French Resistance - Knowledge

6641: 2588:(formerly a derogatory term in French, nowadays the standard name for Jewish people) who were the "foreign" and "unassimilated" Jews who were widely seen as criminals from abroad living in slums in the inner cities of France. All through the 1930s, the number of illegal Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe was vastly exaggerated. The French public was persuaded that the majority of Jews living in France were illegal immigrants causing social problems. When the first anti-Semitic laws were introduced in 1940: "There was no sign of public opposition to what was happening, or even widespread unease at the direction in which events were heading ... Many people, perhaps even most people, were indifferent. In the autumn of 1940 they had other things to think about; later they could find little room for fellow-feeling or concern for the public good in their own struggle to survive. What happened to the Jews was a secondary matter; it was beyond their immediate affairs, it belonged to that realm of the 'political' which they could no longer control or even bring themselves to follow with much interest". 8118: 5730: 3524:, with so many men called up for service with the Wehrmacht and the Nazi régime reluctant to have German women work in factories (Hitler believed working damaged a woman's womb), the German state brought foreign workers to Germany to replace the men serving in the Wehrmacht. At the Dora works near the Buchenwald concentration camp, about 10,000 slave workers, mostly French and Russian, built V2 rockets in a vast subterranean factory; they lived in quarters meant to house only 2,500, were allowed to sleep only four and half hours every night, and were regularly brutalised by the guards. The chief pleasure of the slaves was urinating on the machinery when the guards were not looking. The underground press gave much coverage to the conditions at the Dora works, pointing out those Frenchmen who went to work in Germany were not paid the generous wages promised by the 5491: 304: 286: 6810: 5502: 146: 5800: 48: 8520: 6822: 2982:

many innocent people in reprisal for killing only one German that it was not worth it, while others contended that to cease assassinations would prove that the Germans could brutally push the French around in their own country. General de Gaulle went on the BBC's French language service on 23 October to ask that PCF to call in their assassins, saying that killing one German would not change the outcome of the war and that too many innocent people were being shot by Germans in reprisals. As the PCF did not recognize de Gaulle's authority, the Communist assassins continued their work under the slogan "an eye for an eye", and so the Germans continued to execute between 50 and 100 French hostages for every one of their number assassinated.

3333:, had begun the occupation discouraged and isolated, cut off and forced to become "absent from the places they lived in. Now, as the threat of absence become brutally literal, their choices were more sharply defined, more urgent even than for other people in France." As an example of the "differing fates" open to French Jews from 1942 onward, Ousby used the three-part dedication to the memoir Jacques Adler wrote in 1985: the first part dedicated to his father, who was killed at Auschwitz in 1942; the second to the French family who sheltered his mother and sister, who survived the Occupation; and the third to the members of the Jewish resistance group Adler joined later in 1942. 7978: 2092: 5465:, who become the leader of the Resistance in Bordeaux after André Grandclément, the previous leader had been exposed as a Gestapo informer, was taking part in the celebrations of the liberation of Bordeaux when General de Gaulle motioned to him to come aside for a chat. De Gaulle told Landes, who was wearing the uniform of a British Army officer that he was not welcome in France and had two hours to leave the city and two days to leave France. The Francophile Landes who had been born in Britain, but grew up in France was profoundly hurt by this request, and sadly left the nation he loved so much. De Gaulle had wanted a resistance to give proof of 8157:("legal purge") began following a June 1944 decree that established a three-tier system of judicial courts: a High Court of Justice which dealt with Vichy ministers and officials; Courts of Justice for other serious cases of alleged collaboration; and regular Civic Courts for lesser cases of alleged collaboration. Over 700 collaborators were executed following proper legal trials. This initial phase of the purge trials ended with a series of amnesty laws passed between 1951 and 1953 which reduced the number of imprisoned collaborators from 40,000 to 62, and was followed by a period of official "repression" that lasted between 1954 and 1971. 7276: 2553: 3175:, when asked about why she had taken up arms against the Reich, replied: "Quite simply, colonel, because the men had dropped them." In 1942, the Royal Air Force (RAF) attempted to bomb the Schneider-Creusot works at Lyon, which was one of France's largest arms factories. The RAF missed the factory and instead killed around 1,000 French civilians. Two Frenchmen serving in the SOE, Raymond Basset (codename Mary) and André Jarrot (codename Goujean), were parachuted in and were able to repeatedly sabotage the local power grid to sharply lower production at the Schneider-Creusot works. Frenay, who had emerged as a leading 2803:("horizontal collaboration"), the euphemistic term for sexual relationships between German men and Frenchwomen. The devaluation of the franc and the German policy of requisitioning food created years of hardship for the French, so taking a German lover was a rational choice for many Frenchwomen. "Horizontal collaboration" was widespread, with 85,000 illegitimate children fathered by Germans born by October 1943. While this number isn't particularly high for the circumstances, many young Frenchmen disliked the fact that some Frenchwomen seemed to find German men more attractive than them and wanted to strike back. 8079:...what cut the ice with us was the fact that when we came to France the Resistance was so effective that it took half a dozen real live German divisions to contend with it, divisions which might otherwise have been on our backs in the Bocage. And it made the most cynical sit up and take notice when we learned from German field officers that the Germans in central France were truly terrified, had to live under arms, could not move freely, had lost all control in sizable sectors even before we came ... It was a military fact that the French were worth at least a score of divisions to us, maybe more. 7994: 8536: 274: 262: 250: 238: 208: 4272: 127: 386: 374: 362: 350: 338: 326: 169: 7878: 5560: 7741: 2717:

of being a witness to an incident that was in itself only very trivial, brought home to many of the French the precise nature of the "New Order in Europe". All over Paris, posters warning that all who challenged the might of the Reich would be shot like Bonsergent were torn down or vandalized, despite the warnings from General von Stülpnagel that damaging the posters was an act of sabotage that would be punished by the death penalty; so many posters were torn down and/or vandalized that Stülpnagal had to post policemen to guard them. Writer

8139:, notably including members and leaders of the pro-Nazi milices. In one case, as many as 77 milices members were summarily executed at once. An inquest into the issue of summary executions launched by Jules Moch, the Minister of the Interior, came to the conclusion that there were 9,673 summary executions. A second inquest in 1952 separated out 8,867 executions of suspected collaborators and 1,955 summary executions for which the motive of killing was not known, giving a total of 10,822 executions. Head-shaving as a form of humiliation and 5811: 14388: 13206: 2169: 21189: 16410: 6935:, a fact-gathering network specializing in military intelligence and police activities. Its importance increased throughout the second half of 1943 and into the spring of 1944. It eventually became the largest BCRA network in the Vichy zone, employing about 2,500 sources, contacts, couriers and analysts. Gallia's work did not stop after the 1944 landings in Normandy and Provence; it provided information to the Allies that allowed for the bombing of the retreating German armies' military targets. 195: 2662:

the Germans themselves, surprised at how ready the French were to betray each other". In occupied France, one had to carry at all times a huge cache of documents such as an ID card, a ration card, tobacco voucher (regardless if one was a smoker or not), travel permits, work permits, and so on. For these reasons, forgery became a key skill for the resistance as the Germans regularly required the French to produce their papers, and anyone whose papers seemed suspicious would be arrested.

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occupation from 1940 to 1944 had been a "nation in arms" with the Resistance representing almost the entirety of the French people had been waging a guerrilla struggle from the beginning of the occupation right to its end. His concern was then to rebuild France not only on the material and international level, but also morally, pushing him to put forward the actions of the Resistance to re-establish national unity and pride, which the war had damaged. On 17 September 1944, in

8483: 2997:. After identifying the three largest resistance groups in the south of France that he wanted to see co-operate, Moulin went to Britain to seek support. Moulin made a secret trip, visiting Lisbon on 12 September 1941, from whence he traveled to London to meet General de Gaulle on 25 October 1941. De Gaulle named Moulin his representative in France, and ordered him to return and unify all Resistance groups and have them recognize the authority of de Gaulle's Free 1900: 721: 685: 3309:

antisemitism, and organized efforts to hide Jews. The official story was that the Jews were being "resettled in the East", being moved to a "Jewish homeland" somewhere in Eastern Europe. As the year continued, the fact that no one knew precisely where this Jewish homeland was, together with the fact that those sent to be "resettled" were never heard from again, led more and more people to suspect that rumors of the Jews being exterminated were true.

7003:(Companies of Foreign Workers) or CTE, began to pursue them for slave labor. The CTE was initially seen as a welcome break from the monotony of the camps by many. Lluís Montagut, a member of the C.T.E, described how "we (the Spanish Republican internees) held so much desire to not to see the camps that we accepted (the positions offered by the C.T.E) without the slightest objection...we went out of the way to lose the shameful tag of undesirables". 2669:, which together with German policies of food requisition both to support their own army and the German home front, "France was slowly being bled dry by the outflow not just of meat and drink, fuel and leather, but of wax, frying pans, playing cards, axe handles, perfume and a host of other goods as well. Parisians, at least, had got the point as early as December 1940. When Hitler shipped back the Duc de Reichstadt's remains for a solemn burial in 8101: 6768: 5966: 2193:. For example, the Soviet resistance in August 1941 led to thousands of hostages taken from the population. A typical policy statement read, "After each further incident, a number, reflecting the seriousness of the crime, shall be shot." During the occupation, an estimated 30,000 French civilian hostages were shot to intimidate others who were involved in acts of resistance. German troops occasionally engaged in massacres such as the 8213:(The Party of Those Shot), in recognition of the thousands of communists executed for their Resistance activities. The number of communists killed was in reality considerably less than the Party's figure of 75,000. It is now estimated that close to 30,000 Frenchmen of all political movements combined were shot, of whom only a few thousand were communists. Others were deported, though, many of which died in concentration camps. 6567: 8728: 2252: 4923:

clothes, and many still the wooden clogs, of peasants. Some lucky ones had scraps of uniforms and British battledress, but predominantly their clothes consisted of drab colored shirts, blue overall trousers and German field boots, whose owners no doubt had ceased to require them for obvious reasons. They wore neither brassards nor regular uniform of any kind. The only distinguishable difference between the men of the

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broadcast, Peugeot agreed to co-operate. Peugeot gave Rée the plans for the factory and suggested the best places to sabotage his factory without injuring anyone by selectively placing plastic explosives. The Peugeot works were largely knocked out in a bombing organised by Rée on 5 November 1943 and output never recovered. The Michelin family were approached with the same offer and declined. The RAF bombed the

6380: 7647: 7463: 4914:(SAS) regiment. The SAS commandos had jeeps armored with machine guns that they used to travel across French countryside and ambush German convoys. One SAS group, operating in Brittany, had an artillery gun flown in, which they used to destroy German tanks, much to the surprise of the Germans who were not expecting this much firepower to be used in ambushes. A SAS officer, Ian Wellsted, described the 5050:. One Wehrmacht division transferred from the Eastern Front to the Western Front took a week to move from the Soviet Union to the borders of France and another three weeks to move from the French border to the Battle of Caen as Resistance attacks slowed down its movement. An estimate by SHAEF stated the Germans were moving at only 25% of their normal daily speed due to the constant attacks of the 16661: 4257:-Committee for Military Action), which in turn took its orders from the CNR. The Communists agreed to unity largely in the belief that they would obtain more supplies from Britain, and in practice the FTP continued to work independently. The SOE provided training for the Resistance; however, as the SOE agent Roger Miller noted after visiting a resistance workshop making bombs in late 1943: 3498:, was a mixture of fascists, gangsters, and adventurers with a "sprinkling of the respectable bourgeoisie and even the disaffected aristocracy" committed to fight to the death against the "Jews, Communists, Freemasons and Gaullists"; the oath of those who joined required to them to commit to work for the destruction in France of the "Jewish leprosy", the Gaullists and the Communists. The 4750:

1944, Eisenhower changed his plans and instead wanted a nationwide guerilla war launched in all of the regions of France with the start of Overlord. The SOE had informed the Resistance leaders to listen to the BBC's "personal messages" French language broadcasts on the 1st, 2nd, 15th and 16th of every month for the messages telling them when Overlord was due to start. If the phrase "

3588:"terrorists", "bandits" and "criminals". One of every two French people called to serve in the STO failed to do so. Sauckel had been ordered by Hitler in February 1943 to produce half a million workers from France for German industry by March, and it was he who had pressured Laval to create the STO with the law of 16 February 1943. Sauckel had joined the NSDAP in 1923, making him an 7820: 2116: 4902:. In June 1944, the Resistance destroyed French railroads at 486 points and by 7 June 1944, the day after D-Day, the Wehrmacht complained that due to sabotage that the main railroad lines between Avranches and St. Lô, between Cherbourg and St. Lô and between Caen and St. Lô were now out of action. As the Wehrmacht was forced to use the roads instead of railroads, 3276:

noted about the watching bystanders: "Their expressions were empty, apparently indifferent." When taken with the other Jews to the Place Voltaire, one woman was heard to shout "Well done! Well done!" while the man standing to her warned her "After them, it'll be us. Poor people!". Rado survived Auschwitz, but her four children were killed in the gas chambers.

6422:. As a result of the fate promised them by Vichy and the Germans, Jews were over-represented at all levels of the French Resistance. Studies show that although Jews in France constituted only one percent of the French population, they comprised ≈15–20 percent of the Resistance. Among these were many Jewish émigrés, such as Hungarian artists and writers. 2673:, people said they would have preferred coal rather than ashes." People could not legally buy items without a ration book with the population being divided into categories A, B, C, E, J, T and V; among the products rationed included meat, milk, butter, cheese, bread, sugar, eggs, oil, coffee, fish, wine, soap, tobacco, salt, potatoes and clothing. The 13011: 5896:(FTP), a radical armed movement, ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force. The FTP was open to non-communists but operated under communist control, with its members predominantly engaged in acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare. By 1944, the FTP had an estimated strength of 100,000 men. 5356:(codename Colonel Rol), the FTP chief in Paris wanted to start a revolt, being deterred only by the fact that the Resistance in Paris had about 15,000 men, but only 600 guns, mostly rifles and machine guns. On 19 August 1944, the Paris police, until then still loyal to Vichy, went over to the Resistance as a group of policemen hosted the 2576:" trustees who engaged in blatant corruption. Jews were banned from cinemas, music halls, fairs, museums, libraries, public parks, cafes, theatres, concerts, restaurants, swimming pools and markets. Jews could not move without informing the police first, own radios or bicycles, were denied phone service, could not use phone booths marked 4095:, resistance activities started to become more coordinated. In June 1943, a sabotage campaign began against the French rail system. Between June 1943 – May 1944, the Resistance damaged 1,822 trains, destroyed 200 passenger cars, damaged about 1,500 passenger cars, destroyed about 2,500 freight cars and damaged about 8,000 freight cars. 2722:

Bonsergent's execution had been turned into shrines, being in Bruller's words "surrounded by flowers, like on so many tombs. Little flowers of every kind, mounted on pins, had been struck on the posters during the night—real flowers and artificial ones, paper pansies, celluloid roses, small French and British flags". The writer

2069:(FFI) with around 100,000 fighters in June 1944. By October 1944, the FFI had grown to 400,000 members. Although the amalgamation of the FFI was sometimes fraught with political difficulties, it was ultimately successful and allowed France to rebuild the fourth-largest army in the European theatre (1.2 million men) by 3201:

long. To maintain secrecy, radio operators encrypted their messages using polyalphabetic ciphers. Finally, radio operators had a security key to begin their messages with; if captured and forced to radio Britain under duress, the radio operator would not use the key, which tipped London off that they had been captured.

6928:(Unified Movements of the Resistance, MUR) was a French Resistance organisation resulting from the regrouping of three major Resistance movements ("Combat", "Franc-Tireur" and "Libération-Sud") in January 1943. Later that year, the BCRA and the United Movements of Resistance merged their intelligence networks. 7288:

operatives. Most French men and women put their faith in the Vichy government and its figurehead, Marshal Pétain, who continued to be widely regarded as the "savior" of France, opinions which persisted until their unpopular policies, and their collaboration with the foreign occupiers, became broadly apparent.

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from the side of his neck ... We had anticipated an infantry assault-possibly backed up with light armour, but snipers, a threat we had not met before, were difficult to counter. Within minutes of the first casualty, another seven of our men lay dying within the farm complex: all had been shot from long range.

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food shortages and malnutrition, particularly among children, the elderly, and members of the working class engaged in physical labour. Labour shortages also plagued the French economy because hundreds of thousands of French workers were requisitioned and transferred to Germany for compulsory labour under the

6655:, the cultural changes that followed the First World War allowed differences in the treatment of men and women in France to narrow gradually, with some women assuming political responsibilities as early as the 1930s. The defeat of France in 1940 and the appointment of the Vichy régime's conservative leader, 8464:. Though classified as a work of fiction, the book is based on the real-life memories of Suzanne David Hall. Training to become an opera singer, Suzanne was traveling for rehearsals, costume fittings, and lessons when she was recruited by an organizer of the French Resistance and became a secret courier. 7786:

Train-derailment strategies varied considerably in their effectiveness. The Germans managed to repair the tracks quickly in agricultural areas with level ground, since the salvage of some matériel was a relatively easy proposition in such terrain. But unbolting a connector plate on an outside rail in

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Towards the end of the occupation the PCF reached the height of its influence, controlling large areas of France through the Resistance units under its command. Some in the PCF wanted to launch a revolution as the Germans withdrew from the country, but the leadership, acting on Stalin's instructions,

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observed that the Resistance had been composed of social outcasts or those on the fringes of society, saying "one could be a resister only if one was maladjusted". Although many, including d'Astier himself, did fit this description, most members of the Resistance came from traditional backgrounds and

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whose true loyalty was to her German lover, Gestapo officer Harry Stengritt. Hardy was arrested on 7 June 1943 when he walked into a trap laid by Bastien. After his arrest, Hardy was turned by the Gestapo as Bastien tearfully told him that she and her parents would all be sent to a concentration camp

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which had been a little-known word borrowed from the Corsican dialect of Italian at the beginning of 1943, became known all over France. It was only in 1943 that guerilla warfare emerged in France as opposed to the more sporadic attacks against the Germans that had continued since the summer of 1941,

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and wore a uniform of khaki shirts, black berets, black ties, blue trousers and blue jackets. Their symbol was the white gamma, the zodiacal sign of the Ram, symbolising renewal and power. The Germans did not want any of the French to be armed, even collaborators, and initially refused to provide the

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as France's leader. For a time in 1942–1943, there were two rival leaders of the Free French movement in exile: General Giraud, backed by the United States, and General de Gaulle, backed by Great Britain. For these reasons, the ORA had bad relations with the Gaullist resistance while being favored by

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Since you are taking care of the Jews, and if your campaign is not just a vain word, then have a look at the kind of life led by the girl M.A, formerly a dancer, now living at 41 Boulevard de Strasbourg, not wearing a star. This creature, for whom being Jewish is not enough, debauches the husbands of

6214:. These efforts continued until La Cagoule could be infiltrated and dismantled in 1937. Thousands not only welcomed the Vichy régime, but collaborated with it to one degree or another. But the powerful appeal of French nationalism drove others to engage in resistance against occupying German forces. 5769:

staged an uprising in the city, De Gaulle, upon receiving intelligence that the French Resistance had openly risen up against the German occupiers, and unwilling to allow his countrymen to be slaughtered against the entrenched and better-armed Germans, as had happened to the Polish Resistance in the

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In the aftermath of the Liberation, the SOE agents were all ordered out of France as the Anglophobic de Gaulle wished to maintain a version of history where the SOE never existed and the Resistance was entirely a French affair. De Gaulle also promoted a version of history where France for the entire

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for short, as all these people had conveniently only discovered their French patriotism in September 1944. In the middle of 1944, Chaban-Delmas had reported to de Gaulle that the FFI numbered 15,000 in Paris, but the time of the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, between 50,000 and 60,000 people

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On 21 August 1944, Koenig was given command of all the BCRA agents, the SOE's F section and RF section agents and the Jedburgh teams, which reflected the political need to put all of the resistance under French control. By the end of August 1944, the SOE had a total of 53 radio stations operating in

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Aged twenty-nine, married three months ago. Made to saw wood in the hot sun wearing a pullover and jacket. Made to drink warm salted water. Ears cut off. Covered with blows from fists and bayonets. Stoned. Made to dig his gave. Made to lie in it. Finished off with a blow in the stomach from a spade.

