20:
1996:
and the meeting will continue through two days. The object aimed at on the occasion will not be simply an exchange of congratulations and an expression of sympathy, but an earnest consideration of such subjects as are pertinent to the present condition and prospects of the slave and free colored population of the country, and to the relations, which good and true men sustain to the cause of impartial freedom and justice. Friends! shall not this be made a grand event? Shall not the channels of former sympathies be opened anew? Will not they of the “old guard” delight to look each other in the face once more, and renew their vows upon a common altar? Let them come from every quarter—freemen, free women, and
70:
2239:. This letter encouraged those still enslaved to run away, saying it was their duty to do so, and exposing the lies of their owners about life in the North. It recommended those escaping enslavement steal their owners' fastest horses and their cash. It quotes the state motto of Virginia—"Death to Tyrants"—and says it should be the Black man's motto as well. "You are prisoners of war...and therefore, by all the rules of war, you have the fullest liberty to plunder, burn, and kill, as you may have occasion to do to promote your escape."
2051:'s theater building. The capacity was 400, and there were hundreds who could not get in. There was an unsuccessful attempt to move the meeting to the Methodist church, and a resolution by Gerrit Smith to move the meeting to nearby Peterboro was defeated. As no other church would host the meeting, it moved the next day to "the orchard of Grace Wilson's School, located on Sullivan Street." Although there were in 1850s no railroads in Cazenovia, it was said to have had 2,000 to 3,000 participants. In the
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2298:
Compared with previous abolitionist meetings, the people at
Cazenovia were extraordinarily diverse. Not only were there both Black and white participants, there were many women, who were welcomed. A correspondent wrote, "A large number of persons of every sect in religion, of every party in politics,
2156:
Joseph C. Hathaway, William R. Smith, Eleazer
Seymour, and James C. Jackson were appointed to nominate people for the “Chaplin Committee”, "whose business it shall be to adaopt such measures, as they shall judge fit to effect his liberation," which might well "require the expenditure of large sums of
2172:
The meeting was called to order by C. B. Ray, prayer by Rev. Mr. Snow. During the first part of the afternoon session, the
Chaplin affair was addressed, with a lengthy oral report by Joseph Hathaway, who had visited Chaplin in jail. On the conclusion, the Address Committee reported on two proposals:
2163:
A group of women including Mrs. F. Rice, Phebe
Hathaway, and Louisa Burnett were appointed to nominate a committee of females. This committee would obtain a silver pitcher and two silver goblets to present them to William C. Chaplin, in honor of “his distinguished services in the cause of humanity.”
1933:
At
Peterboro, I found as may well be expected, it was all Abolition—Abolition in doors and out—Abolition in the churches and Abolition in the stores—Abolition in the field and Abolition by the wayside. If I should use a figure, I would say that Peterboro is Bible-baptized into Abolition, in the name
1995:
Such persons as have escaped from
Slavery, and those who are resolved to stand by them, are invited to meet for mutual counsel and encouragement at Cazenovia, Madison County, New York, on Wednesday, 21st of August, 1850. The assembling will take place at 10 o'clock A. M. in the Independent Church,
2144:
and temporary secretary Samuel Thomas Jr. May then appointed Samuel Wells, J.W. Loguen, and
Charles B. Ray to a committee to nominate official officers. Later in the convention, official officers were appointed by this committee to major positions. Frederick Douglass was appointed to president.
1818:
were to do, and how their friends could help them. Many resolutions and position statements were passed; this was the first time slaves still in bondage were publicly encouraged to abscond, stealing their master's fastest horse and money, and using violence if necessary. Participants included
2891:, in jail in Washington for having assisted two slaves in an unsuccessful escape attempt. Chaplin's future wife, Theodosia Gilbert Chaplin, is seated at the table with pen and paper in hand, documenting through the picture that "the document" was indeed prepared by the group. To her left is
2228:
What distinguished this convention from other anti-slavery meetings was the open letter titled "To
American Slaves from those who have fled from American Slavery", written, "it is said", by Gerrit Smith, who introduced it to the attendees; Smith's authorship was confirmed by
2177:), recommending Chaplin be chosen as their candidate for governor. The convention got down to the main item of business, the letter to the slaves. The Committee on Resolutions presented a report, and a committee of 23 was appointed to raise money to aid in Chaplin's defense.
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The statements published "exceed in atrocity the most sanguinary edicts of the most sanguinary club which sat during the French revolution." They are "a sad portent in the history of public affairs," which "augurs alarming consequences to the Union." According to the
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Daguerrotypes could not be taken casually, as those being photographed had to hold themselves immobile for some seconds. That of the
Cazenovia Convention is a formal group picture, outdoors because of the sunlight. It was intended for the eyes of
1913:
did not dare show their faces. "The vicinity of
Cazenovia and Syracuse was such a locality where the enforcement of the fugitive slave enactments was vigorously and violently opposed." He helped every fugitive that reached his home in neighboring
2428:
According to the Proceedings, some thirty fugitive slaves were present, who were requested to sit together, so they could be seen by the delegates. Another report gives their number as fifty. On the second day, some presented narratives of their
2831:
a report of an amalgamated Convention at Cazenovia, commenting on its incendiary address, and calling the attention of the people of the outh to it as a sample of the opinions and feelings of the North in relation to the rights of the
1896:
The meeting was forgotten until a daguerrotype was discovered in the archives of the Madison County Historical Society in 1994. Judge Hugh C. Humphreys, who found the daguerrotype, identified the meeting through period newspapers.
4865:
1956:
that were meeting. The Convention in Cazenovia—Peterboro was a "tiny hamlet", too small for the number of visitors expected—is the only "Convention of Slaves" ever held in the United States, as it was called by Douglass in
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studio in Cazenovia for many years. Theodore Weld's brother. A little-known and unsigned report by a man who "went to the Fugitive Slave Convention, the other day, for the purpose of daguerrotyping" was presumably by
2840:, of New York, responded that Mr. Yulee "would never have alluded to it if he knew the scorn and contempt with which all such proceedings were looked upon by the great mass of people of all parties, in the North."
2338:
James Baker was on the business committee of the convention. He was also named to the Committee on Address and Resolution from the fugitive slaves, chaired by Jermain Loguen. He was probably one of the fugitive
2184:
It was 10 pm when the convention adjourned. The main item of business, the Letter to the Slaves, had been adopted after hard and protacted debate. Much of it was telegraphed to the New York papers that night.
2108:
This plan ultimately failed and Chaplin was later arrested after he was caught driving a carriage with two escaped slaves. His fiancée, Theodosia Gilbert, attended the convention. There was a resolution by
2590:
Rev. Francis Hawley, pastor of the Free Congregational Church, the meeting's first venue. Described locally as "one of many who has fallen into Gerrit Smithism". Chosen as vice president of the convention.
