193:
2120:
2002:. In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone, but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages or among modern varieties of Greek.
4642:
2106:(Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons. Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.
2577:, are not documented well enough to permit detailed comparison. Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with
3023:
Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient
Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.).
2878:
Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The
Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).
2816:
Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the
Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on
3049:
3416:
2098:
or
Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek. Separate status is sometimes also argued for
1978:
1942:
4581:
1140:
4413:
4652:
4018:
4617:
3239:
2054:; due to the latter classification, a family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the
3058:
2070:
in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of
3409:
3134:
3090:
3032:
2982:
2946:
2887:
2843:
2809:
1949:
1921:
3013:
Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to
Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
800:
2141:
1906:
2787:
The
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
1971:
1928:
859:
2912:
2770:
2167:
192:
2149:
4678:
3402:
1935:
699:
4571:
3429:
210:
17:
2145:
1791:
1566:
970:
4576:
4481:
1995:
1964:
1536:
805:
742:
543:
429:
4310:
4011:
3851:
3621:
3386:
1224:
727:
538:
533:
528:
423:
4673:
4240:
3932:
3879:
2969:
2634:(2003), Johannes Engels (2010), J. Méndez Dosuna (2012), Joachim Matzinger (2016), Emilio Crespo (2017),
2570:
2533:
2055:
1541:
1036:
737:
616:
602:
583:
122:
3002:
2010:
While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient
Macedonia were written in
879:
837:
437:
3479:
3179:
4627:
4282:
3939:
3709:
2607:
1581:
1546:
1219:
523:
4545:
4385:
3971:
3865:
3652:
3627:
2759:
Facts about the World's
Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present
2130:
1841:
1731:
1551:
1082:
914:
865:
761:
563:
518:
513:
433:
145:
2833:
2631:
4683:
4607:
4555:
4486:
4405:
4004:
3909:
3872:
3858:
3657:
3646:
3425:
2974:
2563:
2134:
1736:
1463:
573:
568:
558:
202:
79:
2967:
Masson, Olivier (2003). " Macedonian language". In
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.).
2750:
4516:
4424:
4333:
4162:
3962:
3946:
3722:
3667:
3593:
3539:
2602:
2586:
2071:
1726:
1698:
1482:
1384:
1150:
996:
620:
458:
350:
289:
244:
184:
176:
4632:
4520:
4440:
4419:
4370:
3955:
3902:
3893:
3886:
3598:
3588:
3569:
3563:
2799:
2346:
1873:
1702:
610:
606:
591:
587:
4622:
4602:
4550:
4450:
4409:
4079:
3925:
3916:
3681:
3377:
2762:
1819:
1784:
1097:
780:
732:
669:
639:
597:
577:
441:
295:
104:
3236:
The Story of Pu: The
Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser
965:
8:
4597:
4445:
4225:
4183:
4051:
3734:
3691:
3439:
3255:
Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.).
2445:
1092:
1087:
983:
907:
872:
795:
785:
644:
345:
340:
309:
3222:
4375:
4272:
3637:
2507:
2075:
2035:
2031:
1798:
1749:
1683:
1667:
1292:
945:
684:
370:
270:
163:
4501:
4466:
4328:
4304:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3796:
3771:
3766:
3714:
3686:
3517:
3282:
P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill,
3165:
Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages",
3130:
3086:
3028:
2978:
2942:
2908:
2883:
2839:
2805:
2766:
2686:
2578:
2574:
2284:
2091:
1812:
1778:
1770:
1714:
1708:
1690:
1661:
1640:
1626:
1618:
1388:
1249:
1189:
1171:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1069:
1064:
893:
756:
405:
398:
391:
377:
363:
323:
302:
239:
231:
4537:
4506:
4380:
4249:
4071:
3749:
3701:
3612:
3580:
3548:
3524:
3453:
2858:
2652:
2461:
2245:
2103:
1806:
1756:
1573:
1379:
1267:
1207:
1184:
1127:
1122:
1059:
1046:
1041:
1031:
704:
317:
265:
257:
250:
4647:
4637:
4343:
4178:
4092:
4056:
4046:
3810:
3782:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3467:
3460:
3394:
3204:
Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
3124:
3107:
3076:
2932:
2582:
2566:
2486:
2389:
2047:
2039:
1887:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1827:
1763:
1742:
1720:
1305:
1194:
1117:
1026:
959:
900:
766:
498:
483:
473:
468:
384:
356:
85:
74:
4355:
4496:
4491:
4476:
4360:
4348:
4131:
4027:
3987:
3842:
3776:
3331:, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777–788), p. 780.
