427:
614:
245:
1185:, followed by the appearance of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. The
1177:. Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such as
2031:; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of a common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten.
836:
595:'stone', and presents also the elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants; actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician–Portuguese contemporary language. As for the oldest document written in Galician–Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231, since the
546:, discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite the enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician–Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician–Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax. The
3083:. Lexique Latin Médiévale-Francais/Anglais. A Medieval Latin-French/English Dictionary. composuit J. F. Niermeyer, perficiendum curavit C. van de Kieft. Abbreviationes et index fontium composuit C. van de Kieft, adiuvante G. S. M. M. Lake-Schoonebeek. Leiden – New York – Köln: E. J. Brill 1993 (1st ed. 1976).
572:(27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician–Portuguese. The earliest poetic texts (but not the manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular.
1145:
and other
Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by
738:
The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and
Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among them
1222:
Today
Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among the younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily
446:. Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features.
484:, each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia.
3019:. Edição crítica do texto português pelo –. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa de Moeda (vol. I 1951 ; vol II 1954 ; vol. III 1961 , vol. IV 1990) (Academia Portuguesa da História. Fontes Narrativas da História Portuguesa).
1181:, who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during the
2877:
On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see:
2873:. Edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário por –. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade (Biblioteca de escritores portugueses) (republished by Lisboa: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1972).
940:
2005:, duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain a lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity.
1196:
The linguistic classification of
Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galician
1889:
distribution is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in
Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as
1990:, supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician–Portuguese oral traditions be made part of the
1141:
As
Portugal's territory was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlier
1638:. Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for a time but eventually merging in most dialects. See
2756:
The
Galician-Portuguese Speech of Baixa Limia and Castro Laboreiro: Integrated into the Project for the declaration of Human Heritage of Galician-Portuguese Intangible Culture
2167:
History of
Galician-Portuguese: linguistic state of Galicia and Northwest Portugal from the 13th to the 16th centuries: (with reference to the situation of modern Galician)
1991:
2258:
A Toponímia Céltica e os vestígios de cultura material da Proto-História de
Portugal. Freire, José. Revista de Guimarães, Volume Especial, I, Guimarães, 1999, pp. 265–275
2751:
A Fala Galego-Portuguesa da Baixa Limia e Castro
Laboreiro: Integrado no Projecto para a declaraçom de Património da Humanidade da Cultura Imaterial Galego-Portuguesa
806:
in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been the official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known as
2730:
2163:
História do galego-português: estado linguístico da Galiza e do noroeste de Portugal desde o século XIII ao século XVI (com referência à situação do galego moderno)
561:
1986:
There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician–Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician–Portuguese language spread south with the
430:
Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Galician (Galician–Portuguese) within the context of its linguistic neighbours between the year 1000 and 2000.
1189:
considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of the
2974:, Amsterdam, pp. 85–95 (Internationale Forschungen zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Literaturwissenschaft) (Port. version in Oliveira 2001b: 141–170).
2970: (1998a). "Le surgissement de la culture troubadouresque dans l'occident de la Péninsule Ibérique (I). Compositeurs et cours", in (Anton Touber, ed.)
2221:
Piel, Joseph-Maria (1989). "Origens e estruturação histórica do léxico português" [Origins and historical structure of the Portuguese lexicon].
2008:
Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as the
2222:
5089:
456:
influences were absorbed into the local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician–Portuguese words as well as in placenames of
2395:
5061:
3026:. Edición crítica anotada, con introduccion, índice onomástico e glosario. 2 vols. Orense: Instituto de Estudios Orensanos 'Padre Feijoo'.
2893: (1988). "Do Cancioneiro da Ajuda ao Livro das Cantigas do Conde D. Pedro. Análise do acrescento à secção das cantigas de amigo de O",
2450:
17:
2260:
3172:
1443:
1123:
481:
2866:. Edição critica e commentada por –. 2 vols. Halle a.S., Max Niemeyer (republished Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional – Casa de Moeda, 1990).
1539:
818:("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to the differences in
2545:
857:
499:
changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician–Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the
1450:
2497:
2420:
1186:
2169:] (in Portuguese) (Reimpressã da edição do INIC (1986) ed.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. pp. 883–891.
3623:
2648:
2590:
2372:
2286:
948:
3555:
812:("ordinary language", that is Vulgar Latin) until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician–Portuguese" and
802:, who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the language
3358:
3353:
3297:
3185:
3128:
2855:. 4 vols . Coimbra: Por ordem da Universidade (republished in 2 vols. Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia, 1981; 2nd ed.:
1862:(like in most of Romance languages), reduced to 5 vowels when nasalized in contact with syllable-final nasal consonants
1486:
271:
3458:
3348:
1611:
depending on position) following the marked vowel, with any nasalization of the vowel being a phonetic secondary effect.
399:. The term "Galician–Portuguese" also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages.
3573:
3118:
1495:
1400:
3141:
1994:. The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations.
760:
4412:
2619:
2316:
2174:
883:
2882:
Oliveira, António Resende de (1987). "A cultura trovadoresca no ocidente peninsular: trovadores e jograis galegos",
865:
4472:
1457:
1414:
2941:. (tr. Valentín Arias) Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia (Universitaria / Historia crítica da literatura medieval).
2928:
Depois do Espectáculo Trovadoresco. a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV
2798:
S = Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Lisbon), Capa do Cart. Not. de Lisboa, N.º 7-A, Caixa 1, Maço 1, Livro 3.
3760:
3365:
3165:
1703:
1407:
1393:
1138:
and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths.
261:
1223:
influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world.
366:
Galician–Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the
4560:
4461:
1726:
861:
642:
4431:
4368:
4046:
1464:
1421:
765:(including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate).
