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1213:
1221:
990:. An amicable compromise on the railway was reached in early 1914 so it played no role in starting the July Crisis. Germany relied upon time and again on sheer military power, but Britain began to appeal to moral sensibilities. Germany saw its invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic, and Britain saw it as a profound moral crime, a major cause of British entry into the war. Kennedy argues that by far the main reason for the war was London's fear that a repeat of 1870, when Prussia led other German states to smash France, would mean Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the
644:
29:
1367:
577:
friendly" toward
England. The interview caused a sensation around Europe, demonstrating the Kaiser was utterly incompetent in diplomatic affairs. The British had already decided that Wilhelm was at least somewhat mentally disturbed and saw the interview as further evidence of his unstable personality, rather than an indication of official German hostility. The affair was much more serious in Germany, where he was nearly unanimously ridiculed. He thereafter played mostly a ceremonial role in major state affairs.
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2194:
2159:
2124:
2089:
2054:
2023:
1991:
1956:
1921:
1890:
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1785:
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1715:
1680:
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1610:
1575:
1540:
7105:
48:
11165:
729:, a powerful civil servant in the Foreign Office. Wilhelm argued that a long-term coalition between France and Russia had to fall apart, Russia and Britain would never get together and Britain would eventually seek an alliance with Germany. Russia could not get Germany to renew its mutual treaties and so formed a closer relationship with France in the 1894
849:. The Germans were upset at not being informed. Wilhelm made a highly provocative speech for Moroccan independence. The following year, a conference was held at Algeciras in which all of the European powers except Austria-Hungary (now increasingly seen as little more than a German satellite) sided with France. A compromise was brokered by the
772:, it was the new policy for Germany to assert its claim to be a global power. Bismarck's conservativism was abandoned, as Germany was intent on challenging and upsetting international order. Thereafter relations deteriorated steadily. Britain began to see Germany as a hostile force and moved to friendlier relationships with France.
477:, and both countries remained quite separate, but the king lived in London. British leaders often complained that Kings George I, who barely spoke any English, and George II were heavily involved in Hanover and distorted British foreign policy for the benefit of Hanover, a small, poor, rural and unimportant country in
1031:
The great German offensive on the
Western Front in spring 1918 almost succeeded. The Germans broke through into open country but outran their supplies and artillery support. By summer 1918, American soldiers were arriving on the front at 10,000 a day, but Germany was unable to replace its casualties
1021:
The public mood did change. Belgium proved to be a catalyst which unleashed the many emotions, rationalizations, and glorifications of war which had long been part of the
British climate of opinion. Having a moral cause, all the latent anti-German feelings, that by years of naval rivalry and assumed
715:
and
Chancellor Bismarck, were both realistic conservatives and largely both agreed on policies. There were even several proposals for a formal treaty relationship between Germany and Britain, but they went nowhere, as Britain preferred to stand in what it called "splendid isolation." Nevertheless, a
681:
Prussia now represents all that is most antagonistic to the liberal and democratic ideas of the age; military despotism, the rule of the sword, contempt for sentimental talk, indifference to human suffering, imprisonment of independent opinion, transfer by force of unwilling populations to a hateful
367:
of many of these. English has become a dominant world language and is widely studied in
Germany. German, in the 19th and the early 20th centuries, was an important language of science and technology, but it has now largely lost that role. In English schools, German was a niche language and much less
1120:
was
British effort to prevent war or at least to postpone it until the British military was ready. Appeasement has been the subject of intense debate for 70 years by academics, politicians and diplomats. Historians' assessments have ranged from condemnation for allowing Hitler's Germany to grow too
790:
dominated the globe in the 19th century, but after 1890, Germany attempted to achieve parity. The resulting naval race heightened tensions between the two nations. In 1897 Admiral
Tirpitz became German Naval Secretary of State and began the transformation of German Navy from small, coastal defence
702:
Bismarck built a complex network of
European alliances that kept the peace in the 1870s and 1880s. The British were building up their empire, but Bismarck strongly opposed colonies as too expensive. When public opinion and elite demand finally made him, in the 1880s, grab colonies in Africa and the
663:
Britain gave passive support to the unification under
Prussian domination for strategic, ideological and business reasons. The German Empire was considered a useful counterbalance on the Continent to both France and Russia, the two powers that worried Britain the most. The threat from France in the
1105:
and the Nazis in 1933, relations worsened. In 1934, a secret report by the
British Defence Requirements Committee called Germany the "ultimate potential enemy against whom all our 'long range' defence policy must be directed," and called for an expeditionary force of five mechanised divisions and
576:
that was full of bombast, exaggeration and vehement protestations of love for Britain. He ridiculed the British populace as "mad, mad as March hares" for questioning the peaceful intentions of Germany and its sincere desire for peace with England, but he admitted that the German populace was "not
1047:. Instead, the terms amounted almost to a surrender: Allied forces occupied Germany up the River Rhine, and Germany was required to disarm, losing its war gains, colonies and navy. By keeping the food blockade in place, the Allies were determined to starve Germany until it agreed to peace terms.
1097:
The Dawes Plan (1924–1929) stabilised the German currency and lowered reparations payments, allowing Germany to access capital markets (mostly American) for the money it owed the Allies in reparations, although the payments came at the price of a high foreign debt. Much of the money returned to
1339:
Britain made two applications for membership in the Common Market (European Community). It failed in the face of the French veto in 1961, but its reapplication in 1967 was eventually successful, with negotiations being concluded in 1972. The diplomatic support of West Germany proved decisive.
1276:
Much of Germany's industrial plant fell within the British zone and there was trepidation that rebuilding the old enemy's industrial powerhouse would eventually prove a danger to British security and compete with the battered British economy. One solution was to build up a strong, free
1347:. West Germany had been ambiguous about the matter. Britain had long been uneasy with West Germany's insistence on the provisional nature of the boundary. On the other hand, it was kept secret so as not to antagonise Britain's key ally in its quest to enter the European Community.
1335:
as a deterrent against the Soviet Union, and a way to reduce its very expensive troop commitments in West Germany. London gained support from Washington and went ahead with the reductions while insisting it was maintaining its commitment to the defence of Western Europe.
912:
were committed to defending France, which was weaker than Germany. The Conservative Party was very hostile to Germany as a threat both to Britain and to France. The emerging Labour Party and other socialists denounced the war as a capitalist device to maximize profits.
1062:
in early 1919, however, Lloyd George was much more moderate than France and Italy, but he still agreed to force Germany to admit starting the war and to commit to paying the entire cost of the Allies in the war, including veterans' benefits and interest.
806:
and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies and to exert power worldwide. Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, to protect its new fleet. Germany traded the strategic island of
882:, however, was angry and alarmed at Germany's aggression. Lloyd George made a dramatic "Mansion House" speech that denounced the German move as an intolerable humiliation. There was talk of war until Germany backed down, and relations remained sour.
668:
could be neutralised by a judicious relationship with Germany. The new nation would be a stabilising force, and Bismarck especially promoted his role in stabilising Europe and in preventing any major war on the continent. British Prime Minister
608:. Advances in technology were shared, as in chemistry. Over 100,000 German immigrants also came to Britain. Germany was one of the world's main centres for innovative social ideas in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The British
971:, think that German conservatives were ambivalent about war and that they worried that losing a war would have disastrous consequences and that even a successful war might alienate the population if it was long or difficult.
8964:
733:
since both were worried about German aggression. Britain refused to agree to the formal alliance that Germany sought. Since Germany's analysis was mistaken on every point, the nation was increasingly dependent on the
254:, which the United Kingdom joined in 1973. West Germany and the United Kingdom were among the most powerful countries in the organisation, both having significant influence on its development. Germany broadly favoured
7495:
Johann Peter Murmann, "Knowledge and competitive advantage in the synthetic dye industry, 1850–1914: the coevolution of firms, technology, and national institutions in Great Britain, Germany, and the United States,"
302:
UK Government data reports 126,000 German nationals were living in the United Kingdom in 2013 and German Government data reports 107,000 British nationals living in Germany in 2016. Both countries are members of the
655:
The British Foreign Office at first was poorly served by a series of ambassadors who provided only superficial reports on the dramatic internal German developments of the 1860s. That changed with the appointment of
294:
on 31 January 2020 after 47 years of membership. Despite a slight reduction in trade afterwards, the amity between the countries remain strong in many areas, which has been reinforced by their joint response to the
362:
are named. Many everyday words in English are of Germanic origin and are similar to their German counterparts, and more intellectual and formal words are of French, Latin or Greek origin, but German tends to form
1180:
The British Empire was standing alone against Germany, but the United States greatly funded and supplied the British. In December 1941, United States entered the war against Germany and Japan after the attack on
878:, made saber-rattling threats and whipped up anger by German nationalists. France and Germany soon agreed on a compromise, with France gaining control of Morocco and Germany gaining some of the French Congo. The
588:. In the same year, all members of the British Royal Family gave up their German titles, and all German relatives who were fighting against the British in the war were stripped of their British titles by the
1285:, that modernised both the British and German economies, and reduced traditional barriers to trade and efficiency. It was Washington, not London, that pushed Germany and France to reconcile and join in the
7325:
1098:
Britain, which then paid off its American loans. From 1931, German payments to Britain were suspended. Eventually, in 1951, West Germany would pay off the World War I reparations that it owed to Britain.
562:
Wilhelm, the grandson of Queen Victoria, had a love-hate relationship with Britain. He visited it often and was well known in its higher circles, but he recklessly promoted the great expansion of the
11134:
1148:
Germany and Britain fought each other from the British declaration of war, in September 1939, to the German surrender, in May 1945. The war continues to loom large in the British public memory.
272:
in 1989, which marked the end of the Cold War, hence an improvement of the relationship between East Germany and the United Kingdom, with which she had developed along with West Germany.
673:, however, was always suspicious of Germany, disliked its authoritarianism and feared that it would eventually start a war with a weaker neighbour. The ideological gulf was stressed by
316:
982:(1980), argued Germany had become economically more powerful than Britain. Kennedy downplayed the disputes over economic trade and imperialism. There had long been disputes over the
10254:
544:, who died in 1888. Friedrich Wilhelm now became Emperor Fredrich III until he died only 99 days later, and Princess Victoria became Empress of Germany. Her son became Emperor
11168:
279:
which has created enduring links between the science and university communities of Germany and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is the second largest consumer of German
185:
Historians have long focused on the diplomatic and naval rivalries between Germany and Britain after 1871 to search for the root causes of the growing antagonism that led to
10492:
10307:
8832:
8518:
795:(Risk Fleet) that would make it too risky for Britain to take on Germany, as part of a wider bid to alter the international balance of power decisively in Germany's favour.
10232:
9703:
7176:
1022:
enmity, rose to the surface. The 'scrap of paper' proved decisive both in maintaining the unity of the government and then in providing a focal point for public feeling.
687:
738:
with Austria-Hungary and Italy. That was undermined by the ethnic diversity of Austria-Hungary and its differences with Italy. The latter, in 1915, would switch sides.
8604:
1032:
and its army shrank every day. A series of huge battles in September and October produced sweeping Allied victories, and the German High Command, under Field Marshal
900:
The Liberal Party controlled the British government in 1914 and was averse to war with anyone and wanted to remain neutral as the First World War suddenly erupted in
287:
8162:
7317:
8884:; explores historical encounters between prominent Britons and Germans to show the contrasting approaches to topics from language and politics to sex and sport.
11096:
9363:
9313:
1415:
388:. The League facilitated trade between London and its numerous cities, most of them controlled by German merchants. It also opened up trade with the Baltic.
10247:
1324:, breaking with the anti-communism of the postwar years, called for its recognition. This call heightened tensions between the British Labour Party and the
1094:(Ruhr Struggle) between the Germans and the French. In 1924, Britain forced France to make major reductions on the amount of reparations Germany had to pay.
