423:
For in fact he could not have chosen a more unfortunate example. A franc-tireur is emphatically not a person whose warfare is bound to disgust any soldier. He is emphatically not a type about which a general soldierly spirit feels any bitterness. He is not a perfidious or barbarous or fantastically fiendish foe. On the contrary, a "franc-tireur" is generally a man for whom any generous soldier would be sorry, as he would for an honourable prisoner of war. What is a "franc-tireur"? A "franc-tireur" is a free man, who fights to defend his own farm or family against foreign aggressors, but who does not happen to possess certain badges and articles of clothing catalogued by
Prussia in 1870. In other words, a "franc-tireur" is you or I or any other healthy man who found himself, when attacked, in accidental possession of a gun or pistol, and not in accidental possession of a particular cap or a particular pair of trousers. The distinction is not a moral distinction at all, but a crude and recent official distinction made by the
366:, they carried out an unusually harsh and severe occupation of areas which they conquered. Hostages were regularly executed in response to reports of sniping in French and Belgian communities. Occupying German forces were reportedly very fearful of spontaneous civil resistance, which led to these arrests and executions, some of which were preemptive or at least before actual violent resistance. Most of the attacks attributed by the German occupiers to Belgian
908:
446:
148:
201:
499:
40:
422:
It is astounding how clumsy
Prussians are at this sort of thing. Ludendorff cannot be a fool, at any rate, at his own trade; for his military measures were often very effective. But without being a fool when he effects his measures, he becomes a most lurid and lamentable fool when he justifies them.
783:
are entitled to prisoner-of-war status provided that they are commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates, have a fixed distinctive sign recognisable at a distance, carry arms openly, and conduct their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
236:
described them as "at once a valuable asset to the armed strength of France and a possible menace to internal order under military discipline." The societies strenuously and effectively resisted all efforts to bring them under normal military discipline.
256:) was in force, that the militias were placed under the orders of the generals in the field. They were sometimes organised in large bodies and incorporated in the mass of the armies, but more usually they continued to work in small bands, blowing up
756:, the tribunal found that, on the question of partisans, according to the then-current laws of war, partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of the Hague Convention. In relation to
764:
We are obliged to hold that such guerrillas were francs tireurs who, upon capture, could be subjected to the death penalty. Consequently, no criminal responsibility attaches to the defendant List because of the execution of captured
610:. Their job was four-fold: to destroy rail lines carrying men and materials to the eastern front, sabotage factories working for the Germans, punish traitors and collaborators, and kill the occupying soldiers. "A
340:
ambushes with harsh reprisals against the nearest village or town, where they killed civilians. Whole regiments or divisions often took part in "pacifying actions" in areas with significant
520:
1040:, No. 317, pp. 125–134. In hist footnote 1 cites: The life and works of Martens are detailed by V. Pustogarov, "Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909) — A Humanist of Modern Times",
1254:
668:
artists, writers, and intellectuals, who had gone to France for the cultural circles in Paris. Others had taken refuge in France to escape Nazi persecution in their home countries.
615:
1117:
650:), became especially famous after the Manouchian Group was captured, its members executed, and ten of its members advertised as foreign criminals by the infamous
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as murderers and highwaymen; the insurgents seemed to have a sense of the most vulnerable parts of the German armies in France. The
Germans reacted to
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552:
Although individual communists had opposed the German occupation of France, the official communist position was not to offer resistance, as the
928:
273:, by these relatively unconventional tactics, "paralysed large detachments of the enemy, contested every step of his advance (as in the
230:
623:
1180:
Stoneman, Mark R. "The
Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–71" (MA thesis, University of Augsburg, Germany, 1994)
632:
835:
629:
FTP became the first resistance group in France to deliberately kill a German. In
February 1944, the FTP agreed to merge with the
226:
or light troops. They wore no uniforms, but they armed themselves with the best existing rifles, and elected their own officers.
222:
of 1867. The members were chiefly concerned with the practise of rifle-shooting. In case of war, they were expected to act as
1264:
1007:
218:
were an outgrowth of rifle-shooting clubs or unofficial military societies formed in the east of France at the time of the
626:, was given the job of making explosives." Bloch was arrested by the French police and beheaded by guillotine in Hamburg.
