Health psychology - Knowledge

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people deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness. Health psychologists work with many different health care professionals (e.g., physicians, dentists, nurses, physician's assistants, dietitians, social workers, pharmacists, physical and occupational therapists, and chaplains) to conduct research and provide clinical assessments and treatment services. Many health psychologists focus on prevention research and interventions designed to promote healthier lifestyles and try to find ways to encourage people to improve their health. For example, they may help people to lose weight or stop smoking. Health psychologists also use their skills to try to improve the healthcare system. For example, they may advise doctors about better ways to communicate with their patients. Health psychologists work in many different settings including the UK's

1417:(HPC) and have trained to a level to be eligible for full membership of the Division of Health Psychology within the BPS. Registered health psychologists who are chartered with the BPS will have undertaken a minimum of six years of training, with three of those years dedicated to health psychology training. Following the completion of a BPS-accredited undergraduate degree in Psychology, aspiring health psychologists must first complete a BPS-accredited masters in health psychology (Stage 1 training). Once the trainee has completed Stage 1 training, they can either choose to complete the BPS' independent Stage 2 training route or sign up to an accredited health psychology doctorate program at a UK university (DHealthPsy). Both training routes require trainees to demonstrate they meet the core competencies of: 976:, in 1977, APA added a division devoted to health psychology. At the first divisional conference, Matarazzo delivered a speech that played an important role in defining health psychology. He defined the new field in this way, "Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of diagnostic and etiologic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and the analysis and improvement of the healthcare system and health policy formation." Similar organizations were established in other countries, including Australia and Japan. 961:. While there were exceptions, he found that the psychological research of the time frequently regarded mental health and physical health as separate, and devoted very little attention to psychology's impact upon physical health. One of the few psychologists working in this area at the time, Schofield proposed new forms of education and training for future psychologists. The APA, responding to his proposal, in 1973 established a task force to consider how psychologists could (a) help people to manage their health-related behaviors, (b) help patients manage their physical health problems, and (c) train healthcare staff to work more effectively with patients. 1263:

research on this topic involves "doctor-centered" or "patient-centered" consultations. Doctor-centered consultations are generally directive, with the patient answering questions and playing less of a role in decision-making. Although this style is preferred by elderly people and others, many people dislike the sense of hierarchy or ignorance that it inspires. They prefer patient-centered consultations, which focus on the patient's needs, involve the doctor listening to the patient completely before making a decision, and involving the patient in the process of choosing treatment and finding a diagnosis.

969:, which began in the 1960s, showed that people who ate regular meals (e.g., breakfast), maintained a healthy weight, received adequate sleep, did not smoke, drank little alcohol, and exercised regularly were in better health and lived longer. In addition, psychologists and other scientists were discovering relationships between psychological processes and physiological ones. These discoveries include a better understanding of the impact of psychosocial stress on the cardiovascular and immune systems, and the early finding that the functioning of the immune system could be altered by learning. 1272:

medication is costly and wastes millions of usable medicines that could otherwise help other people. Estimated adherence rates are difficult to measure (see below); there is, however, evidence that adherence could be improved by tailoring treatment programs to individuals' daily lives. Additionally, traditional cognitive-behavioural therapies have been adapted for people with chronic illnesses and comorbid psychological distress to include modules that encourage, support and reinforce adherence to medical advice as part of the larger treatment approach.

32: 933:(OHP) emerged as a specialty with its own organizations. The authors noted that OHP owes some of that emergence to health psychology as well as other disciplines (e.g., i/o psychology, occupational medicine). Sanderson underlined examples in which OHP aligns with health psychology, including Adkins's research. Adkins documented the application of behavioral principles to improve working conditions, mitigate job stress, and improve worker health in a complex organization. 6054: 1198:. It is used as a mode of intervention due to the inconsistency and issues that may arise from pharmacological interventions. It ensures the use of evidence-based practices and helps in facilitating adherence to medication regimens that may be impacted by psychiatric symptoms, such as low motivation or depressive symptoms. When using psychotherapeutic strategies, clinicians can choose from three modes: individual, family/couples, and group psychotherapy. 79: 4156: 1384:: Research health psychologists carry out health psychology research, for example, exploring the psychological impact of receiving a diagnosis of dementia, or evaluating ways of providing psychological support for people with burn injuries. Research can also be in the area of health promotion, for example investigating the determinants of healthy eating or physical activity or understanding why people misuse substances. 6078: 6066: 1480: 621: 1095:

to promote health and prevent illness. They have also studied the association between illness and individual characteristics. For example, health psychology has found a relation between the personality characteristics of thrill seeking, impulsiveness, hostility/anger, emotional instability, and depression, on one hand, and high-risk driving, on the other.

1378:: An example of a health psychologist's role would be to provide health psychology input to a center for weight management. Psychological assessment of treatment, development and delivery of a tailored weight management program, and advising on approaches to improve adherence to health advice and medical treatment. 1131:

such as stopping smoking, reducing the amount of alcohol they consume, eating more healthily, and exercising regularly. Campaigns informed by health psychology have targeted tobacco use. Those least able to afford tobacco products consume them most. Tobacco provides individuals with a way of controlling aversive

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University of Auckland. Outside of clinical work in primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare settings, graduates may choose careers in research and health promotion in universities and private settings. Health psychologists are able to join the Institute of Health Psychology (IHP), an institute of the

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to encourage people to have early health checks for illnesses such as cancer and heart disease. Health psychologists are also finding ways to help people to avoid risky behaviors (e.g., engaging in unprotected sex) and encourage health-enhancing behaviors (e.g., regular tooth brushing or hand washing).