3299:, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18), pp. 12–14.
3257:
Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen
2627:
2321:
2051:
1999:
1632:
1499:
1374:
932:
886:
854:
790:
281:
116:
3075:(2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
4667:
4612:
4511:
4338:
4323:
4291:
4235:
4230:
4205:
4105:
3557:
3072:
2635:
2373:
2366:
2260:
2099:
1892:
1356:
1272:
989:
847:
709:
463:
679:
4365:
4318:
4298:
4173:
4144:
4041:
2931:
Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians".
2754:
2626:
Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808), and subsequently supported by
2590:
2422:
2306:
2230:
2087:
2067:
2043:
1511:
1349:
823:
694:
493:
488:
478:
137:
4267:
4259:
4217:
4200:
4195:
4118:
2648:
2569:. The ancient languages that might have been most closely related to it,
2500:
2207:
2203:
2083:
2079:
2015:
2011:
1487:
1473:
1437:
1145:
674:
3218:
3082:
2938:
2880:
Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea
2695:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2038:. This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of
2023:
2019:
1450:
1364:
1242:
1007:
2685:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
2573:(either an ancient Greek dialect or a separate Hellenic language) and
2018:), fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from
4527:
2691:
2027:
1653:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1262:
157:
131:
66:
2119:
4471:
1596:
1587:
1478:
1279:
1254:
1158:
649:
225:
62:
3996:
3675:
3187:
2863:
A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture
2705:
In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
1646:
1610:
1603:
1401:
1021:
654:
3078:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2861:, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts,
2066:
In addition, some linguists use the term "Hellenic" to refer to
3803:
1369:
1323:
842:
659:
54:
50:
3789:
2797:
2095:
1468:
1342:
1336:
1318:
689:
664:
58:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2664:
Suggested by Georgiev (1966), Joseph (2001) and Hamp (2013).
3329:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3297:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2903:
Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia".
1860:
3382:
2955:
3149:
Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples",
2730:
Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987):
3238:. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. (
2102:, though this is not as easily justified. In contrast,
3380:
and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228.
3184:
MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
2825:
2835:
The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI
2791:
2074:. Separate language status is most often posited for
3109:
Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics
3424:
2926:
2924:
2078:, which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of
3271:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
3254:
2510:(Doric-influenced Koine?; critically endangered)
4665:
3206:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
2921:
2798:Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011).
2724:
2005:
3350:. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
2896:
4012:
3410:
3025:Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture
2873:
2871:
2831:
1972:
4582:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
2744:
2742:
2740:
2061:
3325:. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146–147.
3199:
3197:
3122:
2930:
2838:. Cambridge University Press. p. 730.
2148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4019:
4005:
3417:
3403:
3348:Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
3250:
3248:
3065:
3027:. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145.
3016:
2902:
2868:
2713:
2711:
1979:
1965:
1943:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
3047:
2907:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90.
2737:
2684:
2168:Learn how and when to remove this message
4653:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
3286:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3203:
3194:
2721:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3245:
3105:
2757:; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.).
2708:
27:Branch of Indo-European language family
14:
4666:
3208:. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
3071:
3059:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
3022:
2966:
2877:
2865:, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
2748:
4000:
3398:
3151:The Slavonic and East European Review
2832:Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000).
2804:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94.