1224:
1118:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (III) on Prisoners of War, 1949 - 4 - Prisoners of war"
977:
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subject to execution on capture, and smaller states, who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.
244:
assumed control over the societies to organise them for field service. It was not until 4 November, by which time the
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campaign), and prevented him from gaining information, and that their soldierly qualities improved with experience."
187:
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463:
165:
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on the invaders' lines of communication, cutting off small reconnaissance parties, surprising small posts, etc.
1274:
1185:
Stoneman, Mark R. "The
Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–1871: A Cultural Interpretation",
952:
467:
346:
activity; this created a lasting enmity and hatred between the occupying German soldiers and French civilians.
169:
1249:
33:
1205:
Kriegsgreuel: Die
Entgrenzung der Gewalt in kriegerischen Konflikten vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert
17:
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at the end of the war, tried to defend German behaviour in his memoir published in 1919, the two-volume
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684:
664:, where they carried out armed resistance. Many of its immigrant members throughout the country were
241:
774:
525:
456:
158:
994:
A Train in Winter: An
Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Resistance in Occupied France
619:
27:
French volunteers who carried on a guerilla warfare against the
Germans in the Franco-German War
1174:
Statuswechsel. Kriegserfahrung und nationale
Wahrnehmung im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71
700:
574:
542:
371:
815:
913:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
561:
546:
359:
290:
78:
1203:
Stoneman, Mark R. "Die deutschen Greueltaten im Krieg 1870/71 am Beispiel der Bayern", in
721:
was sometimes used for an armed fighter who, if captured, was not necessarily entitled to
324:
as irregular, armed non-combatants, essentially what also came to be called guerrillas or
8:
1234:
669:
541:(FTP, Partisan irregular riflemen), which were established as the military branch of the
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82:
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and Jean-Jacques Goldman were members of FTP-MOI, as was the Hungarian photographer,
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121:
105:
90:
47:
32:
This article is about military units in the Franco-Prussian War. For other uses, see
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605:
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622:, a young chemist with two science degrees, who as a Jew had lost her job in the
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885:
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French Resistance newspaper published by the group in Lyon by the same name.
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932:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16.
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98:
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691:– Defenders of the Homeland) and Heiho soldiers in the Japanese-occupied
363:
381:, Germany's chief military strategist and its commander-in-chief on the
470: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
424:
325:
172: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
109:
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metropolitan area, but other FTP-MOI groups operated in Lyon and the
611:
240:
In July 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the French
1009:
De Garoeda en de Ooievaar: Indonesië van Kolonie Tot Nationale Staat
445:
147:
1211:
and Daniel Hohrath (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2008), 223–39.
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describes it as "now acknowledged, even by the Germans", that the
1167:
The Franco Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871
641:
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during the Second World War. The first to be established was the
428:
257:
223:
200:
39:
733:. The Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise between the
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304:
208:
1197:, ed. Jeremy Black. London: Ashgate Publishing, 2006. 135–58.
498:
1090:"The hostages trial, trial of Wilhelm List and others: Notes"
657:
389:. It was published that same year in London by Hutchinson as
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of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, this position changed.
358:
during the Franco-Prussian War had a profound effect on the
1077:, 11 Tr. of War Crim. Bef. Nuremberg Mil. Trib. 1248 (1948)
1061:
no 317, p.125–134. In hist footnote 2 cites: F. Kalshoven,
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545:(PCF). They only became active in the resistance after the
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773:
established new protocols; according to Article 4 of the
1255:
Military units and formations of the Franco-Prussian War
970:
FN Browning Pistols: Side-Arms that Shaped World History
680:, who achieved international recognition after the war.
1195:
The International Library of Essays on Military History
1189:
8.3 (2001): 271–93. Reprinted in Peter H. Wilson, ed.,
1103:
original source: United Nations War Crimes Commission,
354:
The experiences of French guerrilla attacks and of the
1169:, 1961. Reprint, London and New York: Routledge, 1988.
