
2282:
2280:
2199:
2197:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
499:of the vessel wall associated with retained
7494:
7368:
7324:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
6946:
6523:Journal of the American Medical Association
6415:Strong, J. P.; McGill, H. C. (1969-05-06).
5762:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5447:
3946:
3386:"Infection and Atherosclerosis Development"
3144:
2947:
2758:
2593:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2205:"What Causes Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
1304:, to the circulation and eventually induce
992:
946:, which recruit circulating monocytes, and
911:(LDL) particles in blood plasma invade the
8759:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
8186:
8172:
6990:
6597:, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.,
6417:"The pediatric aspects of atherosclerosis"
6398:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 348-351
6252:
5080:
5078:
4493:Khan-Merchant N, Penumetcha M, Meilhac O,
3827:
3785:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3187:
2431:
2248:
1874:drive atherosclerotic plaque progression.
1503:has no effect on or decreases the risk of
152:, family history, unhealthy diet (notably
52:
7891:
7842:
7790:
7738:
7689:
7640:
7586:
7529:
7504:Barrington WT, Lusis AJ (December 2017).
7477:
7436:
7345:
7335:
7240:
7190:
7149:
7108:
7059:
6835:
6812:
6771:
6685:
6591:"Is Atherosclerosis a Pediatric Disease?"
6347:
6337:
6288:
6278:
6204:
6194:
6153:
6112:
6102:
6061:
6020:
5971:
5922:
5873:
5863:
5822:
5781:
5732:
5683:
5595:
5424:
5332:
5239:
5198:
5155:
5110:
5015:
4947:
4926:
4889:
4786:
4646:
4514:
4263:
4162:
4083:
4039:
4029:
3988:
3978:
3929:
3845:
3804:
3685:
3644:
3568:
3507:
3458:
3409:
3330:
3270:
3221:
3211:
3170:
3066:
2997:Arrhythmia. Heart and Stroke Foundation.
2971:
2727:
2717:
2676:
2494:
2277:
2194:
2159:
1704:Almost all children older than age 10 in
869:narrowing. Tissue has been stained using
7988:) is being considered for deletion. See
7760:
7758:
7615:Harman JL, Jørgensen HF (October 2019).
6788:
6388:
2830:
2348:
2346:
2308:
1596:The group of medications referred to as
1543:help to prevent clots, and a variety of
1418:
1351:
1340:
1277:Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals
1154:
1062:
849:
486:
302:Prevention guidelines include, eating a
47:Arteriosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD)
7131:
7034:Bommer GT, MacDougald OA (March 2011).
6838:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
5994:
5542:
5075:
5000:"Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque"
4818:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3384:Campbell LA, Rosenfeld ME (July 2015).
3138:
2444:"What Is Atherosclerosis? - NHLBI, NIH"
2016:, a common type of oxidative damage in
1150:
506:The presence of the plaque induces the
396:and strokes equally affect both sexes.
8952:
7279:
6917:
6588:
4706:
4669:
4383:
4239:
3496:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
3069:"Atherosclerotic Burden and Mortality"
2779:
2402:
2400:
915:and become oxidized, creating risk of
834:. At first, as the plaques grow, only
706:National Cholesterol Education Program
600:
8970:Medical conditions related to obesity
8531:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
8167:
7755:
7369:Shah AV, Bennett MR (December 2017).
7089:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6970:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.020
6932:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.07.018
6889:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916
6565:"Stopping Heart Disease in Childhood"
5997:"Questioning the benefits of statins"
5725:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.007
4324:
4280:
3821:
3025:Sims NR, Muyderman H (January 2010).
2343:
2259:"Who Is at Risk for Atherosclerosis?"
1685: Also, small molecules such as
1404:supply to nearby cells, resulting in
973:proliferation and migration from the
348:
8536:Generalized essential telangiectasia
6516:
5306:
5134:Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE,
4962:
4857:. September 29, 2014. Archived from
4543:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3433:Sinha A, Feinstein MJ (March 2019).
3102:
2836:
2785:
2533:
2475:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
2353:Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Rich MW (2013).
754:in their blood, livers and kidneys.
283:, and other substances found in the
7261:"A sugar can melt away cholesterol"
6760:The New England Journal of Medicine
6421:Journal of Atherosclerosis Research
4965:The New England Journal of Medicine
4715:The New England Journal of Medicine
3711:The New England Journal of Medicine
3371:"Atherosclerosis | NHLBI, NIH"
3296:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
2762:Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
2397:
2020:, is found to accumulate in plaque
1947:miR-33a and miR-33b are located on
1876:Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis
1206:. The result is the formation of a
1058:
596:Coronary anatomy and branch pattern
406:and shortness of breath, sweating,
13:
7438:10.1161/01.cir.0000026393.47805.21
7192:10.1161/01.ATV.0000229219.13757.a2
6814:10.1161/01.ATV.0000149142.42590.a2
5200:10.1161/01.CIR.0000070585.48035.D1
4085:10.1161/01.cir.0000015862.64816.b2
3847:10.1161/01.CIR.0000021112.29409.A2
3439:The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
1570:percutaneous coronary intervention
1179:caps that have become "unstable".
885:) to the vascular bed lining, the
781:
735:The role of eating oxidized fats (
712:(Harvard School of Public Health,
320:percutaneous coronary intervention
14:
8986:
7992:to help reach a consensus. ›
7959:
7282:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
6235:from the original on 7 April 2010
5824:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044282
5578:Ambrose JA, Barua RS (May 2004).
5511:Paul P, Williams B, eds. (2009).
5241:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033
5179:Maseri A, Fuster V (April 2003).
3687:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.907121
3245:Williams KJ, Tabas I (May 1995).
2139:arteriosclerotic vascular disease
2059:
1459:) measurement by ultrasound, and
8686:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
8006:pathophysiology-stages and types
7965:
7908:
7859:
7706:
7657:
7375:European Journal of Pharmacology
7207:
6911:
6864:
6829:
6747:
6720:
6702:
6661:
6614:
6582:
6557:
6535:10.1001/jama.1953.03690120006002
6510:
6455:
6408:
6364:
6253:Kong BS, Cho YH, Lee EJ (2014).
6221:
6170:
6129:
6078:
6037:
5995:Vos E, Rose CP (November 2005).