2562:Hellenic constitutes a branch of the
1950:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1922:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3284:Sociolinguistic Variation and Change
2638:(2018) and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).
2146:adding citations to reliable sources
2113:
1907:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
24:
4026:
3361:Indo-European Language and Culture
3335:Indo-European Language and Culture
3310:Indo-European Language and Culture
3295:Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction",
3259:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
2882:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329.
2655:(1997) and Ian Worthington (2012).
1929:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
4695:
2557:
3678:(unknown further classification)
3001:, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,
2801:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
2753:. In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl;
2118:
2109:
1936:Journal of Indo-European Studies
700:Bible translations into Armenian
191:
4572:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
3372:Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek,"
3366:
3353:
3340:
3315:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3263:
3228:
3212:
3172:
3159:
3143:
3116:
3099:
3041:
3007:
2991:
2970:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2658:
2641:
2620:
211:List of Indo-European languages
3387:Languages across Europe: Greek
2852:
2779:
2699:
2678:
2651:(1874), Otto Hoffmann (1906),
13:
1:
4577:Center for the Greek Language
4135:
4122:
4109:
4096:
4083:
3126:Alexander the Great: A Reader
2671:
1996:Indo-European language family
1537:Proto-Indo-European mythology
806:Paleolithic continuity theory
3051:Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen
2006:Greek and ancient Macedonian
1225:Northern Black Polished Ware
424:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
3374:The Indo-European Languages
3327:Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian,"
3112:. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
3048:Matzinger, Joachim (2016).
2905:The Greek World, 479-323 BC
2596:
2056:ancient Macedonian language
1542:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
4700:
3363:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
3337:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403.
3312:. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
2734:. London: Routledge, p. 1.
2448:† (related to Mycenaean?)
1998:whose principal member is
838:Domestication of the horse
4590:
4564:
4536:
4459:
4433:
4398:
4281:
4258:
4161:
4154:
4070:
4034:
3981:
3841:
3759:
3732:
3700:
3666:
3636:
3611:
3579:
3547:
3538:
3477:
3448:
3437:
3129:. Routledge. p. 71.
3123:Worthington, Ian (2012).
2999:Indo-European linguistics
2749:Joseph, Brian D. (2001).
2719:Medieval and Modern Greek
2608:Varieties of Modern Greek
2530:
2505:
2484:
2459:
2443:
2436:
2420:
2387:
2371:
2360:
2344:
2319:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2258:
2243:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2194:
2186:
2062:Modern Hellenic languages
2042:, and occasionally as an
2032:Greek region of Macedonia
1547:Historical Vedic religion
824:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
156:
144:
130:
110:
100:
75:Linguistic classification
73:
44:
39:
34:
3156::103:285-297 (July 1966)
2973:(revised 3rd ed.).
2613:
1552:Ancient Iranian religion
915:Novotitarovskaya culture
762:Indo-European migrations
4679:Indo-European languages
4608:Greek language question
3426:Indo-European languages
3106:Hammond, N.G.L (1997).
2997:Michael Meier-Brügger,
2975:Oxford University Press
2369: (disputed)
1053:Northern/Eastern Steppe
3085:. pp. 1862–1867.
3057:(Speech) (in German).
2603:Ancient Greek dialects
2587:Indo-Iranian languages
2072:mutual intelligibility
2046:dialect or a distinct
1524:Religion and mythology
1483:Medieval Scandinavians
774:Alternative and fringe
3359:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3333:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3308:Benjamin W. Fortson.
3223:Family tree for Greek
3190:on November 22, 2013.
2632:Michael Meier-Brügger
2231:Standard Modern Greek
2040:Northwest Doric Greek
1994:is the branch of the
1874:Indo-European studies
1237:Peoples and societies
4618:Morphemes in English
4603:Eteocypriot language
4035:Origin and genealogy
3378:Anna Giacalone Ramat
3321:Johannes Friedrich.