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Health psychologists conduct research to identify behaviors and experiences that promote health, give rise to illness, and influence the effectiveness of health care. They also recommend ways to improve health care policy. Health psychologists have worked on developing ways to reduce smoking in order

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The Health Psychology Section became a Special Group in 1993 and was awarded divisional status within the UK in 1997. The awarding of divisional status meant that the individual training needs and professional practice of health psychologists were recognized, and members were able to obtain chartered

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Health psychologists are registered by the New Zealand Psychologists Board within the psychologist scope of practice. The training pathway to becoming a registered health psychologist requires a Masters in Health Psychology and a two-year registration Postgraduate Diploma in Health Psychology at the

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Once qualified, health psychologists can work in a range of settings, for example the NHS, universities, schools, private healthcare, and research and charitable organizations. A health psychologist in training might be working within applied settings while working towards registration and chartered

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Health psychologists aid the process of communication between physicians and patients during medical consultations. There are many problems in this process, with patients showing a considerable lack of understanding of many medical terms, particularly anatomical terms (e.g., intestines). One area of

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Health psychologists can also be responsible for training other health professionals on how to deliver interventions to help promote healthy eating, stopping smoking, weight loss, etc. Health psychologists also train other health professionals in communication skills such as how to break bad news or

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Health psychologists investigate how disease affects individuals' psychological well-being. An individual who becomes seriously ill or injured faces many different practical stressors. These stressors include problems meeting medical and other bills, problems obtaining proper care when home from the

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Health psychologists help to promote health and well-being by preventing illness. Some illnesses can be more effectively treated if caught early. Health psychologists have worked to understand why some people do not seek early screenings or immunizations, and have used that knowledge to develop ways

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use, social support, living conditions, emotional state, social class, and more. Some health psychologists treat individuals with sleep problems, headaches, alcohol problems, etc. Other health psychologists work to empower community members by helping community members gain control over their health

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Health psychologists are registered by the Psychology Board of Australia. The standard pathway to becoming an endorsed health psychologists involves a minimum of six years training and a two-year registrar program. Health psychologists must also undertake continuing professional development (CPD)

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Healthcare professionals who treat individuals with mental health conditions prefer medications that provide energy and have fewer side effects. When prescribing psychiatric drugs, it is essential to consider individual needs, safety, and anti-doping policies. Psychologists patients prefer specific

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Health psychologists promote health through behavioral change, as mentioned above; however, they attempt to prevent illness in other ways as well. Health psychologists try to help people to lead a healthy life by developing and running programmes which can help people to make changes in their lives

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Critical health psychologists explore how health policy can influence inequities, inequalities and social injustice. These avenues of research expand the scope of health psychology beyond the level of individual health to an examination of the social and economic determinants of health both within

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Health psychology is also concerned with contextual factors, including economic, cultural, community, social, and lifestyle factors that influence health. Physical addiction impedes smoking cessation. Some research suggests that seductive advertising also contributes to psychological dependency on

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CoHP investigates community factors that contribute to the health and well-being of individuals who live in communities. CoHP also develops community-level interventions that are designed to combat disease and promote physical and mental health. The community often serves as the level of analysis,

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By understanding psychological factors that influence health, and constructively applying that knowledge, health psychologists can improve health by working directly with individual patients or indirectly in large-scale public health programs. In addition, health psychologists can help train other

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At present, there are limited opportunities for trainees to receive fully funded training. The NHS Education Scotland (NES) Stage 2 program funds several trainee health psychologists each year, providing trainees with fixed-term posts within NHS Boards across Scotland. In 2022, a pilot scheme was

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Like psychologists in the other main psychology disciplines, health psychologists have advanced knowledge of research methods. Health psychologists apply this knowledge to conduct research on a variety of questions. For example, health psychologists carry out research to answer questions such as:

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states accompanying daily experiences of stress that characterize the lives of deprived and vulnerable individuals. Practitioners emphasize education and effective communication as a part of illness prevention because many people do not recognize, or minimize, the risk of illness present in their

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who strive to understand how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health and illness are called health psychologists. Health psychologists use their knowledge of psychology and health to promote general well-being and understand physical illness. They are specially trained to help

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Health psychologists engage in research and practice aimed at getting people to follow medical advice and adhere to their treatment regimens. Patients often forget to take their pills or consciously opt not to take their prescribed medications because of side effects. Failing to take prescribed

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that there was a great need for a Health Psychology Section. In December 1986 the section was established at the BPS London Conference, with Marie Johnston as chair. Annual conferences began to be held and began to map out the areas of interest. At the Annual BPS Conference in 1993 a review of

1176:, which can then affect the course of the disease through changes in specific metabolites produced by certain intestinal microorganisms. This has significant implications, particularly in the context of depression, as it offers new insights into how to approach and treat the condition at hand. 877:

PHP is population-oriented. A major aim of PHP is to investigate potential causal links between psychosocial factors and health at the population level. Public health psychologists present research results to educators, policy makers, and health care providers in order to promote better public

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Health psychologists also aim at educating health professionals, including physicians and nurses, in communicating effectively with patients in ways that overcome barriers to understanding, remembering, and implementing effective strategies for reducing exposures to risk factors and making

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ClHP is the application of scientific knowledge, derived from the field of health psychology, to clinical questions that may arise across the spectrum of health care. ClHP is one of the specialty practice areas for clinical and health psychologists. It is also a major contributor to the

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There is also evidence from OHP that stress-reduction interventions at the workplace can be effective. For example, Kompier and his colleagues have shown that a number of interventions aimed at reducing stress in bus drivers has had beneficial effects for employees and bus companies.

753:, views health and illness as the product of a combination of factors including biological characteristics (e.g., genetic predisposition), behavioral factors (e.g., lifestyle, stress, health beliefs), and social conditions (e.g., cultural influences, family relationships, 768:(NHS), private practice, universities, communities, schools and organizations. While many health psychologists provide clinical services as part of their duties, others function in non-clinical roles, primarily involving teaching and research. Leading journals include 725:(OHP), have developed over time. The four divisions include clinical health psychology, public health psychology, community health psychology, and critical health psychology. Professional organizations for the field of health psychology include Division 38 of the 689:, cumulatively, can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example, certain behaviors can, over time, harm (smoking or consuming excessive amounts of alcohol) or enhance (engaging in exercise) health. Health psychologists take a 1136:

lives. Moreover, many individuals are often unable to apply their knowledge of health practices owing to everyday pressures and stresses. A common example of population-based attempts to motivate the smoking public to reduce its dependence on cigarettes is

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approach. In other words, health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes (e.g., a virus, tumor, etc.) but also of psychological (e.g., thoughts and beliefs), behavioral (e.g., habits), and social processes (e.g.,

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healthcare professionals (e.g., physicians and nurses) to apply the knowledge the discipline has generated, when treating patients. Health psychologists work in a variety of settings: alongside other medical professionals in hospitals and clinics, in

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hospital, obstacles to caring for dependents, the experience of having one's sense of self-reliance compromised, gaining a new, unwanted identity as that of a sick person, and so on. These stressors can lead to depression, reduced self-esteem, etc.