5988:
5939:
5890:
5478:The American Journal of Medicine
4444:10.1097/00075197-200303000-00004
4155:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134279
3828:Bhatt DL, Topol EJ (July 2002).
3123:10.1001/jama.1953.03690120006002
571:
491:Atherosclerosis and lipoproteins
414:. Abnormal heart rhythms called
7621:British Journal of Pharmacology
7259:Hesman Saey T (April 8, 2016).
6517:Enos, William F. (1953-07-18).
6007:(10): 1207, author reply 1210.
5915:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005562
5839:
5798:
5749:
5700:
5643:
5612:
5571:
5504:
5468:
5441:
5392:
5349:
5300:
5266:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
5256:
5181:"Is there a vulnerable plaque?"
5127:
5041:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
5032:
4991:
4956:
4935:
4914:
4873:
4803:
4762:
4741:
4663:
4613:
4556:
4531:
4486:
4466:
4359:
4204:
4130:
4108:
4059:
3897:
3772:
3737:
3702:
3661:
3620:
3585:
3536:
3483:
3426:
3287:
3238:
3060:
3018:
2881:
2806:
2752:
2693:
2644:
2619:
2562:
2527:
2462:
1732:left anterior descending artery
1696:
1646:Coronary artery bypass grafting
692:, promotes a diet of about 64%
472:
8637:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
7221:Science Translational Medicine
6639:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737984
5774:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5
2575:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
2413:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
2373:
2223:
2131:
1843:human genetic variant of this
1214:and nutrients. If this is the
1124:just large enough to hold the
1067:Severe atherosclerosis of the
838:occurs without any narrowing.
1:
8449:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
8303:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
7977:
7835:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799
7682:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306361
6993:Current Opinion in Lipidology
6433:10.1016/S0368-1319(69)80020-7
5358:European Journal of Nutrition
5103:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306247
4398:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.058
4345:10.1016/S0232-1513(11)80281-1
3883:10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00036-7
3561:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315644
2719:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30117-0
2548:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00012-1
2152:
1999:
1835:An indication of the role of
1482:
1242:
1230:Accelerated growth of plaques
942:induction of factors such as
923:, involving enzymes (such as
702:American Diabetes Association
514:
8754:Chronic venous insufficiency
8379:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
7387:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.050
7233:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6100
7005:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283534c9f
6687:10.1016/j.precon.2005.02.010
6372:"The top 10 causes of death"
6339:10.1371/journal.pone.0149394
6280:10.1371/journal.pone.0113242
5964:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0683
5490:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024
4479:Food and Drug Administration
4143:Postgraduate Medical Journal
4031:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001430
3980:10.1371/journal.pone.0127014
3606:10.1016/0021-9150(85)90126-1
3402:10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.006
3081:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_51
3046:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.003
2933:10.1016/0021-9150(79)90117-5
2759:Topol EJ, Califf RM (2007).
2101:Vascular smooth muscle cells
2096:Vascular smooth muscle cells
2040:that is employed in several
1817:
1740:
1656:There is evidence that some
1632:, surgery may be indicated.
1574:coronary artery bypass graft
1551:
1336:
324:coronary artery bypass graft
208:is a pattern of the disease
7:
8769:Inferior vena cava syndrome
8764:Superior vena cava syndrome
8491:Vertebral artery dissection
8481:Intracranial berry aneurysm
4977:10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
4727:10.1056/NEJM198705283162204
1891:polyunsaturated fatty acids
1825:
1768: 'artery' and
1716:fatty streaks beginning in
1529:
1368:Areas of severe narrowing,
1255:("lump of gruel", from
845:
461:of U.S. soldiers killed in
457:Case studies have included
245:abnormal cholesterol levels
10:
8991:
8870:Hypertensive heart disease
8521:Arteriovenous malformation
8496:Familial aortic dissection
7921:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
7783:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312434
7579:10.1038/s41467-017-00900-1
7510:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
7052:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.004
6714:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
6063:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.071
5865:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
5597:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047
5017:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179739
4126:(3): 656. 1 February 2004.
3451:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.029
3163:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306964
2669:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
2587:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.009
2425:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.009
2359:. CRC Press. p. 171.
2054:DNA damage theory of aging
1676:Excessive citations inline
1615:
1591:
1376:, and to a lesser extent "
905:may appear and disappear.
698:American Heart Association
679:
476:
25:
18:
8925:
8895:Renovascular hypertension
8860:
8851:
8838:Hepatic artery thrombosis
8786:
8746:
8701:
8605:
8587:
8578:
8546:
8506:
8486:Carotid artery dissection
8439:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
8411:
8371:
8348:
8289:Intermittent claudication
8259:
8252:Peripheral artery disease
8250:
8220:
8202:
8106:
8013:
7933:10.1038/s41569-019-0227-9
7522:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.169
7294:10.1016/j.tcm.2013.06.005
5668:10.1007/s40119-018-0123-0
5450:American Family Physician
5370:10.1007/s00394-012-0418-1
5325:10.1007/s13668-014-0076-4
5313:Current Nutrition Reports
5278:10.1007/s11883-009-0072-0
5087:"Imaging Atherosclerosis"
5053:10.1007/s11883-009-0030-x
4386:Physiology & Behavior
4120:American Family Physician
3213:10.3389/fphar.2021.787541
3200:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2706:The Lancet. Global Health
2487:10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.021
1830:
1806: 'gruel'). The term
1630:peripheral artery disease
1562:blood pressure medication
1226:(heart attack) develops.
696:from total calories. The
316:blood pressure medication
234:peripheral artery disease
195:
186:blood pressure medication
175:
164:
131:
123:
115:
106:peripheral artery disease
91:
81:
65:
60:
51:
43:
38:
28:Atherosclerosis (journal)
8880:Hypertensive nephropathy
8693:Post-thrombotic syndrome
8674:Paget–Schroetter disease
8466:Coronary artery aneurysm
8444:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
7990:templates for discussion
7479:10.1253/circj.CJ-13-1194
7132:Iwakiri Y (March 2012).