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In those places the only thing one could try to keep was a certain dignity. There was nothing else. And one could have a little dignity and try to prove that one had a little spirit and, I suppose, that kept one going. When everything else was too difficult, too bad, then one was inspired by so many

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and instead were turned into slaves, all of which the underground papers used as reasons for why the French should not go to work in Germany. Under the law of 16 February 1943, all able-bodied Frenchmen aged 20–22 who were not miners, farmers or university students had to report to the STO to do two

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at all times by 7 June 1942. Ousby described the purpose of the yellow star "not just to identify but also to humiliate, and it worked". On 14 June 1942, a 12-year-old Jewish boy committed suicide in Paris as his classmates were shunning the boy with the yellow star. As a form of quiet protest, many

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On the night of 2 January 1942, Moulin parachuted into France from a British plane with orders from de Gaulle to unify the Resistance and to have all of the resistance accept his authority. On 27 March 1942, the first French Jews were rounded up by the French authorities, sent to the camp at Drancy,

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was the first female SOE agent arriving in August 1941). The SOE preferred to recruit French citizens living in Britain or who had fled to the United Kingdom, as they were able to blend in more effectively; British SOE agents were people who had lived in France for a long time and could speak French

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On 5 December 1940, Bonsergent was convicted by a German military court of insulting the Wehrmacht. He insisted on taking full responsibility, saying he wanted to show the French what sort of people the Germans were, and he was shot on 23 December 1940. The execution of Bonsergent, a man guilty only

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stated that when he saw German soldiers in Paris in the summer of 1940, he knew he had to do something because of the look of contempt he saw on the faces of the Germans when viewing the French. In the beginning, resistance was limited to severing phone lines, vandalizing posters and slashing tyres

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Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940 " the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted". At the same time, buildings were renamed, books banned, art was stolen and transferred

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General Eisenhower also estimated the value of the Resistance to have been equal to ten to fifteen divisions at the time of the landings. (One infantry division comprised about ten thousand soldiers.) Eisenhower's statements are all the more credible since he based them on his GHQ's formal analyses

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were still in German hands when the war ended on 8 May 1945. Ousby observed: "There was no national day for Liberation. Each town and village still celebrates a different day, the gaps between them marking advances that often looked bogged down, pockets of German defense that often turned out to be

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and police stations, an open challenge to German power, and a sign that the French civil service was shifting its loyalty. Emboldened, Tanguy and his men started to attack German forces on the Boulevard Saint-Michel and Boulevard Saint-Germain, leading to a mass insurrection as Parisians started to

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on the Vercors plateau. However, the weapons the American dropped were all light weapons and Chavant sent a radio message to Algiers on the night of 21 July 1944 asking for heavy weapons to be air-dropped, called the leaders in Algiers criminals and cowards for not arranging more support, and ended

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The majority of the younger men had never been in battle, and seeing their friends' brains and guts oozing on to the grass and mud made them sick in the head and stomach. Just as terrifying to the young Frenchmen was the sight of those who were wounded and who yet had to die without help. I was not

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and their Anglo-American allies would cut down a tree to block a road in the wooded section of the French countryside, sometimes an anti-tank mine would be planted under the tree trunk and the Germans would be ambushed with machine gun and sniper fire when they attempted to remove the tree blocking

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anti-tank rocket launcher. In general, American weaponry was preferred to British weaponry, but the British-built Bren gun emerged as one of the favorite weapons of the resistance. Reflecting the importance of weapons, organizing supply drops was the main concern for the Resistance in the spring of

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Sindermans was arrested in Paris on 24 February 1944 after she was found to be carrying forged papers. As she recalled: "Immediately, they handcuffed me and took me to be interrogated. Getting no reply, they slapped in the face with such force that I fell from the chair. Then they whipped me with a

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captured faced the prospect of torture and/or execution as the Germans maintained that the Hague and Geneva conventions did not apply to the Resistance. By designating the Resistance as part of the French armed forces was intended to provide the Resistance with legal protection and allow the French

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led by Henri Romans-Petit arrived to celebrate the 25th anniversary of France's victory over Germany in 1918, wearing improvised uniforms. There were no Germans in Oyonnax that day and the gendarmes made no effort to oppose the Resistance, who marched through the streets to lay a wreath shaped like

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to fight live badly, in precarious fashion, with food hard to find. They will be absolutely cut off from their families for the duration; the enemy does not apply the rules of war to them; they cannot be assured any pay; every effort will be made to help their families, but it is impossible to give

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As the occupation went on, service with the STO was widened, with farmers and university students losing their exempt status until 1944, when all fit men aged 18–60 and women aged 18–45 were being called up for service with the STO. Men over 45 and women serving in the STO were guaranteed not to go

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of Bordeaux had 50 French hostages shot in that city in retaliation for Reimers's assassination. The executions in Nantes and Bordeaux started a debate about the morality of assassination that lasted until the end of the occupation; some French argued that since the Germans were willing to shoot so

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for V as in victory), followed by cryptic messages, which were codes for the "personal messages" to the resistance. By June 1941, the SOE had two radio stations operating in France. The SOE provided weapons, bombs, false papers, money and radios to the resistance, and the SOE agents were trained in

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of the Reichsmark versus the franc had been established as one mark to twenty francs. Due to the overvaluation of German currency, the occupiers were able to make seemingly fair and honest requisitions and purchases while operating a system of organized plunder. Prices soared, leading to widespread

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Many of the networks recruited and controlled by the British and Americans were not perceived by the French as particularly interested in establishing a united or integrated Resistance operation, and the guerrilla groups controlled by the communists were only slightly more attracted by the idea of

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Many Spanish escapees joined French Resistance groups; others formed their own autonomous groups which became known as the Spanish maquis. In April 1942, Spanish communists formed an organisation called the XIV Corps, an armed guerrilla movement of about 3,400 combatants by June 1944. Although the

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Mothers of France, our native land, yours is the most difficult task but also the most gratifying. You are, even before the state, the true educators. You alone know how to inspire in all the inclination for work, the sense of discipline, the modesty, the respect, that give men character and make

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The French Resistance involved men and women representing a broad range of ages, social classes, occupations, religions and political affiliations. In 1942, one resistance leader claimed that the movement received support from four groups: the "lower middle" and "middle middle" classes, university

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whom they now recognize. It is understandable that they should now want to beat them up". At the time, many feared that France was on the verge of civil war as it was felt that the FTP might attempt to seize power, but owing to the shortage of arms and loyalty to Moscow which recognized General de

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by sleeping with the Germans were singled out and had their heads publicly shaven as a mark of their disgrace, which meant that a good percentage of the young women in France were shaven bald in 1944. The attacks on the young women who had German lovers had the "atmosphere of a savage carnival" as

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against the Americans. As the Resistance had severed the telephone lines, the orders for Lüttich were transmitted via the radio in a code that had been broken by the Government Code and Cypher School, leading to Ultra intelligence that gave the Americans advanced notice and time to prepare for the

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Now every weapon that the enemy possessed was brought to bear on our front line in a cacophony of shots and explosions which could not drown an even more sinister noise: the occasional crack of a single bullet. A man within feet of me slumped to the ground with blood spurting two feet into the air

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like those attempted on the Glières plateau or at Mont Mouchet, instead ordering: "Keep guerilla activity below its maximum level... Do not mass together... Form small separate groups". A statement issued by de Gaulle declared the FFI was part of the French Army and resistance leaders were now all

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was a very strong character who went under the name of Commissar Georges. He actually held indoctrination classes as well as his military operations and exercised a degree of almost forced recruitment among the young people of the area, threatening their families. But once he got them on board, he

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guerillas. A Jedburgh team was a three men crew consisting of a commander, his deputy and a radio operator. One of the "Jeds" was always French with the other two being either British or American whose job was to maintain radio contact with Britain, to provide professional military training to the

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were caught up in ever-escalating cycle of violence with Ousby commenting: "1944 had simply become the time for settling scores, any scores, for revenging grudges, any grudges. Agreed on this common imperative, the sides in the conflict blur and become almost indistinguishable from each other. The

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Ousby argued that, given the widespread belief that the Jews in France were mostly illegal immigrants from Eastern Europe who ought to be sent back to where they came from, it was remarkable that so many ordinary people were prepared to attempt to save them. Perhaps the most remarkable example was

3221:

She came humbly up and stood hesitating on the edge of the pavement. Jews were not allowed to stand in queues. What they were supposed to do I never discovered. But the moment the people in the queue saw her they signaled to her to join us. Secretly and rapidly, as in the game of hunt-the-slipper,

2661:

were inspired by motivations such as envy, spite, greed, anti-Semitism, and sheer opportunism, as many ordinary French people wanted to ingratiate themselves with what they believed to be the winning side. Ousby noted "Yet perhaps the most striking testimony to the extent of denunciation came from

2345:

prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all

7806:

Generally, the sabotage of equipment leaving armaments factories and derailment in areas where equipment could not readily be salvaged was a more discreet form of resistance, and probably at least as effective as bombing. Sabotage by resistants freed up vulnerable and expensive aircraft for other

6951:

built an important network in France to help the resistance, Jews and allied pilots to cross the Pyrenees and flee to Britain. 800 Jews and 142 pilots were saved. Near the end of the war, because of a denunciation, nearly all members of the network were caught and deported to concentration camps,

5327:, mostly wounded who had been unable to escape together with the medical team that had stayed behind to take care of them. In the aftermath of the Battle of the Vercors, the local people were victims of massive reprisals which included numerous cases of looting, rape and extrajudicial executions. 5216:

in the region, by way of reprisals, a Mongolian detachment, still under the SS, went to a farm where two French members of the Resistance had been hidden. Being unable to take them prisoner, these soldiers then took the proprietors of that farm (the husband and wife), and after subjecting them to

5086:

As the snipers continued to cut down his men while he could hear the sound of panzers coming up in the distance, Hue ordered his men to retreat into the woods under the cover of darkness while using his radio to call in a RAF airstrike that disorganized the Germans enough to make escape possible.

4749:

Until the end of May 1944, SHAEF had a "Block Planning" policy for the Resistance under which the Resistance would lie low until Operation Overlord was launched and then afterwards, the Resistance was to launch a full blown guerilla war in all of the French provinces one by one. At the end of May

3308:

took in Jewish children and passed them off as Christian. Many Protestant families, with memories of their own persecution, had already begun to hide Jews, and after the summer of 1942, the Catholic Church, which until then had been broadly supportive of Vichy's antisemitic laws, began to condemn

3275:

was a Franco-German operation; the overwhelming majority of those who arrested the Jews were French policemen. Some 100 Jews warned by friends in the police killed themselves, while 24 Jews were killed resisting arrest. One Jewish Frenchwoman, Madame Rado, who was arrested with her four children,

3183:

to teach French workers at factories producing weapons for the Wehrmacht how best to drastically shorten the lifespan of the Wehrmacht's weapons, usually by making deviations of a few millimetres, which increased strain on the weapons; such acts of quiet sabotage were almost impossible to detect,

2164:

held in Germany. Beyond these hardships and dislocations, the occupation became increasingly unbearable. Regulations, censorship, propaganda and nightly curfews all played a role in establishing an atmosphere of fear and repression. French women consorting with German soldiers angered many French

8053:

Throughout France, the Free French had been of inestimable value in the campaign. They were particularly active in Brittany, but on every portion of the front we secured help from them in a multitude of ways. Without their great assistance, the liberation of France and the defeat of the enemy in

6625:

in October 1942. Another known resistance fighter was Beglar Samkharadze, a captured Soviet soldier who was transferred to France where he escaped and joined the Resistance. Upon return to his homeland, he was imprisoned by Soviet authorities on charges of high treason, but two commanders of the

6466:

organised escape routes across the Pyrenées to Spain and smuggled about 300 Jews out of the country during 1943–1944. They distributed millions of dollars from the American Joint Distribution Committee to relief organisations and fighting units within France. In 1944, the EIF and the Jewish Army

4922:

It was hard to tell what they had been before German labour laws threw them all together in the depths of the wild woods. Some had been shopkeepers, artisans, young sons of wealthy parents. Others were scrum of the gutter and many were soldiers. Now, however, all were much the same. All wore the

4857:

campaign, the Resistance was so effective in blowing up telephone lines and cables that the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS largely abandoned the French phone system as too unreliable and used the radio instead, thereby allowing Bletchley Park to listen in. On 9 June 1944 Eisenhower reached an agreement

3973:

remembering how innocent they were, seeing their escape into the countryside as a grand romantic adventure, by which, as Ousby observed, "they were nervously confronting new dangers they barely understood; they were proudly learning new techniques of survival and battle. These essential features

3917:

Darkness falls in the forest. On one path, some distance from the our camp, two boys stand guard over the safety of their comrades. One has a pistol, the other a service rifle, with a few spare cartridges in a box. Their watch lasts for two hours. How amazing those hours on duty in the forest at

3391:

was to have a loved one arrested or a female relative or lover sent to the Wehrmacht field brothels. The vast majority of those tortured talked. At least 40,000 French died in such prisons. The only way to avoid torture was to be "turned", with the Germans having a particular interest in turning

3200:

that could trace an unauthorized radio broadcast to within 16 kilometres (10 miles) of its location. Afterwards, the Germans would send a van with a radio detection equipment to find the radio operator, so radio operators in the Resistance were advised not to broadcast from the same location for

2610:

Life in the Resistance was highly dangerous and it was imperative for good "resistants" to live quietly and never attract attention to themselves. Punctuality was key to meetings in public as the Germans would arrest anyone who was seen hanging around in public as if waiting for someone. A major

4292:(Brotherhood of Notre Dame) which provided photographs and maps of German forces in Normandy, most notably details of the Atlantic Wall. In January 1944, following extensive lobbying by the SOE, Churchill was persuaded to increase by 35 the number of planes available to drop in supplies for the 2912:

carried out 60 bombing attacks and 65 strafing attacks in France, which killed a number of French people, while the FTP, during the same period, set off 41 bombs, derailed 8 trains and carried out 107 acts of sabotage, which killed no French people. In the summer of 1941, a brochure appeared in

8088:, but credible estimates start from 8,000 dead in action, 25,000 shot and several tens of thousands deported. For perspective, the best estimate is that 86,000 were deported from France without racial motive, overwhelmingly comprising resistance fighters and more than the number of Gypsies and 4463:

As part of the preparations for Operation Overlord, Resistance attacks on the rail system increased with the Resistance in the first three months of 1944 damaging 808 locomotives compared to 387 damaged by air attack. Starting with the clearer weather in the spring, between April–June 1944 the

4248:

in singing the French national anthem as they marched, an incident given much play on the BBC's French language service about how one town had been "liberated" for a day. The next month, the SS arrested 130 Oyonnax residents and sent them to the concentration camps, shot the town's doctor, and

3874:

Bring two shirts, two pairs of underpants, two pairs of woollen socks; a light sweater, a scarf, a heavy sweater, a woollen blanket, an extra pair of shoes, shoelaces, needles, thread, buttons, safety pins, soap, a canteen, a knife and fork, a torch, a compass, a weapon if possible, and also a

3089:

on their first assassinations to provide encouragement and advice. If the would-be assassin was unable to take a life, Renouvin would assassinate the informer himself, then berate the would-be assassin for being a "sissy" who was not tough enough for the hard, dangerous work of the Resistance.

2940:

had three people shot in retaliation, none of whom were connected to his killing. General Stülpnagel announced on 22 August 1941 that for every German killed, he would execute at least ten innocent French people, and that all Frenchmen in German custody were now hostages. On 30 September 1941,

5393:

forces fought on for several more days as Choltiz simply did not inform his forces of his plans to surrender. On the afternoon of August 25, 1944 de Gaulle returned to Paris, a city he not set foot in since June 1940, to be greeted by vast cheering crowds as he walked down the Champs-Élysées.

3358:

demanded three hostages be shot for every dead German and two for each of the wounded. The Germans did not have that many hostages in custody and settled for executing 88 people on 11 August 1942. The majority of those shot were communists or relatives of communists, along with the father and

2061:

on 15 August. The Resistance also planned, coordinated, and executed sabotage acts on electrical power grids, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. The Resistance's work was politically and morally important to France during and after the German occupation. The actions of the

6672:

and did not encourage the participation of women in war and politics, following, in the words of historian Henri Noguères, "a notion of inequality between the sexes as old as our civilisation and as firmly implanted in the Resistance as it was elsewhere in France". Consequently, women in the

3213:

Jewish veterans started to wear their medals alongside the yellow star, which led the Germans to ban the practice as "inappropriate", as it increased sympathy for men who fought and suffered for France. At times, ordinary people would show sympathy for Jews; as a Scot married to a Frenchman,

7299:

Early acts of violent resistance were often motivated more by instinct and fighting spirit than by any formal ideology, but later several distinct political alignments and visions of post-liberation France developed among the Resistance organisations. These differences sometimes resulted in

5473:

often seemed to consider themselves as the new legitimate authorities of the towns and cities they had liberated. Therefore, in the wake of the liberation of the national territory, he openly considered them as troublemakers hindering the return to normalcy and rule of law which he pursued.

4166:

to see if he was willing to sabotage his own factory. To prove that he was working for London, Rée informed Peugeot that the BBC's French language "personal messages" service would broadcast a message containing lines from a poem that Rée had quoted that night; after hearing the poem in the

2810:

and the letter V appeared widely in chalk on the pavement, walls, and German military vehicles all over France. V remained one of the main symbols of resistance for the rest of the Occupation, although Ousby has noted that the French had their own "revolutionary, republican, and nationalist

7287:

From 1940 to 1942, the first years of the German occupation of France, there was no systematically organised Resistance capable of coordinated fighting throughout France. Active opposition to the German and Vichy authorities was sporadic and carried out only by a tiny and fragmented set of

2707:, who seems only to have been a witness to the quarrel, being arrested in unclear circumstances. On 11 November 1940, to mark the 22nd anniversary of the French victory of 1918, university students demonstrated in Paris, and were brutally put down by the Paris police. In December 1940, the 2449:

by asking people such questions as whether they believed that Britain would not be defeated and if they thought a German victory was worth stopping, and based on the answers he would ask: "Men are already gathering in the shadows. Will you join them?". Frenay, one of the leading resistance

7510:

By 1942, however, about 300,000 copies of underground publications reached around two million readers. Resistance workers used friendly print-shop facilities at night. Staff risked the Germans noticing that a resistance newspaper used the same type face as officially sanctioned documents.

7006:

The CTE permitted prisoners to leave the internment camps if they agreed to work in German factories, but as many as 60,000 Republicans recruited for the labor service managed to escape and join the French Resistance. Thousands of suspected anti-fascist Republicans were deported to German

2721:

remembered being "transfixed" by reading about Bonsergent's fate and how "people stopped, read, wordlessly exchanged glances. Some of them bared their heads as if in the presence of the dead". On Christmas Day 1940, Parisians woke to find that in the previous night, the posters announcing

7291:

The earliest Resistance organisations had no contact with the western Allies and received no material aid from London or anywhere else. Consequently, most focused on generating nationalist propaganda through the distribution of underground newspapers. Many of the major movements, such as

2972:

on 21 October. In retaliation the Wehrmacht shot 50 unconnected French people in Nantes, and announced that if the assassin did not turn himself in by midnight of 23 October, another 50 would be shot. The assassin did not turn himself in, and so another 50 hostages were shot, among them

7139:

Many Hungarian émigrés, some of them Jewish, were artists and writers working in Paris at the time of the occupation. They had gone to Paris in the 1920s and 1930s to escape repression in their homeland. Many joined the Resistance, where they were particularly active in the regions of

2340:

or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a

5778:(2e DB) and order them to single-handedly attack Paris, bypassing the SHAEF chain of command, if he delayed approval unduly. Eisenhower relented, and Leclerc's forces headed toward Paris. After hard fighting that cost the 2nd Division 35 tanks, 6 self-propelled guns and 111 vehicles, 4316:

were loathed by the resistance as Frenchmen serving the occupation and unlike the Wehrmacht and the SS, were not armed with heavy weapons nor were especially well trained, making them an enemy who could be engaged on more or less equal terms, becoming the preferred opponent of the

4121:

if he did not work for the Gestapo. Hardy was unaware that Bastien really loathed him and was only sleeping with him under Stengritt's orders. On 9 June 1943, General Delestraint was arrested by the Gestapo following a tip-off provided by the double agent Hardy and was sent to the

8565:

The well-known personalities of France—intellectuals, artists, and entertainers—faced a serious dilemma in choosing to emigrate or to remain in France during the country's occupation. Among those who actively fought in the Resistance, a number died for it—for instance the writer

7865: 4839:

General de Gaulle himself was only informed by Churchill on June 4, 1944, that the Allies planned to land in France on 6 June. Until then the Free French leaders had no idea when and where Operation Overlord was due to take place. On 5 June 1944, orders were given to activate

2131:, the lives of the French continued unchanged at first. The German occupation authorities and the Vichy régime became increasingly brutal and intimidating. Most civilians remained neutral, but both the occupation of French territory and German policy inspired the formation of 2917:, which contained detailed notes on how to fire guns, manufacture bombs, sabotage factories, carry out assassinations, and perform other skills useful to the resistance. The brochure was disguised as informational material for fascistic Frenchmen who had volunteered for the 6431:(EEIF), equivalent to Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts in other countries, had, during the early years of the occupation, shown support for the traditional values of the Vichy régime, until it was banned in 1943, after which its older members soon formed armed resistance units. 7766:

assembled a small laboratory in her apartment to provide explosives to communist Resistance fighters. The lab also produced cyanide capsules to allow the fighters to evade torture if arrested. Indeed, she herself was arrested in February 1942, tortured, and deported to

4178:

Despite the blow inflicted by arresting Moulin, by 1 October 1943 the AS had grown to 241,350 members, though most were still unarmed. For the most part, the AS refrained from armed operations as it was no match for the Wehrmacht. Instead the AS forced on preparing for

4464:

Resistance damaged 292 locomotives compared to 1,437 damaged in air strikes. These statistics do not completely tell the story as Resistance sabotage attacks on the rail system in the first half of 1944 were so pervasive that the Germans had to import workers from the

3044:

to infiltrate the resistance network. Numerous resistance groups were destroyed by such double agents, and the SOE often charged that the poor security arrangements of the French resistance groups left them open to being destroyed by one double agent. For example, the

5410:

were wearing FFI armbands. The liberation of France began with D-Day on 6 June 1944, but different areas of France were liberated at different times. Strasbourg was not liberated until November 1944, and some coastal towns on the English Channel and the Atlantic like

6553:

in Paris and was engaged in armed struggle until the Libération. In 2012, 95-year-old Arsene Tchakarian, the last survivor of the Manouchian resistance group who fought against occupying Nazi German forces during the Second World War, was decorated as Officer of the

4222:

In October 1943, following a meeting between General Giraud and General de Gaulle in Algiers, orders went out for the AS and ORA to cooperate in operations against the Germans. One of the most famous Resistance actions took place on 11 November 1943 in the town of

3382:

was routine. Methods of torture included beatings, shackling, being suspended from the ceiling, being burned with a blowtorch, allowing dogs to attack the prisoner, being lashed with ox-hide whips, being hit with a hammer, or having heads placed in a vice, and the

2891:

appeal that followed the German attack to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, communists had a more prominent role in the resistance only after June 1941. As the Communists were used to operating in secret, were tightly disciplined, and had a number of veterans of the

2600:

as the lack of guns and ammunition made armed resistance almost impossible. Although officially adhering to the Comintern instructions not to criticise Germany because of the Soviet non-aggression pact with Hitler, in October 1940 the French Communists founded the

5785:

De Gaulle not only kept the patriotic resistance alive; he also did everything possible to re-establish the French claim to independence and sovereignty. As a leader, the American and British governments preferred the less popular, but less abrasively vindictive,

5389:'s 2nd Armored Division to liberate Paris, stating he did not want the Communists to liberate the city. On 24 August, French soldiers entered Paris, which led to some hours of intense fighting before Choltitz surrendered on 25 August, though pockets of German and 4848:

was most important to Operation Overlord, since destroying telephone lines and cutting underground cables prevented phone calls and orders transmitted by telex from getting through and forced the Germans to use their radios to communicate. As the codebreakers of

4535:, a dual citizen of France and the United Kingdom serving in the SOE who parachuted into Brittany to lead the Hillbilly resistance circuit recalled his principal duty in the spring of 1944 was organizing supply drops and attempting to avoid the Wehrmacht and the 4935:

wore armbands featuring the tricolor with either a Cross of Lorraine or the initials FFI stamped on them, so they could maintain that they had insignia and thus a sort of uniform, making them entitled to legal protection under the Geneva and Hague conventions."