421:
575:
In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king
442:(common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the
370:
in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it was later extended south of the Douro by the
221:
5094:
1751:
1712:
1561:
705:
4495:
3898:
1890:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1567:
1555:
1449:
1442:
542:, written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician–Portuguese. The
5104:
4936:
4374:
3343:
3272:
2959: (1997b). "História de uma despossessão. A nobreza e os primeiros textos em galego-português", in
2236:
2139:
1735:
1680:
944:
743:, Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The main
2303:
1169:
Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it was displaced by
522:
The oldest known document to contain Galician–Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called the
5099:
4657:
4229:
3664:
3222:
3158:
1574:
1331:
566:
2693:[Is there an open vowel rhyme with a closed vowel in Galician-Portuguese troubadour poetry?].
2354:
669:
in France and Italy during the same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician–Portuguese
4244:
4156:
3765:
3606:
3321:
3250:
3232:
3215:
3210:
3200:
2919:. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, pp. 249–260 (republished in Oliveira 2001b: 65–78).
2402:
2034:
A Galician–Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken in
1922:
1559:
1386:
1154:, were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities of
998:
990:
970:
650:
608:
464:
origin. In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in Roman
124:
109:
4949:
4853:
3726:
3674:
3453:
3401:
1901:; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays,
1858:
As far as it is known, Galician–Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had a 7-oral-vowel system
1689:
1347:
846:
2548:[the oldest texts written in Portuguese] (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. Archived from
2335:
515:). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman
476:. The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It is assumed that the
3908:
3862:
3743:
3716:
3655:
3592:
3538:
3245:
3205:
1365:
1338:
985:
960:
850:
698:
679:
507:(585–711). And the Galician–Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") and the
132:
119:
99:
3913:
2458:
5035:
4251:
3669:
3615:
3267:
2257:
2016:
1970:
1163:
1051:
1003:
773:
621:
Galician–Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms of
396:
340:
184:
137:
3046:
A recent work centered on Galician containing information on medieval Galician–Portuguese is:
2915: (1993). "A caminho de Galiza. Sobre as primeiras composições em galego-português", in
768:
All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400
5067:
5012:
4818:
4813:
4466:
4444:
4335:
4263:
4086:
3748:
3511:
3038:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter (Sammlung romanischer Elementar- und Händbucher, I, 8) (Port tr.
2088:
2047:
1639:
1515:
1354:
1301:
1292:
417:
413:
4731:
3699:
822:
dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial.
5017:
4791:
4407:
4380:
4306:
4166:
3965:
3893:
3845:
3839:
3802:
3785:
2115:
1372:
1310:
781:
691:
538:. In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms. The
488:
4801:
4214:
3282:
8:
4502:
4394:
4362:
4356:
3977:
3937:
3903:
3731:
3495:
3064:. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1st ed. Philadelphia, 1938). (
2691:"Existe rima de vogal aberta com vogal fechada na poesia trovadoresca galego-portuguesa?"
2549:
2110:
2093:
1433:
1380:
1131:
1073:
897:
658:
453:
449:
380:
360:
306:
81:
4765:
4198:
3873:
3807:
426:
253:
around the 10th century, before the separation of the Galician and Portuguese languages.
5007:
4736:
4592:
4550:
4516:
4510:
4400:
4343:
4300:
4283:
4021:
4014:
3850:
3638:
3579:
3435:
3423:
3302:
3240:
2782:
Manuscripts containing Galician–Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 ):
1317:
1259:
1239:
1120:
777:
726:
684:
662:
634:
626:
47:
43:
4785:
3277:
2848:. Edição crítica pelo prof. –. 2nd ed. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia with "Vocabulário").
1106:
630:
250:
4964:
4943:
4863:
4823:
4682:
4610:
4604:
4528:
4420:
4330:
4271:
4183:
4141:
3942:
3888:
3694:
3679:
3650:
3633:
3543:
3506:
3475:
3463:
3382:
3370:
3287:
3262:
3256:
3181:
3150:
3030:
There is no up-to-date historical grammar of medieval Galician–Portuguese. But see:
2712:
2644:
2615:
2586:
2505:
2428:
2368:
2312:
2282:
2203:
2170:
2149:
2083:
2073:
1476:
1325:
1274:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1135:
1083:
1078:
980:
901:
803:
799:
740:
654:
638:
477:
388:
384:
352:
348:
292:
114:
73:
69:
58:
4806:
3775:
3753:
2859:, Edición, introducción y notas de –. 3 vols. Madrid: Clásicos Castália, 1986–1989).
2829:
Critical editions of individual genres of Galician–Portuguese poetry (note that the
2792:
Ba = Bancroft Library (University of California, Berkeley) 2 MS DP3 F3 (MS UCB 143)
534:. Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician–Portuguese words is the
267:
4917:
4907:
4892:
4880:
4796:
4745:
4709:
4687:
4674:
4668:
4597:
4586:
4490:
4455:
4439:
4288:
4276:
4209:
4173:
4161:
4129:
4054:
4026:
3999:
3829:
3824:
3812:
3792:
3780:
3721:
3628:
3585:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3480:
3411:
3395:
3292:
2702:
2472:
2120:
2098:
2068:
2051:
1578:
1254:
1178:
965:
793:
755:
666:
622:
576:
548:
104:
4692:
4642:
3069:
3065:
2733:[Differences in medieval pronunciation in relation to modern Portuguese].
2473:"[The oldest document containing traces of Galician-Portuguese, a.D. 870]"
5001:
4987:
4868:
4770:
4760:
4704:
4555:
4543:
4483:
4478:
4293:
4222:
4204:
4178:
4151:
4081:
4038:
3950:
3931:
3883:
3770:
3736:
3689:
3684:
3406:
3338:
3310:
3145:
2264:
2043:
2020:
1812:
1697:
1635:
1505:
1279:
1127:
955:
748:
646:
613:
457:
91:
4004:
3105:
On the early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro,
2846:
Cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer dos cancioneiros medievais galego-portugueses
2749:
2361:
Some aspects of the Paleolithic Continuity Theory applied to the Galician region
1874:
in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g.