6480:10.1080/pdp.21.2.213.237
6183:The Journal of Nutrition
5157:10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1355
4900:10.1038/npre.2009.2988.2
4814:Human Biology and Health
4788:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv653
4503:The Journal of Nutrition
4252:The Journal of Nutrition
2124:
1904:
1837:high-density lipoprotein
1753:, and atherosclerosis.
1651:
1461:intravascular ultrasound
1222:(cardiac chest pain) or
1141:electron beam tomography
1018:high-density lipoprotein
993:Calcification and lipids
367:cardiovascular disorders
199:≈100% (>65 years old)
119:Youth (worsens with age)
19:Not to be confused with
8935:Orthostatic hypotension
8917:White coat hypertension
8394:Fibromuscular dysplasia
8358:Carotid artery stenosis
7872:Cardiovascular Research
6396:Robbins Basic Pathology
6155:10.1161/01.ATV.20.2.317
4751:. www.pathologyatlas.ro
4225:10.1161/01.atv.16.4.533
3633:Cardiovascular Research
3308:10.1023/A:1006841011201
3263:10.1161/01.ATV.15.5.551
2973:10.1161/01.CIR.38.5.859
1691:protocatechuic aldehyde
1681:considered for deletion
1634:Vascular bypass surgery
1494:
1457:intimal media thickness
1014:low-density lipoprotein
909:Low-density lipoprotein
806:of the artery lumen in
501:low-density lipoprotein
390:coronary artery disease
249:inflammatory biomarkers
226:coronary artery disease
98:Coronary artery disease
8907:Pulmonary hypertension
8890:Secondary hypertension
8885:Essential hypertension
8875:Hypertensive emergency
8716:Portacaval anastomosis
8652:Portal vein thrombosis
8294:Critical limb ischemia
8195:Cardiovascular disease
7970:Quotations related to
6850:10.1002/mnfr.200500055
6733:HCUP Statistical Brief
6196:10.1093/jn/134.11.3100
5656:Cardiology and Therapy
4775:European Heart Journal
4571:(6 Suppl): III117–23.
4516:10.1093/jn/132.11.3256
4333:Experimental Pathology
4265:10.1093/jn/130.12.3028
3797:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1175
2118:mesenchymal stem cells
2086:trimethylamine N-oxide
2022:vascular smooth muscle
1578:carotid endarterectomy
1505:cardiovascular disease
1424:
1382:cardiovascular disease
1365:
1349:
1160:
1076:
1002:vascular smooth muscle
917:cardiovascular disease
874:
802:, begin to attack the
492:
441:chronic kidney disease
328:carotid endarterectomy
8912:Systolic hypertension
8657:Renal vein thrombosis
8516:Arteriovenous fistula
8508:Vascular malformation
8476:Intracranial aneurysm
8363:Renal artery stenosis
7559:Nature Communications
7151:10.4161/cc.11.6.19744
6773:10.1056/NEJMoa0706628
5557:10.3949/ccjm.70.5.431
4474:"Dietary Supplements"
3922:10.1001/jama.2008.867
3723:10.1056/NEJMra1011670
1687:3-hydroxybenzaldehyde
1435:and abnormalities in
1422:
1355:
1344:
1224:myocardial infarction
1204:system of coagulation
1169:myocardial infarction
1158:
1066:
853:
629:Systemic inflammation
589:Genetic abnormalities
490:
247:, elevated levels of
26:For the journal, see
8826:Paradoxical embolism
8821:Cholesterol embolism
8647:May–Thurner syndrome
8642:Budd–Chiari syndrome
8625:Deep vein thrombosis
8620:primarily lower limb
8399:Raynaud's phenomenon
7823:Circulation Research
7670:Circulation Research
7337:10.3390/ijms17050748
6013:10.1503/cmaj.1050120
5091:Circulation Research
3549:Circulation Research
2105:extracellular matrix
1969:ATP binding cassette
1779: 'hardening');
1712:fatty streaks, with
1389:extracellular matrix
1286:extracellular matrix
1151:Rupture and stenosis
931:in the endothelium.
788:atheromatous plaques
718:Nurses' Health Study
561:Bacterial infections
521:Western pattern diet
452:sudden cardiac death
297:exercise stress test
222:atheromatous plaques
8902:Benign hypertension
7571:2017NatCo...8..845J
7466:Circulation Journal
6330:2016PLoSO..1149394K
6271:2014PLoSO...9k3242K
5545:Cleve. Clin. J. Med
4861:on 24 February 2015
4684:2013NatMa..12..476M
4193:on 26 December 2007
3971:2015PLoSO..1027014P
2851:1993Natur.362..801R
2012:in vascular aging.
1934:glucose homeostatis
1895:essential nutrients
1793:atheromatous plaque
1706:developed countries
1290:smooth muscle cells
1171:or "heart attack".
1137:computed tomography
962:and resulting high
726:polyunsaturated fat
674:Periodontal disease
649:Sedentary lifestyle
601:Lesser or uncertain
433:Peripheral arteries
353:Atherosclerosis is
343:developed countries
287:. The narrowing of
275:is made up of fat,
253:high blood pressure
138:High blood pressure
8816:Pulmonary embolism
8726:Esophageal varices
8664:upper limb / torso
8308:Arteriolosclerosis
8107:External resources
7884:10.1093/cvr/cvy010
7731:10.1038/nmeth.2332
6569:NutritionFacts.org
6104:10.3390/nu12102909
4482:. 4 February 2020.
4302:10.1007/BF02536616
3646:10.1093/cvr/cvp066
2632:Genes and Disease
1883:lipid peroxidation
1787:(small arteries);
1781:arteriolosclerosis
1751:arteriolosclerosis
1512:Mediterranean diet
1425:
1366:
1350:
1161:
1077:
875:
871:Masson's trichrome
861:that supplies the
531:Insulin resistance
493:
349:Signs and symptoms
8965:Vascular diseases
8947:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8787:Arteries or veins
8782:
8781:
8607:Venous thrombosis
8574:
8573:
8556:Cherry hemangioma
8456:Aortic dissection
8407:
8406:
8242:Buerger's disease
8161:
8160:
7829:(12): 1313–1323.
7633:10.1111/bph.14779
7627:(19): 3741–3753.
6633:(sup1): 51S–54S.
6529:(12): 1090–1093.
6404:978-1-4160-2973-1
6189:(11): 3100–3105.