7226:
7612:
7254:
10791:
11201:
11053:
10487:
7231:
354:
from mainland Europe, more specifically various peoples that came from what is now the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, including a people called the
11129:
11125:
10745:
10147:
10127:
967:, who dominated Germany, wanted an external war to distract the population and to whip up patriotic support for the government. Other scholars, like
7295:
904:. Since relations with Germany regarding colonies and the naval race had improved in 1914 it did not expect trouble. However Liberal Prime Minister
11157:
10497:
10413:
10240:
9291:
712:
1169:, driving the British army off the Continent and seizing most of its weapons, vehicles and supplies. War was brought to the British skies in the
216:
between 1939 and 1945. Germany was defeated by the United Kingdom and its allies in both wars. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Germany was
28:
9358:
8451:
Stefan Berger, and Norman LaPorte, "Ostpolitik before Ostpolitik: The British Labour Party and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 1955–64,"
1476:. The commemorative plaque in the building records that it is "the first purpose built co-located British-German chancery building in Europe".
350:. Modern English has diverged significantly after absorbing more French influence after 1066. English has its roots in the languages spoken by
275:
Through membership of the European Union, trade and cooperation with the United Kingdom significantly increased in many areas, particularly in
11191:
10987:
10444:
10262:
719:
Coming to power in 1888, the young Wilhelm dismissed Bismarck in 1890 and sought aggressively to increase Germany's influence in the world (
11113:
10901:
9900:
11048:
10811:
925:
8075:
Greatest Day in History: How, on the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month, the First World War Finally Came to an End
1461:
11058:
10876:
10522:
10502:
9839:
9306:
7196:
909:
600:
Ideas flowed back and forth between the two nations. Refugees from Germany's repressive regimes often settled in Britain, most notably
9201:
10705:
10372:
521:
8656:
11063:
11043:
10982:
10956:
10896:
10715:
10690:
10670:
10551:
10157:
7355:
7191:
716:
series of developments steadily improved their relations down to 1890, when Bismarck was pushed out by the aggressive Wilhelm II.
336:
8526:
11196:
11101:
11003:
10931:
10891:
10750:
10645:
10640:
10571:
10561:
10367:
10347:
10270:
7151:
7522:
Helen Meller, "Philanthropy and public enterprise: International exhibitions and the modern town planning movement, 1889–1913."
845:
of 1905, there was nearly war between Germany against Britain and France over a French attempt to establish a protectorate over
10977:
10881:
10720:
10710:
10685:
10610:
10591:
10535:
10418:
10212:
10208:
10203:
9693:
7181:
5549:
1450:
1143:
384:. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea in the 13th to the 17th centuries, and it included London. The main centre was
179:
11068:
10941:
10916:
10846:
10796:
10735:
10680:
10655:
10650:
10581:
10457:
10423:
10397:
10382:
10317:
10302:
10025:
9299:
8265:
8232:
920:, wrote a memorandum for senior officials that warned vigorously against German intentions. Crowe argued that Berlin wanted "
84:
8601:
7921:
1225:
189:. In recent years, historians have paid greater attention to the mutual cultural, ideological and technological influences.
10961:
10921:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10831:
10821:
10816:
10801:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10755:
10660:
10566:
10556:
10530:
10467:
10362:
10352:
10342:
10327:
9920:
7211:
1390:
1051:
502:
1496:
725:). Foreign policy was controlled by the erratic Kaiser, who played an increasingly-reckless hand and by the leadership of
584:
until 1917, when, in response to anti-German feelings during World War I, it was legally changed to the more British name
239:'. Contrastingly, relations between East Germany and the United Kingdom were poor owing to the former’s alliance with the
10951:
10936:
10926:
10911:
10906:
10871:
10841:
10826:
10806:
10740:
10730:
10700:
10635:
10625:
10576:
10515:
10477:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10392:
10387:
10357:
10337:
9990:
9608:
9282:
8881:
380:
was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds, and its market towns dominated trade along the coast of
9186:
Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy & West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950–1971
9095:
A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991
9022:
7540:
1464:. Celebrations to open the building were held on 2 June 1996 and attended by the British Foreign Secretary at the time,
520:
in the 20th century took a German consort. Queen Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother,
461:, a German-speaking Hanoverian prince of mixed British and German descent, ascended to the British throne, founding the
10946:
10886:
10866:
10760:
10725:
10695:
10665:
10630:
10602:
10596:
10586:
10472:
10452:
10377:
10332:
10322:
10312:
9794:
9473:
8154:
1325:
1162:
1137:
952:
941:
536:
in 1858, who became Crown Prince three years later. Both were liberals, admired Britain and detested German Chancellor
312:
8929:
182:, and further diplomatic marriages would result in their grandchildren occupying both the British and German thrones.
10675:
10620:
10615:
10482:
10462:
10177:
10106:
10075:
10015:
9804:
9784:
9764:
9634:
9478:
9393:
8502:
8292:
8195:
8111:
7945:
7576:
7454:
7388:
1156:
110:
9321:
1305:
of 1948–1949. The airlift broke the Soviet blockade which was designed to force the Western Allies out of the city.
940:. Crowe was taken seriously, especially because he was born in Germany. During a secret diplomatic mission in 1914,
10167:
10142:
10010:
9995:
9880:
9844:
9824:
9719:
9644:
9468:
9433:
9423:
9413:
8982:
7998:
7206:
7171:
6442:
1090:
after Germany defaulted in its reparations. Britain condemned the French move and largely supported Germany in the
9255:
8477:
R. Gerald Hughes, "Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain, West Germany, and the Oder-Neisse Line, 1945–1962,"
8315:
7742:
1500:
1086:, Britain clashed openly with France over the amount of reparations to be collected from Germany. In 1923, France
368:
important than French. German is no longer widely studied in Britain, except at the A-level in secondary schools.
10216:
10101:
9985:
9809:
9799:
9779:
9679:
9668:
9618:
9593:
9528:
8552:
1220:
8735:
Hoerber, Thomas. "Prevail or perish: Anglo-German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century,"
8464:
Saki Dockrill, "Retreat from the Continent? Britain's Motives for Troop Reductions in West Germany, 1955–1958,"
7862:
1212:
660:(1871–1884), who developed a close rapport with Bismarck and provided in depth coverage of German developments.
566:, which was a potential threat that the British government could not overlook. A humiliating crisis came in the
11108:
10221:
10182:
10060:
10055:
10035:
9955:
9905:
9829:
9774:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9659:
9598:
9558:
9533:
9488:
9378:
9353:
8761:
7609:
7321:
7251:
6809:
891:
581:
517:
9158:
Anglo-German Relations during the Labour Governments, 1964–70: NATO Strategy, Détente and European Integration
485:
never visited Hanover in the 60 years (1760–1820) that he ruled it. Hanover was occupied by France during the
10132:
10080:
10040:
10005:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9945:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9910:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9875:
9870:
9849:
9754:
9734:
9639:
9613:
9583:
9568:
9538:
9463:
9458:
9448:
9438:
9428:
9403:
9373:
9343:
9067:
British Documents on the Origins of the War, Vol. 6: Anglo-German Tension: Armaments and Negotiation, 1907–12
7221:
7166:
1159:
1006:
895:
533:
409:
4540:
10070:
10050:
10045:
10030:
10020:
9980:
9950:
9940:
9915:
9834:
9819:
9724:
9714:
9699:
9654:
9649:
9588:
9573:
9548:
9543:
9498:
9453:
9388:
9348:
9329:
8844:
8284:
The British Way in Warfare: Power and the International System, 1856–1956: Essays in Honour of David French
7318:"Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)"
7216:
7156:
7146:
3858:
1421:
Since 1945, Germany hosts several British military installations in Western part of the country as part of
1110:
1059:
857:
824:
781:
443:
8887:
Otte, Thomas G. "'The Winston of Germany': The British Foreign Policy Élite and the Last German Emperor."
8671:
8248:
Bell, Christopher M. (2000). "'The Ultimate Potential Enemy': Nazi Germany and British Defense Dilemmas".
7469:
Thomas G. Otte, "'The Winston of Germany': The British Foreign Policy Élite and the Last German Emperor."
10172:
10111:
10065:
10000:
9975:
9854:
9814:
9789:
9759:
9709:
9674:
9664:
9578:
9553:
9483:
9443:
9408:
9398:
9383:
9368:
7380:
The German Language in British Higher Education: Problems, Challenges, Teaching and Learning Perspectives
7291:
589:
405:
296:
9513:
3278:
994:
and northwestern France. British policymakers thought that would be a catastrophe for British security.
9769:
9729:
9689:
9684:
9603:
9563:
9503:
9493:
9418:
6165:
4470:
4453:
3677:
3502:
1383:
1246:
557:
413:
79:
1473:
9238:
4015:
2248:
1269:
of major war criminals in 1946. In Berlin, the British, American, and French zones were joined into
1258:
960:
628:
458:
9220:
8676:
Frederick, Suzanne Y. "The Anglo-German Rivalry, 1890–1914," pp 306–336 in William R. Thompson, ed.
7770:
Donala M. McKale, "Weltpolitik Versus Imperium Britannica: Anglo-German Rivalry in Egypt, 1904–14."
823:, where it proceeded to construct a naval base. The British, however, were always well ahead in the
396:
Until the late 17th century, marriages between the English and German royal families were uncommon.
6407:
6148:
3963:
3051:
2563:
1949:
1738:
1121:
strong to the judgement that it was in Britain's best interests and that there was no alternative.
1039:
In November, the new republic negotiated an armistice, hoping to obtain lenient terms based on the
686:
Britain was looking inward and avoided picking any disputes with Germany but made it clear, in the
529:
447:
276:
8086:
Heather Jones, "As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography".
1106:
fourteen infantry divisions. However, budget restraints prevented the formation of a large force.
11038:
8492:
7186:
3572:
2673:
1446:
1399:
1355:
1320:. Britain at this point did not officially recognise East Germany. However the left wing of the
1278:
1250:
1083:
1076:
998:
924:... in Europe, and eventually in the world". Crowe argued that Germany presented a threat to the
730:
670:
609:
490:
347:
217:
8746:(1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 144–77 for Prussia; pp 178–200 for other Germany; 111-43 for Austria
1755:
10198:
10152:
8358:
Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another
7201:
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1966:
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1087:
750:
735:
726:
567:
525:
435:
209:
151:
8282:
8185:
7935:
7262:
2835:
9179:
Reconstruction in Postwar Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945–1955
8753:
25 (1975) pp: 137–56; compares the views of idealists (pro-German) and realists (anti-German)
8101:
7566:
7378:
7161:
7124:
5619:
5584:
5199:
5094:
4313:
3694:
2077:
1790:
1598:
956:
842:
466:
197:
175:
163:
8591:
7836:
Woodward, David (July 1963). "Admiral Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the Navy, 1897–1916".
7444:
1457:
is half German, as his mother was from Germany. Robertson speaks fluent German and English.
769:
643:
10508:
9198:
8643:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914 : a study in public opinion and foreign policy
8369:
Geoff Eley, "Finding the People's War: Film, British Collective Memory, and World War II."
6709:
6674:
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6030:
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5886:
5654:
5514:
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2598:
2270:
1703:
1411:
1344:
648:
563:
265:
255:
247:
128:
span hundreds of years, and the countries have been aligned since the end of World War II.
9147:
NATO, Britain, France & the FRG: Nuclear Strategies & Forces for Europe, 1949–2000
8917:
Reinermann, Lothar. "Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British public opinion and Wilhelm II."
8843:(2004), popular history covers 1845–1945 focusing on public opinion and propaganda; 368pp
7658:
John Charmley, "Splendid Isolation to Finest Hour: Britain as a Global Power, 1900–1950."
6950:
6429:
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2340:
2305:
1795:
1366:
8:
9102:
The Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East German Relations, 1945–1990
8653:
8650:
The Crowe Memorandum: Sir Eyre Crowe and Foreign Office Perceptions of Germany, 1918–1925
7937:
The Crowe Memorandum: Sir Eyre Crowe and Foreign Office Perceptions of Germany, 1918–1925
6582:
6512:
5374:
4954:
4505:
1033:
674:
651:
1895 of Germany's Bismarck & Britain's Gladstone as performers on the political stage
420:
of London was a typical German business settlement. German mercenaries were hired in the
144:
7347:
1685:
682:
yoke, disregard of European opinion, total want of greatness and generosity, etc., etc."