3269:G. Horrocks (1997),
3234:N. Nicholas (1999),
3180:"Ancient Macedonian"
3167:Sino-Platonic Papers
2977:. pp. 905–906.
2763:H. W. Wilson Company
2142:improve this section
781:Anatolian hypothesis
733:Proto-Indo-Europeans
640:Hittite inscriptions
185:Indo-European topics
4623:Terms of endearment
4598:Eteocretan language
4565:Promotion and study
4052:Pre-Greek substrate
3852:Proto-Indo-European
2941:. pp. 64, 77.
2376:(Doric-influenced)
2349:(a mixed language)
2030:discoveries in the
1037:Multi-cordoned ware
908:Mikhaylovka culture
796:Indigenous Aryanism
786:Armenian hypothesis
645:Hieroglyphic Luwian
4674:Hellenic languages
4643:Greek Language Day
4273:Jewish Koine Greek
4062:Hellenic languages
3933:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3880:Proto-Balto-Slavic
3622:Continental Celtic
3273:. London: Longman.
2571:ancient Macedonian
2534:Ancient Macedonian
2367:Italiot Greek
2192: Greek
2036:Pella curse tablet
2020:onomastic evidence
617:Proto-Indo-Iranian
603:Proto-Balto-Slavic
584:Proto-Italo-Celtic
123:Ancient Macedonian
4661:
4660:
4467:Cypriot syllabary
4394:
4393:
4268:Hellenistic Koine
3994:
3993:
3988:extinct languages
3607:
3606:
3534:
3533:
3323:Extinct Languages
3136:978-1-136-64003-2
3092:978-3-11-054243-1
3034:978-960-7779-52-6
2984:978-0-19-860641-3
2948:978-3-11-071876-8
2934:Ancient Macedonia
2889:978-3-11-053081-0
2845:978-0-521-23348-4
2811:978-1-4443-5163-7
2717:Browning (1983),
2687:"Graeco-Phrygian"
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2519:
2518:
2473:
2472:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2333:
2332:
2285:Cappadocian Greek
2271:
2270:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2094:of Anatolia. The
2092:Cappadocian Greek
1989:
1988:
1250:Anatolian peoples
1220:Painted Grey Ware
1108:Nordic Bronze Age
757:Kurgan hypothesis
710:Old Irish glosses
675:Gaulish epigraphy
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
4691:
4386:Greco-Australian
4159:
4158:
4140:
4137:
4127:
4124:
4114:
4111:
4101:
4098:
4088:
4085:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3940:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3545:
3544:
3446:
3445:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3346:James Clackson.
3344:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3186:. Archived from
3176:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2859:Sarah B. Pomeroy
2856:
2850:
2849:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2755:Bodomo, Adams B.
2746:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:N. G. L. Hammond
2645:
2639:
2624:
2439:
2438:
2363:
2362:
2300:
2299:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2122:
2114:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1822:
1815:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1670:
1656:
1649:
1635:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1380:Germanic peoples
1370:Hellenic peoples
1359:
1352:
1345:
1268:Mycenaean Greeks
1257:
1185:Thraco-Cimmerian
1083:Globular Amphora
1060:Abashevo culture
999:
992:
962:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
705:Tocharian script
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
326:
312:
305:
298:
284:
260:
253:
234:
195:
172:
171:
166:
152:
140:
32:
31:
21:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4648:Trojan language
4638:Minoan language
4586:
4560:
4532:
4460:Writing systems
4455:
4451:Standard Modern
4429:
4425:Standard Modern
4390:
4344:Greco/Calabrian
4277:
4254:
4150:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4093:Mycenaean Greek
4086:
4066:
4057:Graeco-Phrygian
4047:Graeco-Armenian
4030:
4025:
3995:
3990:
3977:
3972:Proto-Tocharian
3866:Proto-Anatolian
3843:Proto-languages
3837:
3755:
3728:
3710:Latino-Faliscan
3696:
3662:
3632:
3603:
3575:
3530:
3473:
3433:
3423:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3195:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3081:. Vol. 3.