5875:20.500.12749/1738
5858:(24): e285–e350.
5817:(14): 1121–1123.
5526:978-0-7817-9989-8
5417:10.1136/bmj.g4490
4882:Nature Precedings
4855:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
4825:978-0-13-981176-0
4539:"Atherosclerosis"
4509:(11): 3256–3262.
4497:(November 2002).
4371:medicalxpress.com
4149:(1098): 215–220.
4078:(15): 1804–1809.
3765:978-0-309-08525-0
3090:978-0-387-78665-0
2903:"Atherosclerosis"
2799:978-1-84628-810-4
2772:978-0-7817-7012-5
2663:(25): 2982–3021.
2628:"Atherosclerosis"
2605:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2581:(12): 1781–1794.
2448:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2419:(12): 1781–1794.
2366:978-1-84214-544-9
2329:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2294:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2263:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2209:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2180:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2046:coronary arteries
2030:endothelial cells
1959:and intron 17 of
1930:insulin signaling
1520:cholesterol level
1489:smoking cessation
1327:vulnerable plaque
1202:and activate the
1090:cholesterol ester
654:Arsenic poisoning
639:Sleep deprivation
526:Abdominal obesity
497:endothelial cells
394:cerebral arteries
382:coronary arteries
293:electrocardiogram
263:(both active and
203:
202:
33:Medical condition
8982:
8858:
8857:
8669:Mondor's disease
8612:Thrombophlebitis
8585:
8584:
8261:Arteriosclerosis
8257:
8256:
8218:
8217:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8165:
8164:
8011:
8010:
7969:
7953:
7952:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7846:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7794:
7762:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7644:
7612:
7601:
7600:
7590:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7501:
7492:
7491:
7481:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7440:
7416:
7407:
7406:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7349:
7339:
7315:
7306:
7305:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7265:Science News.org
7257:Lay summary in:
7254:
7244:
7227:(333): 333ra50.
7211:
7205:
7204:
7194:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7101:10.1172/JCI57275
7080:
7074:
7073:
7063:
7031:
7025:
7024:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6844:(11): 999–1013.
6833:
6827:
6826:
6816:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6689:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6412:
6406:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6282:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6157:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6116:
6106:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6024:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5867:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5687:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5484:(9): 841–51.e2.
5472:
5466:
5465:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5307:Rice BH (2014).
5304:
5298:
5297:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5150:(5): 1355–1374.
5131:
5125:
5124:
5114:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5019:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4893:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4817:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4692:10.1038/nmat3663
4672:Nature Materials
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4189:. Archived from
4183:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4087:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3982:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3462:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3373:. 24 March 2022.
3367:
3328:
3327:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3002:. Archived from
2995:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2859:10.1038/362801a0
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2721:
2712:(5): e721–e729.
2697:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2146:
2135:
1980:or converted to
1926:lipid metabolism
1755:Arteriosclerosis
1747:arteriosclerosis
1684:
1640:with or without
1602:high cholesterol
1545:antihypertensive
1372:, detectable by
1198:; they activate
1145:Hounsfield scale
1059:Visible features
883:white blood cell
634:Hyperinsulinemia
426:Carotid arteries
400:Marked narrowing
299:, among others.
279:, immune cells,
238:kidney disorders
210:arteriosclerosis
56:
36:
35:
21:Arteriosclerosis
8990:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8979:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8939:
8921:
8847:
8804:Microangiopathy
8799:Macroangiopathy
8778:
8742:
8711:Gastric varices
8697:
8610:
8601:
8570:
8542:
8502:
8434:Aortic aneurysm
8420:
8403:
8389:Erythromelalgia
8367:
8344:
8269:Atherosclerosis
8246:
8210:
8198:
8192:
8162:
8157:
8156:
8143:Atherosclerosis
8102:
8101:
8022:
8004:Atherosclerosis
7995:Atherosclerosis
7993:
7972:Atherosclerosis
7962:
7957:
7956:
7927:(12): 727–744.
7913:
7909:
7864:
7860:
7815:
7808:
7763:
7756:
7711:
7707:
7662:
7658:
7613:
7604:
7551:
7547:
7516:(12): 699–700.
7502:
7495:
7458:
7454:
7417:
7410:
7367:
7363:
7316:
7309:
7278:
7274:
7258:
7212:
7208:
7171:
7167:
7130:
7126:
7081:
7077:
7040:Cell Metabolism
7032:
7028:
6989:
6985:
6958:Atherosclerosis
6954:
6947:
6920:Atherosclerosis
6916:
6912:
6877:Atherosclerosis
6869:
6865:
6834:
6830:
6793:
6789:
6766:(21): 2109–22.
6752:
6748:
6725:
6721:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6666:
6662:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6605:
6587:
6583:
6574:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6515:
6511:
6460:
6456:
6413:
6409:
6393:
6389:
6380:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6324:(3): e0149394.
6310:
6306:
6265:(11): e113242.
6251:
6247:
6238:
6236:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6175:
6171:
6134:
6130:
6083:
6079:
6042:
6038:
5993:
5989:
5952:JAMA Cardiology
5944:
5940:
5895:
5891:
5844:
5840:
5803:
5799:
5768:(1): CD004816.
5754:
5750:
5713:Atherosclerosis
5705:
5701:
5648:
5644:
5617:
5613:
5576:
5572:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5509:
5505:
5473:
5469:
5446:
5442:
5397:
5393:
5354:
5350:
5305:
5301:
5261:
5257:
5220:
5216:
5193:(16): 2068–71.
5177:
5173:
5132:
5128:
5083:
5076:
5037:
5033:
4996:
4992:
4961:
4957:
4940:
4936:
4919:
4915:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4826:
4808:
4804:
4781:(25): 1959–67.
4767:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4711:
4707:
4668:
4664:
4639:10.1038/nm.3258
4627:Nature Medicine
4618:
4614:
4591:
4584:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4495:Parthasarathy S
4491:
4487:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4428:
4424:
4382:
4378:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4329:
4325:
4296:(12): 1145–50.
4285:
4281:
4258:(12): 3028–33.
4244:
4240:
4209:
4205:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4135:
4131:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4064:
4060:
4024:(4): e1001430.
4010:
4006:
3965:(5): e0127014.