570:
of 1908. While on an extended visit to Britain, the Kaiser gave a long interview to the
9070:
9056:
9039:
9002:
8636:
7990:
7982:
7702:
6998:
6858:
6639:
6394:
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2770:
2655:
2410:
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1434:
1379:
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613:
513:
prevented her from being on the throne of Hanover since a male relative was available.
470:
451:
401:
167:
155:
140:
9119:
The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War
8854:
8712:
8613:
Aydelotte, William Osgood. "The First German Colony and Its Diplomatic Consequences."
4664:
1013:". That ensured that Liberals would join Conservatives in calling for war. Historian
11118:
9112:
9080:
9060:
8992:
8772:
8498:
8288:
8261:
8228:
8212:
8191:
8107:
7994:
7941:
7706:
7572:
7450:
7384:
6722:
5811:
5671:
5239:
4695:
4225:
2002:
1615:
1407:
1321:
1242:
1201:
1174:
1170:
1071:
From 1920 to 1933, Britain and Germany were on generally good terms, as shown by the
937:
624:
541:
537:
421:
304:
7511:
British social reform and German precedents: the case of social insurance, 1880–1914
791:
force to a fleet that was meant to challenge British naval power. Tirpitz calls for
757:. German officials in Berlin had managed to stop the Kaiser from proposing a German
376:
There is a long history of trade relations between the Germans and the British. The
10137:
8828:
8253:
8220:
7974:
7694:
6757:
6692:
6634:
5601:
4994:
4523:
4108:
3192:
2388:
2182:
1430:
1266:
1166:
1125:
1072:
933:
856:
In 1911, France prepared to send more troops into Morocco. German Foreign Minister
746:
605:
585:
462:
377:
351:
220:, including the United Kingdom, from 1945 to 1949, after which he was divided into
159:
136:
132:
959:, won a third of the vote and the most seats for the first time. German historian
11026:
9286:
9259:
9242:
9205:
8709:
Publicity and Diplomacy: With special reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914
8681:
8660:
8608:
8577:
8319:
7866:
7854:
David R. Gillard, "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890."
7746:
7616:
7418:
The Hanoverian kings and their homeland: a study of the Personal Union, 1714–1837
7258:
7138:
7073:
5764:
5729:
5484:
5234:
5064:
4866:
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4819:
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2498:
2463:
2358:
1778:
1638:
1465:
1454:
1332:
1298:
1238:
1040:
991:
983:
879:
816:
762:
742:
691:
572:
486:
482:
439:
397:
381:
8784:
Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939."
8749:
Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939,"
2685:
10265:
9279:
8894:
8816:
8806:
8032:
7110:
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7027:
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6957:
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6078:
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5613:
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2082:
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2009:
1973:
1938:
1907:
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1843:
1837:
1802:
1767:
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1662:
1627:
1592:
1557:
1522:
1302:
1044:
1010:
987:
968:
498:
478:
474:
465:. For over a century, Britain's monarchs were also rulers of Hanover (first as
427:
359:
355:
280:
259:
251:
171:
125:
63:
9036:
Prince Lichnowsky, ambassador of peace; a study of prewar diplomacy, 1912–1914
8954:
8388:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War: Volume 2, Politics and Ideology
7978:
7698:
3659:
1273:, and the four occupying powers kept official control of the city until 1991.
497:. The personal link with Hanover finally ended in 1837, with the accession of
11185:
9014:
8972:
British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism, and Ambivalence, 1860–1914
8399:
Barbara Marshall, "German attitudes to British military government 1945–47,"
8307:
D.C. Watt, "The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935: An Interim Judgement",
6827:
6657:
6617:
6599:
6517:
6118:
6083:
6009:
5974:
5904:
5834:
5274:
5251:
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4849:
4814:
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4493:
4278:
4138:
3933:
3758:
3723:
3647:
3519:
3226:
3002:
2823:
2323:
2199:
1668:
1533:
1395:
1375:
1371:
1286:
1282:
1254:
850:
632:
616:
236:
193:
99:
9077:
Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902)
8926:
Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century
8633:
From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914
8257:
8224:
5461:
1185:
by Japan, which also later overwhelmed British outposts in the Pacific from
154:
in 1871, Britain was often allied in wartime with German nations, including
10283:
9225:
8871:
Hitler and Appeasement: The British Attempt to Prevent the Second World War
8213:"'The Ultimate Potential Enemy': Nazi Germany and British Defense Dilemmas"
7620:
6910:
6880:
6744:
6569:
6552:
6499:
6285:
6250:
5869:
5344:
5291:
5204:
5099:
4683:
4651:
4528:
4440:
4090:
3823:
3735:
3472:
3117:
3007:
2940:
2875:
2235:
1984:
1883:
1865:
1860:
1469:
1438:
1351:
1313:
1301:
played a major supporting role in providing food and coal to Berlin in the
1262:
1182:
1055:
1014:
975:
905:
865:
803:
758:
754:
665:
494:
332:
240:
225:
221:
213:
205:
107:
9055:(4 vol 1928–31), English translation of major German diplomatic documents
8891:
36.3 (2001): 471–504. Negative views on Kaiser Wilhelm's mental stability.
7431:
The Continental Commitment: Britain, Hanover and Interventionism 1714–1793
7405:
Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)
2870:
9274:
9230:
6898:
6774:
6482:
6424:
6412:
6373:
5169:
5116:
4989:
4936:
4924:
4575:
4563:
4418:
3968:
3187:
2989:
2788:
2668:
2633:
1979:
1808:
1603:
1563:
1317:
1270:
1117:
901:
870:
829:
799:
721:
657:
328:
269:
201:
186:
8581:
British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement, 1935–1939
8494:
Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era
7986:
7962:
7132:
6529:
3624:
3033:
2971:
1173:
in late summer 1940, but the aerial assault was repulsed, which stopped
711:
Relations between Britain and Germany improved as the key policymakers,
10162:
9252:
8864:
8789:
8723:
8618:
8374:
8312:
7739:
7033:
6792:
6739:
5939:
5589:
5531:
5378:
5304:
5059:
4919:
4831:
4748:
4713:
4435:
4318:
4260:
4173:
3998:
3770:
3642:
3432:
3414:
3402:
3331:
3169:
2928:
2905:
2858:
2818:
2703:
2568:
2458:
2423:
2300:
2164:
2015:
1825:
1568:
1545:
917:
808:
787:
545:
431:
96:
8548:
8414:
Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945–1950
7859:
7647:
Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy: The Close of the Nineteenth Century
7085:
2545:
1289:
of 1950 by which they agreed to pool their coal and steel industries.
11044:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
9247:
9019:
Bismarck's Favourite Englishman: Lord Odo Russell's Mission to Berlin
8688:
Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity
8280:
8126:
Frank Magee, "Limited Liability? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno",
7537:
Bismarck's Favourite Englishman: Lord Odo Russell's Mission to Berlin
7279:
Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity
6980:
6968:
6963:
6863:
6622:
6390:
6385:
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6228:
6060:
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5724:
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2405:
2370:
2283:
2152:
2147:
2129:
2046:
2028:
1813:
1190:
1186:
997:
In 1839, Britain, Prussia, France, and the Netherlands agreed to the
812:
601:
510:
417:
9165:
Containing Germany: Britain & the Arming of the Federal Republic
385:
231:
The United Kingdom became close allies with West Germany during the
9210:
7734:
Raymond J. Sontag, "The Cowes Interview and the Kruger Telegram."
6704:
6459:
6368:
6338:
6245:
6210:
6095:
5986:
5969:
5794:
5689:
5566:
5321:
5269:
4761:
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4038:
3893:
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3467:
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3157:
3134:
2738:
2533:
2440:
2094:
1997:
1944:
1848:
1773:
1650:
1633:
1528:
929:
921:
820:
290:, the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the European Union and
232:
5216:
1441:, son of a Scottish father and a German mother, holds British and
1036:, saw it had lost and told Wilhelm to abdicate and go into exile.
948:
on a security trade agreement and military alliance with Germany.
9324:
9133:
The Stasi files: East Germany's secret operations against Britain
8878:
Keeping Up With the Germans: A History of Anglo-German Encounters
8841:
Best of Enemies: Britain and Germany: 100 Years of Truth and Lies
8821:
Major, Patrick. "Britain and Germany: A Love-Hate Relationship?"
8695:
Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule
7634:
Britain and Germany in Africa: imperial rivalry and colonial rule
7079:
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2224:
2217:
2204:
2193:
2158:
2123:
2088:
2059:
2053:
2022:
1990:
1955:
1920:
1913:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1854:
1819:
1784:
1749:
1714:
1679:
1644:
1620:
1609:
1574:
1550:
1539:
1468:, and the then Minister of State at the German Foreign Ministry,
1442:
1002:
860:
was not opposed to that if Germany had compensation elsewhere in
853:
for the French to relinquish some of their control over Morocco.
846:
506:
416:, and his sons were surnamed Almain. Throughout this period, the
121:
52:
9280:
German Association for the Study of British History and Politics
7446:
King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War
7252:
Ex-Regierungssprecher Steffen Seibert wird Botschafter in Israel
1204:
and land forces all contributed to the final defeat of Germany.
288:
referendum on continued membership of the European Union in 2016
9269:
8718:
Harris, David. "Bismarck's Advance to England, January, 1876."
8427:
The Pursuit of Greatness: Britain and the World Role, 1900–1970
7963:"Détente 1914: Sir William Tyrrell's Secret Mission to Germany"
7671:
On his "histrionic personality disorder", see Frank B. Tipton,
6933:
6928:
6893:
6875:
6840:
6762:
6587:
6494:
6447:
6315:
6298:
6263:
6175:
6170:
6153:
5881:
5741:
5659:
5554:
5519:
5339:
5164:
5129:
4901:
4766:
4637:
4624:
4475:
4458:
4068:
3863:
3682:
3629:
3612:
3589:
3542:
3524:
3507:
3261:
3099:
3056:
2958:
2760:
2603:
2253:
2112:
1760:
1743:
1720:
1708:
1281:. Another was to rely primarily on American money, through the
1152:
1124:
At the time, the concessions were very popular, especially the
1102:
964:
875:
861:
364:
291:
9264:
9140:
Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy
9059:, primary sources, Germany and Britain 1870–1890. vol 2 1890s
8944:
The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire
1343:
In 1962, Britain secretly assured Poland of its acceptance of
1331:
After 1955, Britain decided to rely on relatively inexpensive
703:
Pacific, he ensured that conflicts with Britain were minimal.
8912:
Don’t Mention the War: The British and the Germans since 1890
8833:
Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War
8438:
Avi Shlaim, "Britain, the Berlin blockade and the cold war",
7015:
6669:
6333:
6268:
6130:
5991:
5816:
5711:
5641:
5011:
4678:
4510:
4348:
4300:
4295:
4155:
4003:
3845:
3775:
3740:
3449:
3419:
3348:
3283:
3266:
3231:
3122:
2853:
2725:
2708:
2615:
2585:
2515:
2475:
2428:
2187:
2033:
1961:
1655:
1585:
1197:
9199:
Anglo-German Relations: Paul Joyce, University of Portsmouth
8598:
The background of anti-English feeling in Germany, 1890–1902
8332:
Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War
1005:. Germany violated that treaty in 1914, with its chancellor
974:
In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany,
9231:
German-British Chamber of Industry & Commerce in London
9215:
8588:
A Diplomatic History of Europe since the Congress of Vienna
7068:
7050:
6797:
5624:
5181:
4784:
4423:
4248:
3793:
2765:
1926:
1673:
1426:
1402:(right) in London, England, United Kingdom, 3 February 2014
1309:
308:
9235:
8898:
The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914
7824:
The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914
7722:
History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present
1155:. In spring 1940, Germany astonished the world by quickly
1017:
says that in response to the German invasion of Belgium:
916:
In 1907, the leading German expert in the Foreign Office,
7685:
Röhl, J.C.G. (September 1966). "Friedrich von Holstein".