3070:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:on Google books
2996:
2992:
2985:
2965:
2956:
2949:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2876:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:. p. 256.
2751:"Ancient Greek"
2747:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2599:
2583:Graeco-Armenian
2567:language family
2560:
2555:
2546:
2520:
2474:
2410:
2401:
2390:Calabrian Greek
2334:
2324:(Mariupolitan)
2272:
2212:
2201:
2184:Hellenic
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2139:
2123:
2112:
2064:
2048:sister language
2008:
1985:
1956:
1955:
1888:Marija Gimbutas
1876:
1866:
1865:
1857:Winter solstice
1847:Horse sacrifice
1818:
1811:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1694:
1679:
1666:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1622:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1556:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1459:
1446:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1259:
1253:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1203:
1180:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1078:
1055:
1017:
1010:
1004:
995:
988:
979:
977:Northern Europe
958:
954:
941:
928:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
860:Steppe cultures
833:
826:
819:
811:
810:
801:Baltic homeland
775:
771:
767:Eurasian nomads
751:
747:
723:
715:
714:
685:Runic epigraphy
680:Latin epigraphy
635:
627:
626:
564:Proto-Anatolian
548:
503:
499:Thraco-Illyrian
484:Graeco-Phrygian
474:Graeco-Armenian
469:Graeco-Albanian
448:
426:
413:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
322:
308:
301:
294:
280:
256:
249:
230:
215:
207:
205:
162:
151:56= (phylozone)
150:
136:
86:Graeco-Phrygian
46:
28:
23:
22:
18:Greek languages
15:
12:
11:
5:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4684:Greek language
4681:
4676:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:Greek numerals
4494:
4492:Attic numerals
4489:
4484:
4477:Greek alphabet
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4334:Constantinople
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4132:Medieval Greek
4129:
4116:
4103:
4090:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:Greek language
4024:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3929:
3926:Proto-Hellenic
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:Proto-Germanic
3906:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3876:
3873:Proto-Armenian
3869:
3862:
3859:Proto-Albanian
3855:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3653:North Germanic
3650:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3628:Insular Celtic
3625:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3558:Dnieper Baltic
3553:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3244:
3227:
3211:
3193:
3171:
3158:
3142:
3135:
3115:
3098:
3091:
3073:Brixhe, Claude
3064:
3040:
3033:
3015:
3006:
2990:
2983:
2954:
2947:
2920:
2913:
2895:
2888:
2867:
2851:
2844:
2824:
2810:
2790:
2778:
2771:
2736:
2723:
2707:
2698:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2640:
2628:Olivier Masson
2618:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2559:
2558:Classification
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2086:, followed by
2063:
2060:
2034:, such as the
2014:(and later in
2007:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Fire sacrifice
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:Zoroastrianism
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1500:Medieval India
1491:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1377:
1375:Italic peoples
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:Gandhara grave
1148:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:Middle Dnieper
993:
974:
973:
968:
963:
952:Eastern Europe
949:
948:
936:
935:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
911:
897:
890:
883:
880:Dnieper–Donets
876:
869:
857:
855:Kurgan culture
852:
851:
850:
840:
828:
827:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
791:Beech argument
788:
783:
777:
776:
770:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
614:
600:
595:
581:
574:Proto-Germanic
571:
569:Proto-Armenian
566:
561:
559:Proto-Albanian
555:
554:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
447:
446:
445:
444:
420:
419:
412:
411:
410:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
348:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
328:
327:
315:
314:
313:
306:
299:
287:
286:
285:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
254:
242:
237:
236:
235:
222:
221:
214:
213:
206:
201:
200:
197:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
119:
112:
108:
107:
102:
101:Proto-language
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
77:
71:
70:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:Cyrillization
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Archaic forms
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4349:Griko/Apulian
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:Arcadocypriot
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4126: 300 BC
4120:
4117:
4107:
4106:Ancient Greek
4104:
4094:
4091:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:Proto-Romance
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:Proto-Iranian
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3658:West Germanic
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:East Germanic
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2914:0-415-16326-9
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2785:David Dalby.