3951:
3947:
3916:(24): 2859–66.
3902:
3898:
3871:Atherosclerosis
3867:
3863:
3826:
3822:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3742:
3738:
3717:(18): 1746–60.
3707:
3703:
3666:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3594:Atherosclerosis
3590:
3586:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3488:
3484:
3431:
3427:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3331:
3302:(1–2): 149–59.
3292:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3192:
3188:
3157:(6): 1090–100.
3143:
3139:
3117:(12): 1090–93.
3107:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3065:
3061:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2952:
2948:
2921:Atherosclerosis
2917:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2845:(6423): 801–9.
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:Shor A (2008).
2784:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2698:
2694:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2567:
2563:
2536:Atherosclerosis
2532:
2528:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2351:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2237:. 27 April 2015
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2098:
2062:
2034:Werner syndrome
2002:
1907:
1899:transgenic mice
1881:Involvement of
1870:The actions of
1833:
1828:
1820:
1789:atherosclerosis
1743:
1699:
1669:
1660:, particularly
1654:
1628:in the case of
1618:
1594:
1554:
1532:
1497:
1485:
1477:nuclear imaging
1455:, carotid IMT (
1395:, will trigger
1339:
1311:thromboembolism
1245:
1236:amyloid plaques
1232:
1218:(heart muscle)
1153:
1061:
995:
981:in response to
940:redox signaling
848:
836:wall thickening
784:
782:Pathophysiology
722:monounsaturated
682:
603:
574:
556:Tobacco smoking
517:
485:
483:Lipoprotein (a)
475:
359:plaque ruptures
351:
265:passive smoking
206:Atherosclerosis
110:kidney problems
39:Atherosclerosis
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8988:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8931:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8855:
8853:Blood pressure
8849:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8713:
8707:
8705:
8703:Varicose veins
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8616:
8614:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8593:
8591:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8566:Spider angioma
8563:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8548:Vascular nevus
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8526:Telangiectasia
8523:
8518:
8512:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8468:
8463:
8461:Aortic rupture
8458:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8426:
8424:
8422:pseudoaneurysm
8409:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8333:Oxycholesterol
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8265:
8263:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8226:
8224:
8215:
8200:
8199:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8168:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8145:
8134:
8123:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8088:
8077:
8066:
8047:
8023:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:Classification
8008:
8007:
8001:
7975:
7961:
7960:External links
7958:
7955:
7954:
7907:
7878:(4): 590–600.
7858:
7806:
7777:(5): 876–887.
7754:
7725:(2): 171–177.
7719:Nature Methods
7705:
7676:(4): 692–702.
7656:
7602:
7545:
7493:
7452:
7408:
7361:
7307:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7206:
7165:
7124:
7095:(7): 2921–31.
7075:
7026:
6983:
6945:
6910:
6863:
6828:
6787:
6746:
6719:
6701:
6660:
6613:
6581:
6571:. 15 July 2014
6556:
6509:
6474:(2): 213–237.
6454:
6427:(3): 251–265.
6407:
6387:
6363:
6304:
6245:
6220:
6169:
6148:(2): 317–327.
6128:
6077:
6056:(8): 924–936.
6036:
5987:
5958:(7): 782–790.
5938:
5909:(8): e005562.
5889:
5838:
5797:
5748:
5699:
5642:
5631:(2): 260–267.
5611:
5590:(10): 1731–7.
5570:
5551:(5): 431–434.
5532:
5525:
5503:
5467:
5440:
5391:
5348:
5319:(2): 130–138.
5299:
5255:
5234:(9): 1216–27.
5214:
5171:
5126:
5097:(4): 750–769.
5074:
5031:
5010:(7): 1282–92.
4990:
4955:
4934:
4913:
4872:
4839:
4824:
4802:
4761:
4740:
4721:(22): 1371–5.
4705:
4678:(6): 476–478.
4662:
4633:(9): 1166–72.
4612:
4582:
4555:
4530:
4485:
4465:
4438:(2): 157–163.
4422:
4376:
4358:
4323:
4279:
4238:
4203:
4178:
4129:
4107:
4058:
4004:
3945:
3896:
3861:
3820:
3791:(5): 1175–84.
3771:
3764:
3756:10.17226/10490
3736:
3701:
3660:
3639:(3): 392–403.
3619:
3600:(3): 333–342.
3584:
3555:(3): 298–314.
3535:
3523:
3482:
3445:(3): 270–279.
3425:
3376:
3329:
3286:
3237:
3186:
3137:
3101:
3089:
3059:
3017:
2987:
2946:
2927:(2): 201–205.
2908:
2889:
2880:
2829:
2805:
2798:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2692:
2643:
2618:
2607:. 22 June 2016
2592:
2561:
2542:(2): 203–214.
2526:
2461:
2450:. 22 June 2016
2430:
2396:
2372:
2365:
2342:
2331:. 22 June 2016
2307:
2296:. 22 June 2016
2276:
2265:. 22 June 2016
2247:
2222:
2211:. 22 June 2016
2193:
2182:. 22 June 2016
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2114:myofibroblasts
2097:
2094:
2070:microorganisms
2061:
2060:Microorganisms
2058:
2001:
1998:
1906:
1903:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1742:
1739:
1698:
1695:
1658:anticoagulants
1653:
1650:
1617:
1614:
1593:
1590:
1553:
1550:
1531:
1528:
1524:blood pressure
1501:dairy products
1496:
1493:
1484:
1481:
1378:stress testing
1338:
1335:
1315:
1314:
1278:
1275:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1152:
1149:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1060:
1057:
1007:Rainer Liedtke
994:
991:
847:
844:
810:. The ensuing
808:cardiac muscle
783:
780:
716:of the second
710:Walter Willett
681:
678:
677:
676:
671:
669:Hypothyroidism
666:
664:Chronic stress
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
614:
609:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
593:Family history
591:
586:
581:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
516:
513:
474:
471:
437:renal arteries
350:
347:
335:cause of death
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
179:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8987:
8976:
8975:Inflammations
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8721:Caput medusae
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8384:Degos disease
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8196:
8189:
8184:
8182:
8177:
8175:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7813:
7811:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7498:
7489:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7431:(8): 927–32.
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7413:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7312:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7185:(8): 1821–7.