104:
The term is sometimes used to refer more generally to
592:
A number of smaller resistance groups united in the
1055:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
1034:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
861:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
403:
Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 – November 1918
328:. The German armies and popular press vilified the
647:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans—Main d'Œuvre Immigrée
618:became a master forger of false documents." And "
1216:
573:(OS); a number of its leaders had served in the
408:In an article in the 13 September 1919 issue of
725:status. An issue of disagreement at the 1899
640:The foreign workers' section of the FTP, the
513:Two major resistance groups adopted the name
418:responded to Ludendorff's book by remarking:
1260:Military units and formations of World War I
1160:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
1122:ICRC International Humanitarian Law Database
1044:(IRRC), No. 312, May–June 1996, pp. 300–314.
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85:(1870–71). The term was revived and used by
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1065:, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987, p. 14.
1230:Paramilitary organizations based in France
1162:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
624:French National Museum of Natural History
567:The PCF initially called their group the
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
996:, New York: Harper Collins, pp. 64, 307.
972:. Wet Dog Publications. pp. 28–29.
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656:. The Manouchian Group operated in the
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947:. Ballantine Books. pp. 317–318.
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1075:United States v. Wilhelm List, et al.
1059:International Review of the Red Cross
1042:International Review of the Red Cross
1038:International Review of the Red Cross
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865:International Review of the Red Cross
293:, on 22 January 1871. The defense of
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602:, the former editor of the magazine
468:adding citations to reliable sources
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170:adding citations to reliable sources
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547:German invasion of the Soviet Union
505:and Allied paratroopers during the
387:Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918
297:(18 October 1870) was conducted by
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93:movements set up to fight against
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1101:University of the West of England
876:See the sections in this article
853:
595:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP)
1063:Constraints on the Waging of War
906:
729:, the controversy generated the
633:Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur
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1176:(Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2008).
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748:After World War II, during the
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157:needs additional citations for
81:during the early stages of the
1153:1870: La France dans la guerre
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968:Vanderlinden, Anthony (2013).
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211:during the Franco-Prussian War
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370:were actually carried out by
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34:Franc-Tireur (disambiguation)
1265:German Empire in World War I
1155:. Paris: Armand Colin, 1989.
533:in 1940. The second was the
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1191:Warfare in Europe 1825–1914
992:Moorehead, Carolina. 2011.
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537:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
521:German occupation of France
130:was a member of a corps of
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1225:Military history of France
1151:Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane.
391:My War Memories, 1914–1918
73:for "free shooters") were
31:
1144:Lt. Colonel St. Etienne,
943:Tuchman, Barbara (1962).
44:Capture of a Franc-tireur
1146:Les Chasseurs des Vosges
1006:Burgers, Herman (2010).
560:with Germany. After the
108:who operate outside the
929:Encyclopædia Britannica
775:Third Geneva Convention
760:, the tribunal stated:
411:Illustrated London News
377:After the war, General
265:Encyclopædia Britannica
233:Encyclopædia Britannica
120:During the wars of the
77:formations deployed by
1270:World War I propaganda
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66:[fʁɑ̃.ti.ʁœʁ]
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360:German General Staff
291:Fontenoy-sur-Moselle
285:blew up the Moselle
166:improve this article
1107:, Volume VIII, 1949
878:Franco-Prussian War
797:was the name of an
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670:Alter Mojze Goldman
558:non-aggression pact
138:Franco-Prussian War
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1095:2005-02-08 at the
1032:Rupert Ticehurst,
945:The Guns of August
859:Rupert Ticehurst,
836:"French Partisans"
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507:Battle of Normandy
356:asymmetric warfare
313:Ernest de Lipowski
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106:guerrilla fighters
89:to name two major
75:irregular military
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1280:French Resistance
1165:Howard, Michael.
1057:, 30 April 1997,
1053:Rupert Ticehurst
1036:, 30 April 1997,
863:, 30 April 1997,
811:French Resistance
771:Geneva Convention
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689:Pembela Tanah Air
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529:group founded in
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581:(notably, "
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364:World War I
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252:(universal
110:laws of war
1235:Law of war
1219:Categories
1127:2022-03-23
954:034538623X
846:2004-02-05
822:References
788:Other uses
713:world wars
606:L’Humanité
425:militarism
326:insurgents
295:Châteaudun
116:Background
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612:librarian
556:was in a
549:in 1941.
414:, writer
374:snipers.
362:. During
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1245:Militias
1199:abstract
1093:Archived
805:See also
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583:Colonel
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429:Potsdam
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