4488:

writing that many in the Resistance appeared more interested in post-war politics than in fighting the Germans. Despite the mistrust, SHAEF planned to use the Resistance to tie down German forces. In April 1944, there were 331 drops of weapons by the SOE to the

3749:

voluntarily followed our instructions, in return for which they expected food, arms and ammunition ... It seemed to me that these groups, which were now in hiding all over the French mountain country, might well be transformed into an awesome combat weapon. The

4133:

to discuss the crisis and try to find the traitor who betrayed Delestraint. At the meeting, Moulin and the rest were arrested by the Gestapo. Moulin was brutally tortured, but never talked. Moulin was beaten into a coma and died near or in the train station of

2591:

From the beginning, the Resistance attracted people from all walks of life and with diverse political views. A major problem for the Resistance was that, with the exception of a number of Army officers who chose to go underground together with veterans of the

2726:

stated that it was not just Bonsergent that people mourned, but also the end of the illusion "as for the first time these correct people who occupied our country were officially telling us they had executed a Frenchman guilty of not bowing his head to them".

4405:

numbered about 460 and had only light weapons, but received much media attention with the Free French issuing a press release in London saying "In Europe there are three countries resisting: Greece, Yugoslavia and the Haute-Savoie". The Vichy state sent the

7365:, to identify and contact a number of potential Resistance "centres of influence" occurred to him; but only during the summer of 1941 was he able to make the most critical contacts, including contact with Henri Frenay, leader of the movement not yet called 5208:. All over France, the Germans lashed out against the Resistance in an spree of killings, of which the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane is merely the most infamous. Speaking of an atrocity committed outside of Nice in July 1944, one man testified at Nurnberg: 5447:

in the Gard region explained the violence to a reporter in September 1944: "I'll simply say that the majority of the FFI have been outlaws. They are lads from the mining areas...they have been hunted; they have been imprisoned; they have been tortured by

5217:

numerous atrocities (knifing, rape, et cetera) they shot them down with submachine guns. Then they took the son of these victims who was only three years of age, and, after having frightfully tortured him, they crucified him on the gate of the farmhouse.

6884:

for his deeds. Known mainly by the pseudonym Colonel Rémy, he returned to France in August 1940 not long after the surrender of France, where the following November he organised one of the most active and important Resistance networks of the BCRA, the

6328:("Those of the Liberation"), Maurice Ripoche, initially defended Vichy but soon placed the liberation of France above all other goals and in 1941 opened his movement to leftists. In contrast, many extreme right-wing members of the Resistance, such as 5373:

had been killed and not wanting the Communists to have the credit for liberating Paris, the Gaullist Parodi sanctioned the uprising. Faced with an urban uprising that he was unprepared for, Choltitz arranged a truce with Parodi via the Swedish consul

4762:" (wound my heart with a monotonous languor"), which was broadcast on 5 June 1944, then the invasion would occur the next day. In the spring of 1944, a number of uniformed American, French and British soldiers known as the "Jedburgh" teams as part of 3270:

began with 9,000 French policemen rounding up the Jews of Paris, leading to some 12,762 Jewish men, women and children being arrested and brought to the Val d'Hiv sports stadium, from where they were sent to the Drancy camp and finally Auschwitz. The

5647:

quoted a resistance leader describing de Gaulle as "the only possible leader for the France that fights". Most Gaullists could not join him in Britain and remained in the territories ruled by Vichy. The Allies helped build networks of propagandists,

2540:

announced in a press statement that no mercy would be granted to those engaging in sabotage and all saboteurs would be shot. Despite his warning, more continued to engage in sabotage. Louis Lallier, a farmer, was shot for sabotage on 11 September in

14825: 5790:

to de Gaulle, but for the French population de Gaulle was almost universally recognised as the true leader in their victory. These events forced Roosevelt to recognise, finally and fully, the provisional government installed in France by de Gaulle.

3725:

together defined the new realities: the one a little-known word for the back country of Corsica, which became a synonym for militant resistance; the other a familiar word meaning simply "militia", which became a synonym for militant repression. The

2829:!" (Citizens to arms!). The underground press created what Ousby called "the rhetoric of resistance to counter the rhetoric of the Reich and Vichy" to inspire people, using sayings from the great figures of French history. The underground newspaper 7852:

was assigned responsibility for training Resistance fighters across the city, and his new commandos of fifteen men perpetrated a number of attacks that could not have been carried out before. The commandos were drawn from the foreign branch of the

7834:, attacking German forces in French cities. In July 1942, the Allies' failure to open a second front resulted in a wave of communist guerrilla attacks aimed at maximizing the number of Germans deployed in the West to give the USSR military relief. 7782:

also parachuted tons of explosives to its agents in France for essential sabotage missions. The railways were a favorite target of saboteurs, who soon understood that removing bolts from the tracks was far more efficient than planting explosives.

6274:

Sometimes contact with others in the Resistance led some operatives to adopt new political philosophies. Many gradually moved away from their antisemitic prejudices and their hatred of "démocrassouille", 'dirty democracy' (which many equated with

3918:

night are! Noises come from everywhere and the pale light of the moon gives everything a queer aspect. The boy looks at a small tree and think he sees it move. A lorry passes on a distant road; could it be the Germans? ... Are they going to stop?

3156:

As millions of Frenchmen serving in the French Army had been taken prisoner by the Germans in 1940, there was a shortage of men in France during the Occupation, which explains why Frenchwomen played so a prominent role in the Resistance, with the

7296:, were primarily engaged in publishing and distributing their newspapers. Even after they became more intensively activist, propaganda and the cultivation of positive morale remained, until the very end of the war, their most important concerns. 3610:

were wiped out, Frenchmen would obediently report to the STO and go to work in Germany. When Laval was presented with Sauckel's latest demand for French labor for German industry, he remarked: "Have you been sent by de Gaulle?". Laval argued the

2512:(railroad workers) engaged in impromptu resistance by helping French soldiers wishing to continue the struggle together with British, Belgian and Polish soldiers stranded in France escape from the occupied zone into the unoccupied zone or Spain. 5315:(Eastern Legions), Red Army POWs, mostly Russians and Ukrainians, who had joined the SS after being taken prisoner in 1942 or 1943. By this point the Germans had taken such heavy losses on the Eastern Front that they needed the manpower of the 13014:

27 June 2012 – "Нельзя забывать, что в той же самой Франции движение Сопротивления начинается из среды русской иммиграции, а не из среды этнических французов.– Борис Вильде, выходец из Эстонии, например, придумал сам термин «Сопротивление»."

6498:), a French-Jewish humanitarian organisation commonly called OSE, saved the lives of between 7,000 and 9,000 Jewish children by forging papers, smuggling them into neutral countries and sheltering them in orphanages, schools, and convents. 7732:). According to the historian Jean-François Muracciole, "Throughout the war, how to communicate remained the principal difficulty of intelligence networks. Not only were the operators few and inept, but their information was dangerous." 7498:

The first action of many Resistance movements was the publication and distribution of clandestine press material. This was not the case with all movements, since some refused civil action and preferred armed resistance by groups such as

6244:

of the Vichy secret services founded the Gilbert network. Some members of Action Française engaged in the Resistance with similar nationalistic motives. Some prominent examples are Daniel Cordier, who became Jean Moulin's secretary, and

4287:

By the beginning of 1944, the BCRA was providing the Allies with two intelligence assessments per day based on information provided by the Resistance. One of the BCRA's most effective networks was headed by Colonel Rémy who headed the

4539:. Hue had been born in Wales to a French father and a Welsh mother, and like many other Anglo-French dual citizens had volunteered for the SOE. The Communist FTP often complained that they were being starved of arms by the BCRA with 8143:

was a common feature of the purges, and between 10,000 and 30,000 women accused of having collaborated with the Germans or having had relationships with German soldiers or officers were subjected to the practice, becoming known as

2323:

Henri Frenay wrote about seeing the tricolour flag disappear from Paris with the swastika flag flying in its place and German soldiers standing guard in front of buildings that once housed the institutions of the republic gave him

3700:

paramilitary police were considered reliable, but the force was too small to hunt down thousands of men. As the Germans preferred to subcontract the work of ruling France to the French while retaining ultimate control, it was the

3650:

should put up a statue of him with the inscription "To our number one recruitment agent". The French called Sauckel "the slave trader". Furthermore, as Laval warned, the scale of the problem was beyond Vichy's means to solve. The

7111:(which was annexed into Germany), many of whom had refused to serve in, or who had deserted from, the German Wehrmacht, left their tiny country to fight in the French maquis, where they were particularly active in the regions of 6995:. Although over half of these had been repatriated to Spain (or elsewhere) by the time Pétain proclaimed the Vichy régime in 1940, the 120,000 to 150,000 who remained became political prisoners, and the foreign equivalent to the 3085:. Frenay and Renouvin wanted to "blind" and "deafen" the French police by assassinating informers who were the "eyes" and "ears" of the police. Renouvin, who was a known "tough guy" and experienced killer, personally accompanied 3291:

of Toulouse, in a pastoral letter of 23 August 1942, declared: "You cannot do whatever you wish against these men, against these women, against these fathers and mothers. They are part of mankind. They are our brothers." Pastor

3015:

in London, its relations with the SOE were often strained, as de Gaulle made no secret of his dislike of British support for the resistance groups, which he saw as British meddling in France's domestic affairs. Tensions between

6542:

by Nazis and killed in 1945. Many of Louise's manuscripts and diaries were confiscated and destroyed by Nazis. Resisters Alexander Kazarian and Bardukh Petrosian were awarded by the highest military orders of France by General

2527:

on 28 August 1940 for jeering a German military parade down the streets of Bordeaux. The first Frenchman shot for resistance was 19 year-old Pierre Roche, on 7 September 1940 after he was caught cutting the phone lines between

7973:

later wrote in his memoirs praising the role the Resistance played in the liberation of Brittany, "The French Resistance Movement, which here numbered 30,000 men, played a notable part, and the peninsula was quickly overrun."

4372:

to attack the Wehrmacht from the rear. The Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) had rejected this plan under the grounds that the disparity between the firepower and training of the Wehrmacht vs. the

2491:

continued to collect intelligence on Germany, maintained links with British and Polish intelligence and kept the secret that before World War II Polish intelligence had devised a method via a mechanical computer known as the

2386:. Barthelt recalled: "I recognized him only by his hat... I saw his face all right, but there was no skin on it, and he could not see me. Both his poor eyes had been closed into two purple and yellow bruises". The right-wing 7373:. He also established contact with de Menthon and Emmanuel d'Astier. In the report he wrote for de Gaulle, he spoke of these three movements and entertained the possibility of bringing them together under the acronym "LLL". 2645:" ("I'll go and tell the Germans about it") was a very popular one in occupied France as hundreds of thousands of ordinary French people denounced one another to the Germans. The problem of informers, whom the French called 2596:, nobody had any military experience. About 60,000 Spanish Republican exiles fought in the Resistance. A further difficulty was the shortage of weapons, which explained why early resistance groups founded in 1940 focused on 6370:

on 21 February 1944. The poster emphasised the composition of the group's membership, many of whom were Jews and communists, to discredit the Resistance as not "French" enough in its fundamental allegiance and motivations.

3031:

British SOE agents parachuted into France to help organize the resistance often complained about what they considered the carelessness of the French groups when it came to security. A favorite tactic of the Gestapo and the

6697:

and married to a man who shared her political views, was never permitted to express her opinions in the underground newspaper, and her husband took two years to arrive at political conclusions she had held for many years.

6673:

Resistance were less numerous than men and averaged only 11% of the members in the formal networks and movements. Not all of the women involved in the Resistance limited themselves to subordinate roles. Intellectuals like

8202:.Although the occupation is often still a sensitive subject in the early 21st century, contrary to some interpretations the French as a whole have acknowledged their past and no longer deny their conduct during the war. 8083:

It is estimated that FFI killed some 2,000 Germans, a low estimate based on the figures from June 1944 only. Estimates of the casualties among the Resistance are made harder by the dispersion of movements at least until

6741:. English-language use of the phrase "the Resistance" in reference to French anti-Axis activity dates back to at least 1944. Boris Kovalyov has stated that the Resistance movement in France and its name originated among 5536:

estimated the number of active resisters at "about 2% of the adult French population (or about 400,000)", and went on to observe that "there were, no doubt, wider complicities, but even if one adds those willing to read

4183:(D Day) when the Allies landed in France, after which the AS would begin action. In the meantime, the AS focused on training its members and conducting intelligence-gathering operations for the Allies. In October 1943, 7903:, is difficult. The two forms of resistance, active and passive, and the north–south occupational divide, allow for many interpretations, but what can broadly be agreed on is a synopsis of the events which took place. 5343:

to destroy Paris rather than allow the city be liberated, stating "Paris must be destroyed from top to bottom, before the Wehrmacht leaves, do not leave a church or cultural monument standing". The FFI in Paris led by

4441:

In February 1944, all of the Resistance governments agreed to accept the authority of the Free French government based in Algiers (until 1962 Algeria was considered to be part of France) and the Resistance was renamed

2941:

Stülpnagel issued the "Code of Hostages", ordering all district chiefs to draw up lists of hostages to be executed in the event of further "incidents", with an emphasis on French Jews and people known for Communist or

8519: 6659:, undermined feminism, and France began a restructuring of society based on the "femme au foyer" or "women at home" imperative. On at least one occasion, Pétain spoke out to French mothers about their patriotic duty: 3099:

decree was signed by Hitler, allowing the German forces to "disappear" anyone engaged in resistance in Europe into the "night and fog". During the war, about 200,000 French citizens were deported to Germany under the

21618: 5156:

had grown up in the same town and knew each other well (men on both sides had once been friends) while at the same time food was in short supply, making their hostages a drain on their food supplies; leading to the

4497:

machine gun, which though inaccurate except at short ranges and prone to breakdown was cheap, light, easy to assemble and disassemble and required no special skills to use. Other weapons dropped by the SOE were the

2623:(informers) to crush all resistance in France, but he reported in the fall of 1940 that the Abwehr had already exceeded that target. It was difficult for Germans to pass themselves off as French, so the Abwehr, the 8013:, was one of the most famous and glorious moments of the French Resistance. Although it is again difficult to gauge their effectiveness precisely, popular anti-German demonstrations, such as general strikes by the 6960:

Armenians living in France took up arms and fought the resistance against the Axis forces. The most significant Armenian resistant were 23 strong men led by Missak Manouchian, who were hanged on February 21, 1944.

3222:

she was passed up till she stood at the head of the queue. I am glad to say that not one voice was raised in protest, the policeman standing near turned his head away, and that she got her cabbage before any of us.

7787:

a mountainous area (given the higher speed of trains going downhill) could result in the derailment of an entire train with considerable amounts of front-ready matériel strewn far down the mountainside. Among the

6418:'s chief of staff, "Germany was not at the origin of the anti-Jewish legislation of Vichy. That legislation was spontaneous and autonomous." The laws led to confiscations of property, arrests, and deportations to 3898:

should be mobile. When a census or enlistment brings new elements he has no means of knowing into his group, he should get out. When one of the members deserts, he should get out immediately. The man could be a

3191:

aircraft were known in France, which landed on secret airfields at night. More commonly, contact with Britain was maintained via radio. The Germans had powerful radio detection stations based in Paris, Brittany,

7761:

was a form of resistance adopted by groups who wanted to go beyond just distributing clandestine press publications. Many laboratories were set up to manufacture explosives. In August 1941, the Parisian chemist

7238:

The majority of the Polish soldiers, and some Polish civilians, who stayed in France after the German victory in 1940, as well as one Polish pilot shot down over France (one of many Polish pilots flying for the

3690:, which ended with the destruction of the entire German 6th Army in February 1943, many had started to doubt the inevitability of an Axis victory, and most French gendarmes were not willing to hunt the down the 7845:, caused fierce reprisals and executions of hundreds of French hostages. As a result, the clandestine press was very discreet about the events and the communists soon decided to discontinue the assassinations. 4006:(the Vichy youth movement) being especially favored means of obtaining money and supplies. Albert Spencer, a Canadian airman shot down over France while on a mission to drop leaflets over France who joined the 2773:

without an accent. Bégué suggested that the BBC's Radio Londres send personal messages to the Resistance. At 9:15 pm every night, the BBC's French language service broadcast the first four notes of Beethoven's

8183:, which had divided French society between the conservative "war generation" and the younger, more liberal students and workers, led many to question the Resistance ideals promulgated by the official history. 6863:, took on the responsibility for creating such a network. Its principal goal was to inform London of German military operations on the Atlantic coast and in the English Channel. The spy network was called the 5574:

The doctrine of Gaullism was born during the Second World War as a French movement of patriotic resistance to the German invasion of 1940. Men of all political stripes who wanted to continue the fight against

4261:

If the instructors from the training schools in England could have seen those Frenchmen making up charges, the cellar would have looked to them like Dante's Inferno. Every conceivable school "don't" was being

2743:, asked that the French stay indoors on New Year's Day between 3 and 4:00 pm as a show of passive resistance. The Germans handed out potatoes at that hour in an attempt to bring people away from their radios. 14844: 12677: 7719:

became more frequent, some information was also channeled through these couriers. By 1944, the BCRA was receiving 1,000 telegrams by radio every day and 2,000 plans every week. Many radio operators, called

7300:

conflicts, but the differences among Resistance factions were usually papered over by their shared opposition to Vichy and the Germans; and over time, the various elements of the Resistance began to unite.

8593:. After serving as the prime minister and strong man of the authoritarian Shah regime in Iran, he was forced back into Paris in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution. He was assassinated on order of the 7703:

The various Resistance movements in France had to understand the value of intelligence networks in order to be recognized or receive subsidies from the BCRA or the British. The intelligence service of the

8409:

caused scandal and polemic for his lack of moral judgment regarding the behavior of a collaborator. Malle later portrayed the resistance of Catholic priests who protected Jewish children in his 1987 film

4138:

on 8 July 1943 as a result of brain damage. Moulin was not the only Resistance leader arrested in June 1943. That same month, General Aubert Frère, the leader of the ORA, was arrested and later executed.