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tobacco, although other research has found no relationship between media exposure and smoking in youth. OHP research indicates that people in jobs that combine little decision latitude with a high psychological workload are at increased risk for

1390:: As an assistant/in training, a health psychologist will gain experience assessing patients, delivering psychological interventions to change health behaviors, and conducting research, whilst being supervised by a qualified health psychologist. 916:

for people of all races, genders, ages, and socioeconomic positions. A major concern is health inequalities. The critical health psychologist is an agent of change, not simply an analyst or cataloger. A leading organization in this area is the

1009:). Medical psychology, however, was a relatively small field, primarily aimed at helping patients adjust to illness. The BPS's reconsideration of the role of the Medical Section prompted the emergence of health psychology as a distinct field. 1404:

Universities began to develop doctoral-level training programs in health psychology. In the US, post-doctoral level health psychology training programs were established for individuals who completed a doctoral degree in clinical psychology.

1366:: A consultant health psychologist will take a lead for health psychology within public health, including managing tobacco control and smoking cessation services and providing professional leadership in the management of health trainers. 1372:: A principal health psychologist could, for example lead the health psychology service within one of the leading heart and lung hospitals, providing a clinical service to patients and advising all members of the multidisciplinary team. 996:

which began to organise regular conferences (e.g. Trier, 1988; Utrecht, 1989; Oxford, 1990; Lausanne, 1991; and Leipzig, 1992) and published proceedings from these meetings. This society also began to develop its own publications.

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Health psychology began to emerge as a distinct discipline of psychology in the United States in the 1970s. In the mid-20th century there was a growing understanding in medicine of the effect of behavior on health. For example, the

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and between regions and nations. The individualism of mainstream health psychology has been critiqued and deconstructed by critical health psychologists using qualitative methods that zero in on the health experience.

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Health psychologists can support people living with long-term conditions to improve or maintain quality of life, self-manage their conditions, and adjust to life with an illness, disability or long-term condition.

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The emergence of academic /professional bodies to promote research and practice in health psychology was followed by the publication of a series of textbooks which began to lay out the interests of the discipline.

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CrHP is concerned with the distribution of power and the impact of power differentials on health experience and behavior, health care systems, and health policy. CrHP prioritizes social justice and the universal

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status with the BPS. The BPS went on to regulate training and practice in health psychology until the regulation of professional standards and qualifications was taken over by statutory registration with the

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Rosenström T, Hintsanen M, Kivimäki M, Jokela M, Juonala M, Viikari JS, et al. (January 2011). "Change in job strain and progression of atherosclerosis: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study".

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Health psychology, like other areas of applied psychology, is both a theoretical and applied field. Health psychologists employ diverse research methods. These methods include controlled randomized

1022:"Current Trends in Health Psychology" was organized, and a definition of health psychology as "the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare" was proposed. 2921:

Hershey JC, Niederdeppe J, Evans WD, Nonnemaker J, Blahut S, Holden D, et al. (January 2005). "The theory of "truth": how counterindustry campaigns affect smoking behavior among teens".

894:. Some PHP interventions are targeted toward at-risk population groups (e.g., undereducated, single pregnant women who smoke) and not the population as a whole (e.g., all pregnant women). 1103:. Other research reveals a relation between unemployment and elevations in blood pressure. Epidemiologic research documents a relation between social class and cardiovascular disease. 3026:

Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Miller DS, Brown LL, Cross PA, et al. (August 1984). "Psychosocial status in chronic illness. A comparative analysis of six diagnostic groups".

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Whalen CK, Jamner LD, Henker B, Delfino RJ (March 2001). "Smoking and moods in adolescents with depressive and aggressive dispositions: evidence from surveys and electronic diaries".

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Recent advances in psychological, medical, and physiological research have led to a new way of thinking about health and illness. This conceptualization, which has been labeled the

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convened a meeting of researchers from Finland, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Spain, the UK and the Netherlands. Out of this meeting emerged the

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Berman BM, Singh BB, Lao L, Langenberg P, Li H, Hadhazy V, et al. (April 1999). "A randomized trial of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee".

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Health psychologists also aim to change health behaviors for the dual purpose of helping people stay healthy and helping patients adhere to disease treatment regimens (also see

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Dowsett SM, Saul JL, Butow PN, Dunn SM, Boyer MJ, Findlow R, et al. (2000). "Communication styles in the cancer consultation: preferences for a patient-centred approach".

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Ogden J, Bavalia K, Bull M, Frankum S, Goldie C, Gosslau M, et al. (October 2004). ""I want more time with my doctor": a quantitative study of time and the consultation".

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Murray M (March 2018). "The pre-history of health psychology in the United Kingdom: From natural science and psychoanalysis to social science, social cognition and beyond".

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Health psychology developed in different forms in different societies. Psychological factors in health had been studied since the early 20th century by disciplines such as

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Ferguson CJ, Meehan DC (January 2011). "With friends like these...: peer delinquency influences across age cohorts on smoking, alcohol and illegal substance use".

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Dusseldorp E, van Elderen T, Maes S, Meulman J, Kraaij V (September 1999). "A meta-analysis of psychoeduational programs for coronary heart disease patients".

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The health domain having become a target of research by social psychologists interested in testing theoretical models linking beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.

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Clark M, Hampson SE, Avery L, Simpson R (September 2004). "Effects of a tailored lifestyle self-management intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes".

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Pierce JP, Gilpin EA (November 1995). "A historical analysis of tobacco marketing and the uptake of smoking by youth in the United States: 1890-1977".

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departments working on large-scale behavior change and health promotion programs, and in universities and medical schools where they teach and conduct

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factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example, chronically occurring environmental

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Below are some examples of the types of positions held by health psychologists within applied settings such as the UK's NHS and private practice.

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The training of health professionals in communication skills, with the aim of improving patient satisfaction and adherence to medical treatment.

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is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how

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Torres-Carrillo N, Martínez-López E, Torres-Carrillo NM, López-Quintero A, Moreno-Ortiz JM, González-Mercado A, et al. (December 2023).

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Torres-Carrillo N, Martínez-López E, Torres-Carrillo NM, López-Quintero A, Moreno-Ortiz JM, González-Mercado A, et al. (December 2023).