7184:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7144:(6): 1057–8.
7143:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6964:(2): 314–23.
6963:
6959:
6952:
6950:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6710:"Atherogenic"
6705:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:(2): 307–13.
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5537:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:(3): 188–95.
5046:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:(2): 115–26.
4970:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4750:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:PLOS Medicine
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3840:(1): 136–40.
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3680:(8): 821–30.
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3502:(4): 461–91.
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:(5): 339–50.
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:(5): 551–61.
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3006:on 2014-02-03
3005:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2966:(5): 859–69.
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:10044/1/78967
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:, changes in
2075:
2074:immune system
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:RecQ helicase
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:chromosome 22
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:Apo-A1 Milano
1846:
1842:
1841:Apo-A1 Milano
1838:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:Ancient Greek
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1548:obstruction.
1546:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:of the artery
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:tissue factor
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:proteoglycans
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:smooth muscle
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:Calcification
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:smooth muscle
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
929:free radicals
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
903:Fatty streaks
900:
899:blood glucose
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:tunica intima
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
779:
776:
770:
768:
764:
763:Fred Kummerow
760:
755:
753:
752:hydroperoxide
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:carbohydrates
691:
687:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Air pollution
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:triglycerides
621:
619:
618:carbohydrates
615:
613:
612:Saturated fat
610:
608:
607:Thrombophilia
605:
604:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
572:Nonmodifiable
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
512:
509:
504:
502:
498:
489:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
386:Fatty streaks
384:of children.
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:
93:Complications
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
8862:Hypertension
8774:Venous ulcer
8680:
8663:
8631:
8619:
8589:Inflammation
8470:
8429:
8318:Hyperplastic
8279:Fatty streak
8268:
8222:Inflammation
8147:
8136:
8125:
8114:
8090:
8079:
8068:
8049:
8026:
7983:
7974:at Wikiquote
7924:
7920:
7910:
7875:
7871:
7861:
7826:
7822:
7774:
7770:
7722:
7718:
7708:
7673:
7669:
7659:
7624:
7620:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7513:
7509:
7472:(1): 42–50.
7469:
7465:
7455:
7428:
7424:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7327:
7323:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7264:
7224:
7220:
7209:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7046:(3): 241–7.
7043:
7039:
7029:
6999:(3): 220–5.
6996:
6992:
6986:
6961:
6957:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6880:
6876:
6866:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6807:(1): 18–28.
6804:
6800:
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6732:
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6674:Global Heart
6673:
6663:
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6626:
6616:
6606:, retrieved
6594:
6584:
6573:. Retrieved
6568:
6559:
6526:
6522:
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6471:
6467:
6457:
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6375:
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6223:
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6094:
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4881:
4875:
4863:. Retrieved
4859:the original
4854:
4813:
4805:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4753:. Retrieved
4743:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4630:
4626:
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4594:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:
4533:
4506:
4502:
4488:
4477:
4468:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4417:
4392:(5): 691–7.
4389:
4385:
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4339:(1): 19–33.
4336:
4332:
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4289:
4282:
4255:
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4219:(4): 533–8.
4216:
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4191:the original
4181:
4146:
4142:
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4119:
4110:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4053:
4021:
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3913:
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3877:(2): 313–8.
3874:
3870:
3864:
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3710:
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3548:
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3526:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3393:
3390:Arch Med Res
3389:
3379:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3094:, retrieved
3072:
3062:
3040:(1): 80–91.
3037:
3033:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
3004:the original
2963:
2959:
2949:
2924:
2920:
2883:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2821:. Retrieved
2818:ScienceDaily
2817:
2808:
2788:
2781:
2761:
2754:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2636:, retrieved
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2447:
2416:
2412:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2355:
2333:. Retrieved
2328:
2298:. Retrieved
2293:
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2208:
2184:. Retrieved
2179:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2099:
2082:gut bacteria
2063:
2003:
1994:cyclodextrin
1991:
1946:
1938:myeloid cell
1908:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1834:
1821:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1754:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1703:
1700:
1697:Epidemiology
1674:
1655:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1555:
1533:
1516:low-fat diet
1509:
1498:
1486:
1473:homocysteine
1450:
1442:
1437:stress tests
1426:
1410:heart attack
1386:
1367:
1316:
1263:
1260:
1246:
1233:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1162:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1114:eosinophilic
1078:
1055:is created.
1045:
1022:
1011:
1000:forms among
996:
987:nitric oxide
975:tunica media
968:
933:
907:
876:
824:tunica media
812:inflammation
785:
771:
756:
749:phospholipid
734:
690:food pyramid
683:
584:Advanced age
546:Hypertension
541:Dyslipidemia
508:muscle cells
505:
494:
473:Risk factors
463:World War II
456:
448:heart attack
445:
431:
424:
412:palpitations
398:
379:
375:heart attack
355:asymptomatic
352:
332:
304:healthy diet
301:
242:
216:in walls of
205:
204:
169:Healthy diet
133:Risk factors
8927:Hypotension
8471:head / neck
8323:Cholesterol
8213:capillaries
8116:MedlinePlus
7978:‹ The
7425:Circulation
7381:: 116–128.
7288:(2): 61–8.
6883:: 100–107.
6376:www.who.int
6229:"Vitamin K"
5811:Circulation
5662:(1): 5–20.
5364:(1): 1–24.
5272:(1): 20–8.
5228:Circulation
5186:Circulation
5144:Circulation
4565:Circulation
4072:Circulation
3834:Circulation
3674:Circulation
2960:Circulation
2496:10069/35888
2481:: 320–329.
2385:Mayo Clinic
2110:macrophages
2026:macrophages
1992:The sugar,
1872:macrophages
1865:torcetrapib
1808:atherogenic
1718:adolescence
1638:angioplasty
1626:tissue loss
1445:angiography
1374:angiography
1358:hematoxylin
1298:fibrous cap
952:macrophages
913:endothelium
895:endothelial
891:macrophages
887:endothelium
881:(a type of
820:endothelium
804:endothelium
745:antioxidant
737:rancid fats
578:South Asian
479:Lipoprotein
416:arrhythmias
308:cholesterol
277:cholesterol
156:), chronic
116:Usual onset
44:Other names
8954:Categories
8843:Vasculitis
8833:Thrombosis
8794:Angiopathy
8738:Varicocele
8731:Hemorrhoid
8561:Halo nevus
8417:dissection
8208:arterioles
8138:Patient UK
8081:DiseasesDB
7565:(1): 845.