2180:
Since no larger church would allow the meeting, Gerrit Smith moved that they meet the next day in his home town, Peterboro, 10 miles away, which motion failed. A grove was obtained for use the next day.
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1877:(photography) studio in Cazenovia and to whom we owe a picture of the principal attendees, taken to show Chaplin his supporters meeting. Even more important, the abolitionist philanthropist
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2438:(1817–c. 1864), escaped slavery with his parents when a small child. A preacher and activist. Nominated for vice president of the convention. Sent letter regretting his inability to attend.
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2753:
2422:
2010:
1851:
1803:." Hostile newspaper reports refer to the meeting as "Gerrit Smith's Convention". Nearly fifty fugitives attended—the largest gathering of fugitive slaves in the nation's history.
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2907:. One of the sisters, probably Mary, addressed the crowd. One audience member described her as a "young and noble-hearted girl", using "words of simple and touching eloquence".
5013:
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2290:, the "free nigger convention" was "one of the most bare-faced, impudent, and presumptous exhibitions of fanaticism and treason, which was ever perpetrated in any country."
2160:
This committee ended up consisting of around 19 people. Some of the committee members included James C. Jackson, Joseph C. Hathaway, William R. Smith, and George W. Lawson.
2242:
It was reprinted in part in many papers, especially the passage endorsing violence, and in full in the abolition newspapers. This—not the meeting itself—was national news.
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2599:(1789–1861), Boston businessman and politician, helped fugitive slaves. President of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
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that was adopted to create a committee to raise money in order to liberate Chaplin. He advised them to raise $ 20,000 in 30 days. They also called upon the
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2756:. A well-known abolitionist with a long association with Gerrit Smith. Elected Vice President of the meeting. Secretary of the Chaplin Fund Committee.
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2632:(1817–1899), antislavery Whig from Indiana, became Radical Republican. Member of Congress 1849–1852 and 1861–1871. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
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The convention opened at what the announcement called "the Independent Church", later the Free Congregational Church of Cazenovia and then (2022)
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2397:, arguably the most famous escaped slave in the U.S., who refused to purchase his freedom or let others purchase it for him, bishop of the
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2557:, Weld's wife; leading abolitionist woman. The presence of her sister Sarah, who lived with the couple, is possible but undocumented.
837:
3404:"Liberty—Equality—Fraternity!!! Fugitives from the Prison-House of Southern Despotism with their friends and protectors in council!"
3368:"Liberty—Equality—Fraternity!!! Fugitives from the Prison-House of Southern Despotism with their friends and protectors in council!"
3331:"Liberty—Equality—Fraternity!!! Fugitives from the Prison-House of Southern Despotism with their friends and protectors in council!"
2039:, and other anti-slavery papers. It was also reprinted, with outrage, in a number of Southern and pro-slavery Northern newspapers.
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2923:) presented "an original reenactment of the events at The Cazenovia Convention." This presentation, featuring students playing
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1985:
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Humphreys, Hugh C. (1994). "'Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!' The Great Fugitive Slave Law Convention and its rare Daguerrotype".
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reported 250, of whom a third were Blacks, and "a large portion of the remainder" were women. 500 delegates passed through
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They are bid a most cordial welcome by the good people of Cazenovia. There are friends, hospitalities, meeting houses, and
1909:, the richest man in New York State and organizer of the convention. He made of Madison County in particular a place where
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1603:
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E. L. Platt, probably one of the fugitive slaves, member with James Baker of the committee to report on their resolutions.
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The convention was mentioned in the U.S. Senate the next day, August 23, during debate on the 1850 Fugitive Slave Bill:
2623:, published in Cazenovia. Named to committee to draft resolutions about Chaplin. Chairman of the Chaplin Fund Committee.
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got much of the credit. The official minutes were quite abbreviated and the newspaper reports add significant details.
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1893:. The first book on Madison County, of 1899, says much of Smith, but mentions neither the Convention nor Ezra Weld.
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was present and "made a very fiery speech" (in 1850) about his need of funds to buy arms for his and his sons' use
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2863:, on Tuesday, January 7, 1851, presided over by Frederick Douglass; 17 resolutions and an address were adopted.
2659:(1797–1871), abolitionist clergyman from Syracuse, co-secretary of the Chaplin Fund Committee. Chosen President
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Many of the participants of this convention were also involved in a later anti-fugitive slave law meeting in
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2357:, 1856. He and the Edmondson sisters "favored the meeting with occasional songs." Clark sent a letter to the
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2497:, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin, one of founders of Republican Party. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
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2699:, land investor, philanthropist. Appointed to Business Committee. Treasurer of the Chaplin Fund Committee.
2491:(1806–1895), jewelry manufacturer, member of Congress from Rhode Island. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2405:
depot in Syracuse. Named to Committee to nominate convention officers; chairman of committee on addresses.
1787:, on August 21 and 22, 1850. It was a fugitive slave meeting, the biggest ever held in the United States.
69:
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The Heroic Slave, a heartwarming Narrative of the Adventures of Madison Washington, in Pursuit of Liberty
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one "to the slaves of the South from the fugitives of the North," and one to "the Abolition party" (the
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were appointed for vice presidents. Charles D. Miller and Anne V. Adams were appointed for secretaries.
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2079:) sent reporters, who with the Cazenovia weekly provided detailed, session-by-session accounts. The
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A Mr. Johnson of Ithaca, "so black that when he closed his eyes and mouth, his face was invisible."
1992:
Fugitives from the prison-house of Southern despotism with their friends and protectors in council!
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3790:; Walker, George E., eds. (1979). "Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention, August 21–22, 1850".
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Mrs. Howett made on the first afternoon a speech against the anti-abolitionists of New York City.
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2675:. Cosigned Smith's call for the convention. Named to Committee to nominate convention officers.
2587:. Elected Vice President of the meeting. Named to committee to draft resolutions about Chaplin.
2230:
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Prayer by the Rev. Mr. Snow, after which the evening was spent on the address and resolutions.
1811:
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967:
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3035:"The 'Great Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention' at Cazenovia, NY, August 21 and 22, 1850"
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Our country and its people; a descriptive and biographical record of Madison County, New York
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2649:
Edward Mathews. See Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor, above. He submitted a lengthy report to the weekly
1938:
Between 1840 and 1843 three different abolitionist weeklies were published in Cazenovia: the
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Charles D. Miller. Secretary of the Convention (with Anna Adams). Gerrit Smith's son-in-law.
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was to make "a dramatic appearance", together with some enslaved who he had helped escape.