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In the 1980s there was increasing interest in many European countries in researching psychological aspects of health and illness. In 1986,

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Kompier MA, Aust B, van den Berg AM, Siegrist J (January 2000). "Stress prevention in bus drivers: evaluation of 13 natural experiments".

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team to improve the quality of life of the patient by helping the patient recover at least some of his or her psychological well-being.

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teaching and training skills (including knowledge of designing, delivering, and evaluating large and small scale training program),

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produced by intestinal microorganisms can influence one's health. For instance, antidepressants can modify the composition of the

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Health psychology attempts to find treatments to reduce or eliminate pain, as well as understand pain anomalies such as episodic

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launched by Health Education England (HEE) to provide similar opportunities to aspiring health psychologists across England.

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Ilies R, Dimotakis N, Watson D (April 2010). "Mood, blood pressure, and heart rate at work: an experience-sampling study".

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An increased understanding of the interaction between psychological and physiological factors leading to the emergence of

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Adkins JA (April 1999). "Promoting organizational health: The evolving practice of occupational health psychology".

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Matarazzo JD (September 1980). "Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology".

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Lander DA, Graham-Pole JR (March 2008). "Love medicine for the dying and their caregivers: the body of evidence".

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Sharman SJ, Garry M, Jacobsen JA, Loftus EF, Ditto PH (March 2008). "False memories for end-of-life decisions".

6070: 5889: 5839: 5651: 5548: 5309: 5210: 5123: 4828: 4279: 2452: 1549: 1544: 1107: 930: 865:, and psychotherapy. In some countries, a clinical health psychologist, with additional training, can become a 722: 563: 391: 4886: 6109: 6082: 5722: 5493: 4858: 4741: 4043: 1413:

The term "health psychologist" is a protected title, with health psychologists required to register with the

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Psychologists have been working in medical settings for many years (in the UK sometimes the field was termed

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Health psychologists have identified a number of ways of measuring patients' adherence to medical regimens:

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The addition of behavioral science to medical school curricula, with courses often taught by psychologists.

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Coll G, Wenham MA, Wood DW, Patrick WK (October 1990). "Psychology doctoral training in work and health".

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research skills (including designing, conducting, and analyzing psychological research in numerous areas),

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Everly Jr GS (1986). "An introduction to occupational health psychology.". In Keller PA, Ritt LG (eds.).

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Pickren W, Degni S (2011). "A history of the development of health psychology.". In Friedman HS (ed.).

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Rogers RW (June 1983). "Preventive Health Psychology: An Interface of Social and Clinical Psychology".

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and potentially impact overall health and the development of diseases. It has been discovered that the

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Beirness DJ (1993). "Do we really drive as we live? The role of personality factors in road crashes".

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professional skills (including implementing ethical and legal standards, communication, and teamwork),

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Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods".

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Kasl SV, Cobb S (1970). "Blood pressure changes in men undergoing job loss: a preliminary report".

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Belar CD, McIntyre TM, Matarazzo JD (2003). "Health psychology". In Freedheim DK, Weiner I (eds.).

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Belloc NB, Breslow L (August 1972). "Relationship of physical health status and health practices".

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Quick JC (January 1999). "Occupational health psychology: Historical roots and future directions".

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has helped make progress in this area. Treatments for pain involve patient-administered analgesia,

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Marmot M, Theorell T (1988). "Social Class and Cardiovascular Disease: The Contribution of Work".

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for psychotic disorders. This emphasizes the importance of personalized prescribing individuals.

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The British Psychological Society. (2011). What is health psychology? A guide for the public.

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Safren SA, Gonzalez JS, Wexler DJ, Psaros C, Delahanty LM, Blashill AJ, et al. (2014).

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A number of relevant trends coincided with the emergence of health psychology, including:

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intervention skills (including delivery and evaluation of behavior change interventions).

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Bennett P (2015). "Clinical health psychology.". In Hall J, Pilgrim D, Turpin G (eds.).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Schofield W (June 1969). "The role of psychology in the delivery of health services".

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Johnston M (November 2018). "Stan Maes: the founder of European Health Psychology".

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Sterling P, Eyer J (February 1981). "Biological basis of stress-related mortality".

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Health psychology also concerns itself with bettering the lives of individuals with

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Study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare

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Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research

1717: 1584: 1227: 1188: 913: 820: 229: 3186:"The role of social networks in adult health: introduction to the special issue" 3161: 3148: 3039: 2864: 1920: 1442:

status. All qualified health psychologists must also engage in and record their

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Murray M (2014). "Social history of health psychology: context and textbooks".

2237: 2006: 1514: 1324: 1290:

Using "Trackcap" bottles, which track the number of times the bottle is opened.

1010: 754: 2934: 2899: 1752: 1693:. Vol. 5. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange. pp. 331–338. 1655: 6098: 6005: 5884: 5692: 5666: 5543: 5503: 5468: 5458: 5438: 5180: 5138: 5113: 5061: 5049: 5044: 4953: 4711: 4696: 4681: 4636: 4601: 4566: 4546: 4536: 4531: 4510: 4470: 4402: 4304: 4299: 3390: 3170: 3125: 3004: 2372: 2040: 1249:

support behavior change for the purpose of improving adherence to treatment.

1195: 891: 840: 824: 760: 707: 670: 536: 496: 416: 411: 3356:

10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200003/04)9:2<147::aid-pon443>3.0.co;2-x

2969: 1672:

Marks DF, Murray M, Estacio EV, Annunziato RA, Locke A, Treharne GJ (2024).

1076:, and the increase in funding for behavioral research the epidemic provoked. 6025: 5453: 5302: 5292: 5270: 5200: 5093: 5007: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4716: 4706: 4646: 4616: 4596: 4495: 4392: 4095: 3979: 3583: 3532: 3447: 3398: 3363: 3310: 3219: 3133: 3098: 3012: 2977: 2942: 2907: 2802: 2718: 2682: 2593: 2558: 2523: 2380: 2295: 2097:

Johnston M, Weinman J, Chater A (December 2011). "A healthy contribution".