5052:
4959:
4954:
4875:
4755:
4717:
4449:
4009:
3955:
3925:
3817:
3501:
3429:
3375:
2707:
1835:
1720:
1623:
1603:
in the medieval sources) can be analyzed as a nasal consonant phoneme (usually
1529:
1119:
As a result of political division, Galician–Portuguese lost its unity when the
599:, dated to 1228, is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original.
531:
244:
4098:
2356:
Alguns aspectos da Teoria da Continuidade Paleolítica aplicada à região galega
519:, but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries.
5083:
4994:
4897:
4885:
4617:
4325:
3982:
3920:
3416:
2716:
2690:
2207:
2078:
2054:
including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages.
1777:
1662:
1212:
1091:
905:
819:
392:
356:
214:
77:
434:
Galician–Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of
4776:
4636:
4076:
4031:
3138:
3107:
Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo
2498:"Charter of the Foundation of the Church of S. Miguel de Lardosa, a.D. 882"
2028:
1997:
Galician–Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include the
1269:
1264:
1182:
1046:
670:
508:
443:
439:
179:
2191:
4838:
4831:
4568:
4134:
2672:
2564:
Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo
1987:
1843:
1827:
1818:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1772:
1674:
1657:
1249:
1244:
1216:
372:
367:
344:
4103:
1159:
4146:
4116:
4108:
4064:
4059:
3709:
3468:
3024:
La traduccion gallego de la Cronica General y de la Cronica de Castilla
2948: (1997a). "Arqueologia do mecenato trovadoresco em Portugal", in
2804:
Va = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. lat. 7182, ff. 276rº – 278rº
1782:
1743:
1667:
1286:
936:
527:
512:
492:
1566:
in central and southern Portugal (and thus in Brazil) and merged with
511:
may have evolved under the influence of local Celtic languages (as in
4912:
4750:
4092:
3387:
2731:"As diferenças na pronúncia medieval em relação ao português moderno"
2668:
2144:
1197:
1100:
1041:
516:
504:
435:
230:
202:
174:
4538:
835:
4697:
4533:
4349:
3797:
3645:
2676:
2338:[The origins of the Galician-Portuguese romance language].
1205:
928:
496:
465:
461:
279:
4902:
1215:, spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community of
4521:
4386:
4124:
3548:
3533:
2585:] (in Spanish). A coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza.
2035:
1201:
744:
351:. Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the
275:
3123:
4723:
4069:
3992:
3972:
3704:
3109:. (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references).
2904: (1989). "A Galiza e a cultura trovadoresca peninsular",
2825:
To = Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid), cod. 10.069 ("El Toledano")
2039:
2024:
1142:
714:
491:
and by the year 800 Galician–Portuguese had already become the
487:
An early form of Galician–Portuguese was already spoken in the
3133:
3007:. Lisboa: Notícias Editorial (Colecção Poliedro da História).
2841:: Edição Crítica / Critical Edition (Porto: Campo das Letras).
2822:
T = Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo (El Escorial), MS T. I. 1.
2819:
F = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale (Florence), Banco Rari 20.
2816:
E = Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo (El Escorial), MS B. I. 2.
2641:
Galician-Portuguese documents from the 12th and 13th centuries
3987:
3960:
2786:
A = "Cancioneiro da Ajuda", Palácio Real da Ajuda (Lisbon).
2235:(in Portuguese). Lisboa: IN-CM. pp. 9–16. Archived from
1151:
1147:
975:
932:
536:
Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa
500:
339:
when referring to the history of each modern language, was a
3011:
For Galician–Portuguese prose, the reader might begin with:
2996:(tr. Jordi Cerdà). Barcelona: Columna (La Flor Inversa, 6).
2930:. Lisboa: Edições Colibri (Colecção: Autores Portugueses).
2795:
N = Morgan Library & Museum (New York), MS 979 (= PV).
2529:
The Latinity of Dated Documents in the Portuguese Territory
1155:
3099:
Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin
772:(narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of the
278:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2643:] (in Portuguese). A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña.
2019:, with ancient dances and tradition – like the one where
807:
2985:
1998: 207–229 (Port. Version in Oliveira 2001b: 97–110).
2671:
and exemplified in the verses of iambographers such as
1992:
Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
3180:
734:
Tenzón entre Afonso Sánchez e Vasco Martíns de Resende
395:
varieties, all of which maintain a very high level of
3089:. ed. P. G. W. Glare. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1983.
2801:
V = Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. lat. 4803.
2421:"Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 B.C.)"
2229:
Studies in Galician-Portuguese Historical Linguistics
2196:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
3872:
2994:
Aventures i Desventures del Joglar Gallegoportouguès
2637:
Documentos galego-portugueses dos séculos XII e XIII
2566:. , pp. 121–125, and by A. Emiliano, cited by Castro
1086:
2396:"Comparative Grammar of Latin 34: Language Contact"
687:, king of Castile, Leon and Galicia from 1252–1284)
617:
Pergaminho Vindel, containing works by Martin Codax
2833:are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932):
2224:Estudos de Linguística Histórica Galego-Portuguesa
2952:, 319–327 (republished in Oliveira 2001b: 51–62).
2871:Cantigas d'amor dos trovadores galego-portugueses
2457:(in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. Archived from
1958:and at no other time, I know well that they don't
1146:Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation,
5081:
3057:An old reference work centered on Portuguese is:
2688:
1908:
1902:
813:
314:
3139:Galician-Portuguese Intangible Heritage -Videos
3042:. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1986).