2858:: "In war as in peace, those who never give up have the last word". The two most popular figures invoked by the resistance were Clemenceau and Maréchal Foch, who insisted even during the darkest hours of 2702:

On 10 November 1940, a jostle on the Rue de Havre in Paris broke out between some Parisians and German soldiers, which ended with a man raising his fist to a German sergeant, and which led to a man named

21622: 5714:, the Allies' "breakout" from its Normandy beachhead, where it served as a link between American and Canadian armies and made rapid progress against German forces. The 2nd Armored all but destroyed the 4927:

and the men of the country from they had sprung was the pistol cocked aggressively from the trouser tops, the rifle on the shoulder, the Sten on the back or the string of grenades depending on the belt.

8457:

based on the life of the Resistance heroine of the same name, which was criticized for its Gaullist portrayal of the Resistance and its overemphasizing the relationship between Aubrac and her husband.

5541:, only some two million persons, or around 10% of the adult population", had been willing to risk any involvement at all. The post-war government of France officially recognised 220,000 men and women. 2378:

Joseph Barthelet told the British SOE agent George Miller that he made up mind to join the resistance when he saw German military police march a group of Frenchmen, one of whom was a friend, into the

7308:

in September 1943, a clear demonstration of the strength of communist insurgency, was accomplished by the FTP, an effective force not yet integrated into the Secret Army and not involved with General

7803:

in 1944, the sabotage of rail transport became much more frequent and effectively prevented some German troop deployments to the front and hindered the subsequent retreat of German occupying forces.

4158:, which manufactured tank turrets and engine parts for the Wehrmacht. The RAF instead hit the neighborhood next to the factory, killing hundreds of French civilians. To avoid a repeat, the SOE agent 3786:

region consisted of German communists who had fought in the Spanish Civil War and fled to France in 1939. Unlike the urban resistance groups that emerged in 1940–42, who took political names such as

670: 5618:. The Free French forces also rallied the various French overseas colonies to fight back against the Vichy régime. His approval of this link between the Resistance and the colonials legitimised it. 5782:, the military governor of Paris, surrendered the city in a ceremony at the Hotel Meurice. Jubilant crowds greeted the French forces, and de Gaulle led a renowned victory parade through the city. 5621:

De Gaulle's influence grew, despite few in France knowing what he looked like or anything about him. The first open defiance of Nazi rule in Paris was in November 1940, when 3,000 students at the

7507:. Most clandestine newspapers were not consistent in their editorial stance and often consisted of only a single sheet, because the sale of all raw materials—paper, ink, stencils—was prohibited. 3124:, which continued to provide intelligence to the Free French leaders in exile in Britain. Under the leadership of Touny, the OCM became one of the Allies' best sources of intelligence in France. 4353:

who killed Basch was an anti-Semitic fanatic named Joseph Lécussan who always kept a Star of David made of human skin taken from a Jew he killed earlier in his pocket, making him typical of the

3930:

whose main traits were their innocence and naivety; many seemed not to understand just precisely who they were taking on or what they were getting themselves into by fleeing to the countryside.

8268:

told the story of a quiet insurance agent secretly involved in the bombing of a factory. Collaborators were unflatteringly portrayed as a rare unpopular minority, as played by Pierre Brewer in

7370: 5427:

were serving with the French forces advancing into Germany. For many resistance leaders who gave themselves the title of captain or colonel, it was quite a comedown to be reduced to a private.

4587:. Sometimes it was impossible to tell which was really which, and sometimes it hardly mattered". As it was starting to become more and more clear that the Allies were going to win the war, the 8430:

for its story of a theatrical production staged while its Jewish director is concealed by his wife in the theater's basement. The 1980s began to portray the resistance of working women, as in

3584:, the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment and the man in charge of bringing slaves to German factories, demanded the flight of young men to the countryside be stopped and called the 5319:

to compensate. While the same Alpine division that had taken the Glières plateau in March stormed up the Vercors plateau supported by a tank unit based in Lyon, the SS landed via glider. The

5854:

between Germany and the USSR. Conflicts erupted within the party, as many of its members opposed collaboration with the Germans while others toed the party line of neutrality as directed by

4349:

during the Dreyfus affair, marking him out as an enemy of the "New Order in Europe" by his very existence, though the elderly pacifist Basch was not actually involved in the resistance. The

2214:

to combat the Resistance. This group worked alongside German forces that, by the end of 1942, were stationed throughout France. The group collaborated closely with the Nazis, similar to the

8712:. The song describes the trials of a Resistance member from their perspective. Many artists have released versions of the song, in many languages, with the most well-known release being by 3243:

proper Frenchwomen, and you may well have an idea what she is living off. Defend women against Jewishness—that will be your best publicity, and you will return a French husband to his wife.

2086: 1956: 6609:. During the battle he is said to have written: "We, foreigners, have only one way to prove to France our gratitude: to be killed ..." General de Gaulle personally awarded Amilakhvari the 4643:

on the radio as the "French Katyn", who used the killings as an example of the sort of "Bolshevik terrorism" that he maintained was typical of the resistance. In the south of France, the

8668:), is a drama set in German-occupied Paris in 1940 depicting the lives of students and teachers within the Resistance, loosely based on the activities of the Groupe du musée de l'Homme. 8063:

alone involved the commitment of over 10,000 German troops within the theater, with several more thousand held in reserve, as the Allied invasion was advancing from Normandy and French

8059:

and published them only after the war, when propaganda was no longer a motive. Historians still debate how effective the French Resistance was militarily, but the neutralization of the

7212:

who had taken refuge in France, signed the "Pact of Lyon" which marked the beginning of their participation in the Resistance. Italians were particularly numerous in the Hitler-annexed

6791:

was an organisation created for a specific military purpose, usually intelligence-gathering, sabotage or aiding Allied air crews who had been shot down behind enemy lines. A Resistance

6581:

Georgians living in France and the French colonies and people of Georgian ethnicity played an active and symbolic role in the French resistance. One of the most renowned figures of the

6518:

had supported Missak and his wife Meliné when they were in hiding). Arpen Tavitian, another executed member of the Manouchian group, industrialist Napoléon Bullukian (1905–1984), poets

4675:

had created its system of taxation with people being taxed on the basis of their willingness to collaborate with the authorities or support the resistance. When the British philosopher

4368:

seize large parts of central and southern France, which would provide a landing area for Allied force to be known as "Force C" and supplies to be brought in, allowing "Force C" and the

7075:. During the first years of the occupation, they had been employed in the CTE, but following the German invasion of the southern zone in 1942 the threat increased, and many joined the 2699:

were only interested in making money, and would just as easily betray those who wanted to be smuggled in or out of France if the Germans or Vichy were willing to make a better offer.

2267: 6613:

and posthumously named him and his men the honour of France. He was also known by the French populace as "Bazorka". The lieutenant colonel was one of the 66 French recipients of the

3440: 7795:

which focused on reporting the movement of German troops to the Allied forces and sabotaging the railways' rolling stock as well as their infrastructure. Following the invasions of

6640: 4702:

on April 1, 1944, by the 12th Waffen SS Division "Hitlerjugend" ("Hitler Youth"). This massacre was committed in reprisal for resistance attacks on the railroads, the first of many

3634:

turned to the established resistance groups to ask for arms and training. Sauckel decided that if Frenchmen would not report to the STO, he would have the Todt organisation use the

17191: 9947: 11552: 6234: 4754:" ("the hour of battle will come"), which was broadcast on 1 June 1944, that was the signal that the Allies would land within the next 15 days. If a line from a poem by Verlaine " 3949:

who was commonly a community leader; somebody who before the war had been a junior political or military leader under the Third Republic; or somebody who had been targeted by the

4742:

and wounding about another 125 with the rest escaping. The Germans burned down several small villages in the Mont Mouchet region and executed 70 peasants suspected of aiding the

17664: 8444:(1996) told the story of a young man's traveling to Paris and manufacturing a Resistance past for himself, suggesting that many heroes of the Resistance were impostors. In 1997 3187:

To maintain contact with Britain, Resistance leaders crossed the English Channel at night on a boat, made their way via Spain and Portugal, or took a "spy taxi", as the British

2977:, a former Socialist deputy and one-legged veteran of the First World War, who was serving a three-year prison sentence for helping Jews to escape into Spain. The same day, the 7568:, respecting and supporting De Gaulle but circumspect in references to "that ridiculous old fool Pétain". It ran to five issues before the arrest of the editors in March 1940. 5643:). Vichy police called arrested subversives "Gaullists"; although Pétain never mentioned his rival's name in public, everyone knew what "dissidents" meant in speeches. In 1942 17110: 4976:

division, the SS took cover and responded far more cautiously than they would have if they had known that they were only under fire from Sten guns. In a typical ambush of the

4460:

rubber hose, full in the face. The interrogation began at 10 o'clock in the morning and ended at 11 o'clock that night. I must tell you I had been pregnant for three months".

3418:, as the Americans did not want de Gaulle as France's postwar leader. By the end of 1942, there were 278 sabotage actions in France vs. 168 Anglo-American bombings in France. 1496: 1482: 8535: 7361:. In this context, he had forged a strong network of relationships in anti-fascist circles. Some time after November 1940, the idea of teaming up with his former colleague, 6913: 4858:

recognizing the FFI was part of the Allied order of battle and that Koenig was to operate under his command. On 10 June 1944, Koenig ordered the Resistance not to engage in

2831: 17227: 7304:

joining of a Resistance "umbrella" organisation. Nonetheless, a contact between de Gaulle's envoys and the communists was established at the end of 1942. The liberation of

6932: 5862:. It was only when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 that French communists actively began to organize a resistance effort. They benefited from their experience in 5695:

region surrounding Paris began to harass German forces intensively, cutting roads and railways, setting ambushes and fighting conventional battles alongside their allies.

3891:

should stay only where he can see without being seen. He should never live, eat, sleep except surrounded by look-outs. It should never be possible to take him by surprise.

2611:

difficulty for the Resistance was the problem of denunciation. Contrary to popular belief, the Gestapo was not an omnipotent agency with its spies everywhere, but instead

8295:(1956), the portrayal of the city's black market and the prevailing general mediocrity disclosed the reality of war-profiteering during the occupation. In the same year, 8258:(1943), which was produced in the US. In the immediate postwar years, French cinema produced a number of films that portrayed a France broadly present in the Resistance. 7548: 19760: 8064: 1489: 19505: 19113: 7023:(Spanish Guerrilla Group, AGE) in May 1944. The name change was intended to convey the group's composition: Spanish soldiers ultimately advocating the fall of General 5161:

to hang their hostages (shooting them would make too much noise) out in the woods. Bout de l'An decided to seek revenge for his wife's captivity by sending a force of

2454:, later wrote: "I myself never attacked a den of collaborators or derailed trains. I never killed a German or a Gestapo agent with my own hand". For security reasons, 13290: 8125:

Immediately following the liberation, France was swept by a wave of executions, public humiliations, assaults and detentions of suspected collaborators, known as the

7169: 6708:, who took part in setting up the Œuvre de Sainte-Foy to assist prisoners in French jails and German concentration camps. But no women were chosen to lead any of the 4687:

that placed power "in the hands of a series of feudal lords whose power and influence were strangely similar to that of their fifteenth-century Gascon counterparts."

3758:

The terrain of central and southern France with its forests, mountains, and shrubland were ideal for hiding. The Germans could not spare thousands of men to hunt the

2985:

As more resistance groups started to appear, it was agreed that more could be achieved by working together than apart. The chief promoter of unification was a former

21111: 19129: 17146: 4968:

to fire their Sten guns with wet clothes wrapped around the barrels, which made the Sten guns sound like heavy machine guns to experienced troops. As such, when the

1258: 17209: 8305:, in which an imprisoned Resistance activist works with a reformed collaborator inmate to help him escape. A cautious reappearance of the image of Vichy emerged in 6681:, highly aware of the signification of Nazism and collaboration, were among the few early resistants. Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac played an important role in the 4891:

declared that he did not recognize the FFI as part of the French Army and ordered the Wehrmacht to summary execute any Frenchman or Frenchwoman serving in the FFI.

4300:

with arms. Despite the perennial shortage of arms, by the early 1944 there were parts of rural areas in the south of France that were more under the control of the

17588: 17331: 17101: 12681: 8606: 3387:, whereby the victim was forced into a tub of freezing water and held nearly to the point of drowning, a process repeated for hours. A common threat to a captured 2958: 19449: 8654:) tells the extended story of a community of resistance members and the harsh realities that such a group faced during the entirety of the French occupation, and 8382:"tries to puncture the bourgeois myth—or protectively askew memory—that allows France generally to act as if hardly any Frenchmen collaborated with the Germans." 7681:

and the different British intelligence services often competed with one another to gather the most valuable information from their Resistance networks in France.

19052: 19024: 18168: 17324: 16919: 16805: 16794: 6762: 6039: 6895:

in particular. From 1941 on, networks such as these allowed the BCRA to send armed paratroopers, weapons and radio equipment into France to carry out missions.

5885:. The attack, and others perpetrated in the following weeks, provoked fierce reprisals, culminating in the execution of 98 hostages after the Feldkommandant of 21090: 19769: 19456: 18590: 17798: 7771:

where she was beheaded by guillotine in February 1943. In the southern occupation zone, Jacques Renouvin engaged in the same activities on behalf of groups of

7638:, quickly became a symbol of mental resistance through its story of how an old man and his niece refused to speak to the German officer occupying their house. 7127:, rose to high rank in the Resistance. Diederich, known only as "Capitaine Baptiste", had 77 maquis soldiers under his command and is best known for attacking 956: 5280:

had heeded the call and 3 July 1944 the "Free Republic of the Vercors" was proclaimed. Though the Allies did try to fly in supplies to the "redoubts" and the

20072: 19435: 18744: 18369: 6718: 5656:

to harass and discomfit the occupiers. Eventually, leaders of all of these separate and fragmented Resistance organizations were gathered and coordinated by

4111: 2691:

from Spain, and it was soon learned that for the right price, they were also willing to smuggle people out of France like Allied airmen, refugees, Jews, and

2607:(OS), composed with many veterans from the Spanish Civil War, which carried out a number of minor attacks before Hitler broke the treaty and invaded Russia. 1045: 5858:

in Moscow. On Armistice Day, November 11, 1940, communists were among the university students demonstrating against German repression by marching along the

5430:

Besides attempting to establish a government, the Resistance took its revenge on collaborators who were often beaten or killed in extrajudicial executions.

5360:

over the Préfecture de Police on the Ile de la Cité, which was the first time the tricolor had flown in Paris since June 1940. All over Paris, the outlawed

19085: 19031: 18217: 8216:

The Vichy régime's prejudicial policies had discredited traditional conservatism in France by the end of the war, but following the liberation many former

4060:

of Europe, and many in the SOE preferred arming resistance groups in Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece rather than French ones. On 16 April 1943, the SOE agent

3351: 21958: 5525: 3858:

had to hold out under torture for 24 hours to give time for his comrades to escape. An underground pamphlet written for young men considering joining the

19542: 19038: 18654: 17823: 17720: 17657: 16506: 7419: 7124: 6406:

with Nazi Germany and adopted a policy of persecution towards Jews, demonstrated by the passage of antisemitic legislation as early as October 1940. The

6191:(Cross of Fire), which gradually moderated its positions during the early years of the war and grew increasingly popular among the aging veterans of the 3346:

were engaging in illegal warfare and therefore had no rights. On 5 August 1942, three Romanians belonging to the FTP-MOI tossed grenades into a group of

16649: 7665:

The intelligence networks were by far the most numerous and substantial of Resistance activities. They collected information of military value, such as

6795:, on the other hand, was focused on educating and organizing the population, i.e., "to raise awareness and organise the people as broadly as possible." 21818: 21698: 18064: 8560: 4163: 2925:; it took the occupation authorities some time to realize that the manual was a Communist publication meant to train the FTP for actions against them. 2065:

After the Allied landings in Normandy and Provence, the paramilitary components of the Resistance formed a hierarchy of operational units known as the

16330: 15535: 4627:

chief and killed him, his wife, their infant daughter, their 10-year-old son, and his 82-year-old mother. Outside the village of Saint-Laurent in the

21758: 19428: 18875: 18751: 17773: 17768: 17624: 16960: 6917: 3354:

in Paris, killing eight and wounding 13. The Germans claimed three were killed and 42 wounded; this let them execute more hostages, as Field Marshal

3287:

of Jews, arguing in a sermon that the "final solution" was taking things too far; he felt it better to convert Jews to Roman Catholicism. Archbishop

961: 424: 14464:[Cinema / "Nos résistances" soon to be screened at Lux, in Valence | The grandson, director, tells the story of his resistant grandfather]. 7177: 6427: 5921:) for German troops. The publication opposed both fascism and western imperialism, and 12 issues were distributed from July 1943 through July 1944. 5140:

releasing their hostages, though the Germans refused to free any of their hostages and instead deported them to the concentration camps. As for the

3406: 2034:. The proportion of French people who participated in organized resistance has been estimated at from one to three percent of the total population. 21242: 18728: 18108: 17853: 16548: 6166: 4910:

were joined in their guerrilla campaign by the Jedburgh teams, SOE agents, the "Operational Groups" of the OSS and by teams from the elite British

4345:

and his wife outside Lyon. The 80 year-old Basch was a French Jew, a former president of the League for the Rights of Men and had been a prominent

2458:

was divided into a series of cells that were unaware of each other. Another early resistance group founded in the summer of 1940 was the ill-fated

1425: 16173: 8194:". The questioning of France's past had become a national obsession by the 1980s, fueled by the highly publicized trials of war criminals such as 7552:

in Paris and finding they were to be replaced by German-approved staff, used a roneo machine belonging to the Museum to publish an open letter by

6912:

movement, also had BCRA roots. During his trip to London in April 1942, the BCRA entrusted him with the creation of two new intelligence systems,

5846:'s government. Many of its leaders were arrested and imprisoned or forced to go underground. The PCF adopted an antiwar position on orders of the 22045: 21740: 21402: 21285: 21279: 21275: 19165: 18477: 17572: 17517: 16642: 14408: 8473: 7896: 7678: 7403: 7233: 6865: 6527: 6027: 5598:

Between July and October 1940, de Gaulle rejected the unconstitutional, repressive and racist laws instituted by Pétain, and established his own

4853:

had broken many of the codes encrypted by the Enigma Machine, this gave a considerable intelligence advantage to the Allied generals. During the

4758:" ("The long sobs of the violins of autumn") was read on the BBC, that was the signal that the invasion was imminent and if the following verse " 4106: 3003: 330: 16376: 6704:, the only major female leader in the Resistance, headed the Alliance network. The Organisation Civile et Militaire had a female wing headed by 5221:

The reference to the "Mongolians" were to Asians serving in the Red Army who been captured by the Wehrmacht and joined either the German Army's

3754:

were all young, all volunteers, all itching for action ... It was up to us to organize them and give them a sense of their role in the struggle.

2760:

in a public letter, one of the first times that French antisemitism had been publicly condemned during the occupation. On 5 May 1941, the first

21539: 18984: 18286: 17650: 7362: 6355: 5305:

with the line: "That's what we are saying criminals and cowards". In the Battle of the Vercors Plateau, the SS landed a glider company and the

4422:

on the Glières plateau and on 26 March 1944 the Germans sent in an Alpine division of 7,000 men together with various SS units and about 1,000

3300:

in a sermon in September 1942, asking Calvinists to hide Jews. A number of Catholic and Calvinist schools and organizations such as the Jesuit

2918: 1930: 20983: 13837: 4476:

was appointed commander of the FFI and flew to London from Algiers to co-ordinate the operations of the FFI at the SHAEF commanded by General

2974: 646: 21814: 19776: 19739: 19716: 19237: 18159: 18129: 17432: 16937: 8132: 8117: 6723: 6713: 5188:, who was serving as Minister of Information and Propaganda in the Vichy government, and shot him down in front of his wife. Darnard had the 5172:

On 23 June 1944, Koenig began to operate, giving orders to all the SOE and OSS agents via the Special Forces Headquarters. By this time, the

3978:

even after innocence had quickly given way to experience, which made them regard danger and discipline as commonplace." The innocence of the

3598:(who tended to be the most extreme Nazis), Sauckel was a hard man. Despite warnings from Laval, Sauckel took the view that he was ordered by 3401: 21553: 19491: 8513:

After the war, museums and memorials commemorating the events and the people involved in the resistance were established throughout France.