7330:(5): 748.
7138:Cell Cycle
6608:2022-12-08
6575:2022-12-08
6381:2020-01-26
6239:2010-03-25
6206:1765/10366
4949:1505.01289
4928:1503.07163
4755:2010-03-25
4197:2007-11-25
3206:: 787541.
3096:2023-11-10
3010:2014-01-31
2823:2023-11-21
2638:2023-11-21
2611:6 November
2454:6 November
2390:2021-05-06
2335:6 November
2300:6 November
2269:5 November
2241:2022-02-06
2215:6 November
2186:5 November
2153:References
2078:metabolism
2068:– all the
2066:microbiota
2010:DNA damage
2000:DNA damage
1982:bile acids
1955:) gene on
1887:deuterated
1795:(from
1785:arterioles
1725:Korean War
1624:, such as
1483:Prevention
1331:infarction
1294:foam cells
1243:Components
1216:myocardium
1025:foam cells
956:foam cells
855:Micrograph
794:, such as
792:leukocytes
767:oxysterols
730:trans fats
616:Excessive
515:Modifiable
477:See also:
467:Korean War
339:disability
177:Medication
165:Prevention
160:deficiency
72:Cardiology
8597:Phlebitis
8338:Trans fat
8274:Foam cell
8230:Arteritis
8197:(vessels)
8152:Q12252367
8127:eMedicine
8092:SNOMED CT
7949:195657448
6926:: 79–82.
6696:2211-8179
6647:0731-5724
6543:0002-9955
6504:218896145
6488:1522-7952
6441:0368-1319
6091:Nutrients
5676:2193-8261
5411:: g4490.
4891:0904.0575
4607:NBK343489
2746:218474949
2505:0303-7207
2121:targets.
1910:MicroRNAs
1818:Economics
1775:sklerosis
1771:σκλήρωσις
1766:(artēria)
1741:Etymology
1679:is being
1666:Vitamin K
1552:Treatment
1535:example,
1337:Diagnosis
1200:platelets
1165:ulcerates
1122:aneurysms
1092:content,
1075:specimen.
1029:platelets
983:cytokines
977:into the
936:platelets
879:monocytes
800:basophils
796:monocytes
688:, in its
622:Elevated
551:Trans fat
459:autopsies
196:Frequency
158:Vitamin C
154:trans fat
76:angiology
67:Specialty
8811:Embolism
8413:Aneurysm
8350:Stenosis
8284:Atheroma
8235:Aortitis
8204:Arteries
8097:38716007
7980:template
7941:31243391
7902:29514202
7853:27682618
7801:30786740
7749:23314172
7700:26892967
7651:31254285
7597:29018189
7540:29099096
7488:24334614
7447:12186795
7395:28347738
7356:27213333
7302:23953979
7251:27053774
7201:16728652
7160:22395363
7119:21646721
7070:21356514
7021:23814795
7013:22488426
6978:22307089
6940:28756876
6905:21408028
6897:28655430
6858:16270286
6823:15514204
6782:17984165
6741:24455786
6680:(1): 3.
6603:27809437
6595:Endotext
6551:13052433
6496:11942537
6358:27002821
6318:PLOS ONE
6299:25411835
6259:PLOS ONE
6233:Archived
6215:15514282
6164:10669626
6123:32977548
6072:28231944
6031:16275976
5982:33881448
5933:31416347
5884:30423393
5833:32250694
5792:23440795
5743:19800624
5694:30543029
5637:21681161
5606:15145091
5565:12785316
5498:21854893
5462:19378874
5435:25073782
5378:22810464
5343:24818071
5294:37833889
5286:20425267
5250:18316498
5209:12719286
5136:Fuster V
5121:26892971
5069:41219190
5061:19361350
5026:20554950
4834:32308337
4797:26705388
4700:23695741
4657:23933982
4603:26844337
4595:Endotext
4525:12421837
4460:21085461
4452:12589185
4414:33916150
4406:16249011
4274:11110863
4173:27899684
4094:11956123
4050:23637576
3999:25970426
3959:PLOS ONE
3940:19109114
3856:12093783
3815:15531663
3731:21542745
3696:20697022
3655:19228706
3579:31818196
3518:24434254
3477:73469601
3469:30825949
3420:26004263
3324:12222110
3232:35002720
3181:27127201
3131:13052433
3054:19751827
2738:32353319
2687:33309175
2556:12921971
2521:10454566
2513:26007326
1826:Research
1812:atheroma
1804:(athḗra)
1714:coronary
1672:template
1662:warfarin
1642:stenting
1622:ischemia
1530:Exercise
1429:stenosis
1406:necrosis
1397:thrombus
1393:collagen
1370:stenosis
1346:CT image
1323:ischemia
1319:stenosis
1306:thrombus
1302:collagen
1264:(athera)
1253:atheroma
1208:thrombus
1192:collagen
1176:stenosis
1126:atheroma
1102:collagen
1053:aneurysm
1049:stenosis
1037:collagen
960:vesicles
846:Cellular
840:Stenosis
828:collagen
822:and the
704:and the
566:HIV/AIDS
536:Diabetes
465:and the
420:ischemia
369:such as
310:such as
289:arteries
257:diabetes
218:arteries
142:diabetes
83:Symptoms
8632:abdomen
8313:Hyaline
8148:Scholia
8132:med/182
8075:D050197
7982:below (
7893:5852633
7844:5149073
7792:6482082
7740:3560316
7691:4762053
7642:6780045
7588:5635030
7567:Bibcode
7531:5815826
7403:1034518
7347:4881569
7242:4878149
7110:3223840
7061:3062104
6655:1619200
6449:5346899
6349:4803227
6326:Bibcode
6290:4239058
6267:Bibcode
6114:7598164
6022:1277053
5973:8060887
5924:6903404
5783:6481400
5734:2962413
5685:6525235
5426:4115152
5386:1360916
5334:4006120
5166:7648691
5112:4756468
4985:9887164
4908:2179468
4735:3574413
4680:Bibcode
4648:3769444
4577:1424045
4353:2279534
4318:3960289
4310:8614305
4233:8624775
4164:5520251
4041:3637008
3990:4430520
3967:Bibcode
3931:2661105
3891:9690914
3806:1270002
3614:3994786
3570:7006722
3509:3868060
3460:9532012
3411:4524506
3316:9823020
3281:7749869
3272:2924812
3223:8727904
3172:4882253
2982:5697685
2875:4282916
2867:8479518
2847:Bibcode
2678:7755038
2090:enzymes
2024:cells,
1764:ἀρτηρία
1616:Surgery
1609:Statins
1598:statins
1592:Statins
1566:aspirin
1558:statins
1541:aspirin
1537:statins
1282:lesions
1266: '
1106:elastin
1073:Autopsy
1009:2008).