2782:
2774:
2772:9780824209704
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2692:Glottolog 3.0
2688:
2681:
2677:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2647:Suggested by
2644:
2637:
2636:Claude Brixhe
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:Indo-European
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Arcadocypriot
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Crimean Greek
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:Cypriot Greek
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2127:This section
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2110:Language tree
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:J. P. Mallory
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:Reconstructed
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1357:Insular Celts
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:Indo-Iranians
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:Pontic Steppe
1009:
1006:
1005:
998:
994:
991:
987:
986:
985:
982:
981:
980:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
955:
953:
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
934:
931:
930:
929:
927:
916:
912:
909:
905:
904:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
848:Kurgan stelae
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
832:
831:Pontic Steppe
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
773:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
749:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
622:
621:Proto-Iranian
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Daco-Thracian
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:Reconstructed
415:
414:
407:
403:
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:
325:
321:
320:
319:
316:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
292:
291:
288:
283:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
233:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
204:
199:
198:
194:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
178:
174:
173:
165:
161:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
124:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:
80:Indo-European
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4521:Romanization
4371:Romano-Greek
4361:Mariupolitan
4309:
4299:Katharevousa
4297:
4290:
4147:(since 1453)
4145:Modern Greek
4061:
4042:Graeco-Aryan
3983:
3970:
3961:
3956:Proto-Italic
3954:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3915:
3908:
3903:Proto-Celtic
3901:
3894:Proto-Slavic
3892:
3887:Proto-Baltic
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3723:Osco-Umbrian
3721:
3668:Indo-Iranian
3645:
3620:
3594:South Slavic
3568:
3556:
3540:Balto-Slavic
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3235:
3230:
3214:
3205:
3188:the original
3183:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3125:
3118:
3108:
3101:
3077:
3067:
3050:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3009:
2998:
2993:
2968:
2933:
2904:
2898:
2879:
2862:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2758:
2732:Modern Greek
2731:
2726:
2718:
2701:
2690:
2680:
2660:
2643:
2622:
2591:Graeco-Aryan
2561:
2531:
2506:
2485:
2460:
2444:
2421:
2388:
2372:
2347:Romano-Greek
2345:
2320:
2305:
2283:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2164:
2155:
2140:Please help
2128:
2082:rather than
2068:modern Greek
2065:
2044:Aeolic Greek
2009:
1991:
1990:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1914:Publications
1913:
1899:
1880:
1834:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:Paleo-Balkan
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1617:
1616:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1529:
1512:Greater Iran
1505:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1385:Paleo-Balkan
1350:Celtiberians
1329:
1328:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1133:
1132:
1075:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1014:
1013:
976:
975:
951:
950:
938:
937:
925:
924:
866:Bug–Dniester
830:
829:
695:Gothic Bible
611:Proto-Baltic
607:Proto-Slavic
592:Proto-Italic
588:Proto-Celtic
551:
506:
494:Italo-Celtic
489:Indo-Hittite
479:Graeco-Aryan
452:Hypothetical
451:
416:
351:Paleo-Balkan
333:
290:Indo-Iranian
275:
245:Balto-Slavic
218:
146:Linguasphere
111:Subdivisions
90:
47:distribution
29:
4628:Place names
4502:Orthography
4311:Misthiotika
4305:Cappadocian
4119:Koine Greek
4100: 1600
4087: 2900
4080:Proto-Greek
3917:Proto-Norse
3744:Tocharian A
3599:West Slavic
3589:East Slavic
3570:West Baltic
3564:East Baltic
2649:August Fick
2084:Attic Greek
2026:and recent
2016:Koine Greek
2012:Attic Greek
1792:Continental
1785:Anglo-Saxon
1488:Middle Ages
1438:Middle Ages
1293:Indo-Aryans
1286:Indo-Aryans
1093:Bell Beaker
1088:Corded ware
984:Corded ware
873:Sredny Stog
818:Archaeology
598:Proto-Greek
578:Proto-Norse
105:Proto-Greek
4668:Categories
4538:Literature
4507:Diacritics
4250:Pamphylian
4241:Macedonian
4222:Northwest
4139: 330
4113: 800
3682:Indo-Aryan
3219:Ethnologue
3169:, vol 239.