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held by the Madison County Historical Society, with a smaller copy (image flipped) in the
2706:. Named to committee to draft resolutions about Chaplin. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2104:
Chaplin was a radical political abolitionist who helped plan the escape of 77 slaves from
8:
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1791:, was the abolition headquarters of the country, because of philanthropist and activist
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The fugitive slaves who are this day assembled in Cazenovia, N.Y. (September 5, 1850).
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E. S. Platt, member of Committee on Address and Resolution, chaired by Jermain Loguen.
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2567:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee. He was accompanied by Edward Mathews, also from
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The meeting was called to order at 10 AM "at the Free Church" by James C. Jackson.
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Many negative reports on the convention were published by pro-slavery newspapers.
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2806:(1855–56). This speech of Brown was at a different, later meeting (in Syracuse).
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2224:"A Letter to the American Slaves from those who have fled from American Slavery"
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2020:
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en route to the Cazenovia convention. Reports give total attendance as 2,000.
2205:, on the 2nd day, at the point of greatest attendance there were 700 present.
2145:
Joseph C. Hathaway, Rev. Francis Hawley (a woman, pastor of the Free Church),
5352:
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The body recommended to the Liberty Party that at its upcoming convention in
1866:
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that he was to spirit out off the South. It was not to be; things went awry.
1669:
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2367:, formerly an escaped slave, memoirist, elected president of the convention.
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Beebe Hathaway. Named to ladies' committee to raise funds for Chaplin gift.
2331:, from where they were reprinted elsewhere, attending the convention were:
2299:
and every shade of complexion, met in this magnificent temple of nature" .
2212:
2015:
1923:
1906:
1878:
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1828:
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was examined. Mr. Smith declared himself an abstainer from slave produce.
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The Constitution of the United States: is it pro-slavery or anti-slavery?
2920:
2681:
Mrs. F. Rice. Named to ladies' committee to raise funds for Chaplin gift.
2619:. Called the convention to order when it started. Had been editor of the
2456:
Miss Burwell. Named to ladies' committee to raise funds for Chaplin gift.
2052:
1953:
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1976:
The following announcement appeared in the August 1, 1850, issue of the
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2208:
A circular from the Chaplin Fund Committee was issued, dated the 22nd.
1882:
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961:
665:
532:
2690:
Elmore Seymour. Named to committee to draft resolutions about Chaplin.
2687:, 17, future author and illustrator. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2302:
Based on the convention proceedings, published in Frederick Douglass's
4967:
4471:. New York, New York. August 21, 1850. p. 1, col. 7 – via
2849:
1915:
909:
574:
436:
4395:"Cazenovia: Looking Backward through One Hundred and Eighteen Years"
2883:, Theodore's brother, who owned a daguerrotype studio in Cazenovia.
2450:
Anna P. Adams. Secretary of the Convention (with Charles D. Miller).
591:
2383:, William Chaplin's failed project. They sang "I hear the voice of
1499:
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Saving Washington: The New Republic and Early Reformers, 1790–1860
4431:
Practical Dreamer. Gerrit Smith and the Crusade for Social Reform
2746:
Samuel Wells. Named to Committee to nominate convention officers.
2606:
2140:
1482:
564:
244:
61:
4929:
Official proceedings of the Convention, in Frederick Douglass's
4495:. Boston, Massachusetts. August 23, 1850. p. 2 – via
2693:
E. Smith. Named to committee to draft resolutions about Chaplin.
2574:
William Harned, New York City. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2571:; both addressed the convention, probably during the second day.
2462:
C. D. Cleveland, Philadelphia. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2421:
With Gerrit Smith, signed call for convention. Secretary of the
1905:
New York was the safest state for fugitive slaves, according to
4321:
3412:. Boston, Massachusetts. August 2, 1850. p. 2 – via
2583:(1810–1873), an influential Quaker farmer and abolitionist, of
1184:
1006:
586:
569:
431:
266:
234:
5014:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
2871:
There is one and only one visual image of the meeting, in the
2768:, an anti-slavery newspaper. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
1861:
The meeting was chaired by Douglass. The local links with the
4907:"BCC students to present reenactment of Cazenovia Convention"
4350:"Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention, August 21–22, 1850"
4307:. New York, New York. August 23, 1850. p. 2 – via
3497:"Anti-Slavery Fanaticism of the North, Another Example of it"
2997:"Cazenovia convention: A meeting of minds to abolish slavery"
2626:
George W. Johnson, Buffalo. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2097:
A feature of the convention, as originally planned, was that
441:
427:
402:
3545:"Anti-Slavery Fanaticism at the North—Another Example of it"
2465:
James H. Collins, Chicago. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2377:, Mary and Emily, 15 and 17, formerly escaped slaves aboard
308:
138:
1799:, and called the meeting "in behalf of the New York State
27:
of the convention, by local photographer and abolitionist
4354:
The Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840–1865
1940:
Cazenovia Abolitionist, Onondaga and Madison Abolitionist
1918:— feeding them, sheltering them, and helping them get to
1900:
4814:"Chapter 7: Interpreting the Past with Light and Shadow"
2726:, minister and author. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2471:, 1789–1864, mapmaker. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
16:
Convention held to oppose the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2762:(1807–1892), abolitionist poet, editor at that time of
1889:, lived only 10 miles (16 km) away, in more rural
5291:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2541:(1792–1878), minister and lecturer, co-founder of the
3792:
Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840–1865
2939:
from Alton's bloody plain", was repeated at the 2023
1934:
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.
4075:
Proceedings of the Black State Conventions 1840–1865
3117:. New York, N.Y. August 21, 1850. p. 1, col. 7.
2316:
Proceedings of the Black State Conventions 1840–1865
2196:
1439:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2935:, and featuring songs such as "I hear the voice of
4367:
4348:Foner, Philip S.; Walker, George E., eds. (1979).
3329:
2709:Mary Springstead. Appointed to Business Committee.
2613:. A friend of Chaplin and colleague of his at the
2609:, nutritionist, ran "water cure" establishment at
2083:s reports were reprinted nationally, although the
2027:It was promptly reprinted in Frederick Douglass's
2218:
5350:
2821:During the debate upon the bill, Mr. Yulee [
2477:(1811–1887), Pennsylvania abolitionist. Married
2453:Caroline Brown. Appointed to Business Committee.
2345:, abolitionist composer. Author and compiler of
1554:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
5085:American Anti-Slavery Society 1843 lecture tour
2787:Various estimates of attendance were made. The
1823:, until recently himself a fugitive slave, the
2459:S. P. Chase. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2251:Text of the Letter to the Liberty Party, from
2245:
2004:there! Let all come, who have a heart and can!