8330:(also 1966) broadened the image of Resistance heroes in the minds of average Frenchmen. The most famous and critically acclaimed of all the 7969:(Tortoise) for road traffic. Their paralysis of German infrastructure is widely thought to have been very effective. British Prime Minister 7315:

The French Resistance began to unify in 1941. This was evidenced by the formation of movements in the Vichy zone centred on such figures as

6891:(Brotherhood of Our Lady), which provided the Allies with photographs, maps and important information on German defenses in general and the 4775:

and in the words of the British historian Terry Crowdy to "tactfully" give professional military leadership. One "Jed", the British officer

3606:

were sabotaging German industry by fleeing to the countryside, and the solution was simply to kill them all. Sauckel believed that once the

2272: 19869: 19725: 19709: 19681: 18929: 18136: 17781: 12731: 7196:. The Germans executed nearly 1,100 Jewish resisters of different nationalities during the occupation, while others were killed in action. 7185: 3638:(shanghaiing), storming into cinemas to arrest the patrons or raiding villages in search of bodies to turn into slaves to meet the quotas. 1768: 16258: 9938: 5478:

were pushed out of power to be replaced by the same civil servants who had served first the Third Republic to be followed by Vichy or the

20626: 19693: 19605: 19549: 19512: 18794: 17918: 17828: 17732: 17629: 17369: 17089: 16398: 16365: 14461: 13829: 5397:

As various cities, towns and villages were liberated in France, the Resistance was usually the most organized force that took over. Many

2226:

of Resistance suspects. After the liberation of France in the summer of 1944, the French executed many of the estimated 25,000 to 35,000

1253: 966: 833: 11560: 8627:, based on fact about the Resistance's efforts to prevent a train carrying looted French art from getting to Germany, and the 2011 film 6830: 5490: 4484:(General Staff, French Forces of the Interior). The American and British officers at SHAEF distrusted the Resistance with the OSS agent 4081:

things-people; perhaps a phrase one would remember that one had heard a long time before, or even a piece of poetry or a piece of music.

3108:, half of whom did not survive. After Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, the SOE was joined by the American 21994: 21412: 19598: 18330: 17848: 17614: 16541: 8578:, and the philosopher Jean Gosset; among those who survived and went on to reflect on their experience, a particularly visible one was 7493: 5729: 5284:

fought bravely, all these operations ended with the Resistance defeated. In the middle of June, the Wehrmacht had taken the village of

4639:

who had been lined up and shot by their captors. The killing of the gendarmes was denounced by the chief collaborationist propagandist

4312:

assassinating alternatively leaders of the Third Republic or collaborators that was to become increasingly savage as 1944 went on. The

3073:

resistance group. Renouvin taught his men military tactics at a secret boot camp in the countryside in the south of France and led the

2597: 1341: 8975: 5524:

The question of how many were active in the Resistance has been raised. While stressing that the issue was sensitive and approximate,

5042:

division had wanted to destroy another French town Oradour-sur-Vayres, whose people were said to be providing food and shelter to the

2336:

Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the

21397: 21104: 19732: 18122: 18080: 17863: 17580: 16513: 13080: 7941:, fought alongside the Allies to free the rest of France. Several color-coded plans were co-ordinated for sabotage, most importantly 6979:

in early 1939, about half a million Spanish Republicans fled to France to escape imprisonment or execution. On the north side of the

6869:(BCRA), and its actions were carried out by volunteers who were parachuted into France to create and nourish local Resistance cells. 5501: 4085:

On 26 May 1943, in Paris, Moulin chaired a secret meeting attended by representatives of the main resistance groups to form the CNR (

1170: 13238: 6605:. Under General Koenig, he and his heavily outnumbered troops committed daring raids, dealing decisive losses to the Germans at the 22087: 21976: 21632: 20953: 18772: 18546: 18309: 18175: 17986: 16309: 13775: 7343:), each of whom was, independently, an agent of the Free French. Formal consolidation was accomplished through the intervention of 6809: 5878: 5532:, ventured an estimate of 200,000 activists and a further 300,000 with substantial involvement in Resistance operations. Historian 4381:

unaware of this tried to seize "redoubts" several times in 1944 with disastrous results. Starting in late January 1944, a group of

4253:

on 11 November. On 29 December 1943, the AS and the Communist FTP agreed to cooperate; their actions were controlled by the COMAC (

2374:

often spoke of some "climax" when they saw some intolerable act of injustice, after which they could no longer remain passive. The

1508: 1263: 17200: 16071:

Marco, Jorge (2020) "An Army of mutes in disguise: Languages and transnational resistance in France during the Second World War",

7087:

who had over 2,000 Germans in the FTP under his command by July 1944. He fought the Nazis directly, as in an April 1944 battle in

6899: 6095:

began in 1942, the fervour and the number of socialists in the Resistance grew. The CAS-Sud became the secret SFIO in March 1943.

2351:

to Germany and people started to disappear. Under the armistice of June 1940, the French were obliged to arrest and deport to the

21664: 19848: 19645: 18682: 18182: 18094: 18030: 17868: 17753: 16621: 7450: 6726:, general de Gaulle, as a recognition of and a reward for their role in the Resistance, granted women the right to vote in 1945. 1467: 1158: 858: 17499: 16370: 16198: 2806:

In Britain, the letter V had been adopted as a symbol of the will to victory, and in the summer of 1941, the V cult crossed the

2230:

for their collaboration with the Nazis. Many of those who escaped arrest fled to Germany, where they were incorporated into the

2138:

One of the conditions of the armistice was that the French must pay for their own occupation. This amounted to about 20 million

21832: 21417: 20051: 19563: 18413: 17951: 17876: 16243: 8264:(1946) depicted the courageous efforts of French railway workers to sabotage German reinforcement trains, and in the same year 6902:, a naval officer, developed a 26-person network in France. He was betrayed, arrested in May 1941, and shot on 29 August 1941. 5799: 5046:, but had taken a wrong turn on the road, which led him and his men to Oradour-sur-Glane, whose people had never supported the 3545:. At least 40,000 Frenchmen (80% of the resistance were people under thirty) fled to the countryside, becoming the core of the 3454:(codename Vidal) as the commander of the AS. Moulin followed this success by contacting resistance groups in the north such as 1287: 934: 8228:" (the myth of the Resistance), one of them even concluding, "The 'Gaullist' régime is therefore built on a fundamental lie." 8186:

In coming to terms with the events of the occupation, several attitudes have emerged in France, in an evolution the historian

7088: 6402:; and the southern "free zone", where the régime's administrative center, Vichy, was located. Vichy voluntarily and willfully 6181:

Before the war, there were several ultrarightist organisations in France including the monarchist, antisemitic and xenophobic

2877:

and invaded the Soviet Union. Well prepared for the resistance through the clandestinity in which they were forced during the

1182: 520: 47: 22082: 21627: 21392: 20647: 20552: 20079: 19825: 19700: 18786: 18760: 18617: 18323: 18240: 16584: 16300: 16225: 16141: 16120: 16087: 16062: 16040: 16014: 15995: 15967: 15948: 15929: 15908: 15887: 15859: 15836: 15817: 15798: 15779: 15755: 15727: 15708: 15689: 15670: 15651: 15632: 15613: 15594: 15575: 15524: 15501: 15480: 15457: 15438: 15400: 15381: 15358: 15335: 15314: 15295: 15261: 15237: 15214: 15195: 15176: 15153: 15134: 15115: 15096: 15077: 15058: 15039: 15018: 14996: 14974: 14955: 14936: 14917: 14898: 14872: 14838: 14805: 14786: 14767: 14748: 14712: 14693: 14674: 14655: 14636: 14617: 14598: 14579: 14560: 14541: 14520: 14462:"Cinema / "Nos résistances" bientôt projeté au Lux, à Valence | Le petit-fils, réalisateur, raconte son grand-père résistant" 14379: 12791: 12766: 11965: 6872:

Of the nearly 2,000 volunteers who were active by the end of the war, one of the most effective and well-known was the agent

5924:

Many well-known intellectual and artistic figures were attracted to the Communist party during the war, including the artist

5339:

coming offensive. After the breakout from Normandy, Eisenhower had planned to by-pass Paris while Hitler had ordered General

3001:

in London, which few resistance groups did at the time. To lend further support, in October 1941 de Gaulle founded the BCRA (

2319:" ("Germany is victorious on all fronts!"), a sign that is mentioned by virtually all accounts by Parisians at the time. The 1165: 1023: 417: 5124:

to retreat and when the Axis forces arrived, eleven people were shot on the spot while a number of hostages were taken. The

4414:

from the Glières plateau and were repulsed. After Morel had been killed by a French policeman during a raid, command of the

3204:

On 29 May 1942 it was announced that all Jews living in the occupied zone had to wear a yellow star of David with the words

2197:, in which an entire village was razed and almost every resident murdered because of persistent resistance in the vicinity. 21693: 21235: 20880: 20287: 20173: 19338: 18805: 18801: 18779: 18383: 17535: 16968: 16929: 16766: 16600: 16343: 12453: 8781: 7728:. Their dangerous work gave them an average life expectancy of around six months. Even children partook in radio work (see 4455:

to threaten the Germans with the possibility of prosecution for war crimes. The designation did not help. For example, the

3990:

had little in the way of uniforms, with the men wearing civilian clothing with a beret being the only common symbol of the

2825:, 6 September (the anniversary of the Battle of the Marne in 1914) and Armistice Day with a special emphasis on the line: " 826: 658: 17557: 7432: 5661: 5100:

attempted to seize towns in June 1944, expecting the Allies to be there soon, often with tragic results. For instance, in

4087: 4053:

bands, but until early 1944 the SOE were unable to convince Whitehall that supplying the Resistance should be a priority.

3396:

were held in filthy, overcrowded prisons full of lice and fleas and fed substandard food or held in solitary confinement.

3234:

wishing to settle scores, which kept the occupation authorities informed about what was happening in France. One of these

3116:, the chief of the OCM, was arrested by the Gestapo, who later executed him, leadership of the OCM was assumed by Colonel 2641:

appealing to ordinary French people to stop denouncing each other to the Germans. Desnos's appeal failed, but the phrase "

21998: 21981: 21637: 21603: 20795: 20259: 19591: 19577: 18790: 9900: 8757: 7560:("Vichy Wages War"), written by Cassou. At the end of 1940, a group of 10, including Humbert, Cassou, Marcel Abraham and 7216:

industrial area, where they played a determining role in the creation of the Département's main resistance organisation,

6749:

co-founded one of the first anti-occupation groups, and in December 1940 started co-publishing the underground newspaper

6320:

to describe those who at first supported the Vichy régime (mostly based on the patriotic image of Pétain rather than the

5401:

were disgusted by the mass influx of new members in the dying days of the struggle, contemptuously calling them the FFS (

4734:

at Mont Mouchet under the slogan "Free France starts here!" At Mont Mouchet, he gathered about 2,700 men, who formed the

3011:, who used the codename "Colonel Passy" to provide support for the Resistance. Though the BCRA was based in an office in 1153: 776: 16875: 12659: 8135:, and consequently lacked any form of institutional justice. Approximately 9,000 were executed, mostly without trial as 6924: 6239: 4667:

and imposed his own system of rationing on the local farmers that flouted the rationing system imposed by Vichy. In the

3982:

was reflected in the choice of names they took, which were usually whimsical and boyish names, unlike those used by the

3375:, a testament to how even the communists by 1942 saw themselves as fighting for France as much as for world revolution. 2580:

and were only allowed to ride the last carriage on the Paris Metro. The French people at the time distinguished between

1124: 21452: 21427: 21004: 20873: 20751: 20329: 20044: 19995: 19753: 19308: 18560: 18399: 18247: 18101: 17688: 17619: 17464: 17164: 16892: 16628: 8693: 7982: 7326: 6709: 6107: 5983: 5521:

were "individuals of exceptional strong-mindedness, ready to break with family and friends" to serve a higher purpose.

5517: 4092: 3850:

bands that emerged in the countryside soon formed a subculture with its own slang, dress and rules. The most important

2678: 2037:

The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the

1923: 1755: 1536: 1138: 1131: 342: 8358:

described it as "the best film made about the fighters of the shadows, those anti-heroes." The shattering of France's

8067:

commandos were being dropped nearby to the south to prepare for the Allied landing in Provence. One American officer,

8028:

The liberation of most of southwestern, central and southeastern France was finally fulfilled with the arrival of the

6198:

Despite some differences in their positions on certain issues, these organizations were united in their opposition to

6054:(administratively joined with Belgium) in January 1941, along the lines of a prior network created in September 1940. 6034:'s defection to the Vichy régime). In March 1941 Daniel Mayer created, with other socialists like Suzanne Buisson and 5169:

and buried 36 Jews alive out in the woods, as Bout de l'An believed that the Resistance was all the work of the Jews.

3283:

of Lyon, a staunch antisemite who had supported Vichy's efforts to solve the "Jewish question" in France, opposed the

21120: 20002: 19974: 19791: 19373: 19092: 19059: 16635: 16277: 8324:(1966), "the role of the resistant was revalued according to political trajectory". The comic form of films such as 7807:

uses rather than risk heavy losses by attacking heavily defended targets. It was also preferred since it caused less

7422:. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into non-active resistance groups. 6005: 3734:

were enemies thrown up by the final chaos of the Occupation, in a sense twins symbiotically linked in a final hunt."

2412:

in July 1940. Jean Cassou also organized a resistance group in Paris that month and a liberal Catholic law professor

1574: 816: 18275: 10024:

Bernhard H.Bayerlein, Mikhaïl Narinski, Brigitte Studer, Serge Wolikow, dir. Denis Peschanski, Moscou-Paris-Berlin,

8236:

The French Resistance has had a great influence on literature, particularly in France. A famous example is the poem

6821: 5892:

The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the

4195:

by taking a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler and being commissioned as a Waffen-SS officer together with 11 other

3766:

were careful about concealing fires and could usually avoid aerial detection. The only other way of breaking up the

20: 21990: 21824: 21608: 21518: 21157: 20315: 20252: 19387: 19223: 18346: 17404: 17022: 13285: 12448: 8006: 6115: 4430:

whose lost about 150 killed in action and another 200 captured who were then shot. Anjot knew the odds against his

4146:, who become so famous for organizing assassinations that the FTP-MOI came to be known to the French people as the 3578:

and the Resistance changed from an urban movement to a rural movement, most active in central and southern France.

3058: 2709: 1855: 410: 18900: 16884: 3367:. A number were Belgian, Dutch, and Hungarian immigrants to France; all went before the firing squads singing the 2564:

laws started to come into force in both the occupied and unoccupied zones. On 3 October 1940 Vichy introduced the

2128: 22072: 21856: 21228: 20681: 20522: 20511: 20347: 20106: 20065: 19958: 19896: 19283: 18553: 18422: 18390: 16406: 16391: 12596: 7848:

From July to October 1943, groups in Paris engaging in attacks against occupying soldiers were better organized.

5668: 1050: 19070: 18638: 16920: 15873:. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armee de terre (SHAT). U.S. Library of Congress (LC) Control No.: 81131366. 8585:

Among prominent foreign figures who participated in the French Resistance was the political scientist and later

6491: 4603:. They hoped that they could annihilate all of their enemies before the Allies won. For their part, some of the 4191:

who had long been frustrated at the unwillingness of the Germans to arm his force, finally won the trust of the

3164:

later writing: "It was women who kick-started the Resistance." In May 1942, speaking before a military court in

21971: 21897: 21731: 21560: 21525: 21067: 21039: 20917: 20710: 19947: 19398: 19324: 19120: 18491: 18210: 18115: 18000: 17673: 17062: 8068: 7415: 6635: 5987: 4631:, a mass grave was discovered in May 1944 of eight gendarmes known for their loyalty to Vichy kidnapped by the 3615:

were not political opponents and should not be treated as such, arguing that an amnesty and a promise that the

3516: 2836: 2713:(OCM), which consisted of army officers and civil servants, was founded to provide intelligence to the Allies. 2674: 2603: 2153: 921: 39: 17077: 8674:, a British sitcom featuring Resistance activities, was conceived as a parody of the earlier BBC drama series 6845:) to set up a secret service agency in occupied France to counter the threat of a German operation code-named 6693:, was never assigned a specific role in the hierarchy of the movement. Hélène Viannay, one of the founders of 5850:

in Moscow, which remained in place for the first year of the German occupation, reflecting the September 1939

5061:

caused the Germans much difficulty, the guerrillas tended not to fare well in sustained combat. The SOE agent

5000:

division by several hours and that he would do the same again the next day, and the next. On 9 June 1944, the

4730:, believed that continuing inaction was bad for morale and starting on May 20, 1944, began to concentrate the 3994:

as a beret was sufficiently common in France not to be conspicuous, but uncommon enough to be the symbol of a

3145:, who came from the Bessarabia region, which belonged alternately to either Russia or Romania. On 1 May 1942, 2568:, banning Jews from numerous professions including law, medicine and public service. Jewish businesses were " 21810: 21127: 21060: 21011: 20942: 20767: 20273: 20224: 19988: 19981: 19584: 19345: 19136: 18189: 17843: 17565: 17390: 17069: 16849: 16840: 16534: 8287:

In the 1950s, a less heroic interpretation of the Resistance to the occupation gradually began to emerge. In

8131:(wild purge). This period succeeded the German occupational administration but preceded the authority of the 8010: 7930: 7907: 7008: 6984: 6678: 6471:(OJC). The OJC had four hundred members by the summer of 1944, and participated in the liberations of Paris, 5680: 5676: 5323:

lost about 650, killed during the fighting on the Vercors plateau and afterwards, the Germans shot about 200

5128:

chief of Orléans and the archbishop of Bourges were able to negotiate an exchange on 23 June 1944, where the

4443: 4280: 3340:, the Germans argued that those engaging in resistance were "bandits" and "terrorists", maintaining that all 2066: 2011: 1916: 1774: 1331: 1275: 1243: 1013: 791: 771: 180: 6366:". After its members were arrested, tortured and publicly tried, they were executed by firing squad in Fort 5948:, inspired by Russian patriotic sentiment, would support the Soviet war effort. A number of them formed the 4906:

focused on ambushing the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS as they travelled to the battlefields of Normandy. The

1554: 991: 21902: 21201: 21097: 20472: 20433: 19352: 19187: 19172: 19099: 19078: 18896: 18574: 18360: 18353: 18337: 18048: 18007: 17979: 17881: 16327: 8314:

After General de Gaulle's return to power in 1958, the portrayal of the Resistance returned to its earlier

7779: 7532: 6705: 3415: 3109: 3021: 2922: 2761: 2424: 893: 12502: 7977: 2883: 21986: 21432: 21422: 21369: 21164: 20488: 20440: 20058: 20030: 19883: 19498: 19477: 18998: 18661: 18567: 18057: 17818: 17808: 17549: 16832: 16499: 16485: 7934: 7854: 7712:. Information from such services was often used as a bargaining chip to qualify for airdrops of weapons. 7084: 7072: 7016: 6857:(also known as Colonel Passy), who had previously worked for France's military intelligence service, the 6622: 5893: 5835: 5775: 5285: 5112:

and their associated women prisoners, including the wife of Francis Bout de l'An, a senior leader of the

4647:

had started to form an alternative government to Vichy, which still controlled the French civil service.

3774:

would execute infiltrators. Joining the men fleeing the service with the STO were others targeted by the

3318: 3255: 2897: 2091: 1761: 1621: 1319: 1238: 1148: 1109: 1018: 811: 751: 354: 21709: 14481: 12968:– "Quoi qu'il arrive, la flamme de la résistance française ne doit pas s'éteindre et ne s'éteindra pas." 8494: 7778:

Stealing dynamite from the Germans eventually took preference over handcrafting explosives. The British

5300:. To celebrate Bastille Day, the US Army Air Force sent in 360 B-17s to drop supplies of weapons to the 4992:

threw a "Gammon grenade", which knocked out the tank tracks. As more of the SS tanks began to shell the

3696: 308: 22067: 21962: 21877: 20962: 20458: 20377: 20322: 20210: 20166: 19816: 19442: 19366: 19268: 19145: 19017: 19010: 18970: 18943: 18675: 18608: 18203: 18014: 17944: 17793: 17703: 17609: 17397: 16815: 16806: 16464: 16384: 8751: 8033: 7321: 6547:. Henri Karayan (1921–2011), a member of the Manouchian Group, participated in illegal distribution of 6259: 5877:

committed the first overt violent act of communist resistance by assassinating a German officer at the

5715: 4690:

Reflecting their weakening power, the authorities grew harsher in their punishments. At the village of

4450:-Forces of the Interior). The Germans refused to accept the Resistance as legitimate opponents and any 2811:

traditions" to draw upon for symbols of resistance. Starting in 1941, it was common for crowds to sing

2774: 2440: 2194: 1477: 1404: 1099: 1067: 610: 467: 14466: 14272: 8613:(Endeavour Press, 2015), which depicts a female Resistance cell leader as the novel's main character, 7628:(the Midnight Press), which had been set up to circumvent Vichy and German censorship. The 1942 novel 7275: 6887: 6779:

In this context, it is customary to distinguish the various organisations of the French Resistance as

6506:

The Armenian community of France played an active role in the Resistance. Armenian poet and communist

6146: 21598: 21442: 20864: 20781: 20566: 20426: 20398: 20231: 20136: 19926: 19359: 18433: 18087: 16614: 16204:

Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the resistance in France: From history to historiography."

15229: 12985: 12678:"President Sarkozy Vows to Introduce New French Bill Against Armenian Genocide Denial, March 9, 2012" 8705: 8363: 8320: 8311:(The Crossing of the Rhine)(1960), in which a crowd successively acclaims both Pétain and de Gaulle. 8180: 6407: 5949: 5482:, Army officers who had gone into retirement in 1940, and resumed their service with the liberation. 5092:

surprised that so many had enough. I was perhaps astonished that the number of defectors were so low.