2789:B = Biblioteca Nacional (Lisbon), cod. 10991.
1927:Here is a sample of Galician-Portuguese lyric:
1219:, underwent a similar development to Galician.
468:had a peculiar regional accent, referred to as
3054:, 2 vols. , Santiago de Compostela: Laiovento.
2546:"Os mais antigos textos escritos em português"
2189:
1187:draft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy
300:
3166:
3093:Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin:
2862:Michaëlis de Vasconcellos, Carolina. (1904).
2352:
2276:
665:, NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that of
2950:Actas do 2º Congresso Histórico de Guimarães
2857:Alfonso X, el Sabio, Cantigas de Santa Maria
2663:Many of these texts correspond to the Greek
792:in Galician–Portuguese, even though he used
5062:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2981: (1998b). "Galicia trobadoresca", in
2605:
2576:
2531:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
864:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
597:Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas
579:, dated to 775: it uses substrate words as
526:and dated to 870 but otherwise composed in
4645:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3173:
3159:
2853:Afonso X, o Sabio. Cantigas de Santa Maria
2634:
2353:Alinei, Mario; Benozzo, Francesco (2008).
1232:Consonant phonemes of Galician–Portuguese
249:Spoken area of Galician–Portuguese in the
243:
68:Attested 870 A.D.; by 1400 had split into
3129:Pergaminhos: colecção da Casa de Sarmento
3005:O Trovador galego-português e o seu mundo
2939:Trobadores e Xograres. Contexto histórico
2706:
2608:Algunas calas en los orígenes del gallego
1173:, which was the official language of the
884:Learn how and when to remove this message
2689:Montero Santalha, José Martinho (2002).
2336:"As origens do romance galego-português"
2267:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 14 November 2011.
1960:have in their hearts so great a yearning
1956:but those who compose when flowers bloom
612:
495:of northwestern Iberia. The first known
425:
5090:Languages attested from the 9th century
3134:Galician-Portuguese Intangible Heritage
3119:Latin – Portuguese document, a.D. 1008
2133:
2063:About the Galician–Portuguese languages
272:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5082:
3015:Cintra, Luís F. Lindley. (1951–1990).
2983:Anuario de Estudios Literarios Galegos
2540:
2538:
2455:História da Língua Portuguesa em linha
2340:História da Língua Portuguesa em linha
407:
27:Medieval West Iberian Romance language
3154:
2612:Some coves in the origins of Galician
2526:
2330:
2328:
2301:
1962:as I must carry for my Lady in mine.
1945:qual m' eu por mha senhor vejo levar
2682:
2220:
2160:
1952:Provençal tend to compose very well
1929:
862:adding citations to reliable sources
829:
379:It is the common ancestor of modern
2747:
2614:] (in Spanish). Vigo: Galaxia.
2535:
2305:Bilingualism and the Latin language
2190:Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (2006).
1939:mays os que troban no tempo da frol
759:(female-voiced love lyric) and the
677:The four extant manuscripts of the
24:
5066:Languages between parentheses are
3101:. Ann Arbor, MI: Beechstave Press.
2342:(in Portuguese). Instituto Camões.
2325:
2161:Maia, Clarinda de Azevedo (1997).
1981:
1941:e non-en outro, sei eu ben que non
762:cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer
711:Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional
25:
5116:
4946:(unknown further classification)
3112:
2735:Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa
2635:Souto Cabo, José Antonio (2008).
2418:
2192:"The language(s) of the Callaeci"
2105:About Galician–Portuguese culture
1842:
1826:
1817:
1803:
1794:
1750:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1702:
1688:
1679:
1570:in northern Portugal and Galicia.
1538:
1514:
1494:
1485:
1463:
1456:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1364:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1162:and the great medieval centre of
720:Cancioneiro dun Grande de Espanha
683:(written under the patronage of,
3081:Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus
3036:Altportugiesisches Elementarbuch
3017:Crónica Geral de Espanha de 1344
2453:[Historical phonetics].
2277:Cabeza Quiles, Fernando (2014).
1943:an tan gran coita no seu coraçon
834:
418:Galician language § History
2851:Mettmann, Walter. (1959–1972).
2844:Lapa, Manuel Rodrigues (1970).
2777:
2741:
2723:
2657:
2628:
2599:
2569:
2556:
2520:
2490:
2465:
2443:
2412:
2388:
1954:and they say it is out of love,
1208:rather than two separate ones.
790:cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
347:, in the northwest area of the
5070:of the language on their left.
4940:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
2972:Le Rayonnement des Troubadours
2961:Revista de História das Ideias
2906:Revista de História das Ideias
2895:Revista de História das Ideias
2346:
2311:. Cambridge University Press.
2295:
2270:
2246:
2214:
2183:
2154:
1916:
753:(male-voiced love lyric), the
13:
1:
3040:Gramática do Português Antigo
2869:Nunes, José Joaquim. (1932).
2577:García Leal, Alfonso (2007).
2126:
1935:Proençaes soen mui ben trobar
1933:
825:
602:
553:
422:Will of Afonso II of Portugal
341:West Iberian Romance language
2606:Veiga Arias, Amable (1983).
2279:A toponimia celta de Galicia
2042:and in northern Portugal in
1937:e dizen eles que é con amor,
1226:
941:Portuguese-speaking Americas
706:Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti
18:Galician-Portuguese language
7:
4937:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
3060:Williams, Edwin B. (1962).
2808:Manuscripts containing the
2695:Revista Galega de Filoloxía
2057:
808:
402:
10:
5121:
4639:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
3665:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3459:Central−Southern Calabrian
3052:Gramática Histórica Galega
3050:Ferreiro, Manuel. (2001).