1297:
With the United States taking the lead, Britain with its
706:
489:, but some Hanoverian troops fled to England to form the
1378:(middle) and Chairman of the Munich Security Conference
8859:
Neilson, Francis. "Bismarck's Relations With England."
8103:
The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years
7604:
Edward Ross Dickinson, "The German Empire: an Empire?"
7177:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
9126:
Britain's Policy for West German Rearmament, 1950–1955
8989:
Germany and England: background of conflict, 1848–1898
8949:
Rüger, Jan. "Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism,"
8250:
The Royal Navy, Seapower and Strategy between the Wars
8217:
The Royal Navy, Seapower and Strategy between the Wars
7273:
7271:
1416:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1261:, and that territory became the independent nation of
7292:"Germany and the United Kingdom: Bilateral relations"
1350:
In 1970, the West German government under Chancellor
1058:
promised to impose a harsh treaty on Germany. At the
580:
The British Royal family retained the German surname
438:
that a king of German origin came to reign, from the
7933:
7227:
List of ambassadors of Germany to the United Kingdom
7100:
1358:
recognizing and guaranteeing the borders of Poland.
741:
In January 1896 Wilhelm escalated tensions with his
7268:
1265:in 1949. The British played a central role in the
9275:News BBC – 'Thatcher's fight against German unity'
8905:Crowned Cousins: The Anglo-German Royal Connection
8744:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century
8281:Keith Neilson; Greg Kennedy; David French (2010).
8099:
8049:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914
7895:Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries
7232:List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Germany
1460:In 1996, Britain and Germany established a shared
980:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914
802:, under Tirpitz, had ambitions to rival the great
8758:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914
8645:(1938), 855pp; highly detailed diplomatic history
7811:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914
7564:
1445:citizenship. Similarly, the former leader of the
932:. Germany would expand its power unless the 1904
540:, but Bismarck had the ear of the elderly German
11183:
9109:Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990
8825:October 2008, Vol. 26 Issue 4, pp. 457–468.
8511:
7909:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
7880:Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918
1079:, which helped reintegrate Germany into Europe.
8730:German Foreign Policy from Bismarck to Adenauer
8626:British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century
7376:
1398:(left) and German Minister for Foreign Affairs
1128:in 1938 of Germany, Britain, France and Italy.
548:and forced Bismarck to retire two years later.
235:, through West Germany's integration into the '
8345:British foreign policy in the Second World War
8100:Manfred F. Boemeke; et al., eds. (1998).
8062:Britain and the Origins of the First World War
7940:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 247.
1113:to avoid a repeat of the pre-1914 naval race.
951:In Germany, left-wing parties, especially the
815:with Britain. In exchange, Britain gained the
10248:
9307:
8796:The navy and German power politics, 1862–1914
7593:The Rise of Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914
7310:
1151:At the beginning of the war, Germany crushed
371:
158:. The royal families often intermarried. The
11114:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
8803:European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890
8786:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8751:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8702:Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century
8686:Geppert, Dominik, and Robert Gerwarth, eds.
7922:Full Text: Crowe Memorandum, January 1, 1907
7442:
1088:occupied the Ruhr industrial area of Germany
986:which Germany proposed to build through the
8861:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
8549:"Devizes and District Twinning Association"
8183:
11025:
10255:
10241:
9314:
9300:
9270:Centre for Anglo-German Cultural Relations
9174:(1992), pp. 137–86, on foreign policy
8779:The Rise and Fall of British Naval mastery
8693:Gifford, Prosser and William Roger Louis.
8668:Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II
7383:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 66ff.
7277:Dominik Geppert and Robert Gerwarth, eds.
7197:Centre for Anglo-German Cultural Relations
1354:, the former mayor of West Berlin, signed
1054:, only days later, British Prime Minister
595:
246:West Germany was a founding member of the
11202:Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
9107:Berger, Stefan, and Norman LaPorte, eds.
9100:Berger, Stefan, and Norman LaPorte, eds.
9065:Gooch, G. P., and Harold Temperley, eds.
9011:(1954), comprehensive survey of diplomacy
9009:Struggle for Mastery of Europe: 1848–1918
8851:A History Of European Diplomacy 1914–1925
8386:Richard Bosworth and Joseph Maiolo, eds.
8139:Sally Marks, "The Myths of Reparations",
1177:, the plans for the invasion of Britain.
551:
522:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
322:
9216:Deutsch-Britische Gesellschaft in Berlin
9154:Britain and Germany in Europe, 1949–1990
9075:Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds.
8932:, major survey of British foreign policy
8813:The Diplomacy Of Imperialism (1890–1902)
8412:Josef Becker, and Franz Knipping, eds.,
8026:
7835:
1389:
1365:
1219:
1211:
642:
467:Prince Electors of the Holy Roman Empire
337:Christianization of the Germanic peoples
196:, fought against the United Kingdom and
10282:
10271:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
7798:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902
7449:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–8.
7152:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
1406:In 1990, United Kingdom prime minister
1109:In 1935, the two nations agreed to the
885:
516:Every British monarch from George I to
501:to the British throne, while obtaining
404:, was married between 1114 and 1125 to
258:, whereas the United Kingdom generally
11184:
9097:(1993), the standard scholarly history
9029:The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany
7892:
7877:
7673:A History of Modern Germany since 1815
7182:Timeline of British diplomatic history
1374:(left), United Kingdom prime minister
1144:Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom
836:
765:, Germany sympathised with the Boers.
707:Improvement and worsening of relations
526:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
180:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
11085:
11024:
10281:
10236:
9295:
9093:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress.
9053:German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914
8999:European Diplomatic History 1871–1932
8769:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
8490:
8152:
8021:Germany's Aims in the First World War
1472:, and the Icelandic Foreign Minister
1253:. It soon merged its sector with the
85:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Berlin
11164:
10158:East Germany–United States relations
8334:(Manchester University Press, 1998).
8247:
8210:
7960:
7719:
7713:
7684:
7358:from the original on 21 January 2022
1483:
7632:Prosser Gifford, and Alison Smith,
7250:Paul-Anton Krüger (30 March 2022),
1429:, and share strong economic ties.
936:with France was upgraded to a full
827:and introduced the highly advanced
534:Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia
13:
9045:
8663:, on British policy toward Germany
8571:
8155:"Reparationen (Weimarer Republik)"
7623:, with guide to recent scholarship
7348:"British people living in Germany"
7298:from the original on 11 March 2023
1138:Diplomatic history of World War II
1001:that guaranteed the neutrality of
408:, but they had no issue. In 1256,
341:
268:in 1990 following the fall of the
131:Relations were very strong in the
14:
11213:
10183:Foreign relations of East Germany
10178:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
9192:
8555:from the original on 29 July 2021
8497:. Simon and Schuster. p. 3.
8153:Braun, Helmut (31 January 2007).
8128:Twentieth Century British History
7328:from the original on 7 April 2015
1394:United Kingdom Foreign Secretary
1196:The Allied invasion of France on
1026:
664:Mediterranean and from Russia in
454:, who had no surviving children.
446:was the consort of his successor
208:, against the United Kingdom and
11192:Germany–United Kingdom relations
11163:
11152:
11151:
11135:Prime Ministerial overseas trips
10493:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10308:Democratic Republic of the Congo
10264:
9512:
9323:
8974:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 375pp
8937:Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914
8165:from the original on 14 May 2023
8001:from the original on 12 May 2023
7212:England–Germany football rivalry
7207:Two World Wars and One World Cup
7172:History of German foreign policy
7131:
7117:
7103:
7078:
7061:
7043:
7026:
7008:
6991:
6973:
6956:
6938:
6921:
6903:
6886:
6868:
6851:
6833:
6820:
6802:
6785:
6767:
6750:
6732:
6715:
6697:
6680:
6662:
6645:
6627:
6610:
6592:
6575:
6557:
6540:
6522:
6505:
6487:
6470:
6452:
6435:
6417:
6400:
6378:
6361:
6343:
6326:
6308:
6291:
6273:
6256:
6238:
6221:
6203:
6186:
6158:
6141:
6123:
6106:
6088:
6071:
6053:
6036:
6014:
5997:
5979:
5962:
5944:
5927:
5909:
5892:
5874:
5857:
5839:
5822:
5804:
5787:
5769:
5752:
5734:
5717:
5699:
5682:
5664:
5647:
5629:
5612:
5594:
5577:
5559:
5542:
5524:
5507:
5489:
5472:
5454:
5437:
5419:
5402:
5383:
5367:
5349:
5332:
5314:
5297:
5279:
5262:
5244:
5227:
5209:
5192:
5174:
5157:
5139:
5122:
5104:
5087:
5069:
5052:
5034:
5017:
4999:
4982:
4964:
4947:
4929:
4912:
4894:
4877:
4859:
4842:
4824:
4807:
4789:
4772:
4754:
4741:
4723:
4706:
4688:
4671:
4657:
4644:
4630:
4617:
4599:
4586:
4568:
4551:
4533:
4516:
4498:
4481:
4463:
4446:
4428:
4411:
4393:
4376:
4358:
4341:
4323:
4306:
4288:
4271:
4253:
4236:
4218:
4201:
4183:
4166:
4148:
4131:
4113:
4096:
4078:
4061:
4043:
4026:
4008:
3991:
3973:
3956:
3938:
3921:
3903:
3886:
3868:
3851:
3833:
3816:
3798:
3781:
3763:
3746:
3728:
3705:
3687:
3670:
3652:
3635:
3617:
3600:
3582:
3565:
3547:
3530:
3512:
3495:
3477:
3460:
3442:
3425:
3407:
3390:
3372:
3359:
3341:
3324:
3306:
3289:
3271:
3254:
3236:
3219:
3197:
3180:
3162:
3145:
3127:
3110:
3092:
3079:
3061:
3044:
3026:
3013:
2995:
2982:
2964:
2951:
2933:
2916:
2898:
2881:
2863:
2846:
2828:
2811:
2793:
2776:
2748:
2731:
2713:
2696:
2678:
2661:
2643:
2626:
2608:
2591:
2573:
2556:
2538:
2521:
2503:
2486:
2468:
2451:
2433:
2416:
2398:
2381:
2363:
2346:
2328:
2311:
2293:
2276:
2258:
2241:
2223:
2210:
2192:
2175:
2157:
2140:
2122:
2105:
2087:
2070:
2052:
2039:
2021:
2008:
1989:
1972:
1954:
1937:
1919:
1906:
1888:
1871:
1853:
1836:
1818:
1801:
1783:
1766:
1748:
1731:
1713:
1696:
1678:
1661:
1643:
1626:
1608:
1591:
1573:
1556:
1538:
1521:
1487:
1425:. Both countries are members of
1361:
908:and especially Foreign Minister
120:The bilateral relations between
57:
46:
27:
22:Germany–United Kingdom relations
9172:Developments in German Politics
8541:
8484:
8471:
8458:
8445:
8432:
8419:
8406:
8401:Journal of contemporary History
8393:
8380:
8363:
8350:
8337:
8324:
8301:
8274:
8241:
8204:
8190:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 2:269–72.
8177:
8146:
8133:
8120:
8093:
8080:
8067:
8054:
8041:
8013:
7954:
7927:
7914:
7901:
7886:
7871:
7848:
7829:
7816:
7803:
7790:
7777:
7764:
7751:
7728:
7678:
7665:
7652:
7639:
7626:
7598:
7585:
7558:
7545:
7529:
7516:
7503:
7489:
7476:
7463:
7436:
1279:trade union movement in Germany
1131:
868:. He sent a small warship, the
690:, that it would not tolerate a
493:, an ethnic German unit in the
391:
266:East and West Germany reunified
204:between 1914 and 1918; and, as
11197:Bilateral relations of Germany
11109:British entry into World War I
10222:Germany and the United Nations
8981:(1938); comprehensive history
8961:England and Germany, 1740–1914
8953:(2011) 83#3, pp. 579–617
8764:; influential synthesis; 600pp
7785:England and Germany, 1740–1914
7553:Bismarck's Favorite Englishman
7423:
7410:
7397:
7370:
7340:
7322:Office for National Statistics
7284:
7244:
1326:German Social Democratic Party
892:British entry into World War I
768:Under German Foreign Minister
135:when the German cities of the
1:
11086:
10133:German entry into World War I
8979:Britain in Europe, 1789–1914.