4434:

band were hopeless, but decided to take a stand to uphold French honor. Anjot himself was one of the

4122: 3288: 2998: 2963: 2799: 2565: 1177: 1035: 986: 756: 622: 513: 21574: 18631: 17182: 17137: 16371:"Ambush at Thorame-Haute: archaeological traces of a fifteen minute Ambush by the French resistance" 7625: 7484:, were on strike, slowing deliveries of coal to German industrial plants supporting the war effort. 7248: 6877: 5415:

unexpectedly tough. It proved the bitterest of ends to a bitter war." As France was liberated, many

3745:

We established contact with them through our departmental and regional chiefs. Usually these little

2552: 2500:

that was used to code German radio messages. A number of the Polish code-breakers who developed the

2108: 796: 22003: 21828: 21642: 21532: 20603: 20580: 19832: 19633: 19626: 19290: 18950: 18922: 18915: 18302: 17737: 17492: 17425: 17218: 16759: 16752: 16708: 16555: 8950: 8254: 7697: 7156:. Jewish resisters included Imre Epstein in the Hungarian group at Toulouse; György Vadnai (future 6701: 6668:

Despite opposing the collaborationist régime, the French Resistance generally sympathised with its

6589:, who participated in every important operation that involved French forces until 1942 and led the 6539: 6398:

The Vichy régime had legal authority in both the north of France, which was occupied by the German

6309:

for three generations, abandoned his views in favor of the ideology of the republican Jean Moulin.

6294: 6282: 6230: 6226: 5707: 5684: 4636: 3668: 3450:

or Secret Army). The MUR recognised General de Gaulle as the leader of France and selected General

2308: 1440: 1345: 766: 605: 21567: 18647: 18624: 16909: 16900: 16133:

The Politics of Resistance in France, 1940–1944: A History of the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance

12168: 8354: 8336: 7715:

The transmission of information was first done by radio transmitter. Later, when air links by the

7504: 7500: 7131:

prison, where he and his fighters freed every one of 114 inmates who had been sentenced to death.

6325: 6218: 5691:, and, in the waning days of summer 1944, led the drive toward Paris. The FFI in Normandy and the 5073:

later recalled the Battle of Saint Marcel as the firefight on 18 June 1944 at a farmhouse outside

4706:

of 1944. Starting on May 20, 1944, there occurred another major clash between the Germans and the

3153:

was forced to break off his speech when the crowd began to chant "Mort à Laval" (death to Laval).

2296: 1730: 21907: 21770: 21467: 21025: 20969: 20839: 20699: 20384: 20037: 19933: 19839: 19407: 19275: 19245: 19209: 19194: 19066: 18958: 18936: 18882: 18868: 18850: 18514: 18295: 18023: 17972: 17155: 16823: 16701: 12990: 11955: 8676: 8368: 7624:

The underground press brought out books as well as newspapers through publishing houses, such as

7576: 7209: 7205: 6031: 5976: 5453:

Gaulle as France's leader, the Communists chose to pursue power via ballots rather than bullets.

5227:

or the SS; the French called all these men "Mongols" regardless if they were Mongols or not. The

4543:

noting that the BCRA had organized hundreds of supply drops, of which only six were for the FTP.

4072:. After her arrest, Sansom was tortured for several months, which she recounted in the 1949 book 3626:

As Laval predicted, the hardline policies that Sauckel advocated turned the basically apolitical

3012: 2007: 1971: 1104: 929: 873: 581: 525: 17128: 16998: 16254: 12735: 8633:, about a group of young Resistance fighters, inspired by the real-life experiences of director 7763: 7585: 7468: 7293: 6694: 6321: 6250: 4426:, making for about 10,000 men supported by artillery and air support which soon overwhelmed the 4249:

tortured and deported two other people, including the gendarme captain who failed to resist the

3937:

who were resisting Axis rule in Greece and preferred a democratic decision-making progress, the

3875:

sleeping bag if possible. Wear a warm suit, a beret, a raincoat, a good pair of hobnailed boots.

2896:, they played a disproportionate role in the Resistance. The Communist resistance group was the 2395: 22025: 21966: 21953: 21922: 21764: 21658: 21269: 21251: 20717: 20610: 20412: 20363: 20266: 20159: 20129: 19912: 19800: 19526: 19317: 18908: 18889: 18859: 18406: 18376: 17376: 17282: 17261: 16715: 16694: 16687: 16607: 8656: 8206: 7993: 7481: 7264: 7056: 6333: 6203: 6063:, newspaper of the SFIO from 1921 to 1940, was publishing again, clandestinely. The same year, 5952:, which adopted pro-Soviet positions and collaborated closely with the French Communist Party. 5839: 5615: 5378:, marking the first time that the Germans had treated the resistance as a legitimate opponent. 5276:

bands to concentrate on the Vercors plateau after hearing of D-Day. By 9 June 1944, some 3,000

5074: 4980:

division, Macpherson had a bomb planted on a bridge to knock out a half-truck while having the

4944:

the road. Such operations seriously delayed the Germans, with the elite 2nd Waffen SS Division

4735: 4296:. By February 1944, supply drops were up by 173%. The same month, the OSS agreed to supply the 3214: 3149:, which Vichy France had tried to turn into a Catholic holiday celebrating St. Philip, Premier 2291:

The Occupation was hard for the French to accept. Many Parisians remember the shock at seeing

1987: 1661: 1397: 1294: 868: 564: 540: 14817:

Inside S.O.E. – The First Full Story of Special Operations Executive in Western Europe 1940–45

13826: 8646: 8348:'s 1943 book as well as Melville's own experience as a Resistance fighter who participated in 7696:, and didn't hesitate to get in touch with the anti-Germans within the Vichy military such as 7590: 7531:("Among Us"), published in German for the occupiers, printed stories of German defeats on the 7336: 6462:). They continued armed resistance under a Zionist flag until liberation finally arrived. The 6290: 4244:" ("From tomorrow's victors to those of 14–18"). Afterwards, the people of Oyonnax joined the 4175:—France's largest tyre factory and a major source of tyres for the Wehrmacht—into the ground. 2937: 2683:(underworld) of Paris and Marseilles soon becoming very rich by supplying rationed goods. The 2537: 2413: 1702: 1370: 21208: 20931: 20774: 20670: 20640: 20596: 20336: 20301: 20294: 20217: 20115: 19556: 19533: 19380: 18991: 18528: 18268: 18254: 17937: 17833: 17268: 17046: 16520: 15207:

National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies

12998: 11853: 8851:

Wieviorka, Olivier and Tebinka, Jacek, "Resisters: From Everyday Life to Counter-state", in

8776: 8623: 8412: 8153: 8089: 7838: 7382: 7076: 6652: 6590: 6211: 5900:

opposed this and adopted a policy of cooperating with the Allied powers and advocating a new

5874: 5863: 5814:

Artist's impression of a meeting of the PCF (Parti communiste français) central committee at

5779: 5750: 5538: 5349: 5340: 5116:

who intervened to take personal charge of the situation to get his wife back. A joint German-

4493:, in May 531 drops and in June 866 drops. The most common weapon provided by the SOE was the 3426:

On 26 January 1943, Moulin persuaded the three main resistance groups in the south of France—

3322: 2190: 2104: 2070: 2042: 1975: 1960: 1882: 1651: 1611: 1584: 1411: 1387: 1382: 1304: 1082: 996: 704: 390: 18826: 17642: 12703: 8708:", which later gained worldwide popularity as "The Partisan" with English lyrics adapted by 8054:

Western Europe would have consumed a much longer time and meant greater losses to ourselves.

7430:

The majority of resistance movements in France were unified after Moulin's formation of the

7027:. After the German Army had been driven from France, the Spanish maquis refocused on Spain. 4473: 4415: 4271: 4056:

Until 1944, there were only 23 Halifax bombers committed to supplying Resistance groups for

3694:, knowing that they might be tried for their actions if the Allies won. Only the men of the 3061:

was betrayed by an informer and arrested by the Gestapo. In November 1941, Frenay recruited

2165:

men, though often the women had to do so to acquire food for themselves and their families.

903: 530: 22039: 21932: 21843: 21613: 21484: 21032: 20887: 20538: 20495: 20465: 20391: 20201: 20180: 19106: 18583: 18261: 17900: 17698: 17411: 17358: 17039: 16736: 16527: 16450: 16179:

Douzou, Laurent. "A Perilous History: A Historiographical Essay on the French Resistance."

15765: 15644:

U.S. Army Special Warfare, Its Origins: Psychological and Unconventional Warfare, 1941–1952

13084: 12449:""Art proscrit" – "Száműzött művészet" – Exposition à Budapest du 17 avril au 15 août 2010" 10963: 8979: 8594: 8341: 8326: 8237: 8040: 7953:(purple) for telecommunications. To complement these missions, smaller plans were drafted: 7900: 7890: 7747: 7658: 7630: 6606: 6286: 6210:, a fascist paramilitary organisation, launched various actions aimed at destabilising the 5726:

losses included 76 armored vehicles, seven cannons, 27 half-tracks and 133 other vehicles.

5644: 5101: 3687: 3520:(STO) organisation was created, requiring able-bodied Frenchmen to work in Germany. In the 3280: 3266:(great round-up) of Jews to deport to the death camps. On the morning of 16 July 1942, the 2874: 2627:

and the SS could not have functioned without French informers. In September 1940, the poet

2487:

stayed loyal to the Allied cause despite nominally being under the authority of Vichy; the

2231: 1807: 1589: 1392: 479: 94: 16098: 12614: 8417: 8366:

was made particularly clear in French cinema. The candid approach of the 1971 documentary

8127: 6313: 5675:, Free French forces numbered approximately half a million regulars and more than 100,000 5335: 5331: 3778:, such as Jews, Spanish Republican refugees, and Allied airmen shot down over France. One 3490:

s tasks; it was first presented as an organisation to crack down on the black market. The

2936:, the first time the resistance had killed a German. The German Military Governor General 2315:, a huge banner was spread across the facade of the building reading in capital letters: " 1986:. They also provided first-hand intelligence information, and escape networks that helped 634: 8: 21676: 21363: 21150: 20924: 20802: 20758: 20280: 19414: 19180: 18707: 18537: 18521: 18470: 17758: 17528: 17478: 17418: 17032: 16478: 16436: 16429: 13249: 12186: 8762: 8453: 8372:

shone a spotlight on antisemitism in France and disputed the official Resistance ideals.

8260: 8002: 7938: 7877: 7609:

in December 1941, which grew to a circulation of 200,000 by 1944. During the same period

7164:

at Limoges. Also participating were the painter Sándor Józsa, the sculptor István Hajdú (

6614: 6610: 6586: 6570: 6059: 6047: 5913: 5859: 5758: 5719: 5529: 5385:

De Gaulle disapproved of the truce as he used the uprising to order on 22 August General

4911: 3953:

for political or racial reasons. Regardless whether they had served in the military, the

3941:

bands tended to be dominated by a charismatic leader, usually an older man who was not a

3565:

of Corsica were usually bandits, and those men fleeing to the countryside chose the term

3451: 3337: 3217:

wrote in her diary about a Jewish woman wearing her yellow star of David going shopping:

2337: 2261: 2096: 1743: 1737: 1716: 1641: 946: 883: 863: 746: 586: 552: 266: 16268: 16193:

Millington, Chris. "Were we terrorists? History, terrorism, and the French Resistance".

16169: 16106:. First published 1999, English edition 2014; highly influential study of intellectuals. 14967:

Crusade in Europe – Report on Operations in Northwest Europe, June 6, 1944 – May 8, 1945

14533:

A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History

13779: 8422: 8171: 7837:

The assassinations that took place during summer and autumn 1941, starting with Colonel

6519: 6394:

in 1944. She was posthumously awarded the Croix de guerre and Médaille de la Resistance.

6217:

In 1942, after an ambiguous period of collaboration, the former leader of Croix de Feu,

6183: 5843: 5671:

of 1943, 130,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side and, by the time of the

5513:

professors and students, the entire working class and a large majority of the peasants.

4683:

as a SOE agent in the spring of 1944, he described a power structure established by the

3537:

for the Organisation Todt, but had no way of knowing where they would go. The so-called

2850:

quoted Foch that "A nation is beaten only when it has accepted that it is beaten" while

1994:

lines. The Resistance's men and women came from many parts of French society, including

22019: 21724: 21143: 20976: 20901: 20855: 20825: 20733: 20573: 20238: 20122: 20016: 19967: 19905: 19661: 19612: 19421: 19045: 18700: 18498: 17895: 17890: 17763: 17708: 17471: 17289: 17248: 17119: 17013: 16984: 16783: 16562: 16443: 16131: 15848: 15606:

The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution

15513: 15469: 15370: 15347: 15165: 8855:(2006), eds: Robert Gildea, Olivier Wieviorka, and Anette Warring, Oxford: Berg, p. 153 8687: 8670: 8387: 8307: 8288: 8018: 7915: 7910:

in September 1943, a significant example of Resistance strength was displayed when the

7796: 7740: 7685: 7606: 7437: 6846: 6838: 6804: 6594: 6582: 6459: 6419: 6387: 6354:

poster distributed by the Vichy French and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in

6162: 6126: 6072: 6051: 5851: 5742: 5611: 4888: 4763: 4656: 4418:

was assumed by Captain Maurice Anjot. In March 1944, the Luftwaffe started to bomb the

4361: 3446: 3133:

then on to Auschwitz to be killed. In April 1942, the PCF created an armed wing of its

3112:(OSS) to provide support for the resistance. In December 1941, after the industrialist 2855: 2765: 2723: 2704: 2432: 2142:

per day, a sum that, in May 1940, was approximately equivalent to four hundred million

2038: 1872: 1666: 1518: 1503: 1094: 981: 598: 545: 16991: 16857: 16349: 16164:

Bracher, Nathan. "Remembering the French resistance: ethics and poetics of the epic".

12979: 7708:

was known by the code letters FANA and headed by Georges Beyer, the brother-in-law of

7692:

as early as July 1940. They were Lieutenants Mansion, Saint-Jacques and Corvisart and

7036: 6909: 6859: 6656: 6415: 6101: 5774:, petitioned Eisenhower for an immediate frontal assault. He threatened to detach the 5580: 5176:

had formed assassination squads to kill collaborators and on 28 June 1944, a group of

4723: 4390: 4211:

received many weapons from the SOE, it was often the case that in the clashes between

4142:

In the summer of 1943, leadership of the FTP-MOI was assumed by an Armenian immigrant

3642:, the Francophile German ambassador to Vichy, had warned that Sauckel was driving the 2483: 2400:

on German vehicles. Another tactic was the publication of underground newspapers like

1114: 22077: 21134: 21018: 20908: 20848: 20809: 20742: 20724: 20690: 20633: 20587: 20531: 20356: 20094: 20086: 20023: 19876: 19002: 18463: 18442: 18152: 17905: 17693: 17450: 17383: 17053: 16660: 16591: 16221: 16137: 16116: 16083: 16058: 16036: 16010: 15991: 15963: 15944: 15925: 15904: 15898: 15883: 15855: 15832: 15813: 15794: 15775: 15769: 15751: 15723: 15704: 15685: 15666: 15647: 15628: 15609: 15590: 15571: 15520: 15515:

Social Change in Modern France: Towards a Cultural Anthropology of the Fifth Republic

15497: 15491: 15476: 15453: 15434: 15428: 15415: 15396: 15377: 15354: 15331: 15325: 15310: 15291: 15257: 15233: 15210: 15191: 15172: 15149: 15130: 15111: 15092: 15073: 15054: 15035: 15029: 15014: 14992: 14970: 14951: 14932: 14913: 14894: 14868: 14834: 14801: 14782: 14763: 14744: 14727: 14708: 14689: 14670: 14651: 14632: 14613: 14594: 14575: 14556: 14537: 14531: 14516: 14375: 12787: 12762: 12315:

This expression has been used by many of Azéma's colleagues, notably Robert Belot in

11961: 8769: 8638: 8349: 8245: 8166: 8136: 8060: 8045: 8029: 7970: 7926: 7919: 7858: 7831: 7823: 7808: 7800: 7751: 7716: 7666: 7445: 7395: 7267:

posed as local civilians in France to channel American assistance to the Resistance.

7060: 6976: 6842: 6834: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6544: 6534:(1906–1945), another French Resistance activist, was arrested along with her husband 6507: 6455: 6383: 6363: 6142: 6080: 5945: 5867: 5746: 5672: 5606: 5584: 5564: 5289: 5148:

knew if they were freed, they would reveal their hideout and their names as both the

5024: 4746:. The "résistants" answered by waging a ferocious guerrilla war against the Germans. 4648: 4519: 4507: 4477: 4468:(the German state railroad) and put soldiers on trains as they no longer trusted the 4377:

meant that the Resistance would be unable to hold their own in sustained combat. The

4237: 4143: 3525: 3251: 3188: 3172: 2893: 2783: 2593: 2549:

on 12 September. One more was shot in October 1940, and three more in November 1940.

2463: 2428: 2177: 2173: 2139: 2058: 1983: 1979: 1749: 1513: 1351: 1216: 898: 878: 850: 821: 781: 693: 689: 639: 593: 574: 569: 496: 21305: 16976: 16866: 8571: 8165:

During this period, and particularly after de Gaulle's return to power in 1958, the

7881:

A group of resistants at the time of their joining forces with the Canadian army at

7792: 7331: 6854: 6690: 6119: 5819: 5309:

suffered very heavy losses. Many of the "German" units fighting on the Vercors were

5265: 3008: 2471: 2358:

Resistance when it first began in the summer of 1940 was based upon what the writer

1119: 21927: 21473: 21351: 21339: 21053: 21046: 20990: 20654: 20419: 20405: 20308: 20245: 20196: 20009: 19862: 19809: 19619: 19570: 19484: 18714: 18691: 18224: 17858: 17838: 17813: 17786: 17542: 16743: 16729: 16492: 16471: 16457: 16355: 16184: 16007:

Operation Dragoon: Autopsy of a Battle, the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera

14572:

The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

8590: 8440: 8399:

addressed foreign resisters of the EGO, who were then relatively unknown. In 1974,

8022: 7986: 7882: 7410:. Initially, they were composed of men who had escaped into the mountains to avoid 7193: 7024: 6905: 6881: 6674: 6618: 6555: 6515: 6511: 6443: 6403: 6264: 6170: 6154: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5766: 5469:

that held out against the occupation; however, he was angered by the fact that the

5386: 5353: 5345: 5196:

in Toulouse, Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon and other places. For example, seven

5185: 4957: 4784: 4776: 4738:. German attacks forced the Resistance off Mont Mouchet by June, killing about 125 4640: 4503: 4485: 4172: 4126: 4115: 3238:, a Frenchwoman displaying the typically self-interested motives of her ilk, read: 3161: 3062: 2756: 2189:

As reprisals for Resistance activities, the authorities established harsh forms of

2124: 1860: 1850: 1723: 1695: 1646: 1549: 1462: 1435: 1314: 1280: 1221: 1197: 1187: 971: 559: 508: 474: 378: 21849: 21511: 21494: 18233: 17173: 15247: 8379: 7539: 7189: 7165: 6549: 6367: 6281:), or simply away from their traditional grass-roots conservatism. Bénouville and 5810: 5702:

2nd Armored Division rolled ashore in Normandy on 1 August 1944, and served under

5692: 5587:'s position. As a consequence, on 2 August 1940, de Gaulle was condemned to death 5559: 5423:

fighting as regular soldiers by November 1944, and by the end of the war, 135,000

3590: 3541:

attempted to avoid being called up and often went into hiding rather work for the

3259: 21457: 21076: 20788: 20703: 20661: 20559: 20502: 20370: 20152: 20143: 19672: 19254: 19230: 18484: 17725: 17340: 17317: 17296: 17236: 16334: 16281: 15919: 15567: 15251: 13833: 13294: 8634: 8526: 8525:

Memorial to French resistance fighters Marchant and Olivier, shot by the SS near

8435: 8405: 8374: 7390: 7092: 6873: 6850: 6626:

French Resistance testified to his commitment in the fight against Nazi Germany.

6535: 6531: 6329: 6306: 6199: 6192: 6130: 5771: 5722:

this German division lost 133 killed, 648 wounded and 85 missing. The division's

5711: 5622: 5610:, that every patriot who could reach British territory should do so and join the 5369:

build barricades in the streets. By the end of the day, about 50 Germans and 150

5293: 4591:

become more desperate and vicious as the knowledge that when the Allies won, the

4499: 4065: 4061: 3368: 3301: 3113: 3095: 3054: 2813: 2807: 2523:

executed by the Germans was a Polish Jewish immigrant named Israël Carp, shot in

2516:

also became the main agents for delivering underground newspapers across France.