925:Lp-LpA2
867:luminal
832:elastin
775:omega-3
700:, the
680:Dietary
659:Alcohol
580:descent
312:statins
281:calcium
269:obesity
261:smoking
214:lesions
190:aspirin
182:Statins
150:obesity
146:smoking
8121:000171
7999:Curlie
7985:Curlie
7947:
7939:
7900:
7890:
7851:
7841:
7799:
7789:
7747:
7737:
7698:
7688:
7649:
7639:
7595:
7585:
7538:
7528:
7486:
7445:
7401:
7393:
7354:
7344:
7300:
7249:
7239:
7199:
7158:
7117:
7107:
7068:
7058:
7019:
7011:
6976:
6938:
6903:
6895:
6856:
6821:
6780:
6739:
6694:
6653:
6645:
6601:
6549:
6541:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6447:
6439:
6402:
6356:
6346:
6297:
6287:
6213:
6162:
6121:
6111:
6070:
6029:
6019:
5980:
5970:
5931:
5921:
5882:
5831:
5790:
5780:
5741:
5731:
5692:
5682:
5674:
5635:
5604:
5563:
5523:
5496:
5460:
5433:
5423:
5384:
5376:
5341:
5331:
5292:
5284:
5248:
5207:
5164:
5119:
5109:
5067:
5059:
5024:
4983:
4906:
4865:2 July
4832:
4822:
4795:
4733:
4698:
4655:
4645:
4601:
4575:
4548:2 July
4523:
4458:
4450:
4412:
4404:
4351:
4316:
4308:
4290:Lipids
4272:
4231:
4171:
4161:
4102:535580
4100:
4092:
4048:
4038:
3997:
3987:
3938:
3928:
3889:
3854:
3813:
3803:
3762:
3729:
3694:
3653:
3612:
3577:
3567:
3516:
3506:
3475:
3467:
3457:
3418:
3408:
3322:
3314:
3279:
3269:
3230:
3220:
3179:
3169:
3129:
3087:
3052:
3015:(2011)
2980:
2941:475879
2939:
2873:
2865:
2839:Nature
2796:
2769:
2744:
2736:
2685:
2675:
2554:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2363:
2014:8-oxoG
1987:apoA-1
1965:3'UTRs
1961:SREBP1
1953:SREBP2
1949:intron
1942:miR-33
1922:miR-33
1918:5' UTR
1914:3' UTR
1831:Lipids
1710:aortic
1471:, and
1469:hs-CRP
1433:angina
1427:Lumen
1414:stroke
1402:oxygen
1364:stain)
1220:angina
1212:oxygen
1094:fibrin
1085:intima
1041:intima
979:intima
944:VCAM-1
927:) and
859:artery
857:of an
830:, and
408:nausea
404:angina
371:stroke
295:, and
273:Plaque
230:stroke
124:Causes
102:stroke
8747:Other
8580:Veins
8430:torso
8372:Other
8064:414.0
8041:I25.1
8037:I25.0
7945:S2CID
7399:S2CID
7017:S2CID
6901:S2CID
6500:S2CID
5382:S2CID
5290:S2CID
5065:S2CID
4944:arXiv
4923:arXiv
4904:S2CID
4886:arXiv
4456:S2CID
4410:S2CID
4314:S2CID
4098:S2CID
3473:S2CID
3320:S2CID
3030:(PDF)
2871:S2CID
2742:S2CID
2517:S2CID
2137:Also
2125:Notes
2084:, is
2050:aorta
2005:Aging
1973:ABCA1
1905:miRNA
1802:ἀθήρα
1799:
1761:
1759:Greek
1708:have
1670:‹The
1652:Other
1576:, or
1465:HbA1c
1362:eosin
1272:lumen
1268:gruel
1262:ἀθήρα
1259:
1257:Greek
1069:aorta
964:lipid
948:M-CSF
863:heart
363:clots
326:, or
285:blood
236:, or
8681:head
8211:and
8086:1039
8070:MeSH
8055:9-CM
7937:PMID
7898:PMID
7849:PMID
7797:PMID
7745:PMID
7696:PMID
7647:PMID
7593:PMID
7536:PMID
7484:PMID
7443:PMID
7391:PMID
7352:PMID
7298:PMID
7247:PMID
7197:PMID
7156:PMID
7115:PMID
7066:PMID
7009:PMID
6974:PMID
6936:PMID
6893:PMID
6854:PMID
6819:PMID
6778:PMID
6737:PMID
6692:ISSN
6651:PMID
6643:ISSN
6599:PMID
6547:PMID
6539:ISSN
6492:PMID
6484:ISSN
6445:PMID
6437:ISSN
6400:ISBN
6354:PMID
6295:PMID
6211:PMID
6160:PMID
6119:PMID
6068:PMID
6027:PMID
6001:CMAJ
5978:PMID
5929:PMID
5880:PMID
5829:PMID
5788:PMID
5739:PMID
5690:PMID
5672:ISSN
5633:PMID
5602:PMID
5561:PMID
5521:ISBN
5494:PMID
5458:PMID
5431:PMID
5374:PMID
5339:PMID
5282:PMID
5246:PMID
5205:PMID
5162:PMID
5117:PMID
5057:PMID
5022:PMID
4981:PMID
4867:2021
4830:OCLC
4820:ISBN
4793:PMID
4731:PMID
4696:PMID
4653:PMID
4599:PMID
4573:PMID
4550:2021
4521:PMID
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