1964:Peterboro is since about 2005 the site of the
5379:Abolitionist conventions in the United States
5160:List of things named after Frederick Douglass
4983:
4155:. Washington, DC. August 26, 1850. p. 3.
3437:. Washington, D.C. August 3, 1850. p. 3.
2510:, Michigan, Vice-Presidential nominee of the
1760:
5384:African-American history of New York (state)
4564:. September 13, 1850. p. 1 – via
4378:. September 5, 1850 . p. 2 – via
4073:Foner, Philip S.; Walker, George E. (1979).
3927:
3925:
3647:
3645:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2678:C. F. Rice. Appointed to Business Committee.
2293:
2117:to nominate Chaplin as its candidate in the
1929:A visitor in 1841 described Peterboro thus:
1559:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4347:
4072:
4066:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3786:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
2798:A newspaper story mistakenly reported that
2280:
4990:
4976:
4811:
4759:"Anti-Fugitive Slave Law State Convention"
4369:"Circular from the Chaplin Fund Committee"
4187:"The Progress of Agression—The True Issue"
3879:"Circular from the Chaplin Fund Committee"
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3280:Nichols, John Benjamin (August 27, 1953).
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3032:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2945:National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum
2856:(October 30), and Peterboro (November 1).
2743:, abolitionist organizer. Brother of Ezra.
2663:. Secretary of the Chaplin Fund Committee.
2514:in 1852. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
1971:
1966:National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum
1922:, also safe, and from there across nearby
1854:, to make a dramatic appearance with some
1767:
1753:
5424:Political conventions in New York (state)
5143:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
4653:
4651:
3922:
3642:
3634:. August 28, 1850. p. 2 – via
3200:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3019:
2825:, of Florida] read from the New York
5091:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3231:
3211:
2545:and editor of its first official organ,
2425:. Elected Vice President of the meeting.
2387:on Alton's bloody plain" at the opening.
2058:
1564:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1429:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1409:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
18:
3960:"Site of Fugitive Slave Law Convention"
3911:The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)
3873:
3812:
3694:
3669:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3418:It was reprinted in the August 9 issue.
3279:
2983:
2263:, they nominate Chaplin for president.
2211:On the last afternoon, the question of
2124:
2055:the population of Cazenovia was 4,800.
35:is seated with his elbow on the table;
5351:
5313:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
4997:
4904:
4648:
4407:
4392:
3782:
3121:
3033:Weiskotten, Daniel H. (May 25, 2003).
2852:(October 23), Cazenovia (October 25),
2843:
1901:Madison County, NY, a haven for slaves
4971:
4886:from the original on October 30, 2021
4771:from the original on February 3, 2021
4528:from the original on October 31, 2020
4209:
3988:
3954:
3952:
3891:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3268:
3217:
3061:
3049:from the original on February 6, 2017
2995:Baker, Robert A. (February 4, 2005).
2994:
1451:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1128:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
5030:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
4747:– via NYS Historic Newspapers.
4473:New York State Historical Newspapers
4428:
4422:
3561:
2966:Fugitive slaves in the United States
2866:
2417:The Colored American (New York City)
2167:
1643:Slave marriages in the United States
1247:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4820:. Counterpoints, 63. Vol. 63.
4818:The Past as Liberation from History
4323:Rochester Public Library (New York)
4172:Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel
3747:from the original on April 15, 2022
3384:from the original on April 15, 2022
2848:Further meetings were announced in
2716:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2646:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2639:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2528:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2504:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2485:. Member of Chaplin Fund Committee.
2361:with corrections to their coverage.
1961:. Douglass, a Black man, presided.
982:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
5439:19th-century political conferences
5328:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
5175:Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge
4943:
4309:New York State Historic Newspapers
4275:from the original on June 30, 2021
3949:
3759:
3344:from the original on June 25, 2021
3085:from the original on June 26, 2021
3007:from the original on March 4, 2016
2915:On February 24, 2023, students at
2895:; to her right, also with pen, is
2754:New York State Vigilance Committee
2423:New York State Vigilance Committee
2399:African Methodist Episcopal Church
2188:
2129:
2092:
2011:New York State Vigilance Committee
1887:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1852:New York State Antislavery Society
1636:last survivors of American slavery
39:is standing, his arm outstretched.
14:
5455:
5274:Fredericka Douglass Sprague Perry
4922:
4846:from the original on July 2, 2021
4791:"Anti-Fugitive Slave Law Meeting"
4739:from the original on May 10, 2022
3306:"Convention of Slaves, Cazenovia"
3227:. Boston: Boston History Company.
2197:Second day activities (August 22)
597:Field slaves in the United States
464:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5374:Abolitionism in New York (state)
5195:Frederick Douglass Memorial Park
5180:Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge
5134:(1872 vice presidential nominee)
4905:Giblin, Pat (February 8, 2023),
4875:. Women and the American Story.
4592:. September 4, 1850 – via
4199:. September 10, 1850. p. 1.
4175:. September 12, 1850. p. 1.
3970:from the original on May 7, 2021
2879:in Los Angeles. It was taken by
474:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
469:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
298:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
68:
4963:. December 10, 1885. p. 3.
4898:
4858:
4824:. pp. 123–139, at p. 132.
4805:
4783:
4751:
4735:. October 16, 1850. p. 5.
4717:
4697:
4673:
4624:
4600:
4572:
4544:
4524:. October 29, 1859. p. 2.
4503:
4479:
4455:
4401:
4386:
4360:
4341:
4315:
4291:
4251:
4227:
4203:
4179:
4159:
4139:
4135:. September 4, 1850. p. 3.
4115:
4095:
4042:
4038:. September 3, 1850. p. 2.
4024:
4006:
3982:
3918:. September 5, 1850. p. 2.
3722:
3665:. December 10, 1885. p. 3.
3537:
3533:. September 5, 1850. p. 1.
3513:
3489:
3465:
3441:
3421:
3396:
3360:
3322:
3318:. September 5, 1850. p. 2.
3282:"Cazenovia's Moment in History"
2714:Aurora, Cayuga County, New York
2563:, Baptist minister, president,
2524:, attorney, one of founders of
1885:that years later would finance
1846:The original plan had been for
1424:Committee of Experts on Slavery
975:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4767:. January 9, 1851. p. 4.
4285:Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive
4271:. August 28, 1850. p. 2.
3380:. August 15, 1850. p. 2.
3340:. August 1, 1850. p. 39.
3337:National Anti-Slavery Standard
3298:
3101:
3095:Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive
3081:. August 29, 1850. p. 2.