2168: 2161: 2054: 2015: 2003: 1948: 1904: 1845: 1055: 489: 462: 457: 452: 77: 21301: 21188: 8567: 8036:, which landed in Provence in August 1944 and was backed by over 25,000 maquis. 7693: 7173: 6246: 6202:, a stance that had led them to participate in demonstrations, most notably the 6064: 2082: 21891: 21862: 21838: 21407: 21375: 21345: 21333: 21327: 21321: 21315: 21309: 21083: 20619: 20545: 18597: 18456: 16945: 14433: 13822: 13523: 13521: 13519: 8951:"Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS et Sipo/SD: La répression allemande en Ireland 1943–1944" 8742: 8296: 8273: 8248:, whose 23 members were shot by the Nazis. The Resistance is also portrayed in 8191: 8104:

Veterans of the resistance raise flags at the annual commemoration ceremony of

7849: 7772: 7709: 7650: 7561: 7221: 7192:(1905–1944) were among 23 resisters executed for their work with the legendary 6970: 6644: 6111: 5941: 5827: 5823: 5787: 5703: 5375: 5261: 5031: 4850: 4540: 4228: 4203:, which turned its guns on the Resistance. The weapons the German provided the 4184: 3495: 3364: 3360: 3342: 2946: 2929: 2905: 2695:. Later on in the war, they would smuggle in agents from the SOE. However, the 2637: 2497: 2304: 2211: 2182: 1676: 1671: 1601: 1540: 1452: 1375: 888: 366: 242: 200: 21297: 16188: 8786: 8579: 8427: 8175:" tended toward a highly resistant France opposed to the collaboration of the 8014: 7899:, or assessing its military importance alongside the Allied Forces during the 7842: 7480:

By June 1941, 81% of the miners employed by the national coal mining company,

7040: 6746: 6439: 6293:

moved towards the left, joined the Resistance and eventually became the first

6076: 6035: 5882: 5604:(good faith) as the principal defender of republican values. He asked, in his 3557:, which originated as Corsican Italian slang for bandits, whose root word was 2584:(a polite term in French) who were "properly" assimilated French Jews and the 2409: 1089: 22061: 21805: 21717: 21489: 21291: 20894: 18819: 18668: 18507: 17603: 17506: 16775: 15419: 15277: 8733: 8713: 8345: 8301: 8199: 7670: 6892: 6647:, a French Partisan who captured 25 Nazis in the Chartres area (August 1944). 6447: 6346: 6233:—who had both supported La Cagoule—founded the Alliance network, and Colonel 5925: 5901: 5761:. Allied strategy emphasized destroying German forces retreating towards the 5664:(CNR), de Gaulle's formal link to the irregulars throughout occupied France. 5533: 4699: 4069: 3646:

into the resistance with his hardline policies and joked to Sauckel that the

3581: 3534: 3050: 2787: 2769: 2740: 2670: 2628: 2508:

as part of the Cadix team breaking German codes. In the summer of 1940, many

2147: 2046: 1817: 1802: 1797: 1001: 843: 617: 535: 484: 213: 15871:

Le réarmement et la réorganisation de l'armée de terre Française (1943–1946)

14910:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

14083: 13617: 13557: 13516: 7080: 6772: 4996:, Macpherson ordered his men to retreat, content to know he had delayed the 4102: 3561:, the term for the scrubland and forests of Corsica. Those who lived in the 3392:

radio operators who could compromise an entire Resistance network. Captured

3325:, to save between 800 and 1,000 Jews. The Jews in France, whether they were 2470:

to Britain via couriers from Marseilles. A member of the group, Frenchwoman

21937: 21882: 21782: 21479: 21193: 20997: 19297: 19202: 18833: 18196: 17960: 17485: 17347: 17310: 17303: 16291: 16247:

by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Published by Dalton Watson Fine Books.

16050: 15285: 14984: 12338: 8637:'s grandfather, Antoine Cogitore, as a Resistance fighter in the maquis of 8445: 8241: 8195: 8187: 8176: 7830:

After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, communists engaged in

7729: 7705: 7654: 7635: 7598: 7441: 7411: 7407: 7354: 7316: 7309: 7161: 7044: 6686: 6669: 6602: 6598: 6523: 6359: 6254: 6188: 6019: 5734: 5592: 5576: 5462: 5132:

released their female hostages (except for one woman who chose to join the

4711: 4628: 4398: 4342: 4304:

than the authorities. By January 1944, a civil war had broken out with the

3717:. Entering the popular vocabulary at more or less the same time, the words 3602:

to produce a quota of slaves for German industry, that the men joining the

3599: 3410: 3405:(Army Resistance Organization), was founded. The ORA was headed by General 3355: 3293: 3150: 3142: 3117: 3041: 2887:(PCF) began fighting German occupation forces in May 1941, i.e. before the 2866:

and would fight on until victory, which made them inspiring figures to the

2822: 2751: 2718: 2569: 2561: 2436: 2390: 2300: 2207: 2143: 2132: 1967: 1963: 1827: 1363: 1192: 801: 712: 303: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 151: 132: 15791:

Atlas de la Libération de la France. Des débarquements aux villes libérées

13297:, Louisiana Public Broadcasting, 10 September 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2011. 12923: 12447:

Kiss, Edit Bán; Munkás, Béla Mészöly; Wittmann, Zsigmond (12 April 2010).

11184: 9006: 5256:

leaders operating out in the countryside and after the news of D-Day, the

5062: 4595:

would be tried for treason if they were not killed first. This caused the

4532: 4159: 3969:

best remembered by veterans was their youthful idealism, with most of the

22032: 21867: 21739: 21670: 21546: 21220: 20832: 20818: 20480: 19156: 18977: 18962: 18316: 17457: 17275: 16680: 16671: 16409: 15006: 14891:

France and the Second World War: Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance

14229: 10889: 8400: 8249: 7543: 7344: 7181: 6992: 6948: 6682: 6566: 6451: 6158: 6134: 5762: 5699: 5657: 5568: 5550: 5311: 5223: 4207:

with were mostly British weapons captured at Dunkirk in 1940, and as the

4045:

had many guns, the casualties were low at first, and by October 1943 the

3049:

group was destroyed when Carré was captured and turned by Abwehr Captain

3024:

dividing its F section in two, with the RF section providing support for

2994: 2933: 2859: 2533: 2359: 2218:

security forces in Germany. Their actions were often brutal and included

1999: 1995: 1991: 1867: 1812: 736: 434: 385: 373: 361: 349: 337: 325: 296: 168: 16366:

History and memory of the European Resistance movements and deportation.

16209: 15720:

A History of Private Life, Volume V, Riddles of Identity in Modern Times

14409:"Shahpur Bakhtiar: assassinated on order of the by Khomeini's Followers" 12717: 12704:"Dimitri Amilakvari | Chemins de Mémoire – Ministère de la Défense" 12169:"Arbeiter Und Soldat/Worker and Soldier – Contents by Issue (1943–1944)" 8482: 7068: 7011:

where, of the 10,000 Spaniards registered, only 2,000 survived the war.

6510:

became one of the leaders of the French Resistance and commander of the

5741:) and Charles de Gaulle sit down after shaking hands in the presence of 5723: 3783: 2688: 1899: 402: 21871: 21788: 21581: 21462: 21357: 20187: 19940: 19919: 18812: 18145: 18073: 16952: 15307:

In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France, 1942–1944

14731: 8701: 8575: 7725: 7579:, had a circulation of 10,000 by June 1941 but was quickly replaced by 7553: 7462: 7358: 7244: 7108: 7055:

From spring 1943, German and Austrian anti-nazis who had fought in the

6829:

In July 1940, after the defeat of the French armies and the consequent

6411: 6351: 6277: 6207: 6150: 6138: 6092: 5990: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5944:

were among others. After the German invasion of the USSR, many Russian

5911:

group Parti Ouvrier Internationaliste printed the clandestine magazine

5908: 5815: 5600: 4799:: a systematic sabotage campaign to destroy the French railroad system. 4676: 3639: 3082: 3053:

on 17 November 1941, as she betrayed everyone. The same month, Colonel

2778: 2573: 2405: 2200:

In early 1943, the Vichy authorities created a paramilitary group, the

2019: 1792: 1709: 1204: 786: 13733: 13731: 8621:(Oceanview Publishing, 2022), and also in films such as the 1964 film 6253:. These groups also included Pierre de Bénouville, who, together with 5443:

the women were rounded by mobs to be insulted, beaten and shaven. One

4779:

observed that the FTP used rough methods to motivate people, writing:

4722:" which led to overwhelming force being brought to bear against them. 3660: 720: 21912: 20450: 19855: 19652: 19463: 19261: 19216: 15921:

Sisters in the Resistance – How Women Fought to Free France 1940–1945

15070:

ecrire ou combattre: des intellectuels prennent les armes (1942–1944)

14438: 8682: 7674: 7149: 7096: 6988: 6399: 6302: 6023: 5847: 5803: 5649: 5434:

were usually shot without the bother of a trial, and at least 10,000

4523: 4515: 4386: 3347: 3314: 3197: 2957:, was assassinated on the streets of Nantes; the military lawyer Dr. 2888: 2747: 2478:(the cat), was later arrested by the Germans and betrayed the group. 2329: 2235: 2223: 2100: 2087:

German military administration in occupied France during World War II

2062:

Resistance contrasted with the collaborationism of the Vichy régime.

2050: 2027: 2023: 1877: 1358: 684: 254: 18737: 16318: 12784:

Biographical Dictionary of Dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1956–1975

8858: 8100: 7168:), the journalists László Kőrös and Imre Gyomrai; the photographers 7064: 6767: 5965: 5239:

fighting in the Haute-Savoie wrote in his diary about the fate of a

4364:, many Resistance leaders had developed their own plans to have the 3679:

to arrest, and managed during the next four months to arrest only 1

3656: 2542: 18721: 18449: 16080:

The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War

15376:. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 15256:. Translated by Barbara Mellor. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. 14950:. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 13728: 8709: 8460:

In 2003, Kimberly Brubaker Bradley first published a book entitled

8105: 7826:

disguised as a woman broke into a German ammunition warehouse, 1943

7758: 7689: 7280: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7120: 7116: 6980: 6814: 6480: 6476: 6225:, which provided information to the British intelligence services. 5688: 5653: 5554: 5458: 5297: 5070: 4949: 4854: 4727: 4660: 4616: 4168: 4014:, learning that the leaflets he had been dropping over France were 3770:

bands was to send in a spy, which was highly dangerous work as the

3193: 3180: 3025: 3017: 2990: 2969: 2942: 2878: 2843: 2687:

established smuggling networks bringing in rationed goods over the

2615:

relied upon ordinary people to volunteer information. According to

2524: 2435:

and provided invaluable support for the resistance. From May 1941,

2404:(Museum of Mankind). This paper was established by two professors, 2292: 1822: 1636: 1631: 15493:

Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991

15226:

The D-Day Experience: From the Invasion to the Liberation of Paris

15031:

Dictionary of the Holocaust: Biography, Geography, and Terminology

7872: 7312:, the Free French or the political unification of the Resistance. 7227: 6043: 5269: 5205: 4805:: to attack and destroy all German ammunition dumps across France. 21917: 21436: 17715: 12660:"Henri Karayan, un engagement pour la liberté et l'universalisme" 8870: 8629: 8140: 7911: 7768: 7350: 7305: 7213: 6574: 6435: 6088: 5411: 5166: 4719: 4680: 4527: 4224: 4155: 4151: 3672: 3473:

Reflecting the growth of the Resistance, on 30 January 1943, the

3296:, president of the National Protestant Federation, denounced the 3146: 3138: 2818: 2624: 2612: 2536:. On 10 September 1940, the military governor of France, General 2219: 2215: 2031: 278: 15564:

Resisters, Rescuers, and Refugees: Historical and Ethical Issues

14948:

When the War Was over: Women, War and Peace in Europe, 1940–1956

14865:

Verdict On Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime

7997:

French resistance fighters in Paris at the Hotel de Ville, 1944.

7819: 6530:

was also commanded by Armenian officers. Armenian-French writer

6161:

were assassinated, while Jean-Baptiste Lebas, Isidore Thivrier,

5252:

The rejection of the "Force C" plan had not reached many of the

4033:

was deployed to the countryside to hunt them down and the first

3926:

remembered his first night out in the forest was typical of the

3741:, providing them with paramilitary training. Frenay remembered: 19331: 17929: 16025:

Fighters in the shadows: a new history of the French resistance

8449: 8281: 7527:

encouraged railroad workers to sabotage German transportation.

7515:

advised doctors to immediately approve known collaborators for

7357:

in 1939, Moulin was subsequently a part of the Air Ministry of

7035:

Among Czechs and Slovaks who joined the French Resistance were

6391: 6379: 6298: 6187:. Another among the most influential factions of the right was 6091:, left-wing networks of resistance were already formed. As the 6084: 5886: 5855: 5008:

attacks by hanging 99 people selected at random in the town of

4887:. In a press communiqué issued on June 12, 1944, Field Marshal 4668: 4612: 4394: 4276: 4219:, Frenchmen fought Frenchmen with British guns and ammunition. 3871:

any guarantee in this manner*; all correspondence is forbidden.

3713:

was in Ousby's words "Vichy's only instrument for fighting the

3475: 3033: 3028:

groups and the F section dealing with the non-Gaullist groups.

2954: 2768:) landed in France to make contact with the resistance groups ( 2616: 2546: 2431:

to "set Europe ablaze". The F Section of the SOE was headed by

2202: 2160:

The labour shortage was worsened by the large number of French

290: 53: 15450:

The White Rabbit: The Secret Agent the Gestapo Could Not Crack

15146:

Landscapes of Loss: The National Past in Postwar French Cinema

13038: 13036: 12965: 7895:

Defining the precise role of the French Resistance during the

7864: 7646: 5757:

The most celebrated moment in the unit's history involved the

5027:, killing 642 people including 246 women and 207 children. SS 4321:. The men of the Wehrmacht were German conscripts whereas the 3854:

rule was the so-called "24-hour rule", under which a captured

2119:

Identity document of French Resistance fighter Lucien Pélissou

19519: 17672: 15412:

On les nommait des étrangers: les immigrés dans la Résistance

13012:Профессор Ковалев: Коллаборационизм в России в 1941–1945 годы 12517: 9224: 9222: 8085: 7744: 7260: 6771:

A volunteer of the French Resistance interior force (FFI) at

6621:. He led his troops by example and died in combat during the 6526:

were other famous participants in the French Resistance. The

6390:), co-founded the Armée Juive and was killed by the pro-Nazi 5009: 4956:, a journey that was expected to take only 3 days. The "Jed" 4695: 4599:

to engage in increasingly savage torture and killings of the

3737:

The established Resistance groups soon made contact with the

3619:

would not be sent as slaves to Germany would nip the budding

3444:

or United Resistance Movement), whose armed wing was the AS (

2529: 2355:

those Germans and Austrians who fled to France in the 1930s.

14738: 14089: 13891: 13623: 13563: 13527: 12344: 12089: 12077: 11373: 11371: 10740: 10738: 10547: 10545: 10532: 10530: 9318: 9012: 7583:

which attained a circulation of 50,000, and by January 1944

3802:

bands chose apolitical names, such as the names of animals (

3630:

political, driving them straight into the resistance as the

3553:

with its connotations of laziness and called themselves the

2370:

would win and even if it did, it was better to resist. Many

16218:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944

14883:

République Française Capitale Alger, 1940–1944, Souvenirs

14703:

Burdett, Charles; Gorrara, Claire; Peitsch, Helmut (1999).

14217: 14169: 13999: 13951: 13593: 13336: 13300: 13033: 12541: 12297: 11872: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11419: 11417: 8586: 8546: 8542: 8378:

magazine's positive review of the film wrote that director

7788: 7556:

to Marshal Pétain. This was followed by their first tract,

7523:

advised farmers on how to send food to resistance members.

7141: 7128: 7123:

although many of them were killed in the war. Others, like

7112: 6484: 6472: 4953: 4691: 4511: 4494: 4135: 4130: 3664: 3165: 3078: 3065:, whom he called an "experienced brawler", to lead the new 2932:, assassinated the German naval officer Anton Moser in the 2786:, espionage and sabotage. One such SOE operative, American 2445:, one of the first Resistance groups. Frenay recruited for 2383: 2342: 1564: 1226: 838: 14945: 14648:

Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order

14315: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14059: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13396: 13384: 13237:

Kiss, Edit Bán; Munkás, Béla Mészöly; Wittmann, Zsigmond.

13121: 13119: 13117: 13104: 13102: 12929: 12628: 12485: 12483: 12374: 12149: 12065: 11913: 11911: 11898: 11896: 9246: 9219: 9084: 8882: 8426:

was set during the German occupation of Paris and won ten

6336:, never renounced their tolerant attitudes towards Vichy. 5718:

and mauled several other German units as well. During the

5192:

go on a rampage after Henriot's assassination, massacring

4984:

fire on the SS. When a Panther tank came up to engage the

4546:

The spring of 1944 is remembered in France as time of the

4514:

anti-tank grenade launcher while the OSS provided the M3 "

4360:

As the Resistance had not been informed of the details of

4150:. In July 1943, the Royal Air Force attempted to bomb the 4049:

had suffered only ten dead. The SOE made contact with the

3230:

was receiving an average of 1,500 poison pen letters from

2677:

flourished in occupied France with the gangsters from the

2115: 2103:

forces executed more than 200 people, in reprisal for the

16113:

Soldiers of the Night: The Story of the French Resistance

14667:

Un maquis d'antifascistes allemands en France (1942–1944)

13867: 13480: 12848: 12261: 12225: 11830: 11803: 11657: 11599: 11575: 11559:. Fiona Freer, Writer, Historian, Speaker. Archived from 11368: 11108: 11031: 10904: 10869: 10842: 10735: 10655: 10643: 10542: 10527: 10417: 9594: 9035: 9033: 8661: 7466:

The 30 September 1943 issue of the Resistance newspaper,

7270: 7259:

While not part of the French Resistance, French-speaking

7240: 5184:

were able to enter the apartment of the radio newscaster

4792:

The plans for the Resistance in Operation Overlord were:

3137:("Migrant Workforce") representing immigrants called the 2909: 2908:. Tillon later wrote that between June–December 1941 the 2736: 2653:, was compounded by the writers of poison pen letters or 1259:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

16:

French rebel groups that fought the Nazis in World War II

15722:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Belknap Press. 14739:

Christofferson, Thomas; Christofferson, Michael (2006).

14303: 14253: 14205: 14107: 13743: 13680: 13668: 13324: 13218: 13023: 13021: 12597:"ADIC – VI – Les Arméniens dans la Résistance en France" 12553: 12425: 12285: 12273: 11820: 11818: 11793: 11791: 11778: 11776: 11763: 11761: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11707: 11705: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11616: 11614: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11517: 11515: 11500: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11458: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11414: 11402: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11310: 11308: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11264: 11262: 11237: 11235: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11144: 11142: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10921: 10919: 10859: 10857: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10801: 10799: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10725: 10723: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10672: 10670: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10264: 10262: 10175: 9989: 9962: 9797: 9744: 9606: 9570: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9330: 9270: 7007:

concentration camps instead, however. Most were sent to

3762:

down, and instead sent spotter planes to find them. The

3502:

had 29,000 members, of whom 1,000 belonged to the elite

3184:

which meant no French people would be shot in reprisal.

2135:

groups dedicated to both active and passive resistance.

15327:

Occupied France: Collaboration And Resistance 1940–1944

14351: 14339: 14327: 14193: 14181: 14152: 14128: 14095: 14071: 14035: 14023: 13987: 13975: 13963: 13927: 13915: 13855: 13843: 13794: 13755: 13716: 13692: 13641: 13629: 13569: 13545: 13492: 13468: 13456: 13432: 13372: 13360: 13348: 13131: 13114: 13099: 13060: 13048: 12911: 12899: 12889: 12887: 12860: 12824: 12565: 12480: 12468: 12391: 12389: 12326: 12137: 12125: 12101: 12041: 12017: 12005: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11974: 11957:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

11908: 11893: 11881: 11847: 11845: 10405: 10331: 10329: 10316: 10314: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10274: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10217: 10215: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10094: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10008: 10006: 10004: 9979: 9977: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9722: 9720: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9548: 9546: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9195: 9108: 9050: 9048: 8121:

Women accused of collaboration with their heads shaved.

7589:

was distributing 450,000 copies. In the southern zone,

6763:

List of networks and movements of the French Resistance

5382:

France, up from the two it had begun with in May 1941.

4002:

took to theft, with bank robbery and stealing from the

3922:

Ousby stated that the "breathless prose" in which this

18591:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

16220:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 15943:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 15774:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14779:

Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'occupation

14140: 14011: 13704: 13420: 13408: 13194: 12872: 12757:

Long, Ruperto (2017). "Capitolo 2 L'adio di Dimitri".