3083:De Gruyter
2939:De Gruyter
2672:References
2581:(see also
2462:Pamphylian
2158:April 2024
2028:epigraphic
2024:glossaries
2022:, ancient
1900:Institutes
1820:Lithuanian
1574:Indo-Aryan
1560:Historical
1494:Indo-Aryan
1451:Tocharians
1365:Cimmerians
1243:Bronze Age
1134:South Asia
1008:Bronze Age
946:Afanasievo
750:Mainstream
514:Vocabulary
434:Sound laws
296:Indo-Aryan
45:Geographic
4551:Byzantine
4528:Greeklish
4399:Phonology
4376:Tsakonian
4329:Himariote
4179:Mycenaean
4155:Varieties
4102:–1100 BC)
4089:–1600 BC)
3986:indicate
3735:Tocharian
3692:Nuristani
3440:Anatolian
2508:Tsakonian
2487:Mycenaean
2129:does not
2076:Tsakonian
1835:Practices
1654:Yarsanism
1464:Albanians
1444:East Asia
1431:Scythians
1423:Phrygians
1416:Paeonians
1409:Illyrians
1395:Thracians
1312:East Asia
1263:Armenians
1190:Hallstatt
1172:Chernoles
1113:Terramare
1103:Trzciniec
1070:Sintashta
1065:Andronovo
966:Cernavodă
939:East Asia
894:Khvalynsk
634:Philology
544:Particles
430:Phonology
371:Liburnian
346:Tocharian
341:Anatolian
310:Nuristani
203:Languages
158:Glottolog
132:ISO 639-5
67:Black Sea
4633:Proverbs
4472:Linear B
4414:teaching
4170:Central
4128:–AD 330)
4115:–300 BC)
3832:Thracian
3825:Phrygian
3818:Paeonian
3797:Illyrian
3772:Armenian
3767:Albanian
3638:Germanic
3518:Pisidian
2630:(1996),
2597:See also
2579:Armenian
2575:Phrygian
1992:Hellenic
1881:Scholars
1779:Germanic
1750:Scottish
1715:Thracian
1709:Illyrian
1703:Albanian
1691:European
1684:Armenian
1668:Ossetian
1662:Scythian
1647:Yazidism
1597:Buddhism
1588:Hinduism
1479:Norsemen
1389:Anatolia
1306:Iranians
1299:Iranians
1280:Iron Age
1255:Hittites
1208:Colchian
1201:Caucasus
1159:Iron Age
1128:Lusatian
1123:Urnfield
1047:Srubnaya
1042:Poltavka
1032:Catacomb
971:Cucuteni
926:Caucasus
743:Religion
728:Homeland
670:Behistun
650:Linear B
539:Numerals
534:Pronouns
459:Balkanic
406:Thracian
399:Phrygian
392:Paeonian
378:Messapic
364:Illyrian
276:Hellenic
271:Germanic
240:Armenian
232:Albanian
226:Albanoid
177:a series
175:Part of
164:gree1276
91:Hellenic
65:and the
63:Anatolia
35:Hellenic
4613:Exonyms
4546:Ancient
4512:Braille
4482:History
4441:Ancient
4434:Grammar
4406:Ancient
4381:Yevanic
4339:Italiot
4324:Cypriot
4292:Demotic
4236:Locrian
4231:Epirote
4226:Achaean
4206:Homeric
4163:Ancient
4072:Periods
3984:Italics
3804:Moesian
3790:Getaean
3750:Kuchean
3715:Romance
3687:Iranian
3676:Badeshi
3525:Sidetic
3454:Hittite
2503:
2246:Yevanic
2150:removed
2135:sources
2104:Yevanic
2100:Cypriot
1813:Latvian
1771:Cornish
1641:Kurdish
1627:Persian
1619:Iranian
1611:Sikhism
1604:Jainism
1567:Hittite
1506:Iranian
1402:Dacians
1195:Jastorf
1118:Tumulus
1098:Únětice
1027:Yamnaya
1022:Chariot
960:Usatovo
901:Yamnaya
738:Society
722:Origins
655:Rigveda
507:Grammar
334:Extinct
324:Romance
303:Iranian
4556:Modern
4410:accent
4366:Pontic
4356:Maniot
4319:Cretan
4283:Modern
4174:Aeolic
4141:–1453)
3811:Mysian
3783:Dacian
3760:Others
3702:Italic
3613:Celtic
3581:Slavic
3549:Baltic
3511:Milyan
3504:Lycian
3497:Luwian
3490:Carian
3468:Palaic
3461:Lydian
3376:, ed.