8211:Bell, Christopher M. (2000).
8187:Germany and the Americas: O-Z
8106:. Cambridge U.P. p. 12.
7934:Jeffrey Stephen Dunn (2013).
7237:
7222:Germans in the United Kingdom
7167:German entry into World War I
1462:embassy building in Reykjavik
1386:, in Munich, Bavaria, Germany
1345:the latter's western boundary
1308:In 1955, West Germany joined
1232:
1207:
1007:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
896:German entry into World War I
775:
713:Prime Minister Lord Salisbury
688:"war in sight" crisis of 1875
524:and married her first cousin
410:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall
218:occupied by the allied forces
10204:Foreign ministers of Germany
9330:Foreign relations of Germany
9211:Anglo-German Club in Hamburg
9087:
8739:(2011) 20#1, pp. 65–79.
8615:Cambridge Historical Journal
8479:International History Review
8466:Journal of Strategic Studies
8347:(HM Stationery Office, 1962)
8159:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
7660:Contemporary British History
7471:Canadian Journal of History
7217:British migration to Germany
7157:Anglo-German naval arms race
7147:Foreign relations of Germany
1479:
1414:but eventually accepted the
1111:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
1101:With the coming to power of
858:Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter
782:Anglo-German naval arms race
638:
346:English and German are both
317:former European Union member
315:and the United Kingdom is a
162:(1714–1837) ruled the small
7:
11054:International Monetary Fund
10173:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
8889:Canadian Journal of History
8732:(1989; reprint 2013), 272pp
8311:, (1956) 28#2, pp. 155–175
8143:, (1978) 11#3, pp. 231–255.
8130:, (Jan 1995) 6#1, pp. 1–22.
7893:Esthus, Raymond A. (1970).
7772:Canadian Journal of History
7736:Political Science Quarterly
7096:
1292:
1066:
761:over the Transvaal. In the
697:
590:Titles Deprivation Act 1917
406:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
297:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
11218:
9704:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
9226:British-German Association
9083:, 608pp of primary sources
8596:Anderson, Pauline Relyea.
8453:European History Quarterly
8416:(Walter de Gruyter, 1986).
8371:American Historical Review
7565:Klaus Hilderbrand (1989).
7486:(2000) pp. 172–80, 130–38.
7294:. Federal Foreign Office.
6166:Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
4541:Neustadt an der Weinstraße
4471:Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
1384:Munich Security Conference
1245:, Britain took control of
1226:British zone of occupation
1216:British zone of occupation
1141:
1135:
889:
779:
612:, around 1910, led by the
558:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
555:
372:Trade and Hanseatic League
326:
80:Embassy of Germany, London
11147:
11092:
11081:
11034:
11020:
10996:
10970:
10769:
10544:
10406:
10295:
10291:
10277:
10191:
10120:
10094:
9863:
9627:
9521:
9510:
9336:
9258:18 September 2008 at the
9253:British Embassy in Berlin
9236:German Industry in the UK
8951:Journal of Modern History
8720:Journal of Modern History
8481:(2005) 27#2, pp. 259–294.
8455:(2006) 36#3, pp. 396–420.
8403:(1980) 15#4, pp. 655–684.
8309:Journal of Modern History
7979:10.1017/S0018246X1200057X
7856:English Historical Review
7724:, pp. 34–55, 202–206
7699:10.1017/s0018246x00026716
7571:. Routledge. p. 21.
7526:(1995) 10#3, pp. 295–310.
7403:James Westfall Thompson,
4016:Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz
1224:Road sign delimiting the
1009:ridiculing the treaty a "
963:famously argued that the
944:negotiated with diplomat
528:in 1840. Their daughter,
95:
90:
78:
73:
69:
56:
45:
35:
26:
10445:Turks and Caicos Islands
10148:Soviet Union before 1941
9359:Central African Republic
9265:German Embassy in London
9167:(1999), p. 1. 244p.
8287:. Ashgate. p. 120.
8141:Central European History
8090:(2013) 56#3 pp: 857–878.
7858:75.297 (1960): 631–653.
7606:History Workshop Journal
7500:(2000) 1#4, pp. 699–704.
7377:Sylvia Jaworska (2009).
3279:Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
1950:East Riding of Yorkshire
1200:in June 1944 as well as
582:von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha
448:Prince George of Denmark
277:research and development
11039:Commonwealth of Nations
9241:23 January 2009 at the
9221:Anglo-German Foundation
9204:10 October 2011 at the
9023:excerpt and text search
8997:Sontag, Raymond James.
8987:Sontag, Raymond James.
8959:Schmitt, Bernadotte E.
8930:excerpt and text search
8845:excerpt and text search
8836:(1991); popular history
8762:excerpt and text search
8672:excerpt and text search
8586:Albrecht-Carrie, Rene.
8491:Vinen, Richard (2013).
8468:(1997) 20#3, pp. 45–70.
8258:10.1057/9780230599239_4
8225:10.1057/9780230599239_4
7878:Herwig, Holger (1980).
7720:Raff, Diethher (1988),
7541:Excerpt and text search
7192:Anglo-Prussian alliance
7187:Anglo-German Fellowship
2674:North East Lincolnshire
1447:Scottish National Party
1437:of the German state of
1400:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
731:Franco-Russian Alliance
671:William Ewart Gladstone
610:Liberal welfare reforms
596:Intellectual influences
434:, but it was not until
348:West Germanic languages
283:after Germany herself.
11126:Diplomatic missions of
10792:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10217:Ambassadors of Germany
10209:Diplomatic missions of
10199:Federal Foreign Office
10153:Inner German relations
9901:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9285:31 August 2018 at the
9181:(Oxford, 1992), 421pp.
9152:Noakes, Jeremy et al.
9138:Hanrieder, Wolfram F.
8442:(1983) 60#1, pp. 1–14.
8373:106#3 (2001): 818–838
7967:The Historical Journal
7738:40.2 (1925): 217–247.
7608:Issue 66, Autumn 2008
7509:Ernest Peter Hennock,
7498:Enterprise and Society
7482:Christopher M. Clark,
7202:British Forces Germany
7091:North Rhine-Westphalia
7056:North Rhine-Westphalia
7021:North Rhine-Westphalia
6986:North Rhine-Westphalia
6815:North Rhine-Westphalia
6780:North Rhine-Westphalia
6535:North Rhine-Westphalia
6356:North Rhine-Westphalia
6321:North Rhine-Westphalia
6181:North Rhine-Westphalia
6136:North Rhine-Westphalia
5852:North Rhine-Westphalia
5747:North Rhine-Westphalia
5677:North Rhine-Westphalia
5607:North Rhine-Westphalia
5537:North Rhine-Westphalia
5502:North Rhine-Westphalia
5467:North Rhine-Westphalia
5396:North Rhine-Westphalia
5327:North Rhine-Westphalia
5187:North Rhine-Westphalia
4977:North Rhine-Westphalia
4907:North Rhine-Westphalia
4837:North Rhine-Westphalia
4736:North Rhine-Westphalia
4701:North Rhine-Westphalia
4612:North Rhine-Westphalia
4406:North Rhine-Westphalia
4371:North Rhine-Westphalia
4231:North Rhine-Westphalia
3916:North Rhine-Westphalia
3811:North Rhine-Westphalia
3665:North Rhine-Westphalia
3608:Hammersmith and Fulham
3595:North Rhine-Westphalia
3490:North Rhine-Westphalia
3354:North Rhine-Westphalia
3319:North Rhine-Westphalia
3214:North Rhine-Westphalia
3074:North Rhine-Westphalia
2841:North Rhine-Westphalia
2806:North Rhine-Westphalia
2691:North Rhine-Westphalia
2170:North Rhine-Westphalia
2135:North Rhine-Westphalia
2100:North Rhine-Westphalia
2065:North Rhine-Westphalia
1967:North Rhine Westphalia
1932:North Rhine Westphalia
1831:North Rhine-Westphalia
1726:North Rhine-Westphalia
1691:North Rhine-Westphalia
1423:British Forces Germany
1403:
1387:
1229:
1217:
1060:Paris Peace Conference
953:SPD or Socialist Party
745:, congratulating Boer
727:Friedrich von Holstein
694:by Germany on France.
652:
568:Daily Telegraph Affair
552:Wilhelm II (1888–1918)
436:William III of England
323:Historical connections
250:, later to become the
170:, as well as Britain.
152:Unification of Germany
11130:in the United Kingdom
10488:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9170:Smith, Gordon et al.
9027:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
8993:online free to borrow
8921:26.4 (2008): 469–485.
8863:9.3 (1950): 293–306.
8788:25 (1975): 137–156.
8773:online free to borrow
8700:Görtemaker, Manfred.
8678:Great power rivalries
8659:1 August 2020 at the
8641:Carroll, E. Malcolm.
8617:5#3 (1937): 291–313.
8440:International Affairs
8390:(Cambridge UP, 2015).
7774:22#2 (1987): 195–208.
7662:18.3 (2004): 130–146.
7568:German Foreign Policy
7524:Planning perspectives
7473:36.3 (2001): 471–504.
7443:Catrine Clay (2009).
7162:Causes of World War I
7125:United Kingdom portal
5620:Royal Tunbridge Wells
5095:Nuneaton and Bedworth
3695:Ludwigshafen am Rhein
1393:
1369:
1223:
1215:
843:First Moroccan Crisis
646:
635:were also exchanged.
313:European Union member
243:during the Cold War.
176:grandmother of Europe
164:Electorate of Hanover
10746:United Arab Emirates
10509:Special Relationship
9840:United Arab Emirates
9248:UK-German Connection
9184:Zimmermann, Hubert.
9177:Turner, Ian D., ed.
9156:* Macintyre, Terry.
8977:Seton-Watson, R. W.
8771:(1987), pp 194–260.
8728:Hilderbrand, Klaus.
8722:3.3 1931): 441–456.
8631:Brandenburg, Erich.
8607:25 July 2018 at the
8429:(1991), pp. 228–232.
8318:26 July 2018 at the
8184:Thomas Adam (2005).
7961:Otte, T. G. (2013).
7907:Christopher Clark,
7865:1 March 2017 at the
7745:25 July 2018 at the
7645:J. A. S. Grenville,
7257:3 April 2022 at the
6710:Rhineland-Palatinate
6675:Rhineland-Palatinate
6605:Rhineland-Palatinate
6031:Rhineland-Palatinate
5922:Rhineland-Palatinate
5887:Rhineland-Palatinate
5655:Borough of Runnymede
5550:Richmond upon Thames
5480:Redcar and Cleveland
5362:Rhineland-Palatinate
5047:Rhineland-Palatinate
4872:Rhineland-Palatinate
4802:Rhineland-Palatinate
4546:Rhineland-Palatinate
4126:Rhineland-Palatinate
4021:Rhineland-Palatinate
3951:Rhineland-Palatinate
3700:Rhineland-Palatinate
3555:Freiburg im Breisgau
3455:Rhineland-Palatinate
2271:Rhineland-Palatinate
1756:Tempelhof-Schöneberg
1704:Barking and Dagenham
1501:adding missing items
1412:German reunification
1356:a treaty with Poland
957:1912 German election
886:Start of World War I
833:battleship in 1907.
753:for beating off the
564:Imperial German Navy
491:King's German Legion
473:). There was only a
256:European integration
248:European Communities
10498:Trinidad and Tobago
10414:Antigua and Barbuda
9069:(1930) pp 666–761.
9051:Dugdale, E.T.S. ed
8876:Oltermann, Philip.
8742:Horn, David Bayne.
8621:, South-West Africa
8252:. pp. 99–115.
8219:. pp. 99–115.
7796:William L. Langer,
7615:12 May 2020 at the
7407:(1931) pp. 146–179.