2708:10.17979/rgf.2002.3.0.5367
1920:
1575:complementary distribution
1573:and probably occurred in
949:Portuguese-speaking Africa
895:
637:, part of the medieval NW
606:
524:Doação à Igreja de Sozello
411:
5044:
5028:
4979:
4928:
4852:
4656:
4629:
4578:
4430:
4316:
4262:
4243:
4194:
3861:
3614:
3605:
3566:
3446:
3331:
3320:
3231:
3193:
2527:Sacks, Norman P. (1941).
1923:Galician-Portuguese lyric
1548:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1391:
1384:
1361:
1359:
1343:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1166:remained within Galicia.
1099:
1067:
1034:
956:Linguistic classification
954:
922:
917:
912:
814:
651:Principality of Catalonia
609:Galician-Portuguese lyric
258:
242:
228:
212:
200:
195:
167:
88:
64:
53:
39:
34:
3947:North American dialects
3454:Extreme Southern Italian
3144:12 November 2013 at the
3097:Weiss, Michael. (2009).
3062:From Latin to Portuguese
3022:Lorenzo, Ramón. (1977).
1200:who argue that both are
945:Portuguese-speaking Asia
3366:Central−Northern Latian
3087:Oxford Latin Dictionary
3034:Huber, Joseph. (1933).
2917:O Cantar dos Trobadores
2810:Cantigas de Santa Maria
2579:El diploma del Rey Silo
2263:6 February 2012 at the
1765:Nasal vowel allophones
1577:, just like in several
786:cantigas de Santa Maria
770:cantigas de Santa Maria
747:poetic genres were the
699:Cancioneiro da Vaticana
680:Cantigas de Santa Maria
321:Old Galician–Portuguese
3670:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
3070:1962 ed. on HathiTrust
3066:1938 ed. on HathiTrust
2748:Ribeira, José Manuel,
2419:Silva, Luís Fraga da.
1971:King Dinis of Portugal
1950:
1909:
1903:
1642:for more information.
1558:eventually shifted to
1164:Santiago de Compostela
800:King Dinis of Portugal
618:
562:Testament of Afonso II
431:
397:mutual intelligibility
315:
310:
301:
296:
260:This article contains
4157:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2839:500 Cantigas d' Amigo
2461:on 22 September 2007.
2408:on 27 September 2007.
2302:Adams, J. N. (2003).
2089:History of Portuguese
1640:History of Portuguese
731:Os 5 lais de Bretanha
616:
552:, of uncertain date (
544:Pacto dos irmãos Pais
474:agrestius pronuntians
429:
414:History of Portuguese
3966:St. Marys Bay French
3490:Neapolitan–Calabrese
2864:Cancioneiro da Ajuda
2837:Cohen, Rip. (2003).
2552:on 17 December 2006.
2451:"Fonética histórica"
2281:. Noia: Toxosoutos.
2242:on 27 February 2008.
2116:Lusitanian mythology
1650:Oral vowel phonemes
1056:Galician–Portuguese
858:improve this section
692:Cancioneiro da Ajuda
641:) comparable to the
489:Kingdom of the Suebi
361:Portuguese languages
5095:Galician-Portuguese
4318:Galician–Portuguese
3344:Central Marchigiano
2583:King Silo's diploma
2431:on 25 November 2011
2140:Galician–Portuguese
2111:Culture of Portugal
2094:Portuguese language
1999:cantigas ao desafio
1766:
1651:
1584:The written tilde (
1233:
1132:Kingdom of Portugal
1009:Galician–Portuguese
913:Galician–Portuguese
898:Portuguese language
627:Kingdoms of Castile
540:Notícia de fiadores
478:Pre-Roman languages
408:Origins and history
337:Medieval Portuguese
289:Galician–Portuguese
143:Galician–Portuguese
35:Galician–Portuguese
5105:Medieval languages
4732:Catalan Ribagorçan
4579:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
3851:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3761:Bustocco–Legnanese
3556:Northern Calabrian
2508:on 6 February 2012
2477:Novomilenio.inf.br
1764:
1649:
1231:
1121:County of Portugal
1112:(Galician Romance)
727:Pergaminho Sharrer
685:Alfonso X the Wise
655:Kingdoms of Aragon
619:
432:
48:County of Portugal
44:Kingdom of Galicia
5100:Galician language
5077:
5076:
5053:extinct languages
4975:
4974:
4652:
4651:
4611:Navarro-Aragonese
4496:Peruvian Ribereño
4421:Judaeo-Portuguese
4336:Galician–Asturian
4239:
4238:
4230:Old Gallo-Romance
4184:Wisconsin Walloon
3601:
3600:
3574:Dalmatian Romance
3182:Romance languages
3003: (2001b).
2697:(in Portuguese).
2650:978-84-9749-314-7
2592:978-84-95892-36-2
2374:978-989-618-200-7
2367:(in Portuguese).
2288:978-84-942224-4-3
2150:the Linguist List
2084:Galician language
2074:Galician-Asturian
1979:
1978:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1760:
1759:
1552:
1551:
1191:Spanish Civil War
1175:Crown of Castille
1171:Castilian Spanish
1130:to establish the
1117:
1116:
1084:Judaeo-Portuguese
902:Galician language
894:
893:
886:
815:português arcaico
741:Bernal de Bonaval
723:Pergaminho Vindel
639:Iberian Peninsula
349:Iberian Peninsula
333:Medieval Galician
319:), also known as
316:galaico–português
302:galaico–portugués
286:
285:
268:rendering support
264:phonetic symbols.
74:Galician-Asturian
16:(Redirected from
5112:
4598:Judaeo-Aragonese
4587:Andalusi Romance
4440:Amazonic Spanish
4277:Western Asturian
4260:
4259:
4199:Franco-Provençal
3870:
3869:
3766:Comasco–Lecchese
3624:Emilian–Romagnol
3612:
3611:
3412:Regional Italian
3402:Italo-Australian
3329:
3328:
3251:Megleno-Romanian
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3002:
2992: (2001a).