2048: 1356: 1348: 1014: 929:

Pickren and Degni and Sanderson observed that in Europe and North America,

879: 812: 721:, four different divisions within health psychology and one related field, 521: 214: 3564: 3497: 3328: 3079: 3047: 2872: 2837: 2767: 2749: 2647: 2245: 2210: 2175: 2137: 2083: 1760: 1725: 6020: 5717: 5415: 5324: 5287: 4801: 4591: 4576: 4541: 4397: 4324: 4024: 1352: 1328: 1320: 1051:

Increasing numbers of interventions based on psychological theory (e.g.,

823:. Health psychologists study a broad range of health phenomena including 804: 436: 143: 1839: 5646: 5368: 4736: 4571: 4367: 4224: 4115: 3953: 3201: 1807: 1169: 1165: 903:

and is frequently sought as a partner in health-related interventions.

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Ader R, Cohen N (1975). "Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression".

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Johnson JV, Stewart W, Hall EM, Fredlund P, Theorell T (March 1996).

2710: 2075: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1132: 883: 699: 486: 3804:"American Psychological Association, Division 38: Health Psychology" 3702: 78: 5610: 5363: 4997: 4967: 4485: 4480: 4440: 1504: 1233:

How can we change people's health behavior to improve their health?

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health. PHP is allied to other public health disciplines including

711: 682: 674: 511: 506: 466: 1089: 957:

In 1969, William Schofield prepared a report for the APA entitled

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Johnson M, Weinman J, Chater A (2011). "A healthy Contribution".

1155: 949:, but these were primarily branches of medicine, not psychology. 832: 678: 4922: 2571: 5577: 4155: 2990: 1793: 3614:"Applied psychology professional training programmes | NHS Ed" 5739: 3922: 1388:

Health psychologist in training/assistant health psychologist

3601:

Health Psychology in applied settings: A guide for employers

1671: 717:

Although its early beginnings can be traced to the field of

5865:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

5671: 4500: 3803: 2308: 1965:

The Oxford handbook of the development of health psychology

526: 3411: 3025: 2731: 2536: 2334: 1605:

Johnston M (1994). "Current trends in Health Psychology".

861:. Clinical practice includes education, the techniques of 3889: 2885: 2156:

Social Science & Medicine. Part E: Medical Psychology

1980:

Health psychology: Understanding the mind-body connection

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The Role of Psychology in the Delivery of Health Services

19:"Health Psychology" redirects here. For the journal, see 3908: 3510: 3376: 2468:

Johnston M (1994). "Health psychology: Current trends".

1446:(CPD) for psychology each year throughout their career. 1266: 3874: 2955: 2396:

Clinical psychology in Britain: Historical perspectives

1825: 1427:

consultancy skills (including planning and evaluation),

3852: 3465:. London, England: Hodder & Stoughton Educational. 3146: 2442: 2263:. History of Psychology. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. 2258: 1631:(5th ed.). Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. 2096: 1703: 1201: 1042:

Epidemiological evidence linking behavior and health.

897: 3909:"European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology" 3341: 2780: 2423: 1475: 1468:, as a practitioner, academic or student affiliate. 906: 847: 3239:(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Archived from 1284:

Counting the number of pills in the medicine bottle

919:

International Society of Critical Health Psychology

844:and improve quality of life of entire communities. 3232: 3147:Stillman MA, Manocchio AM, Glick ID (2023-09-15). 2309:Schroder H, Reschke K, Johnston M, Maes S (1993). 1525:European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology 3111: 924: 872: 6096: 3226: 2149: 2147: 2022:"Doing Histor{y/ies} of Health Psycholog{y/ies}" 729:(APA), the Division of Health Psychology of the 3685:"Continuing professional development resources" 1691:Innovations in clinical practice: A source book 1090:Understanding behavioral and contextual factors 2850: 2660: 2447:. Chur/London: Harwood Academic. p. 358. 2313:. Regensburg: S. Roderer Verlag. p. 420. 1995:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1275: 1156:Illness, disabilities and long-term conditions 869:and, thereby, obtain prescription privileges. 4938: 3938: 3689:Continuing professional development resources 3183: 2486: 2144: 2115: 1237: 1194:A form of therapy shown in recent studies is 645: 3838:"Society for Occupational Health Psychology" 3504: 3405: 3370: 3335: 3177: 3105: 2984: 2949: 2914: 2879: 2774: 2689: 2654: 2625: 2565: 2530: 2495: 2352: 2153: 2013: 1962: 1622: 1620: 1338: 1323:(found to be effective in reducing pain for 3739:"Postgraduate Diploma in Health Psychology" 3599:The British Psychological Society. (2011). 3552:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3469: 3286: 3236:Health psychology. Theory-research-practice 3067:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3019: 2844: 2809: 2725: 2619: 2217: 2182: 2109: 2055: 2019: 1854:"American Board of Professional Psychology" 1675:Health Psychology. Theory-Research-Practice 5900:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4945: 4931: 3945: 3931: 1635: 1575:Society for Occupational Health Psychology 936: 652: 638: 5860:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5850:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 3573: 3563: 3437: 3318: 3276:"Psychology Board of Australia Home Page" 3209: 3160: 3088: 3078: 2993:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2783:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2757: 2699:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2445:Current Developments in Health Psychology 2443:Bennett P, Weinman J, Spurgeon P (1990). 2311:Health Psychology: Potential in Diversity 2223: 2188: 2061: 1977: 1937:Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 1773: 1688: 1644:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1617: 786:Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 739:American Board of Professional Psychology 3270: 3233:Marks DF, Murray ME, Estacio EV (2011). 2853:International Journal of Health Services 2815: 2606: 2467: 2273: 1604: 5905:Health departments in the United States 3595: 3593: 3475: 3460: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2393: 1667: 1665: 6097: 5910:Council on Education for Public Health 3775:"Institute of Health Psychology (IHP)" 2501: 2358: 1992: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1641: 1258:Improving doctor–patient communication 1223:How is stress linked to heart disease? 1210: 5968:Professional degrees of public health 5875:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 4926: 3926: 3292: 1738: 1626: 1351:for anxiety, melatonin for insomnia, 1267:Improving adherence to medical advice 1164:The use of medications can alter the 1125: 6065: 5958:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 3875:"European Health Psychology Society" 3590: 3379:British Journal of Health Psychology 3247: 2402: 1913:British Journal of Health Psychology 1907:British Journal of Health Psychology 1826:"European Health Psychology Society" 1782:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1662: 857:and the treatment-oriented field of 782:British Journal of Health Psychology 25: 6077: 5226:Workers' right to access the toilet 5067:Human right to water and sanitation 3184:Martire LM, Franks MM (June 2014). 3028:The New England Journal of Medicine 2398:. Leicester: BPS. pp. 296–308. 1871: 1780:Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology 1444:continuing professional development 1408: 1148:health-enhancing behavior changes. 687:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 13: 2339:European Health Psychology Society 1982:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. 1967:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1399: 1226:What are the emotional effects of 1202:Critical analysis of health policy 994:European Health Psychology Society 898:Community health psychology (CoHP) 727:American Psychological Association 14: 6126: 5499:Commercial determinants of health 4952: 3791: 3780:New Zealand Psychological Society 3703:"New Zealand Psychologists Board" 2738:American Journal of Public Health 1840:"College of Health Psychologists" 1812:The British Psychological Society 1776:"Occupational health psychology." 1466:New Zealand Psychological Society 1000: 907:Critical health psychology (CrHP) 848:Clinical health psychology (ClHP) 6076: 6064: 6053: 6052: 5082:National public health institute 4154: 3853:"Society of Behavioral Medicine" 3819:"Division 38: Health Psychology" 3796: 3721:"Accredited Training Programmes" 2830:10.1097/00006842-197001000-00002 2203:10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007 2020:Lubek I, Murray M (March 2018). 1535:Impact of health on intelligence 1478: 1294: 952: 735:Australian Psychological Society 619: 77: 30: 5479:Open-source healthcare software 5221:Sociology of health and illness 3890:"Division of Health Psychology" 3767: 3749: 3731: 3725:New Zealand Psychologists Board 3713: 3707:New Zealand Psychologists Board 3695: 3677: 3659: 3638:"Psychology Board of Australia" 3630: 3606: 3539: 3454: 3140: 3054: 2600: 2480: 2461: 2436: 2387: 2327: 2302: 2267: 2252: 2090: 1986: 1971: 1956: 1927: 1897: 1846: 1832: 1818: 1808:"Division of Health Psychology" 1800: 1252: 1220:What influences healthy eating? 1110:). Health psychologists employ 5840:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5652:Sexually transmitted infection 5549:Statistical hypothesis testing 5310:Occupational safety and health 5211:Sexual and reproductive health 5124:Occupational safety and health 3952: 3463:Psychology in practice: Health 2491:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1786: 1767: 1732: 1697: 1682: 1598: 1550:Occupational safety and health 1545:Occupational health psychology 1458: 1364:Consultant health psychologist 1108:health action process approach 1033: 931:occupational health psychology 925:Occupational health psychology 873:Public health psychology (PHP) 723:occupational health psychology 1: 5494:Social determinants of health 4250:Industrial and organizational 3894:British Psychological Society 3757:"Master of Health Psychology" 3642:Psychology Board of Australia 3525:10.1093/rheumatology/38.4.346 2288:10.1080/08870446.2018.1546801 1629:Health Psychology: A Textbook 1591: 1370:Principal health psychologist 1084: 731:British Psychological Society 362:Industrial and organizational 5554:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 5315:Human factors and ergonomics 4491:Human factors and ergonomics 3490:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5 3114:Journal of Health Psychology 2675:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.09.002 2609:Alcohol, Drugs & Driving 2516:10.1080/17437199.2012.701058 2487:Fishbein M, Ajzen I (1975). 