7263:Süddeutsche Zeitung
4955:Newcastle upon Tyne
4506:Limburg an der Lahn
2836:Mülheim an der Ruhr
1077:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1034:Paul von Hindenburg
837:Two Moroccan crises
675:Lord Arthur Russell
430:was the consort of
114:since November 2020
23:
18:Bilateral relations
9145:Heuser, Beatrice.
9034:Willis, Edward F.
8946:(Cambridge, 2007).
8811:Langer William L.
8801:Langer William L.
8707:Hale, Oron James.
8088:Historical Journal
7897:. pp. 66–111.
7687:Historical Journal
7675:(2003) pp 243–245.
7352:British in Germany
7324:. 28 August 2014.
6640:Schleswig-Holstein
6395:Schleswig-Holstein
6049:Greater Manchester
6022:Ingelheim am Rhein
5152:Schleswig-Holstein
4336:Schleswig-Holstein
4161:Schleswig-Holstein
3986:Schleswig-Holstein
3881:Schleswig-Holstein
2771:Schleswig-Holstein
2656:Schleswig-Holstein
2411:Schleswig-Holstein
2118:Greater Manchester
1581:Kronberg im Taunus
1499:; you can help by
1474:Halldór Ásgrímsson
1435:minister-president
1404:
1388:
1380:Wolfgang Ischinger
1370:German Chancellor
1243:Potsdam agreements
1230:
1218:
946:Gottlieb von Jagow
770:Bernhard von Bülow
653:
621:David Lloyd George
452:House of Oldenburg
402:Henry I of England
400:, the daughter of
168:Kingdom of Hanover
74:Diplomatic mission
21:
11179:
11178:
11143:
11142:
11119:Foreign Secretary
11077:
11076:
11064:League of Nations
11016:
11015:
11012:
11011:
10230:
10229:
10143:China before 1941
9104:(Augsburg, 2005).
9007:Taylor, A. J. P.
8970:Scully, Richard.
8924:Reynolds, David.
8839:Milton, Richard.
8829:Massie, Robert K.
8781:(1976) pp 205–38.
8737:European Security
8529:on 9 October 2008
8519:"Embassy History"
8330:Frank McDonough,
8267:978-1-349-42246-3
8234:978-1-349-42246-3
8060:Zara S. Steiner,
7911:(2012) pp 204–13.
7800:(1951) pp 433–42.
7787:(1916) pp 133–43.
7591:Paul M. Kennedy,
7484:Kaiser Wilhelm II
6951:Baden-Württemberg
6723:Weston-super-Mare
6430:Baden-Württemberg
6216:Baden-Württemberg
6066:Baden-Württemberg
5957:Baden-Württemberg
5812:Main-Taunus-Kreis
5672:Bergisch Gladbach
5572:Baden-Württemberg
5240:Perth and Kinross
5082:Baden-Württemberg
4696:Bergisch Gladbach
4581:Baden-Württemberg
4226:Emmerich am Rhein
3560:Baden-Württemberg
3249:Baden-Württemberg
3175:Baden-Württemberg
3039:Baden-Württemberg
2946:Baden-Württemberg
2911:Baden-Württemberg
2621:Baden-Württemberg
2551:Baden-Württemberg
2446:Baden-Württemberg
2376:Baden-Württemberg
2341:Baden-Württemberg
2306:Baden-Württemberg
2003:Main-Kinzig-Kreis
1796:Baden-Württemberg
1517:
1516:
1410:at first opposed
1408:Margaret Thatcher
1202:strategic bombing
1175:Operation Sealion
1171:Battle of Britain
942:Baron Sir Tyrrell
938:military alliance
542:Emperor Wilhelm I
538:Otto von Bismarck
530:Princess Victoria
422:Wars of the Roses
305:Council of Europe
118:
117:
11209:
11167:
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11083:
11082:
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10988:Papua New Guinea
10293:
10292:
10279:
10278:
10269:
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10234:
10233:
10138:Munich Agreement
9694:Kurdistan Region
9516:
9328:
9327:
9316:
9309:
9302:
9293:
9292:
9163:Mawby, Spencer.
9131:Glees, Anthony.
9124:Dockrill, Saki.
9117:Deighton, Anne.
8624:Bartlett, C. J.
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8525:. Archived from
8523:Internet Archive
8515:
8509:
8508:
8488:
8482:
8475:
8469:
8462:
8456:
8449:
8443:
8436:
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8425:Robert Holland,
8423:
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8356:Jonathan Fenby,
8354:
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7898:
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7875:
7869:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7833:
7827:
7822:Peter Padfield,
7820:
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7807:
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7762:
7755:
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7643:
7637:
7630:
7624:
7602:
7596:
7595:(1980) pp. 27–31
7589:
7583:
7582:
7562:
7556:
7549:
7543:
7535:Karina Urbach,
7533:
7527:
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6693:Northamptonshire
6685:
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6666:
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6635:Henstedt-Ulzburg
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4995:Northamptonshire
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4109:Northamptonshire
4101:
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3193:County Fermanagh
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2013:
2012:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1941:
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1911:
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1893:
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1823:
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1806:
1805:
1791:Schwäbisch Gmünd
1788:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1735:
1718:
1717:
1701:
1700:
1686:Bad Münstereifel
1683:
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1666:
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1648:
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1512:
1509:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1451:House of Commons
1431:David McAllister
1382:(right) in 2011
1267:Nuremberg trials
1251:occupied Germany
1126:Munich Agreement
1084:Genoa Conference
1073:Locarno Treaties
1043:of US President
999:Treaty of London
934:Entente Cordiale
926:balance of power
747:President Kruger
606:Friedrich Engels
586:House of Windsor
471:Kings of Hanover
463:House of Hanover
378:Hanseatic League
352:Germanic peoples
192:Germany, as the
160:House of Hanover
137:Hanseatic League
133:Late Middle Ages
103:since March 2022
61:
60:
50:
49:
31:
24:
20:
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10902:North Macedonia
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10026:North Macedonia
9859:
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9322:
9320:
9287:Wayback Machine
9260:Wayback Machine
9243:Wayback Machine
9206:Wayback Machine
9195:
9090:
9048:
9046:Primary sources
9031:(2 vols. (1980)
8939:(1992), passim.
8928:(2nd ed. 2000)
8914:(London, 2006).
8910:Ramsden, John.
8907:(London, 1985).
8895:Padfield, Peter
8823:German History,
8805:(2nd ed. 1956)
8777:Kennedy, Paul.
8767:Kennedy, Paul.
8760:(London, 1980)
8756:Kennedy, Paul.
8661:Wayback Machine
8609:Wayback Machine
8590:(1958), passim
8578:Adams, R. J. Q.
8574:
8572:Further reading
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8343:E.L. Woodward,
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8073:Nicholas Best,
8072:
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8059:
8055:
8046:
8042:
8036:The Pity of War
8033:Ferguson, Niall
8031:
8027:
8019:Fritz Fischer,
8018:
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1466:Malcolm Rifkind
1455:Angus Robertson
1449:in the British
1364:
1333:nuclear weapons
1299:Royal Air Force
1295:
1237:As part of the
1235:
1228:in Berlin, 1984
1210:
1146:
1140:
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1069:
1041:Fourteen Points
1029:
992:English Channel
984:Baghdad Railway
898:
890:Main articles:
888:
880:British cabinet
839:
817:Eastern African
784:
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763:Second Boer War
743:Kruger telegram
736:Triple Alliance
709:
700:
692:pre-emptive war
641:
598:
573:Daily Telegraph
560:
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487:Napoleonic Wars
483:King George III
481:. In contrast,
440:House of Nassau
414:King of Germany
398:Empress Matilda
394:
382:Northern Europe
374:
358:after whom the
344:
342:Shared heritage
339:
325:
311:. Germany is a
174:, known as the
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9193:External links
9191:
9190:
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9182:
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9161:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9121:(Oxford, 1993)
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9015:Urbach, Karina
9012:
9005:
8995:
8985:
8975:
8968:
8957:
8947:
8940:
8935:Rich, Norman.
8933:
8922:
8919:German History
8915:
8908:
8903:Palmer, Alan.
8901:
8892:
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8666:Faber, David.
8664:
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7973:(1): 175–204.
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7809:Paul Kennedy,
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7759:Lord Salisbury
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7693:(3): 379–388.
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7111:Germany portal
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7004:Worcestershire
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5830:South Tyneside
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5777:Simbach am Inn
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5415:South Ayrshire
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5391:Recklinghausen
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5357:Langenlonsheim
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4389:Leicestershire
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3578:West Yorkshire
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3153:Ellesmere Port
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2588:
2553:
2518:
2511:Friedrichsdorf
2483:
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2413:
2378:
2343:
2308:
2289:Cambridgeshire
2273:
2238:
2207:
2172:
2137:
2102:
2083:Northumberland
2067:
2036:
2005:
1969:
1934:
1903:
1868:
1833:
1798:
1763:
1728:
1693:
1658:
1623:
1588:
1553:
1515:
1514:
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1492:
1481:
1478:
1363:
1360:
1303:Berlin airlift
1294:
1291:
1259:French sectors
1247:its own sector
1234:
1231:
1209:
1206:
1136:Main article:
1133:
1130:
1068:
1065:
1045:Woodrow Wilson
1028:
1027:Allied victory
1025:
1024:
1023:
1011:scrap of paper
988:Ottoman Empire
969:Niall Ferguson
887:
884:
838:
835:
780:Main article:
777:
774:
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684:
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647:Caricature by
640:
637:
629:social welfare
597:
594:
556:Main article:
553:
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499:Queen Victoria
479:Western Europe
475:personal union
428:Anne of Cleves
412:, was elected
393:
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373:
370:
343:
340:
324:
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281:motor vehicles
252:European Union
172:Queen Victoria
126:United Kingdom
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9113:online review
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8197:9781851096282
8193:
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8188:
8180:
8164:
8161:(in German).
8160:
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8142:
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8123:
8115:
8113:9780521621328
8109:
8105:
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8096:
8089:
8083:
8076:
8070:
8064:(1977) p 233.
8063:
8057:
8051:, pp 464–470.
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7844:(8): 548–555.
7843:
7839:
7838:History Today
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6828:Isle of Wight
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6658:Hertfordshire
6655:
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6618:Waterlooville
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6119:Tyne and Wear
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6084:Staffordshire
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6046:
6045:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6010:Hertfordshire
6007:
6006:
6000:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5975:Staffordshire
5972:
5971:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5905:Hertfordshire
5902:
5901:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5835:Tyne and Wear
5832:
5831:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5800:West Midlands
5797:
5796:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:County Durham
5272:
5271:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:Aschaffenburg
5247:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4972:Gelsenkirchen
4967:
4961:
4960:Tyne and Wear
4957:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4850:Milton Keynes
4845:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:Middlesbrough
4810:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4731:Bad Godesberg
4726:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4559:Littlehampton
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4494:Staffordshire
4491:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:Knaresborough
4274:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4139:Kidderminster
4134:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3934:Hertfordshire
3931:
3930:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3759:Herefordshire
3756:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3724:Hertfordshire
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3648:County Durham
3645:
3644:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:Reinickendorf
3515:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:Wilhelmshaven
2998:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:County Durham
2821:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2744:West Midlands
2741:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:Staffordshire
2321:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:Aberdeenshire
1531:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1495:This list is
1493:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:, the former
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1396:William Hague
1392:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:David Cameron
1373:
1372:Angela Merkel
1368:
1362:Reunification
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1287:Schumann Plan
1284:
1283:Marshall Plan
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Low Countries
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:1918 election
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:Fritz Fischer
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
903:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
851:United States
848:
844:
834:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
794:
789:
783:
773:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
724:
723:
717:
714:
704:
695:
693:
689:
680:
679:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
659:
650:
645:
636:
634:
633:town planning
630:
627:'s system of
626:
622:
618:
617:H. H. Asquith
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
574:
569:
565:
559:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
369:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
298:
293:
292:left the bloc
289:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
237:Western world
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:allied forces
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:German Empire
190:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:Miguel Berger
98:
94:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
68:
65:
54:
44:
41:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
16:
11169:
11156:
11027:Multilateral
10836:
10706:Saudi Arabia
10601:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10443:
10373:South Africa
10085:
9795:Saudi Arabia
9474:South Africa
9188:(2002) 275pp
9185:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9157:
9153:
9149:(1997) 256pp
9146:
9139:
9132:
9128:(1991) 209pp
9125:
9118:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9076:
9066:
9052:
9035:
9028:
9018:
9008:
8998:
8988:
8978:
8971:
8960:
8950:
8943:
8942:Rüger, Jan.