2910:
2752:(1809–1882), merchant, member
2531:Theodosia Gilbert, fiancée of
2311:National Anti-Slavery Standard
2272:Text of the Resolutions, from
2266:
2219:Resolutions and letters passed
1979:National Anti-Slavery Standard
1806:This was one month before the
1123:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
5220:Washington, D.C. neighborhood
5200:University of Maryland statue
4812:Culclasure, Scott P. (1999).
4713:. August 30, 1850. p. 2.
4693:. August 30, 1850. p. 2.
4669:. August 28, 1850. p. 2.
4644:. August 30, 1859. p. 3.
4620:. August 30, 1850. p. 4.
4408:Crayon (September 27, 1850).
4247:. August 31, 1850. p. 2.
4111:. August 23, 1850. p. 4.
4077:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia:
4062:. August 29, 1850. p. 2.
4020:. August 30, 1850. p. 2.
3945:. August 28, 1850. p. 2.
3794:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia:
3509:. August 21, 1850. p. 1.
3485:. August 10, 1850. p. 2.
3264:. August 30, 1850. p. 2.
2976:
2543:American Anti-Slavery Society
5419:New York (state) Libertyites
5333:Nathan and Mary Johnson home
4552:"The free nigger convention"
4055:The Louisville Daily Courier
4050:"The Free Nigger Convention"
3557:. August 9, 1850. p. 4.
3461:. August 9, 1850. p. 2.
2961:Colored Conventions Movement
1944:Madison County Abolitionist.
1414:Temporary Slavery Commission
1075:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
5170:Frederick Douglass Memorial
4938:Colored Conventions Project
4877:New York Historical Society
4725:"5000 Men and Women Wanted"
3933:"Fanaticism Abetting Crime"
3622:"Fugitive Slave Convention"
3069:"Gerrit Smith's Convention"
2954:
2809:
2481:'s daughter; served in the
2432:Invited but did not attend
2314:, most easily consulted in
2246:Letter to the Liberty Party
1986:LIBERTY—EQUALITY—FRATERNITY
1850:, the General Agent of the
1795:, who lived in neighboring
1434:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
479:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
5460:
4667:Oxford (village), New York
4580:"Abolitionism in New York"
4299:"The abolition convention"
4215:"The Cazenovia Convention"
4123:"Abolitionism in New York"
3704:Historians Against Slavery
3700:"The Cazenovia Convention"
2804:fighting slavery in Kansas
2414:, born free, publisher of
2276:, September 5, 1850, p. 3.
2255:, September 5, 1850, p. 3.
2119:1852 presidential election
1808:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1619:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1456:Anti-Slavery International
1221:North Africa and West Asia
5283:
5228:
5185:Frederick Douglass Circle
5152:
5127:Fugitive Slave Convention
5114:
5077:
5058:
5040:
5022:My Bondage and My Freedom
5005:
4492:Boston Evening Transcript
4397:. Cazenovia?. p. 81.
4328:Early Rochester Mapmakers
4235:"Abolitionism—Fanatacism"
2724:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
2605:(1811–1895), from nearby
2294:Attendees and their roles
2042:
1952:movement, but these were
1781:Fugitive Slave Convention
1715:Emancipation Proclamation
1387:Opposition and resistance
1145:Sex trafficking in Europe
1133:Blackbirding in Polynesia
696:Trans-Saharan slave trade
5434:Madison County, New York
5409:Fugitive American slaves
5369:1850 in New York (state)
5215:Banneker-Douglass Museum
4566:Hoosier State Chronicles
4429:Dann, Norman K. (2009).
2917:Broome Community College
2750:Charles Augustus Wheaton
2644:Washington, Pennsylvania
2565:New York Central College
2281:Impact of the statements
1789:Madison County, New York
1495:Compensated emancipation
706:Indian Ocean slave trade
5262:Charles Remond Douglass
5122:Seneca Falls Convention
4380:accessible-archives.com
4245:Raleigh, North Carolina
4079:Temple University Press
3796:Temple University Press
3636:NYS Historic Newspapers
3507:Raleigh, North Carolina
3502:North Carolina Standard
3483:Tarboro, North Carolina
3354:accessible-archives.com
3204:Madison County Heritage
3079:Allentown, Pennsylvania
2760:John Greenleaf Whittier
1972:Call for the convention
1419:1926 Slavery Convention
1175:Germany in World War II
792:North and South America
314:Contract of manumission
5444:1850s political events
4866:"The Edmonson Sisters"
4764:New York Daily Tribune
4487:"Abolition Convention"
4393:Monroe, J. H. (1911).
4269:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
4259:"Abolition Convention"
4167:"Abolition Convention"
4147:"Abolition Convention"
4103:"Abolition Convention"
4014:"The Abolition Spirit"
3906:"Cazenovia Convention"
3731:"To the Liberty Party"
3256:"Abolition Convention"
2834:
2348:The Free Soil Minstrel
1936:
1812:United States Congress
900:British Virgin Islands
452:Circassian slave trade
418:Safavid imperial harem
413:Ottoman Imperial Harem
40:
3877:(September 6, 1850).
3454:Daily Nashville Union
3261:Schenectady Reflector
2819:
2569:McGrawville, New York
2138:was chosen President
2059:Convention activities
2033:, William Garrison's
1931:
1863:abolitionist movement
1139:Europe and North Asia
1099:Australia and Oceania
799:Pre-Columbian America
371:Slave raid of Suðuroy
303:Slavery in al-Andalus
225:Black Sea slave trade
154:21st-century jihadism
22:
5364:1850 in American law
5256:Lewis Henry Douglass
5244:Helen Pitts Douglass
5238:Anna Murray Douglass
4956:Cazenovia Republican
4933:, September 5, 1850.
4686:Geneva Daily Gazette
4410:"Frederick Douglass"
4240:The Raleigh Register
4060:Louisville, Kentucky
3658:Cazenovia Republican
3459:Nashville, Tennessee
3287:Cazenovia Republican
2971:Nashville Convention
2899:; behind her stands
2877:J. Paul Getty Museum
2741:Theodore Dwight Weld
2611:Glen Haven, New York
2561:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
2518:Joshua Reed Giddings
2436:Samuel Ringgold Ward
2403:Underground Railroad
2125:First day activities
2063:Two newspapers, the
1837:Theodore Dwight Weld
1594:Indentured servitude
1522:Underground Railroad
1322:United Arab Emirates
711:Zanzibar slave trade
678:By country or region
491:Atlantic slave trade
393:Ma malakat aymanukum
277:Venetian slave trade
5399:Colored Conventions
5394:Cazenovia, New York
5165:U.S. Capitol statue
5145:(home and memorial)
4961:Cazenovia, New York
4912:Binghamton Homepage
4733:Cazenovia, New York
4729:Madison County Whig
4562:Brookville, Indiana
4213:(August 30, 1850).