2991:
2980:
2969:
2958:
2947:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2892:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2737:(in Portuguese).
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2686:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2504:. Archived from
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:. Archived from
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2401:. Archived from
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2274:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2152:
2137:
2121:Galician culture
2099:Reintegrationism
2069:Cantiga de amigo
2052:Castro Laboreiro
1930:
1912:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1846:
1830:
1821:
1807:
1798:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1738:
1729:
1715:
1706:
1692:
1683:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1579:Catalan dialects
1569:
1565:
1557:
1542:
1518:
1498:
1489:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1375:
1368:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1234:
1230:
1179:Martin Sarmiento
1113:
1109:
1088:
918:Galician Romance
910:
909:
889:
882:
878:
875:
869:
838:
830:
817:
811:
756:cantigas d'amigo
709:, also known as
643:Catalan language
623:Crown of Castile
577:Silo of Asturias
570:
558:
555:
549:Noticia de Torto
318:
311:galego–português
304:
297:galego–portugués
247:
224:
205:
94:
32:
31:
21:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5040:
5024:
5002:Pannonian Latin
4988:African Romance
4971:
4924:
4855:
4848:
4786:Judeo-Provençal
4659:
4648:
4625:
4574:
4484:Chilean Chilote
4426:
4312:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4235:
4223:Moselle Romance
4190:
4039:Missouri French
4000:Franco-Ontarian
3875:
3864:
3857:
3597:
3562:
3539:Southern Latian
3442:
3407:Maltese Italian
3339:Central Italian
3323:
3316:
3311:Common Romanian
3227:
3211:Italo-Dalmatian
3189:
3179:
3146:Wayback Machine
3124:Ponte nas ondas
3115:
3000:
2989:
2978:
2967:
2956:
2945:
2937: (1995).
2934:
2926: (1994).
2923:
2912:
2901:
2890:
2831:cantigas d'amor
2780:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2762:(in Portuguese)
2759:
2746:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2687:
2683:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2425:Arkeotavira.com
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2275:
2271:
2265:Wayback Machine
2251:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2159:
2155:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2060:
2044:Terras de Bouro
1984:
1982:Oral traditions
1964:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1870:were raised to
1860:/a,e,ɛ,i,o,ɔ,u/
1636:lamino-alveolar
1268:
1258:
1248:
1229:
1128:Kingdom of Leon
1111:
1105:
1063:
1037:
999:Iberian Romance
991:Western Romance
971:Latino-Faliscan
924:
908:
896:Main articles:
890:
879:
873:
870:
855:
839:
828:
750:cantigas d'amor
647:Crown of Aragon
611:
605:
564:
556:
424:
410:
405:
266:Without proper
254:
251:Kingdom of León
220:
217:
201:
191:
170:
163:
125:Western Romance
110:Latino-Faliscan
95:
92:Language family
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5055:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4718:Judaeo-Catalan
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4677:
4664:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4473:Latin American
4469:
4464:
4452:
4450:Judaeo-Spanish
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:
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4377:
4372:
4365:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4096:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3945:
3940:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3593:Judaeo-Italian
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3335:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3253:
3248:
3246:Istro-Romanian
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3194:Major branches
3191:
3190:
3186:classification
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3113:External links
3111:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3076:Latin Lexica:
3074:
3073:
3058:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3009:
3008:
2997:
2986:
2975:
2964:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2920:
2909:
2898:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2740:
2722:
2681:
2656:
2649:
2627:
2620:
2598:
2591:
2568:
2555:
2534:
2519:
2489:
2464:
2442:
2411:
2387:
2373:
2345:
2324:
2317:
2294:
2287:
2269:
2245:
2213:
2182:
2175:
2153:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2056:
2046:(lands of the
2017:Corpus Christi
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1948:
1921:Main article:
1918:
1915:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1761:
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1757:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1624:apico-alveolar
1613:
1612:
1582:
1571:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
958:
952:
951:
926:
920:
919:
915:
914:
892:
891:
874:September 2022
842:
840:
833:
827:
824:
736:
735:
732:
729:
724:
721:
718:
702:
695:
688:
607:Main article:
604:
601:
532:Medieval Latin
503:(411–585) and
480:spoken by the
409:
406:
404:
401:
343:spoken in the
329:Old Portuguese
284:
283:
270:, you may see
256:
255:
248:
240:
239:
234:
226:
225:
218:
213:
210:
209:
206:
198:
197:
196:Language codes
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
187:
173:
171:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
41:
40:Native to
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5117:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5036:Proto-Romance
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:Reconstructed
5027:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:British Latin
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:Vivaro-Alpine
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4618:Old Navarrese
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:Equatoguinean
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Frainc-Comtou
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Judeo-Italian
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Castelmezzano
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:Swiss Italian
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Transylvanian
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:Daco-Romanian
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:Italo-Western
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2921:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2899:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:mentioned by
2666:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2621:84-7154-423-7
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2523:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2318:0-521-81771-4
2314:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2176:9789723107463
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Fala language
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1949:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1885:However, the
1883:
1881:
1877:
1866:. The vowels
1848:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1625:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:Fala language
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:Proto-Romance
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
995:Gallo-Iberian
994:
993:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:Italo-Western
984:
983:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:Indo-European
959:
957:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
921:
916:
911:
907:
906:Fala language
903:
899:
888:
885:
877:
867:
863:
859:
853:
852:
848:
843:This section
841:
837:
832:
831:
823:
821:
820:Ancient Greek
816:
810:
809:lingua vulgar
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
784:composed his
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
763:
758:
757:
752:
751:
746:
742:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
707:
703:
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:
689:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
615:
610:
600:
598:
594:
591:'stream' and
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
568:
563:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
482:native people
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
428:
423:
419:
415:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
312:
308:
303:
298:
294:
290:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
257:
252:
246:
241:
238:
235:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
216:
215:Linguist List
211:
207:
204:
199:
194:
186:
185:Proto-Romance
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
172:
166:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:Ibero-Romance
131:
130:
129:Gallo-Iberian
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Italo-Western
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:Indo-European
97:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:Northwestern
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5057:
5048:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4935:
4837:
4830:
4792:Languedocien
4784:
4777:Judeo-Gascon
4775:
4716:
4667:
4637:Barranquenho
4616:
4609:
4585:
4567:
4509:
4471:
4454:
4445:Extremaduran
4419:
4393:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4348:
4317:
4305:
4264:Asturleonese
4228:
4221:
4179:West Walloon
4167:Saintongeais
4115:
4091:
4087:Anglo-Norman
4045:
3978:Newfoundland
3938:Jersey Legal
3930:
3838:
3803:Southwestern
3786:Vallassinese
3675:Gallo-Picene
3616:Gallo-Italic
3578:
3494:
3489:
3428:
3394:
3309:
3255:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2982:
2971:
2963:19: 105–136.