8936:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8888:
8877:
8870:
8860:
8850:
8849:Mowat, R.B.
8840:
8831:
8822:
8812:
8802:
8795:
8785:
8778:
8768:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8729:
8719:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8677:
8667:
8649:
8648:Dunn, J.S.
8642:
8632:
8625:
8614:
8597:
8587:
8580:
8557:. Retrieved
8543:
8531:. Retrieved
8527:the original
8522:
8513:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8473:
8465:
8460:
8452:
8447:
8439:
8434:
8426:
8421:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8395:
8387:
8382:
8370:
8365:
8357:
8352:
8344:
8339:
8331:
8326:
8308:
8303:
8283:
8276:
8249:
8243:
8216:
8206:
8186:
8179:
8167:. Retrieved
8158:
8148:
8140:
8135:
8127:
8122:
8102:
8095:
8087:
8082:
8074:
8069:
8061:
8056:
8048:
8043:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8015:
8003:. Retrieved
7970:
7966:
7956:
7936:
7929:
7916:
7908:
7903:
7894:
7888:
7879:
7873:
7855:
7850:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7823:
7818:
7810:
7805:
7797:
7792:
7784:
7779:
7771:
7766:
7761:, pp 368–69.
7758:
7753:
7735:
7730:
7721:
7715:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7672:
7667:
7659:
7654:
7646:
7641:
7633:
7628:
7621:Project MUSE
7605:
7600:
7592:
7587:
7567:
7560:
7552:
7547:
7536:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7510:
7505:
7497:
7491:
7483:
7478:
7470:
7465:
7445:
7438:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7412:
7404:
7399:
7379:
7372:
7360:. Retrieved
7351:
7342:
7330:. Retrieved
7312:
7300:. Retrieved
7286:
7278:
7261:
7246:
7084:
7067:
7049:
7032:
7014:
6997:
6979:
6962:
6944:
6927:
6911:Unterhaching
6909:
6892:
6881:Lower Saxony
6874:
6857:
6839:
6826:
6808:
6791:
6773:
6756:
6745:Lower Saxony
6738:
6721:
6703:
6686:
6668:
6651:
6633:
6616:
6598:
6581:
6570:Lower Saxony
6563:
6553:Warwickshire
6546:
6528:
6511:
6500:Lower Saxony
6493:
6476:
6458:
6441:
6423:
6406:
6384:
6367:
6349:
6332:
6314:
6297:
6286:Lower Saxony
6279:
6262:
6251:Lower Saxony
6244:
6227:
6209:
6192:
6174:
6164:
6147:
6129:
6112:
6094:
6077:
6059:
6042:
6020:
6003:
5985:
5968:
5950:
5933:
5915:
5898:
5880:
5870:Lincolnshire
5863:
5845:
5828:
5810:
5793:
5775:
5758:
5740:
5723:
5705:
5688:
5670:
5653:
5635:
5618:
5600:
5583:
5565:
5548:
5530:
5513:
5495:
5478:
5460:
5443:
5425:
5408:
5393:
5373:
5355:
5345:Bedfordshire
5338:
5320:
5303:
5292:Lower Saxony
5285:
5268:
5250:
5233:
5215:
5205:Renfrewshire
5198:
5180:
5163:
5145:
5128:
5110:
5100:Warwickshire
5093:
5075:
5058:
5040:
5023:
5005:
4988:
4970:
4953:
4935:
4918:
4900:
4883:
4865:
4848:
4830:
4813:
4795:
4778:
4760:
4747:
4729:
4712:
4694:
4684:Bedfordshire
4677:
4663:
4652:Loughborough
4650:
4636:
4623:
4605:
4592:
4574:
4557:
4539:
4529:Lincolnshire
4522:
4504:
4487:
4469:
4452:
4441:Lower Saxony
4434:
4417:
4399:
4382:
4364:
4347:
4329:
4312:
4294:
4277:
4259:
4242:
4224:
4207:
4189:
4172:
4154:
4137:
4119:
4102:
4091:Lower Saxony
4084:
4067:
4049:
4032:
4014:
3997:
3979:
3962:
3944:
3927:
3909:
3892:
3874:
3857:
3839:
3824:High Wycombe
3822:
3804:
3787:
3769:
3752:
3736:Neu Isenburg
3734:
3717:
3711:
3693:
3676:
3658:
3641:
3623:
3606:
3588:
3571:
3553:
3536:
3518:
3501:
3483:
3473:Lincolnshire
3466:
3448:
3431:
3413:
3396:
3378:
3365:
3347:
3330:
3312:
3295:
3277:
3260:
3242:
3225:
3203:
3186:
3168:
3151:
3133:
3116:
3098:
3085:
3067:
3050:
3032:
3019:
3008:Lower Saxony
3001:
2988:
2970:
2957:
2941:Sindelfingen
2939:
2922:
2904:
2887:
2876:Lower Saxony
2869:
2852:
2834:
2817:
2799:
2782:
2764:
2754:
2737:
2719:
2702:
2686:Königswinter
2684:
2667:
2649:
2632:
2614:
2599:Christchurch
2597:
2579:
2564:Chesterfield
2562:
2544:
2527:
2509:
2492:
2474:
2457:
2439:
2422:
2404:
2387:
2369:
2352:
2334:
2317:
2299:
2282:
2264:
2247:
2236:Lower Saxony
2229:
2216:
2198:
2181:
2163:
2146:
2128:
2111:
2093:
2076:
2058:
2045:
2027:
2014:
1995:
1985:Bedfordshire
1978:
1960:
1943:
1925:
1912:
1894:
1884:Bedfordshire
1877:
1866:Lower Saxony
1861:Braunschweig
1859:
1842:
1824:
1807:
1789:
1772:
1754:
1737:
1719:
1702:
1684:
1667:
1649:
1632:
1614:
1597:
1579:
1562:
1544:
1527:
1505:
1470:Werner Hoyer
1459:
1439:Lower Saxony
1420:
1405:
1352:Willy Brandt
1349:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1322:Labour Party
1314:East Germany
1307:
1296:
1275:
1263:West Germany
1236:
1195:
1183:Pearl Harbor
1179:
1150:
1147:
1132:World War II
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1082:At the 1922
1081:
1070:
1056:Lloyd George
1049:
1038:
1030:
1015:Zara Steiner
996:
979:
976:Paul Kennedy
973:
950:
915:
906:H.H. Asquith
899:
869:
866:French Congo
855:
840:
828:
804:British Navy
797:
793:Risikoflotte
792:
785:
767:
759:protectorate
755:Jameson raid
740:
720:
718:
710:
701:
685:
666:Central Asia
662:
654:
599:
579:
571:
561:
515:
495:British army
469:and then as
456:
426:
395:
392:Royal family
375:
345:
333:Anglo-Saxons
301:
285:
274:
264:
245:
241:Soviet Union
230:
226:East Germany
222:West Germany
214:World War II
206:Nazi Germany
191:
184:
166:, later the
149:
139:traded with
130:
119:
108:Jill Gallard
15:
10983:New Zealand
10957:Switzerland
10897:Netherlands
10716:South Korea
10691:Philippines
10671:North Korea
10552:Afghanistan
10107:New Zealand
10076:Switzerland
10016:Netherlands
9805:South Korea
9785:Philippines
9765:North Korea
9635:Afghanistan
9479:South Sudan
9394:Ivory Coast
8869:Neville P.
7757:Grenville,
7555:(1999) ch 5
7332:21 December
6899:Oxfordshire
6775:Holzwickede
6483:Oxfordshire
6425:Bad Wurzach
6413:Oxfordshire
6408:Wallingford
6374:East Sussex
5427:Lichtenfels
5170:Oxfordshire
5117:Brandenburg
4990:Northampton
4937:Schweinfurt
4925:Lanarkshire
4576:Durmersheim
4564:West Sussex
4209:King's Lynn
3969:East Sussex
3964:Hurst Green
3660:Hückelhoven
3188:Enniskillen
2990:Dunfermline
2789:West Sussex
2669:Cleethorpes
2634:Cirencester
1980:Biggleswade
1809:Basingstoke
1604:Oxfordshire
1564:Aberystwyth
1318:Warsaw Pact
1316:joined the
1271:West Berlin
1118:appeasement
928:as that of
910:Edward Grey
871:SMS Panther
830:Dreadnought
800:German Navy
722:Weltpolitik
658:Odo Russell
631:. Ideas on
509:. The semi-
450:, from the
329:Saxon Shore
270:Berlin Wall
202:World War I
187:World War I
150:Before the
106:Ambassador
11186:Categories
11004:Yugoslavia
10932:San Marino
10892:Montenegro
10751:Uzbekistan
10646:Kyrgyzstan
10641:Kazakhstan
10572:Bangladesh
10562:Azerbaijan
10368:Somaliland
10348:Mozambique
10213:in Germany
10168:Yugoslavia
10163:Ostpolitik
10128:Arab world
10121:Historical
10011:Montenegro
9996:Luxembourg
9881:Azerbaijan
9845:Uzbekistan
9825:Tajikistan
9720:Kazakhstan
9645:Bangladesh
9469:Somaliland
9434:Mozambique
9424:Mauritania
9414:Madagascar
8794:Lambi, I.
8169:29 October
7362:21 January
7238:References
7034:Workington
6793:Whitstable
6740:Hildesheim
6114:Sunderland
5940:Merseyside
5935:St. Helens
5590:Lancashire
5585:Rossendale
5532:Eschweiler
5462:Düsseldorf
5379:Lancashire
5305:Portsmouth
5060:Nottingham
4920:Motherwell
4832:Oberhausen
4749:Manchester
4714:Maidenhead
4436:Holzminden
4319:Lancashire
4261:Ingolstadt
4174:Kilmarnock
3999:Ilfracombe
3859:Hillingdon
3771:Dillenburg
3643:Hartlepool
3433:Gloucester
3415:Bad Vilbel
3403:Derbyshire
3332:Felixstowe
3170:Reutlingen
2929:Derbyshire
2906:Waiblingen
2859:Derbyshire
2819:Darlington
2704:Colchester
2569:Derbyshire
2459:Cheltenham
2424:Chelmsford
2301:Heidelberg
2165:Leverkusen
2016:Birmingham
1826:Euskirchen
1569:Ceredigion
1546:Regensburg
1497:incomplete
1233:Occupation
1208:Since 1945
1142:See also:
918:Eyre Crowe
825:naval race
819:island of
809:Heligoland
788:Royal Navy
776:Naval race
623:, adopted
546:Wilhelm II
532:, married
503:Heligoland
444:Queen Anne
432:Henry VIII
327:See also:
260:opposed it
228:in 1949.