4036:Fredericksburg News
4032:"Significant Facts"
4018:Fredericksburg News
3992:(August 30, 1850).
3916:Rochester, New York
3741:Rochester, New York
3663:Cazenovia, New York
3632:Cazenovia, New York
3627:Madison County Whig
3531:Huntsville, Alabama
3378:Rochester, New York
3316:Rochester, New York
3292:Cazenovia, New York
2949:Peterboro, New York
2943:celebration at the
2881:Ezra Greenleaf Weld
2844:Subsequent meetings
2828:Journal of Commerce
2789:Madison County Whig
2732:, ran a successful
2730:Ezra Greenleaf Weld
2642:Julius F. LeMoyne,
2621:Madison County Whig
2603:James Caleb Jackson
2412:Charles Bennett Ray
2354:The Harp of Freedom
2321:Madison County Whig
2203:Madison County Whig
2072:Utica Daily Gazette
1950:colored conventions
1871:Ezra Greenleaf Weld
1801:Vigilance Committee
1797:Peterboro, New York
1785:Cazenovia, New York
1680:Slave Route Project
811:Americas indigenous
701:Red Sea slave trade
691:Contemporary Africa
554:Topics and practice
324:Crimean slave trade
319:Bukhara slave trade
272:Genoese slave trade
149:Contemporary Africa
129:Forced prostitution
29:Ezra Greenleaf Weld
5404:Frederick Douglass
5389:August 1850 events
5321:The Good Lord Bird
5316:(2008 documentary)
5305:Frederick Douglass
5297:Frederick Douglass
5132:Equal Rights Party
4999:Frederick Douglass
4618:Richmond, Virginia
4590:Staunton, Virginia
4585:Staunton Spectator
4435:Hamilton, New York
4152:The Southern Press
4133:Staunton, Virginia
4128:Staunton Spectator
4081:. pp. 43–53.
3798:. pp. 43–53.
3555:Richmond, Virginia
3521:"Northern Thieves"
2925:Frederick Douglass
2893:Frederick Douglass
2889:William L. Chaplin
2861:Syracuse, New York
2775:Refused to attend
2702:William R. Smith,
2637:Oriskany, New York
2585:Waterloo, New York
2581:Joseph C. Hathaway
2533:William L. Chaplin
2500:Samuel Fessenden,
2365:Frederick Douglass
2151:Charles A. Wheaton
2066:Madison Daily Whig
1848:William L. Chaplin
1821:Frederick Douglass
1810:was passed by the
1461:Blockade of Africa
768:Somali slave trade
684:Sub-Saharan Africa
376:Turkish Abductions
334:Khivan slave trade
329:Khazar slave trade
282:Balkan slave trade
240:Prague slave trade
41:
33:Frederick Douglass
5429:1850s photographs
5346:
5345:
5324:(2020 miniseries)
4637:Lancaster Gazette
4613:Richmond Enquirer
4594:VirginiaChronicle
4516:Herald of Freedom
4197:Columbus, Georgia
3964:Freethought Trail
3875:Jackson, James C.
3710:on August 9, 2020
3550:Richmond Enquirer
3001:The Post-Standard
2903:, flanked by the
2867:The daguerreotype
2712:Ednah D. Thomas,
2704:Macedon, New York
2657:Samuel Joseph May
2395:Jermain W. Loguen
2201:According to the
2168:Afternoon session
2136:Samuel Joseph May
2049:Cazenovia College
2009:In befalf of the
1833:Samuel Joseph May
1777:
1776:
1727:Freedmen's Bureau
1549:Third Servile War
1544:International law
1111:Human trafficking
873:Human trafficking
548:Thirteen colonies
366:Sack of Baltimore
134:Human trafficking
5451:
5359:1850 conferences
5250:Rosetta Douglass
5205:Rochester statue
4992:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4916:
4915:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4691:Geneva, New York
4677:
4671:
4670:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4557:Indiana American
4548:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4520:Lawrence, Kansas
4511:"Old John Brown"
4507:
4501:
4500:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4220:New York Tribune
4207:
4201:
4200:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4108:New-York Tribune
4099:
4093:
4092:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3943:Oxford, New York
3929:
3920:
3919:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3871:
3810:
3809:
3788:Foner, Philip S.
3784:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3706:. Archived from
3696:Harrold, Stanley
3692:
3667:
3666:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3618:
3559:
3558:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3277:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3229:
3228:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2933:Edmonson sisters
2905:Edmonson sisters
2838:Daniel Dickinson
2765:The National Era
2685:Rowland Robinson
2651:American Baptist
2630:George W. Julian
2526:Republican Party
2508:Charles C. Foote
2447:White attendees
2375:Edmonson sisters
2370:
2369:⟨⟩
2359:New York Tribune
2335:Black attendees
2328:New-York Tribune
2111:James C. Jackson
2106:Washington, D.C.
2086:New York Tribune
2002:beautiful groves
1825:Edmonson sisters
1769:
1762:
1755:
1739:Emancipation Day
1572:
1539:Slave Trade Acts
230:Byzantine Empire
72:
45:
44:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5279:
5276:(granddaughter)
5268:Joseph Douglass
5224:
5148:
5110:
5073:
5054:
5036:
5006:Autobiographies
5001:
4996:
4949:
4946:
4944:Further reading
4925:
4920:
4919:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4832:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:Lancaster, Ohio
4630:
4629:
4625:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4531:
4529:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4439:Log Cabin Books
4427:
4423:
4406:
4402:
4391:
4387:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4346:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4320:
4316:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4278:
4276:
4264:Carlisle Herald
4257:
4256:
4252:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4208:
4204:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4071:
4067:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3904:
3903:
3892:
3872:
3813:
3806:
3785:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3693:
3670:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3620:
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3562:
3543:
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3538:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3278:
3269:
3254:
3253:
3232:
3216:
3212:
3199:
3122:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3088:
3086:
3074:Lehigh Register
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3031:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2984:
2979:
2957:
2913:
2897:Joseph Hathaway
2869:
2846:
2812:
2635:George Lawson,
2597:Francis Jackson
2555:Angelina Grimké
2548:The Emancipator
2539:William Goodell
2522:Ashtabula, Ohio
2502:Portland, Maine
2475:Edward M. Davis
2368:
2343:George W. Clark
2296:
2288:New York Herald
2283:
2269:
2248:
2226:
2221:
2199:
2191:
2189:Evening session
2170:
2132:
2130:Morning session
2127:
2099:William Chaplin
2095:
2093:William Chaplin
2061:
2045:
2019:
2014:
1989:
1974:
1903:
1856:fugitive slaves
1841:Angelina Grimké
1816:fugitive slaves
1773:
1744:
1743:
1648:Slave narrative
1604:Fugitive slaves
1584:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1534:Slave rebellion
1389:
1379:
1378:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1149:United Kingdom
1085:Yankee princess
679:
671:
670:
398:Avret Pazarları
344:Avret Pazarları
213:Medieval Europe
179:
169:
168:
107:Forced marriage
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5138:Douglass Place
5135:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5049:The North Star
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4924:
4923:External links
4921:
4918:
4917:
4897:
4857:
4830:
4804:
4782:
4750:
4716:
4696:
4672:
4647:
4623:
4599:
4571:
4543:
4538:newspapers.com
4502:
4497:newspapers.com
4478:
4454:
4447:
4421:
4400:
4385:
4359:
4356:. Vol. 1.