2361:Journal of Health Psychology 2168:10.1016/0271-5384(81)90061-2 2130:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90014-x 2029:Journal of Health Psychology 1718:10.1037/0003-066X.45.10.1159 1449: 1112:cognitive behavioral therapy 853:prevention-focused field of 777:Journal of Health Psychology 517:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 5735:Good manufacturing practice 5539:Randomized controlled trial 3867: 3040:10.1056/NEJM198408233110805 2865:10.2190/KTC1-N5LK-J1PM-9GRQ 1471: 1394: 1355:for bipolar disorders, and 1276:Ways of measuring adherence 744: 21:Health Psychology (journal) 10: 6131: 5805:Theory of planned behavior 5730:Good agricultural practice 5635:Public health surveillance 5527:epidemiological statistics 5171:Public health intervention 3743:The University of Auckland 2640:10.1037/0278-6133.14.6.500 2586:10.1037/0278-6133.18.5.506 2551:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.291 2238:10.1037/0003-066x.35.9.807 2007:10.1037/0735-7028.30.2.129 1415:Health Professions Council 1333:cognitive behavior therapy 1241: 1238:Teaching and communication 1028:Health Professions Council 1017:argued in a letter to the 18: 6048: 5983: 5942: 5927:World Toilet Organization 5922:World Health Organization 5829: 5818: 5755: 5680: 5596: 5524: 5489:Public health informatics 5429: 5234: 5196:Right to rest and leisure 5025:Globalization and disease 4960: 4877: 4814: 4521: 4431: 4343: 4180:Applied behavior analysis 4163: 4152: 3988: 3960: 3162:10.1024/2674-0052/a000056 2935:10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.22 2900:10.1037/0278-6133.20.2.99 2226:The American Psychologist 2064:The American Psychologist 1753:10.1037/0278-6133.18.1.82 1656:10.1521/jscp.1983.1.2.120 1339:Health psychologist roles 1317:McGill Pain Questionnaire 1116:applied behavior analysis 979: 294:Applied behavior analysis 39:This article needs to be 5973:Schools of public health 5765:Diffusion of innovations 5464:Health impact assessment 5176:Public health laboratory 5072:Management of depression 3391:10.1348/1359107041557066 3126:10.1177/1359105307086700 3005:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.11 2504:Health Psychology Review 2373:10.1177/1359105317705879 2041:10.1177/1359105317753627 835:habits, the relation of 6036:Social hygiene movement 5963:Doctor of Public Health 5795:Social cognitive theory 5597:Infectious and epidemic 5379:Fecal–oral transmission 4456:Behavioral neuroscience 4020:Behavioral neuroscience 3299:British Medical Journal 2276:Psychology & Health 1921:10.1111/(ISSN)2044-8287 1565:Perseverative cognition 937:Origins and development 809:cross-sectional studies 766:National Health Service 482:Behavioral neuroscience 139:Behavioral neuroscience 6115:Determinants of health 6031:Germ theory of disease 5810:Transtheoretical model 4506:Psychology of religion 4446:Behavioral engineering 4383:Human subject research 4039:Cognitive neuroscience 4005:Affective neuroscience 3311:10.1136/bmj.2.5704.286 2818:Psychosomatic Medicine 2261:Handbook of Psychology 2191:Psychosomatic Medicine 1520:Cognitive epidemiology 1138:anti-smoking campaigns 1101:cardiovascular disease 943:psychosomatic medicine 825:cardiovascular disease 532:Psychology of religion 472:Behavioral engineering 158:Cognitive neuroscience 124:Affective neuroscience 5915:Public Health Service 5800:Social norms approach 5790:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 5236:Preventive healthcare 5129:Pharmaceutical policy 4978:Chief Medical Officer 4882:Wiktionary definition 4418:Self-report inventory 4413:Quantitative research 3565:10.3390/ijms242317100 3293:Boyle CM (May 1970). 3080:10.3390/ijms242317100 2970:10.1093/fampra/cmh502 2750:10.2105/ajph.86.3.324 1978:Sanderson CA (2019). 1774:Schonfeld IS (2018). 1706:American Psychologist 1678:(7th ed.). Sage. 1555:Outline of psychology 1382:Research psychologist 1174:intestinal microbiota 1120:behavior modification 1064:psychoneuroimmunology 1053:behavior modification 751:biopsychosocial model 626:Psychology portal 6110:Behavioural sciences 5991:Sara Josephine Baker 5890:Public Health Agency 5775:Health communication 5640:Disease surveillance 5606:Asymptomatic carrier 5588:Statistical software 5276:Preventive nutrition 5104:Medical anthropology 4993:Environmental health 4408:Qualitative research 4363:Behavior epigenetics 1778:. In Dunn DD (ed.). 1560:Pediatric psychology 1540:Nutrition psychology 1530:Healing environments 1244:Health communication 1122:) for that purpose. 967:Alameda County Study 867:medical psychologist 817:qualitative research 801:longitudinal studies 696:socioeconomic status 6001:Carl Rogers Darnall 5996:Samuel Jay Crumbine 5770:Health belief model 5623:Notifiable diseases 5559:Regression analysis 5394:Waterborne diseases 4983:Cultural competence 4887:Wiktionary category 4451:Behavioral genetics 4423:Statistical surveys 4280:Occupational health 4015:Behavioral genetics 3667:"Registrar Program" 3618:www.nes.scot.nhs.uk 2663:European Psychiatry 2118:Preventive Medicine 1500:Behavioral medicine 1376:Health psychologist 1211:Conducting research 947:behavioral medicine 859:behavioral medicine 719:clinical psychology 477:Behavioral genetics 392:Occupational health 134:Behavioral genetics 65:Part of a series on 6105:Applied psychology 5599:disease prevention 5534:Case–control study 5206:Security of person 5055:Health care reform 4859:Schools of thought 4762:Richard E. Nisbett 4642:Donald T. Campbell 4320:Sport and exercise 3461:Banyard P (2002). 3202:10.1037/hea0000103 1510:Cardiac psychology 1495:Applied psychology 1287:Using self-reports 1126:Preventing illness 1007:medical psychology 990:Tilburg University 829:cardiac psychology 594:Schools of thought 432:Sport and exercise 280:Applied psychology 6092: 6091: 6044: 6043: 5954:Higher education 5785:Positive deviance 5780:Health psychology 5756:Health behavioral 5683:safety management 5657:Social distancing 5431:Population health 5411:Smoking cessation 5359:Pharmacovigilance 5330:Injury prevention 5298:Infection control 5216:Social psychology 5166:Prisoners' rights 5109:Medical sociology 5077:Public health law 4973:Biological hazard 4920: 4919: 4897:Wikimedia Commons 4824:Counseling topics 4787:Ronald C. Kessler 4777:Shelley E. Taylor 4702:Lawrence Kohlberg 4677:Stanley Schachter 4476:Consumer behavior 4358:Archival research 4126:Psycholinguistics 4010:Affective science 3671:Registrar Program 3430:10.2337/dc13-0816 3190:Health Psychology 3153:Sports Psychiatry 2923:Health Psychology 2888:Health Psychology 2628:Health Psychology 2574:Health Psychology 2539:Health Psychology 2426:Health Psychology 2282:(11): 1317–1320. 1741:Health Psychology 1712:(10): 1159–1161. 1486:Psychology portal 1347:medications like 1313:phantom limb pain 1072:The emergence of 855:behavioral health 837:religious beliefs 797:quasi-experiments 771:Health Psychology 667:Health psychology 662: 661: 559:Counseling topics 502:Consumer behavior 245:Psycholinguistics 129:Affective science 60: 59: 6122: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6055: 5950:Health education 5827: 5826: 5681:Food hygiene and 5662:Tropical disease 5474:Infant mortality 5449:Community health 5325:Controlled Drugs 5261:Health promotion 5191:Right to housing 5035:Health economics 4947: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4854:Research methods 4797:Richard Davidson 4792:Joseph E. LeDoux 4667:George A. Miller 4657:David McClelland 4652:Herbert A. Simon 4552:Edward Thorndike 4373:Content analysis 4158: 4131:Psychophysiology 3947: 3940: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3785: 3784: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3644:. Archived from 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3567: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3385:(Pt 3): 365–79. 3374: 3368: 3367: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3278:. Archived from 3272: 3245: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3082: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2795:10.1037/a0018350 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2711:10.1037/a0021752 2693: 2687: 2686: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2470:The Psychologist 2465: 2459: 2458: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2421: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2076:10.1037/h0027998 2059: 2053: 2052: 2026: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1941:. Archived from 1931: 1925: 1924: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1856:. Archived from 1850: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1627:Ogden J (2012). 1624: 1615: 1614: 1607:The Psychologist 1602: 1580:Workplace stress 1570:Self-concealment 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1185:terminal illness 1060:psychophysiology 974:Joseph Matarazzo 654: 647: 640: 624: 623: 622: 589:Research methods 250:Psychophysiology 110:Basic psychology 81: 62: 61: 55: 52: 46: 34: 33: 26: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6040: 6011:Margaret Sanger 5979: 5938: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5757: 5751: 5723:Safety scandals 5682: 5676: 5598: 5592: 5526: 5520: 5516:Social medicine 5509:Race and health 5444:Child mortality 5425: 5384:Open defecation 5266:Human nutrition 5256:Family planning 5244:Behavior change 5230: 5186:Right to health 5099:Maternal health 5089:Health politics 5040:Health literacy 4956: 4951: 4921: 4916: 4873: 4849:Psychotherapies 4810: 4767:Martin Seligman 4732:Daniel Kahneman 4672:Richard Lazarus 4622:Raymond Cattell 4526: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4427: 4339: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4111:Neuropsychology 3991: 3984: 3956: 3951: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3761:Careers.govt.nz 3755: 3754: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3544: 3540: 3509: 3505: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3410: 3406: 3375: 3371: 3344:Psycho-oncology 3340: 3336: 3305:(5704): 286–9. 