198:his allies
178:, married
97:Ambassador
11102:1814–1919
11087:Diplomacy
11029:relations
10978:Australia
10882:Lithuania
10721:Sri Lanka
10711:Singapore
10686:Palestine
10611:Indonesia
10592:Hong Kong
10536:Venezuela
10419:Argentina
10286:relations
10284:Bilateral
10102:Australia
9986:Lithuania
9810:Sri Lanka
9800:Singapore
9780:Palestine
9680:Indonesia
9669:Hong Kong
9619:Venezuela
9594:Nicaragua
9529:Argentina
9088:Post 1941
8047:Kennedy,
7995:159470430
7783:Schmitt,
7707:163767674
6999:Worcester
6981:Erftstadt
6969:Berkshire
6964:Wokingham
6864:Berkshire
6623:Hampshire
6391:Pinneberg
6386:Quickborn
6304:Caithness
6229:Todmorden
6061:Heilbronn
6044:Stockport
6027:Bielefeld
6005:Stevenage
5952:Stuttgart
5900:St Albans
5847:Wuppertal
5725:Sheffield
5707:Oberursel
5695:Hampshire
5637:Wiesbaden
5497:Troisdorf
5450:Berkshire
5410:Prestwick
5310:Hampshire
5287:Nordenham
5147:Barmstedt
5077:Karlsruhe
4719:Berkshire
4594:Liverpool
4489:Lichfield
4384:Leicester
4331:Rendsburg
4314:Lancaster
4244:Kirkcaldy
4121:Lahnstein
4104:Kettering
4034:Inverness
3981:Ellerhoop
3876:Schleswig
3789:Herne Bay
3538:Guildford
3503:Greenwich
3380:Nuremberg
3302:Hampshire
3210:Bielefeld
3205:Brackwede
3087:Edinburgh
3069:Steinfurt
2924:Dronfield
2894:Wiltshire
2871:Osnabrück
2581:Darmstadt
2406:Flensburg
2371:Stuttgart
2284:Cambridge
2183:Brentwood
2153:Berkshire
2148:Bracknell
2130:Paderborn
2047:Blackpool
2029:Frankfurt
1814:Hampshire
1508:June 2010
1480:Twinnings
1191:Singapore
1187:Hong Kong
1116:By 1936,
1092:Ruhrkampf
955:, in the
902:July 1914
864:, in the
813:North Sea
751:Transvaal
677:in 1872:
639:Diplomacy
602:Karl Marx
511:Salic law
457:In 1714,
418:steelyard
11158:Category
10942:Slovakia
10917:Portugal
10847:Holy See
10797:Bulgaria
10736:Thailand
10681:Pakistan
10656:Mongolia
10651:Malaysia
10582:Cambodia
10458:Colombia
10424:Barbados
10407:Americas
10398:Zimbabwe
10383:Tanzania
10318:Ethiopia
10303:Botswana
10061:Slovenia
10056:Slovakia
10036:Portugal
9956:Holy See
9906:Bulgaria
9830:Thailand
9775:Pakistan
9750:Mongolia
9745:Maldives
9740:Malaysia
9660:Cambodia
9599:Paraguay
9559:Colombia
9534:Barbados
9522:Americas
9504:Zimbabwe
9489:Tanzania
9379:Ethiopia
9364:DR Congo
9354:Cameroon
9283:Archived
9256:Archived
9239:Archived
9202:Archived
8955:in JSTOR
8711:(1940)
8657:Archived
8652:(2012).
8605:Archived
8600:(1939).
8553:Archived
8533:19 March
8375:in JSTOR
8316:Archived
8313:in JSTOR
8163:Archived
7999:Archived
7987:23352220
7863:Archived
7743:Archived
7613:Archived
7356:Archived
7326:Archived
7302:11 March
7296:Archived
7255:Archived
7097:See also
6758:Weymouth
6705:Wittlich
6583:Waverley
6530:Wülfrath
6460:Wandsbek
6369:Uckfield
6339:Cornwall
6246:Bramsche
6211:Mannheim
6096:Erlangen
5987:Dreieich
5970:Stafford
5865:Spalding
5795:Solihull
5690:Rushmoor
5567:Konstanz
5322:Duisburg
5270:Peterlee
4762:Chemnitz
4454:Lewisham
4366:Dortmund
4191:Kulmbach
4179:Ayrshire
4051:Augsburg
4039:Scotland
3894:Hinckley
3841:Kelkheim
3754:Hereford
3678:Havering
3625:Neukölln
3468:Grantham
3244:Eppingen
3158:Cheshire
3135:Landshut
3034:Tübingen
2972:Würzburg
2739:Coventry
2534:Cheshire
2441:Backnang
2389:Carlisle
2095:Solingen
1998:Erlensee
1945:Beverley
1849:Somerset
1774:Barnsley
1651:Bensheim
1634:Amersham
1616:Schongau
1599:Abingdon
1529:Aberdeen
1312:, while
1293:Cold War
1255:American
1157:invading
1075:and the
1067:Interwar
930:Napoleon
922:hegemony
821:Zanzibar
698:Colonies
625:Bismarck
614:Liberals
518:George V
459:George I
233:Cold War
145:Scotland
124:and the
11170:Commons
11097:History
10971:Oceania
10962:Ukraine
10922:Romania
10862:Ireland
10857:Iceland
10852:Hungary
10837:Germany
10832:Georgia
10822:Estonia
10817:Denmark
10802:Croatia
10787:Belgium
10782:Austria
10777:Albania
10756:Vietnam
10661:Myanmar
10567:Bahrain
10557:Armenia
10531:Uruguay
10516:Bermuda
10468:Grenada
10363:Somalia
10353:Namibia
10343:Morocco
10328:Liberia
10095:Oceania
10081:Ukraine
10041:Romania
10006:Moldova
9971:Ireland
9966:Iceland
9961:Hungary
9946:Georgia
9936:Finland
9931:Estonia
9926:Denmark
9911:Croatia
9896:Belgium
9891:Belarus
9886:Austria
9876:Armenia
9871:Albania
9850:Vietnam
9755:Myanmar
9735:Lebanon
9640:Bahrain
9614:Uruguay
9584:Jamaica
9569:Ecuador
9539:Bolivia
9464:Somalia
9459:Senegal
9449:Nigeria
9439:Namibia
9429:Morocco
9404:Liberia
9374:Eritrea
9344:Algeria
9111:(2010)
9079:(1938)
9038:(1942)
9021:(1999)
9001:(1933)
8991:(1938)
8963:(1918)
8882:excerpt
8880:(2012)
8873:(2005).
8853:(1927)
8815:(1960)
8798:(1984).
8704:(2005).
8697:(1967).
8680:(1999)
8670:(2009)
8654:excerpt
8635:(1928)
8559:29 July
8360:(2015).
8077:(2008).
8023:(1967).
7813:(1980).
7649:(1964).
7636:(1967).
7539:(1999)
7513:(1987).
7433:(2005).
7420:(1993).
7281:(2009).
7086:Münster
7039:Cumbria
6946:Rastatt
6916:Bavaria
6859:Windsor
6846:Bavaria
6653:Watford
6548:Warwick
6478:Wantage
6465:Hamburg
6351:Boppard
6281:Hamelin
6194:Swansea
6101:Bavaria
5782:Bavaria
5760:Skipton
5602:Bocholt
5515:Reigate
5445:Reading
5432:Bavaria
5375:Preston
5257:Bavaria
5222:Bavaria
5200:Paisley
5135:Rutland
5112:Cottbus
5042:Koblenz
5030:Norfolk
5025:Norwich
5007:Marburg
4942:Bavaria
4780:Margate
4607:Cologne
4524:Lincoln
4401:Krefeld
4266:Bavaria
4214:Norfolk
4196:Bavaria
4086:Rinteln
4074:Cumbria
4056:Bavaria
3929:Hitchin
3911:Herford
3806:Waltrop
3719:Dacorum
3573:Halifax
3398:Glossop
3385:Bavaria
3367:Glasgow
3337:Suffolk
3314:Pulheim
3297:Fareham
3140:Bavaria
3105:Bavaria
2977:Bavaria
2889:Devizes
2801:Dorsten
2784:Crawley
2756:Dresden
2721:Wetzlar
2651:Itzehoe
2546:Lörrach
2529:Chester
2494:Chesham
2481:Moselle
2394:Cumbria
2354:Cardiff
2336:Datteln
2319:Cannock
2266:Neuwied
2249:Bromley
2231:Hanover
2218:Bristol
2205:Bavaria
2060:Bottrop
1914:Belfast
1901:Bavaria
1896:Bamberg
1879:Bedford
1669:Ashford
1621:Bavaria
1551:Bavaria
1328:(SPD).
1050:In the
1003:Belgium
965:Junkers
847:Morocco
841:In the
811:in the
749:of the
507:Denmark
365:calques
360:English
156:Prussia
141:England
122:Germany
53:Germany
10997:Former
10952:Sweden
10937:Serbia
10927:Russia
10912:Poland
10907:Norway
10872:Kosovo
10842:Greece
10827:France
10807:Cyprus
10770:Europe
10741:Turkey
10731:Taiwan
10701:Russia
10636:Jordan
10626:Israel
10577:Brunei
10478:Mexico
10439:Canada
10434:Brazil
10429:Belize
10393:Zambia
10388:Uganda
10358:Rwanda
10338:Malawi
10296:Africa
10071:Sweden
10051:Serbia
10046:Russia
10031:Poland
10021:Norway
9981:Kosovo
9951:Greece
9941:France
9916:Cyprus
9864:Europe
9835:Turkey
9820:Taiwan
9725:Kuwait
9715:Jordan
9700:Israel
9655:Brunei
9650:Bhutan
9589:Mexico
9574:Guyana
9549:Canada
9544:Brazil
9499:Uganda
9454:Rwanda
9389:Guinea
9349:Angola
9337:Africa
9160:(2008)
9142:(1991)
9135:(2004)
9081:online
9071:online
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8900:(2005)
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8713:online
8690:(2009)
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8637:online
8628:(1989)
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8602:online
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8583:(1993)
8501:
8291:
8264:
8231:
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8110:
8038:(1999)
8005:12 May
7993:
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7860:online
7826:(2005)
7740:online
7705:
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7575:
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6934:Surrey
6929:Woking
6894:Witney
6876:Goslar
6841:Coburg
6810:Borken
6763:Dorset
6588:Surrey
6495:Seesen
6448:London
6316:Brilon
6299:Thurso
6264:Torbay
6176:Minden
6173:, and
6171:Berlin
6154:London
6149:Sutton
5882:Speyer
5742:Bochum
5660:Surrey
5555:London
5520:Surrey
5340:Potton
5165:Oxford
5130:Oakham
4902:Siegen
4885:Morley
4767:Saxony
4638:Berlin
4625:London
4476:Berlin
4459:London
4069:Kendal
3864:London
3683:London
3630:Berlin
3613:London
3590:Aachen
3543:Surrey
3525:Berlin
3508:London
3262:Exeter
3227:Epping
3100:Munich
3057:London
3052:Ealing
3021:Durham
2959:Dundee
2763:, and
2761:Saxony
2604:Dorset
2254:London
2113:Bolton
1761:Berlin
1744:London
1739:Barnet
1721:Witten
1709:London
1443:German
1167:France
1153:Poland
1103:Hitler
876:Agadir
862:Africa
386:Lübeck
356:Angles
335:, and
10947:Spain
10887:Malta
10867:Italy
10761:Yemen
10726:Syria
10696:Qatar
10666:Nepal
10631:Japan
10597:India
10587:China
10473:Haiti
10453:Chile
10378:Sudan
10333:Libya
10323:Kenya
10313:Egypt
10192:Other
10112:Tonga
10066:Spain
10001:Malta
9976:Italy
9855:Yemen
9815:Syria
9790:Qatar
9760:Nepal
9710:Japan
9675:India
9665:China
9579:Haiti
9554:Chile
9484:Sudan
9444:Niger
9409:Libya
9399:Kenya
9384:Ghana
9369:Egypt
9057:vol 1
7991:S2CID
7983:JSTOR
7703:S2CID
7016:Kleve
6670:Mainz
6334:Truro
6269:Devon
6131:Essen
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5917:Worms
5817:Hesse
5712:Hesse
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3123:Moray
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2854:Derby
2726:Hesse
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2616:Aalen
2586:Hesse
2516:Hesse
2476:Trier
2429:Essex
2188:Essex
2078:Blyth
2034:Hesse
1962:Lemgo
1656:Hesse
1586:Hesse
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1198:D-Day
978:, in
874:, to
649:Opper
505:from
286:In a
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10676:Oman
10621:Iraq
10616:Iran
10545:Asia
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10463:Cuba
9770:Oman
9730:Laos
9690:Iraq
9685:Iran
9628:Asia
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9564:Cuba
9494:Togo
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8561:2021
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8499:ISBN
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