4340:
4314:
4290:
4250:
4226:
4211:Clark, Geo. W.
4202:
4192:Columbus Times
4178:
4158:
4138:
4114:
4094:
4087:
4065:
4041:
4023:
4005:
3981:
3948:
3921:
3890:
3811:
3804:
3758:
3736:The North Star
3721:
3668:
3641:
3560:
3536:
3512:
3488:
3464:
3440:
3434:Southern Press
3420:
3414:newspapers.com
3395:
3373:The North Star
3359:
3321:
3297:
3267:
3230:
3219:Smith, John E.
3210:
3120:
3100:
3060:
3018:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2912:
2909:
2868:
2865:
2845:
2842:
2811:
2808:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2727:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:Charles B. Ray
2670:
2667:
2664:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2616:Albany Patriot
2600:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2529:
2515:
2505:
2498:
2495:Charles Durkee
2492:
2486:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2409:
2406:
2391:
2388:
2371:
2362:
2340:
2295:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2274:The North Star
2268:
2265:
2253:The North Star
2247:
2244:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2169:
2166:
2147:Charles B. Ray
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2094:
2091:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2024:
2021:Charles B. Ray
2006:
2005:
1993:
1984:
1973:
1970:
1959:The North Star
1911:slave catchers
1902:
1899:
1873:, who owned a
1843:, and others.
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1626:List of slaves
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
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1529:
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1514:
1509:
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1507:
1497:
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1490:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
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1269:
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1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Dutch Republic
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
965:
958:
957:
956:
951:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
919:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
887:
882:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
820:
819:
818:
808:
807:
806:
795:
794:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
771:
770:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
714:
713:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
641:
637:
636:
631:
629:Child soldiers
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
605:
604:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
538:Spanish Empire
535:
530:
525:
520:
518:Middle Passage
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
348:
347:
346:
339:Ottoman Empire
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
294:
293:
287:
286:
285:
284:
274:
269:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
215:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
186:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
159:Sexual slavery
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
117:Child marriage
114:
104:
99:
94:
92:Child soldiers
89:
83:
78:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5456:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5339:
5338:Shields Green
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5246:(second wife)
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Denver statue
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:Douglass Park
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5105:Self-Made Men
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4831:9780820438405
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4792:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4710:The Liberator
4706:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4448:9780975554876
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4415:The Liberator
4411:
4404:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4376:
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3990:Smith, Gerrit
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2823:Senator Yulee
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2512:Liberty Party
2509:
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2479:Lucretia Mott
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2175:Liberty Party
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2115:Liberty Party
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2017:
2012:
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1994:
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1867:Theodore Weld
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1444:Abolitionists
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1046:comfort women
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1029:Chukri System
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917:Latin America
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869:
868:interregional
866:
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853:prison labour
851:
849:
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844:
841:
839:
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831:
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826:
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824:
823:United States
821:
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634:White slavery
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Slave raiding
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
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592:Corvée labour
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531:
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429:
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411:
409:
408:Abbasid harem
406:
404:
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396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
351:Barbary Coast
349:
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341:
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332:
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327:
325:
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320:
317:
315:
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93:
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88:
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84:
81:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:Forced labour
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
5414:Gerrit Smith
5319:
5311:
5308:(1991 opera)
5303:
5300:(1985 opera)
5295:
5240:(first wife)
5126:
5065:
5047:
5028:
5020:
5012:
4954:
4930:
4910:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4872:
4860:
4848:. Retrieved
4817:
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4762:
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4728:
4719:
4708:
4705:"(Untitled)"
4699:
4684:
4675:
4663:Oxford Times
4662:
4659:"(Untitled)"
4635:
4632:"Fanatacism"
4626:
4611:
4608:"(Untitled)"
4602:
4583:
4574:
4555:
4546:
4536:– via
4530:. Retrieved
4514:
4505:
4490:
4481:
4468:Evening Post
4466:
4463:"(Untitled)"
4457:
4430:
4424:
4418:. p. 4.
4413:
4403:
4388:
4373:
4362:
4353:
4343:
4332:, retrieved
4327:
4317:
4304:Evening Post
4302:
4293:
4283:– via
4277:. Retrieved
4262:
4253:
4238:
4229:
4223:. p. 3.
4218:
4205:
4190:
4181:
4170:
4161:
4150:
4141:
4126:
4117:
4106:
4097:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
4002:. p. 2.
3997:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3963:
3938:Oxford Times
3936:
3909:
3887:. p. 2.
3882:
3791:
3749:. Retrieved
3734:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:the original
3703:
3656:
3625:
3548:
3539:
3526:The Democrat
3524:
3515:
3500:
3491:
3476:
3473:"(Untitled)"
3467:
3452:
3449:"Fanaticism"
3443:
3432:
3429:"(Untitled)"
3423:
3407:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3371:
3362:
3352:– via
3346:. Retrieved
3335:
3324:
3309:
3300:
3294:. p. 5.