3133:
3089:
3031:
2981:
2945:
2911:
2886:
2842:
2820:Greek.
2808:
2769:
2585:) and
2499:
2423:Aeolic
2307:Pontic
2210:
2202:
2088:Pontic
1828:Slavic
1807:Baltic
1757:Breton
1737:Celtic
1721:Dacian
1677:Others
1457:Europe
1330:Europe
1324:Yuezhi
1178:Europe
1165:Steppe
1076:Europe
933:Maykop
887:Samara
843:Kurgan
660:Avesta
442:Ablaut
438:Accent
385:Mysian
357:Dacian
318:Italic
266:Celtic
258:Slavic
251:Baltic
219:Extant
69:region
55:Cyprus
51:Greece
4591:Other
4446:Koine
4420:Koine
4260:Koine
4218:Doric
4214:West
4201:Ionic
4196:Attic
4192:East
3777:Greek
3480:Luwic
3055:(PDF)
2818:koine
2614:Notes
2589:(see
2501:Doric
2374:Griko
2208:Attic
2204:Ionic
2096:Griko
2080:Doric
2052:Greek
2000:Greek
1799:Norse
1764:Welsh
1743:Irish
1732:Roman
1727:Greek
1582:Vedic
1474:Slavs
1469:Balts
1343:Gauls
1337:Celts
1319:Wusun
1214:India
990:Baden
690:Ogham
665:Homer
552:Other
529:Nouns
524:Verbs
282:Greek
117:Greek
59:Italy
40:Greek
4519:and
3430:list
3131:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3029:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2532:(?)
2133:any
2131:cite
2090:and
1861:Yule
1852:Sati
1141:BMAC
519:Root
121:(?)
84:(?)
3383:BBC
3240:PDF
2593:).
2144:by
2050:of
1146:Yaz
138:grk
4670::
4136:c.
4123:c.
4110:c.
4097:c.
4084:c.
3385::
3247:^
3221::
3196:^
3182:.
3154:44
2957:^
2937:.
2923:^
2870:^
2814:.
2761:.
2739:^
2710:^
2689:.
2536:†
2489:†
2464:†
2425:†
2058:.
1258:)
609:·
590:·
440:,
436:,
432::
179:on
61:,
57:,
53:,
4416:)
4412:/
4408:(
4134:(
4121:(
4108:(
4095:(
4082:(
4020:e
4013:t
4006:v
3432:)
3428:(
3418:e
3411:t
3404:v
3242:)
3225:.
3139:.
3095:.
3061:.
3037:.
2987:.
2951:.
2917:.
2892:.
2848:.
2775:.
2206:–
2171:)
2165:(
2160:)
2156:(
2152:.
2138:.
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
1859:/
1723:)
1718:·
1712:·
1706:·
1701:(
1481:/
1387:/
1252:(
623:)
619:(
613:)
605:(
594:)
586:(
580:)
576:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