3291: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3248: 3231: 3227: 3182: 3178: 3145: 3141: 3110: 3106: 3059: 3055: 3024: 3020: 2989: 2985: 2958:Family Practice 2954: 2950: 2919: 2915: 2884: 2880: 2849: 2845: 2814: 2810: 2779: 2775: 2730: 2726: 2694: 2690: 2659: 2655: 2624: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2570: 2566: 2535: 2531: 2500: 2496: 2485: 2481: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2441: 2437: 2422: 2403: 2392: 2388: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2307: 2303: 2272: 2268: 2257: 2253: 2222: 2218: 2187: 2183: 2152: 2145: 2114: 2110: 2095: 2091: 2060: 2056: 2024: 2018: 2014: 1991: 1987: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1772: 1768: 1737: 1733: 1702: 1698: 1687: 1683: 1670: 1663: 1640: 1636: 1625: 1618: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1585:Pain Psychology 1484: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1461: 1452: 1411: 1402: 1397: 1341: 1297: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1246: 1240: 1228:genetic testing 1213: 1204: 1189:palliative care 1158: 1128: 1092: 1087: 1036: 1003: 988:(1947–2018) of 982: 955: 939: 927: 914:right to health 909: 900: 875: 863:behavior change 850: 821:action research 747: 691:biopsychosocial 658: 620: 618: 611: 610: 609: 608: 584:Psychotherapies 552: 542: 541: 462: 454: 453: 452: 451: 282: 272: 271: 270: 269: 230:Neuropsychology 112: 56: 50: 47: 44: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6128: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5824: 5819:Organizations, 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5525:Biological and 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5484:Multimorbidity 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5421:Vector control 5418: 5413: 5408: 5406:School hygiene 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5389:Sanitary sewer 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5347:Patient safety 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5030:Harm reduction 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807:Roy Baumeister 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4742:Michael Posner 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727:Elliot Aronson 4724: 4722:Walter Mischel 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4687:Albert Bandura 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4662:Leon Festinger 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Neal E. Miller 4629: 4627:Abraham Maslow 4624: 4619: 4614: 4612:Ernest Hilgard 4609: 4607:Donald O. Hebb 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:J. P. Guilford 4584: 4582:Gordon Allport 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4562:John B. Watson 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Animal testing 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4056:Cross-cultural 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3905: 3886: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3849: 3834: 3815: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3792:External links 3790: 3787: 3786: 3766: 3748: 3730: 3712: 3694: 3676: 3658: 3629: 3605: 3589: 3538: 3503: 3484:(3): 277–299. 3468: 3453: 3404: 3369: 3334: 3285: 3282:on 2010-02-25. 3246: 3243:on 2011-10-06. 3225: 3196:(6): 501–504. 3176: 3139: 3104: 3053: 3018: 2983: 2948: 2913: 2878: 2843: 2808: 2773: 2724: 2688: 2653: 2618: 2599: 2564: 2529: 2494: 2479: 2460: 2453: 2435: 2432:(12): 890–902. 2401: 2386: 2367:(3): 472–491. 2351: 2326: 2319: 2301: 2266: 2251: 2216: 2181: 2143: 2108: 2105:(12): 890–892. 2089: 2054: 2035:(3): 361–371. 2012: 2001:(2): 129–137. 1985: 1970: 1955: 1926: 1896: 1870: 1845: 1831: 1817: 1799: 1785: 1766: 1731: 1696: 1681: 1661: 1650:(2): 120–127. 1634: 1616: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1515:Chronic stress 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1473: 1470: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1410: 1409:United Kingdom 1407: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1340: 1337: 1327:of the knee), 1325:osteoarthritis 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1157: 1154: 1127: 1124: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1011:Marie Johnston 1002: 1001:United Kingdom 999: 981: 978: 954: 951: 938: 935: 926: 923: 908: 905: 899: 896: 874: 871: 849: 846: 755:social support 746: 743: 685:affecting the 660: 659: 657: 656: 649: 642: 634: 631: 630: 629: 628: 613: 612: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 555: 554: 553: 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 284: 283: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 175:Cross-cultural 172: 167: 166: 165: 155: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 114: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 96: 91: 83: 82: 74: 73: 67: 66: 58: 57: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6127: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Joseph Lister 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Health Canada 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830:Organizations 5828: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667:Vaccine trial 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Relative risk 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Health equity 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Health system 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459:Global health 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Biostatistics 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181:Right to food 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5114:Mental health 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Housing First 5060: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050:Health system 5048: 5047: 5046: 5045:Health policy 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954:Public health 4948: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Psychologists 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:Organizations 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:John Anderson 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Ulric Neisser 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:Endel Tulving 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Robert Zajonc 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637:Jerome Bruner 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:B. F. Skinner 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4567:Clark L. Hull 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Sigmund Freud 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:William James 4535: 4533: 4532:Wilhelm Wundt 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524:Psychologists 4520: 4512: 4511:Psychometrics 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Consciousness 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4403:Psychophysics 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4345:Methodologies 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4305:Psychotherapy 4303: 4301: 4300:Psychometrics 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4066:Developmental 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3910: 3906: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3797:North America 3782: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3648:on 2010-02-25 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3558:(23): 17100. 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519:(4): 346–54. 3518: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424:(3): 625–33. 3423: 3419: 3418:Diabetes Care 3415: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350:(2): 147–56. 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120:(2): 201–12. 3119: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3073:(23): 17100. 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034:(8): 506–11. 3033: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964:(5): 479–83. 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894:(2): 99–111. 2893: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859:(4): 659–74. 2858: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789:(2): 120–30. 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:(3): 324–31. 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705:(1): 139–50. 2704: 2700: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2580:(5): 506–19. 2579: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510:(2): 215–37. 2509: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2320:3-89073-656-4 2316: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232:(9): 807–17. 2231: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197:(4): 333–40. 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