2960:
2949:
2938:
2927:
2916:
2905:
2897:10: 691–751.
2894:
2886:LXIII: 1–22.
2883:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2809:
2807:
2781:
2778:Bibliography
2764:, retrieved
2755:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2664:
2659:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2562:Ivo Castro,
2558:
2550:the original
2528:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2501:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2459:the original
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2424:
2414:
2403:the original
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2360:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2304:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2253:
2248:
2237:the original
2228:
2223:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2143:
2135:
2104:
2103:
2062:
2061:
2033:
2029:Saint George
2027:fights with
2012:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1973:(1271–1325)
1951:
1934:
1926:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1857:
1614:
1607:, sometimes
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1221:
1210:
1204:of a common
1198:philologists
1195:
1183:Rexurdimento
1168:
1140:
1118:
1068:Subdivisions
1047:Vulgar Latin
1008:
1004:West Iberian
925:distribution
880:
871:
856:Please help
844:
798:
789:
785:
769:
767:
761:
754:
749:
737:
710:
704:
697:
690:
678:
671:lyric poetry
620:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
560:
557: 1214?
547:
543:
539:
535:
523:
521:
509:nasal vowels
486:
473:
469:
448:
444:Roman Empire
440:Vulgar Latin
433:
378:
371:
365:
336:
332:
328:
325:Old Galician
324:
320:
288:
287:
259:
236:
229:
180:Vulgar Latin
142:
138:West Iberian
29:
5013:Campidanese
4839:Old Catalan
4832:Old Occitan
4569:Old Spanish
4503:Rioplatense
4307:Old Leonese
4135:Cotentinais
4099:Guernésiais
4022:Frenchville
4015:New England
3894:Bourbonnais
3846:Piedmontese
3840:Old Lombard
3732:Bergamasque
3656:Sammarinese
2766:14 November
2701:: 107–143.
2673:Archilochus
2512:14 November
2502:Fcsh.unl.pt
2482:14 November
2435:14 November
2380:14 November
2202:: 715–748.
1988:Reconquista
1917:Sample text
1217:Extremadura
1036:Early forms
796:for prose.
774:Holy Virgin
673:are these:
565: [
559:), and the
470:Hispano ore
438:, from the
373:Reconquista
368:Douro River
345:Middle Ages
274:instead of
169:Early forms
5084:Categories
5060:indicates
5018:Logudorese
4551:Philippine
4517:Andalusian
4511:Peninsular
4401:Estremenho
4357:Portuguese
4284:Cantabrian
4117:Law French
4109:Sercquiais
3943:Meridional
3904:Champenois
3899:Burgundian
3710:Tabarchino
3700:Monégasque
3639:Parmigiano
3496:Neapolitan
3469:Manduriano
3436:Florentine
3303:Wallachian
3273:Bukovinian
2127:References
1434:Affricates
1074:Portuguese
937:Cape Verde
923:Geographic
826:Divergence
603:Literature
513:Old French
493:vernacular
454:Lusitanian
450:Gallaecian
412:See also:
381:Portuguese
307:Portuguese
82:Portuguese
5068:varieties
5051:indicate
5008:Sardinian
4965:Triestine
4913:Sursilvan
4824:Mentonasc
4802:Provençal
4751:Auvergnat
4737:Valencian
4693:Mallorcan
4683:Algherese
4658:Occitano-
4605:Navarrese
4593:Aragonese
4529:Castilian
4432:Castilian
4408:Uruguayan
4381:Brazilian
4344:Minderico
4338:/Eonavian
4301:Mirandese
4215:Valdôtain
4201:/Arpitan
4142:Orléanais
4093:Auregnais
4077:Mayennais
4027:Louisiana
3909:Ardennais
3889:Berrichon
3695:Intemelio
3651:Forlivese
3634:Bolognese
3580:Dalmatian
3544:Tarantino
3507:Benevento
3464:Salentino
3424:Sassarese
3388:Gallurese
3371:Romanesco
3324:Dalmatian
3288:Moldavian
3283:Maramureș
3241:Aromanian
2908:11: 7–36.