3285:
3259:
3223:
3213:
3202:
3114:Evening Post
3112:
3109:"(Untitled)"
3103:
3093:– via
3087:. Retrieved
3072:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3043:Ancestry.com
3038:
3009:. Retrieved
3000:
2929:Gerrit Smith
2914:
2901:Gerrit Smith
2885:
2870:
2858:
2847:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2779:Beriah Green
2763:
2734:daguerrotype
2697:Gerrit Smith
2660:
2650:
2620:
2614:
2546:
2489:Thomas Davis
2415:
2378:
2358:
2353:
2351:, 1848, and
2347:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2213:free produce
2210:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2103:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2016:Gerrit Smith
2001:
1997:
1977:
1975:
1963:
1958:
1948:There was a
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:Lake Ontario
1907:Gerrit Smith
1904:
1895:
1879:Gerrit Smith
1875:daguerrotype
1860:
1845:
1829:Gerrit Smith
1805:
1793:Gerrit Smith
1783:was held in
1780:
1778:
1675:Slave patrol
1613:
1512:Freedom suit
1488:Sierra Leone
1478:Colonization
1394:Abolitionism
1374:Baháʼí Faith
1347:Christianity
1297:Saudi Arabia
1153:Penal Labour
1118:Blackbirding
1024:Debt bondage
1012:penal system
838:Contemporary
828:Field slaves
816:U.S. Natives
775:South Africa
646:Galley slave
619:Slave market
609:House slaves
582:Blackbirding
560:Conscription
484:21st century
447:Umm al-walad
291:Muslim world
260:Emancipation
164:Wage slavery
144:Penal labour
122:Wife selling
112:Bride buying
97:Conscription
87:Child Labour
80:Contemporary
42:
37:Gerrit Smith
25:daguerrotype
4951:"Brevities"
4775:January 29,
4681:"Civil War"
4532:October 28,
3653:"Brevities"
3207:(19): 3–66.
3053:February 5,
3011:February 5,
2921:SUNY Broome
2911:Reenactment
2267:Resolutions
2053:1850 census
2023:, Secretary
2018:, President
1954:free blacks
1926:to Canada.
1869:'s brother
1839:, his wife
1690:court cases
1567: [
1517:Slave Power
1505:Manumission
1352:Catholicism
1227:Afghanistan
968:Puerto Rico
880:The Bahamas
858:Slave codes
661:Shanghaiing
651:Impressment
543:Slave Coast
423:Qajar harem
383:Concubinage
356:slave trade
23:Now-famous
5353:Categories
5270:(grandson)
5252:(daughter)
5041:Newspapers
4931:North Star
4822:Peter Lang
4375:North Star
4088:0877221456
3805:0877221456
3311:North Star
2977:References
2941:Juneteenth
2931:, and the
2800:John Brown
2653:newspaper.
2483:Union Army
2305:North Star
2030:North Star
1998:fugitives!
1883:Secret Six
1705:J.Q. Adams
1695:Washington
1665:Slave name
1614:convention
1589:Common law
962:Encomienda
758:Seychelles
743:Mauritania
666:Slave ship
533:Panyarring
528:New France
177:Historical
3994:"Address"
2850:Canastota
2720:John Todd
2380:The Pearl
2036:Liberator
1916:Peterboro
1891:Peterboro
1700:Jefferson
1357:Mormonism
1292:Palestine
1106:Australia
1036:Indonesia
927:Lei Áurea
910:Code Noir
890:Caribbean
863:Treatment
602:Treatment
575:Devshirme
437:Odalisque
255:In Russia
196:Babylonia
184:Antiquity
5107:" (1885)
5100:" (1860)
5093:" (1852)
5078:Speeches
4881:Archived
4879:. 2017.
4844:Archived
4840:42975609
4769:Archived
4737:Archived
4526:Archived
4334:March 7,
4273:Archived
3974:March 5,
3968:Archived
3745:Archived
3714:March 5,
3698:(2013).
3382:Archived
3342:Archived
3221:(1899).
3089:June 26,
3083:Archived
3047:Archived
3039:RootsWeb
3005:Archived
2955:See also
2854:Hamilton
2836:Senator
2832:South...
2810:Reaction
2429:escapes.
2325:and the
2308:and the
2231:Garrison
2157:money."
2081:Gazette'
2069:and the
1920:Syracuse
1732:Iron bit
1722:40 acres
1685:breeding
1500:Freedman
1335:Religion
1195:Portugal
1080:Thailand
1070:Maldives
1065:Malaysia
1058:Kwalliso
1002:Booi Aha
954:Restavek
934:Colombia
905:Trinidad
895:Barbados
785:Zanzibar
733:Ethiopia
614:Saqaliba
508:Database
459:Saqaliba
220:Ancillae
50:a series
48:Part of
5284:Related
5059:Fiction
4890:May 10,
4850:May 10,
4743:May 10,
4279:May 10,
3751:May 10,
3388:May 10,
3348:May 10,
2937:Lovejoy
2661:pro tem
2607:Manlius
2385:Lovejoy
2339:slaves.
2141:pro tem
1710:Lincoln
1583:Related
1483:Liberia
1369:Judaism
1307:Tunisia
1282:Morocco
1272:Lebanon
1237:Bahrain
1232:Algeria
1200:Romania
1165:Denmark
1158:Slavery
1092:Vietnam
763:Somalia
753:Nigeria
728:Comoros
656:Pirates
565:Ghilman
498:Bristol
388:history
361:pirates
250:History
139:Peonage
62:slavery
5230:Family
5153:Honors
5070:(1852)
5033:(1881)
5025:(1855)
5017:(1845)
4838:
4828:
4797:May 4,
4793:. 1851
4445:
4085:
3802:
2401:, ran
2318:, the
2261:Oswego
2149:, and
2075:(also
2043:Venues
1942:, and
1631:owners
1267:Kuwait
1262:Jordan
1215:Sweden
1205:Russia
1190:Poland
1185:Norway
1007:Laogai
992:Brunei
987:Bhutan
949:revolt
922:Brazil
885:Canada
848:partus
833:female
718:Angola
587:Coolie
570:Mamluk
523:Nantes
503:Brazil
432:Cariye
267:Thrall
235:Kholop
201:Greece
5264:(son)
5258:(son)
4884:(PDF)
4869:(PDF)
4836:JSTOR
2947:, in
2793:Utica
2393:Rev.
1865:were
1658:songs
1653:films
1571:]
1527:songs
1364:Islam
1342:Bible
1317:Yemen
1312:Qatar
1302:Syria
1277:Libya
1242:Egypt
1210:Spain
1180:Malta
1053:Korea
1041:Japan
1019:India
997:China
944:Haiti
804:Aztec
780:Sudan
748:Niger
640:Naval
513:Dutch
442:Qiyan
428:Jarya
403:Harem
245:Serfs
191:Egypt
5115:Life
4892:2022
4852:2022
4826:ISBN
4799:2022
4777:2021
4745:2022
4534:2020
4443:ISBN
4336:2023
4281:2022
4083:ISBN
3976:2020
3800:ISBN
3753:2022
3716:2020
3390:2022
3350:2022
3091:2021
3055:2017
3013:2017
2737:him.
2373:The
2077:Whig
1779:The
1609:laws
1471:U.S.
1466:U.K.
1404:U.S.
1399:U.K.
1287:Oman
1257:Iraq
1252:Iran
939:Cuba
843:maps
738:Mali
723:Chad
309:Baqt
206:Rome
102:Debt
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