2717:1576-2661
2669:Aristotle
2208:1540-4889
2145:MultiTree
2003:regueifas
1868:/e–ɛ,o–ɔ/
1813:Close-mid
1698:Close-mid
1381:Fricative
1227:Phonology
1126:from the
1124:separated
1101:Glottolog
1042:Old Latin
845:does not
794:Castilian
782:Alfonso X
778:Castilian
776:). The
517:Gallaecia
505:Visigoths
436:Gallaecia
231:Glottolog
203:ISO 639-3
175:Old Latin
4944:Venetian
4918:Vallader
4908:Surmiran
4881:Cadorino
4864:Friulian
4797:Limousin
4766:Béarnese
4728:Western
4710:Northern
4698:Menorcan
4688:Balearic
4679:Eastern
4675:dialects
4534:Castrapo
4491:Peruvian
4462:dialects
4395:European
4363:dialects
4350:Portugis
4331:Galician
4272:Asturian
4210:Savoyard
4162:Poitevin
4130:Cauchois
4104:Jèrriais
3951:Canadian
3830:Varesino
3825:Ticinese
3813:Novarese
3808:Cremunés
3798:Ossolano
3793:Milanese
3781:Lecchese
3749:Brianzöö
3680:Ligurian
3646:Romagnol
3527:Arianese
3522:Irpinian
3517:Cilentan
3481:Pantesco
3476:Sicilian
3447:Southern
3383:Corsican
3359:Macerata
3354:Fabriano
3293:Oltenian
3263:dialects
3223:Southern
3142:Archived
2677:Hipponax
2261:Archived
2252:Such as
2058:See also
2013:entroido
2010:magosto,
1904:Alemanha
1895:Alamanha
1836:Open-mid
1721:Open-mid
1270:alveolar
1260:Alveolar
1240:Bilabial
1206:language
1202:dialects
1160:A Coruña
1136:Galician
1107:gali1263
1079:Galician
929:Portugal
804:official
788:and his
659:Valencia
497:phonetic
466:Hispania
403:Language
389:Eonavian
385:Galician
353:Galician
293:Galician
280:Help:IPA
70:Galician
5049:Italics
4950:Chipilo
4893:Romansh
4856:Romance
4854:Rhaeto-
4819:Gardiol
4771:Landese
4761:Aranese
4746:Occitan
4705:Central
4669:Catalan
4660:Romance
4561:Creoles
4556:Saharan
4544:Murcian
4522:Llanito
4479:Chilean
4456:Spanish
4413:Creoles
4387:Mineiro
4369:African
4294:Riberan
4289:Leonese
4254:Iberian
4247:Romance
4174:Walloon
4147:Paydret
4125:Augeron
4065:Vosgien
4060:Gaumais
4055:Lorrain
4047:Creoles
4010:Muskrat
3956:Acadian
3884:Angevin
3874:Langues
3865:Romance
3771:Comasco
3744:Western
3737:Cremish
3727:Eastern
3722:Lombard
3690:Genoese
3685:Brigasc
3629:Emilian
3607:Western
3586:Istriot
3549:Vastese
3534:Molisan
3396:Italian
3332:Central
3278:Crișana
3233:Eastern
3216:Western
3201:Eastern
2036:Entrimo
1864:/n,ŋ,ɲ/
1778:Central
1663:Central
1477:Lateral
1326:Plosive
1275:Palatal
1110:
981:Romance
866:removed
851:sources
745:secular
667:Occitan
663:Majorca
645:of the
635:Galicia
581:arrogio
462:Iberian
276:Unicode
115:Romance
4980:Others
4960:Talian
4955:Fiuman
4929:Others
4869:Fornes
4807:Niçard
4756:Gascon
4724:Patuet
4630:Others
4539:Castúo
4245:Ibero-
4205:Faetar
4152:Picard
4082:Norman
4070:Welche
3993:Magoua
3983:Quebec
3973:Brayon
3932:French
3914:Rémois
3863:Gallo-
3818:Pavese
3776:Laghée
3754:Canzés
3705:Royasc
3567:Others
3502:Barese
3430:Tuscan
3376:Sabino
3349:Ancona
3322:Italo-
2999:
2988:
2977:
2966:
2955:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2889:
2884:Biblos
2758:]
2715:
2665:psogoi
2647:
2618:
2589:
2371:
2363:]
2315:
2285:
2231:]
2206:
2173:
2050:) and
2040:Lobios
2025:dragon
1899:mannãa
1880:quente
1626:, and
1255:Dental
1250:dental
1143:Arabic
1134:. The
966:Italic
904:, and
715:Lisbon
589:arroio
587:, now
585:lagena
458:Celtic
420:, and
391:, and
359:, and
105:Italic
80:, and
59:Iberia
54:Region
4903:Putèr
4898:Jauer
4886:Nones
4876:Ladin
4375:Asian
4032:Houma
4005:Métis
3988:Joual
3961:Chiac
3926:Gallo
3876:d'oïl
3268:Banat
2760:(PDF)
2754:[
2639:[
2610:[
2581:[
2406:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2365:(PDF)
2359:[
2309:(PDF)
2254:Bolso
2240:(PDF)
2233:(PDF)
2227:[
2165:[
1910:manhã
1887:/a–ɐ/
1876:vento
1872:/e,o/
1790:Close
1773:Front
1675:Close
1658:Front
1634:were
1622:were
1506:Trill
1287:Nasal
1280:Velar
1245:Labio
1152:Porto
1148:Braga
976:Latin
933:Spain
780:king
569:]
501:Suebi
5058:Bold
4643:Caló
4326:Fala
4252:West
2768:2011
2713:ISSN
2675:and
2645:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2575:Cf.
2514:2011
2484:2011
2437:2011
2382:2011
2369:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2204:ISSN
2171:ISBN
2048:Buri
2038:and
2023:the
2021:Coca
1783:Back
1744:Open
1668:Back
1632:/dz/
1630:and
1628:/ts/
1618:and
1530:Flap
1265:Post
1211:The
1156:Lugo
1150:and
1092:Fala
849:any
847:cite
661:and
653:and
633:and
631:Leon
593:laxe
583:and
528:Late
472:and
460:and
452:and
393:Fala
357:Fala
237:None
78:Fala
3001:———
2990:———
2979:———
2968:———
2957:———
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