12413: 12401: 12249: 12237: 11923: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9207: 9171: 9159: 9147: 9137: 9135: 9096: 9060: 9030: 9018: 8994: 8930: 7791:

employees who joined the resistance, a subset were in

6442:), was founded in 1942. It was established and led by 6410:, which legally redefined French Jews as a non-French 5438:

were shot in 1944. The young women who had engaged in

5087:

Summarizing up the Battle of Saint Marcel, Hue wrote:

4811:: to attack and destroy all power lines across France. 3842:

or one band whose leader was a doctor, hence the name

16340:

Rebecca Halbreich, The San Francisco State University

16292:

Secret agents sent to work with the French Resistance

15536:"Psychological Effects of the War on French Children" 14760:

The Second World War, Volume VI – Triumph and Tragedy

14741:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

14724:

Le Groupe "Mario": une page de la Resistance Lorraine

14702: 14553:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

14482:"Secret Army: Why You'll Want to Join the Resistance" 14291: 14235: 13939: 13879: 13605: 13581: 13504: 13312: 13182: 13170: 13158: 13018: 12977: 12935: 12812: 12800: 12350: 12113: 12029: 11815: 11788: 11773: 11758: 11729: 11717: 11702: 11690: 11669: 11638: 11626: 11611: 11587: 11527: 11512: 11475: 11429: 11383: 11347: 11320: 11305: 11286: 11274: 11259: 11247: 11232: 11199: 11154: 11139: 11120: 11091: 11064: 11043: 11010: 10981: 10931: 10916: 10854: 10823: 10811: 10796: 10779: 10767: 10750: 10720: 10701: 10682: 10667: 10626: 10614: 10595: 10578: 10557: 10502: 10477: 10448: 10429: 10382: 10365: 10353: 9234: 8823: 8821: 8806: 5579:

and who rejected the armistice concluded by Maréchal

4266: 4125:. On 21 June 1943, Moulin called a secret meeting in 3399:

On 1 December 1942, a new resistance group, the ORA,

3040:, "turn" him or her to their side, and then send the 1974:

were small groups of armed men and women (called the

1046:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

15471:

France on Film: Reflections on Popular French Cinema

15274:

Resistance. Dagboek van een Parisienne in het verzet

14946:

Duchen, Claire; Bandhauer-Schoffmann, Irene (2000).

14241: 14047: 13533: 12947: 12884: 12836: 12577: 12529: 12386: 12213: 12053: 11986: 11935: 11842: 10341: 10326: 10311: 10286: 10239: 10212: 10187: 10163: 10151: 10118: 10106: 10075: 10056: 10031: 10001: 9974: 9871: 9859: 9832: 9809: 9785: 9768: 9756: 9732: 9717: 9696: 9679: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9582: 9558: 9543: 9518: 9462: 9441: 9414: 9397: 9380: 9363: 9342: 9306: 9294: 9282: 9258: 9183: 9072: 9045: 8918: 8833: 8747:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

8723: 7224:

is an example of Italians in the French Resistance.

5231:

was especially hated by the Resistance and captured

4964:

band of 27 French and Spanish communists taught the

3986:

in the older groups, which were always serious. The

3247:

In the spring of 1942, a committee consisting of SS

3007:– Central Office for Intelligence and Action) under 2107:'s armed resistance. The town was later awarded the 19:"La Résistance" redirects here. For other uses, see 15903:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 14762:(1995 ed.). London: Houghton Mifflin Company. 14570:Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham J., eds. (1998). 14536:. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 13444: 13267: 13078: 12640: 12362: 12309: 12201: 10227: 9501: 9132: 9120: 8973: 8967: 8906: 8894: 7811:and fewer civilian casualties than Allied bombing. 7243:), joined the French Resistance, notably including 6125:Other socialist leaders in the Resistance included 5330:In early August 1944, Hitler ordered Field Marshal 5260:attempted to seize "redoubts", most notably at the 5120:force marched on Saint-Amand-Montrond, causing the 4279:showing the increase in size of the resistance and 4199:leaders. With that, the Germans started to arm the 2619:officer Hermann Tickler, the Germans needed 32 000 2259:It has been suggested that this section should be 16354:is available for free viewing and download at the 16301:Building the French Resistance Movement, 1940–1944 15988:The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis 15941:Republic of Images: A History of French Filmmaking 15847: 15701:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France 15512: 15468: 15369: 15346: 15164: 14991:. United Kingdom: Naval & Military Press Ltd. 14983: 14400: 13767: 12978: 12446: 9937: 8864: 8818: 8561:List of people involved with the French Resistance 8112: 6324:) but later joined the Resistance. The founder of 4623:assassination squad entered the home of the local 3533:to Germany and many were put to work building the 2427:(SOE) was established in Britain with orders from 2366:("absurd refusal") of refusing to accept that the 15850:D-Day: The Greatest Invasion – A People's History 15426: 15372:French Cinema: From Its Beginnings to the Present 13737: 12495: 9901:"'A Woman Of No Importance' Finally Gets Her Due" 6685:movement, specialised in rescuing Allied pilots. 6305:, and Daniel Cordier, whose family had supported 6106:, one of the eight great networks to make up the 5907:During the Nazi occupation of France, the French 5165:under Lécussan to round up the surviving Jews of 4064:was arrested with her fellow SOE agent and lover 3179:, recruited the engineer Henri Garnier living in 3127: 2466:that passed on intelligence from contacts in the 22059: 21619:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France 15748:Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée 15663:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 13072: 8545:personnel killed during the Second World War in 7549:Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires 7436:(CNR) in May 1943. CNR was coordinated with the 6204:"political disturbance" riots of 6 February 1934 5842:(PCF) was declared a proscribed organisation by 3913:recalled his first night out in the wilderness: 3421: 2735:On 31 December 1940, de Gaulle, speaking on the 2730: 1426:Romanian resistance movement during World War II 22046:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left 15718:Prost, Antoine; Vincent, Gérard, eds. (1998) . 14827:French Resistance Fighter: France's Secret Army 12442: 12440: 8754: – German engineer and soldier (1877–1941) 8474:List of French Resistance museums and memorials 7873:Role in the liberation of France and casualties 7234:Polish resistance in France during World War II 7228:Polish resistance in France during World War II 6938: 6920:. Both networks proved vital later in the war. 6528:Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization 4766:were landed in France to make contact with the 4482:État Major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 4091:-National Council of the Resistance). With the 2504:machine in the 1930s continued to work for the 2328:" ("a feeling of rape"). The British historian 16362:European Centre of Deported Resistance Members 16136:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 15534:Mercier, Marie H.; Despert, J. Louise (1943). 15533: 15270:Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War 15028:Epstein, Eric J.; Rosen, Philip, eds. (1997). 13908: 13906: 13236: 13154:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 107. 13149: 12718:"Bir Hakeim, el Vel' d'Hiv* y Emmanuel Macron" 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9090: 8240:, which was written by the communist academic 8179:. This period ended when the aftermath of the 7925:On mainland France itself, in the wake of the 7688:to arrive from Britain landed on the coast of 6428:Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs israélites de France 6267:, who founded the group of resisters known as 5838:and the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the 5212:Having been attacked ... by several groups of 4817:: to attack and destroy phone lines in France. 4325:were French volunteers, thus explains why the 3020:and non-Gaullist resistance groups led to the 2919:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 2846:that "To live defeated is to die every day!"; 2598:publishing journals and underground newspapers 2545:, and Marcel Rossier, a mechanic, was shot in 2311:building was converted into the office of the 1492:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia 21959:Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union 21815:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France 21725: 21236: 17945: 17658: 16392: 16244:The Kellner Affair: Matters of Life and Death 15608:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 15519:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 14569: 14374:(New title ed.). New York: Laurel Leaf. 12615:"Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation" 12523: 12505:. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise 7937:, theoretically unified under the command of 7519:while medically disqualifying everyone else. 7511:Profession-specific newspapers also existed. 7425: 7079:. They were led by militant German communist 6724:Provisional Government of the French Republic 6414:, deprived them of citizenship. According to 6358:. It was intended to discredit a group of 23 4240:at a local war memorial bearing the message " 4105:had been seduced by the French Gestapo agent 2793:A major reason for young Frenchmen to become 1955:) was a collection of groups that fought the 1924: 418: 21742:French Section of the Workers' International 21403:French Section of the Workers' International 15717: 15603: 15427:Marlston, Daniel; Malkasian, Carter (2008). 15027: 14119: 13776:"Combien y a-t-il eu de déportés en France?" 13773: 12547: 12437: 12095: 12083: 11947: 8888: 7398:bands of French Resistance fighters, called 6866:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 6099: 5638: 5632: 5626: 3483:although initially that was only one of the 3004:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 16030: 15845: 15625:Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944 15510: 15124: 15051:France in Focus: Film and National Identity 14989:Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy 14795: 14607: 14065: 13957: 13903: 13838:Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques 13662: 13152:L'Exil des Républicains Espagnols en France 12155: 11851: 10957: 10955: 9935: 9918: 8876: 6825:German military and résistants, July, 1944. 4894:The other major Resistance operations were 4783:The leader of the FTP in the Department of 4756:Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne 4337:"avenged" their losses at the hands of the 3077:in a series of attacks on collaborators in 2790:, established the Heckler network in Lyon. 1254:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan 834:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals 21995:Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left 21732: 21718: 21623:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France 21554:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime 21250: 21243: 21229: 17952: 17938: 17665: 17651: 16399: 16385: 16110: 15561: 15148:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15089:History of the 20th Century – World War II 15048: 14969:. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 14964: 14650:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 14631:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 14529: 14321: 13698: 12854: 12634: 10964:"How a French beauty betrayed Jean Moulin" 9936:Shakespeare, Nicholas (4 September 2015). 8280:(1946 as well), and movements such as the 8244:in 1955 to commemorate the heroism of the 7494:Clandestine press of the French Resistance 6651:Although inequalities persisted under the 6438:resistance organisation, the Jewish Army ( 3705:that was given the task of destroying the 3321:, who brought together an entire commune, 1931: 1917: 1342:Polish resistance movement in World War II 425: 411: 46: 21398:List of French Communist Party congresses 16073:Languages and Intercultural Communication 16033:The Liberation of France: Image and Event 15962:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 15771:Crises of Memory and the Second World War 15739:Unheilvolle Jahre Fur Luxemburg 1940–1945 14987:; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A. E. (2004). 14814: 14757: 14705:European Memories of the Second World War 14574:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 13686: 13674: 13486: 12732:"Legion of the Lost – Prince Amilakhvari" 11178: 11176: 10028:, Tallandier, 2003, pp. 313–314, 402–404. 8942: 8554: 6756: 6006:Learn how and when to remove this message 5710:. The division played a critical role in 5419:enlisted in the French Army, with 75,000 4760:blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone 4037:was killed in April 1943. As neither the 3569:as a more romantic and defiant term than 2904:-French Snipers and Partisans) headed by 1769:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang 432: 123: 21633:Convention for a Progressive Alternative 16319:Video Interviews with Resistance Members 15957: 15938: 15924:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15877: 15788: 15764: 15703:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. 15489: 15447: 15393:Dictionnaire historique de la Résistance 15067: 15034:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. 14664: 14588: 14394: 14357: 14090:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 14041: 14029: 13897: 13761: 13624:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13564:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13551: 13528:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13498: 13390: 13330: 13212: 13137: 13054: 12559: 12419: 12380: 12345:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 12279: 12143: 12131: 12107: 12071: 11960:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 5–6, 17. 10952: 9939:"The truth behind the French Resistance" 9114: 9013:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 9000: 8686:television franchise are members of the 8467: 8116: 8099: 8039:One source often referred to is General 8005:on August 25, 1944, with the support of 7992: 7976: 7876: 7863: 7818: 7739: 7645: 7564:founded a clandestine newsletter called 7461: 7274: 7204:On 3 March 1943, representatives of the 7199: 6820: 6808: 6766: 6689:, the iconic resister and co-founder of 6639: 6573:with Free France legionnaires in French 6565: 6378: 6301:, Henri Frenay evolved towards European 6289:in the French parliament after the war; 6114:. Socialists were also important in the 5809: 5798: 5728: 5558: 5500: 5489: 4883:and those commanding 2,000 men becoming 4389:(codename Tom) began to assemble on the 4270: 4242:Les vainqueurs de demain à ceux de 14–18 4010:discovered the distinctive slang of the 3363:and the brother of the communist leader 2665:As the franc was devalued by 20% to the 2551: 2167: 2114: 2090: 1509:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People 683: 21665:French Committee of National Liberation 16622:French Committee of National Liberation 16328:The Journalism of the French Resistance 16031:Kedward, Harry R.; Wood, Nancy (1995). 16004: 15960:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews 15745: 15698: 15679: 15665:. New York: Columbia University Press. 15641: 15604:Moran, Daniel; Waldron, Arthur (2002). 15511:Mendras, Henri; Cole, Alistair (1991). 15409: 15390: 15367: 15323: 15304: 15283: 15246: 15204: 15185: 15162: 15086: 14965:Eisenhower, General Dwight D. (1997) . 14907: 14776: 14669:. Languedoc: Les Presses du Languedoc. 14610:The Illustrated History of World War II 14369: 14345: 14333: 14223: 14211: 14199: 14187: 14175: 14163: 14134: 14113: 14101: 14077: 14005: 13993: 13981: 13969: 13933: 13921: 13861: 13849: 13807: 13722: 13710: 13650: 13635: 13599: 13575: 13539: 13474: 13438: 13426: 13414: 13378: 13366: 13354: 13342: 13306: 13125: 13108: 13066: 13042: 12905: 12878: 12866: 12830: 12818: 12806: 12781: 12759:La bambina che guardava i treni partire 12583: 12571: 12535: 12489: 12474: 12332: 12303: 12267: 12255: 12243: 12231: 12047: 12023: 12011: 11980: 11953: 11917: 11902: 11887: 11852:deRochemont, Richard (24 August 1942). 10961: 10411: 9252: 9228: 9213: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9102: 9066: 9054: 9039: 9024: 8948: 8936: 8839: 8812: 8789: – Member of the French Resistance 8395:(1975); and Mosco with the documentary 8231: 7929:landings in Normandy in June 1944, the 7841:'s shooting of a German officer in the 7451:Comité Français de Libération Nationale 7440:under the authority of French Generals 7071:alongside the French Resistance in the 5765:, but when the French Resistance under 3905:, it is not your duty to die uselessly. 2928:On 21 August 1941, a French Communist, 2393:who had initially sympathized with the 1159:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance 859:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias 68:June 1940 – October 1944 22060: 21819:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party 21540:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais 21418:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France 19799: 19777:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 16215: 16206:French Politics, Culture & Society 16129: 16096: 16049: 15868: 15826: 15660: 15466: 15253:Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France 15223: 15143: 15125:Godin, Emmanuel; Chafer, Tony (2004). 15105: 14926: 14888: 14862: 14823: 14743:. New York: Fordham University Press. 14726:. Metz: Imprimerie Louis Hellenbrand. 14721: 14683: 14550: 14372:For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy 14309: 14297: 14259: 14146: 14125:Quoted in Kedward, Wood (1995), p. 218 14017: 13885: 13749: 13587: 13402: 13318: 13273: 13200: 12930:Duchen & Bandhauer-Schoffmann 2000 12503:"Jewish Resistance Groups and Leaders" 12407: 12291: 12035: 11929: 11752: 11620: 11538: 11521: 11506: 11494: 11469: 11452: 11423: 11408: 11396: 11341: 11253: 11241: 11226: 11214: 11173: 11102: 11085: 11004: 10946: 10925: 10910: 10863: 10817: 10761: 10521: 10496: 10471: 10305: 10280: 10268: 10233: 10221: 10206: 10145: 10133: 10100: 10088: 10069: 10050: 9886: 9865: 9690: 9673: 9661: 9512: 9495: 9456: 9435: 9391: 9240: 9201: 9141: 8924: 8912: 8900: 8765: – 1943 French song by Anna Marly 8700:, wrote the original French lyrics of 8462:For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy 8340:(Army of Shadows) by French filmmaker 8160: 8071:who served in SHEAF wrote in his book 7857:, and the most famous of them was the 7657:reporting on the situation during the 7475: 7271:Beginnings of a coordinated resistance 6712:. After the liberation of France, the 6617:and was also posthumously awarded the 6098:There was a majority from the SFIO in 5544: 4879:; those commanding 1,000 men becoming 4562:fought one another without mercy. The 3258:, and general secretary of the police 3254:, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs 2862:that France would never submit to the 1483:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National 21977:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party 21713: 21393:History of the French Communist Party 21224: 20648:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20080:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 19726:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 19682:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 18787:Rape during the occupation of Germany 17933: 17646: 16938:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 16585:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 16380: 16278:Jean Moulin and the French Resistance 16077: 15917: 15896: 15880:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France 15622: 15584: 15496:. London: Hodder Arnold Publication. 15349:The Government and Politics of France 15344: 15049:Ezra, Elizabeth; Harris, Sue (2000). 14800:. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Dartmouth. 14645: 14626: 14612:. London: Brown Packaging Books Ltd. 14555:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14510: 14406: 14247: 14053: 13945: 13873: 13611: 13510: 13462: 13450: 13188: 13176: 13164: 13027: 12953: 12941: 12917: 12893: 12842: 12395: 12368: 12356: 12219: 12207: 12119: 12059: 11999: 11941: 11836: 11824: 11809: 11797: 11782: 11767: 11723: 11711: 11696: 11684: 11663: 11651: 11632: 11605: 11593: 11581: 11550: 11377: 11362: 11314: 11299: 11280: 11268: 11182: 11167: 11148: 11133: 11114: 11058: 11037: 11025: 10887: 10875: 10848: 10836: 10805: 10790: 10773: 10744: 10729: 10714: 10695: 10676: 10661: 10649: 10637: 10620: 10608: 10589: 10572: 10551: 10536: 10442: 10423: 10399: 10376: 10359: 10347: 10335: 10320: 10181: 10169: 10157: 10112: 10012: 9995: 9983: 9968: 9853: 9826: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9711: 9636: 9624: 9612: 9600: 9588: 9576: 9564: 9552: 9537: 9408: 9374: 9357: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9288: 9276: 9264: 9126: 9078: 8827: 7389: 7030: 6490:In the southern occupation zone, the 6176: 5292:, which severed the link between the 4074:Odette: The Story of a British Agent. 3402:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 2481:The French intelligence service, the 1497:Anti-Fascist Council for the National 1264:Japanese People's Emancipation League 1166:National Committee for a Free Germany 406: 19770:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 18802:Rape during the liberation of France 16601:Departmental Committee of Liberation 15985: 15900:Irene Nemirovsky: Her Life And Works 15807: 15741:. Chicago: Luxembourg Éd. du Rappel. 15736: 15190:. London & New York: Routledge. 15171:. London & New York: Routledge. 15005: 14459: 13246:Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest) 13224: 12999:participating institution membership 12756: 12646: 12454:Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest) 12431: 12319:, Fayard, 2006, and Henry Rousso in 12179: 9950:from the original on 11 January 2022 8680:, and a number of characters in the 8570:, the philosopher and mathematician 8477: 7957:(red) for German ammunition depots, 7918:to liberate the island from General 7814: 7487: 7050: 7021:Agrupación de Guerrilleros Españoles 7015:group first worked closely with the 7001:Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers 6737:spoke of "French resistance" in his 6597:and later African campaigns against 5988:adding citations to reliable sources 5959: 5405:-French Forces of September) or the 5012:from all the lampposts in the town. 3350:men watching a football game at the 2902:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Français 2245: 21999:Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs 21638:Pole of Communist Revival in France 15684:. US: University Press of Florida. 15646:. University Press of the Pacific. 15430:Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare 14796:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 14236:Burdett, Gorrara & Peitsch 1999 9898: 8758:Breton nationalism and World War II 8043:'s comment in his military memoir, 8025:, took place, and fighting ensued. 7965:(black) for German fuel depots and 7961:(yellow) for German command posts, 7949:(blue) for power installations and 6813:German military and résistants, in 5637:", some carrying two fishing rods ( 3594:(Old Fighter), and like many other 3549:guerrillas. They rejected the term 3464:Comité de Coordination de Zone Nord 2572:" by being placed in the hands of " 2556:Antisemitic laws proclaimed in 1940 2317:DEUTSCHLAND SIEGT AN ALLEN FRONTEN! 1990:soldiers and airmen trapped behind 1183:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization 1154:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 777:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 13: 21628:Workers' Communist Party of France 21453:National Council of the Resistance 21428:National Front (French Resistance) 19996:German invasion of the Netherlands 18276:Weather events during World War II 16659: 16629:National Council of the Resistance 16255:History of France – The Resistance 15978: 14665:Brès, Evelyne; Brès, Yvan (2007). 14608:Booth, Owen; Walton, John (1998). 14460:Fays, Frédérique (22 March 2011). 13239:"Art in Exile: Belated Homecoming" 13150:Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (1999). 12601:www.globalarmenianheritage-adic.fr 8772: – Women's movement in France 8600: 7933:and the communist fighting groups 7914:Resistance joined forces with the 7254: 7091:in which his soldiers destroyed a 6931:Another BCRA appendage was called 6898:Another important BCRA operative, 6458:(daughter of the Russian composer 6108:National Council of the Resistance 6069:commissaire national à l'Intérieur 6018:At the end of the summer of 1940, 4835:: to sabotage the roads of France. 4267:1944: The height of the Resistance 4093:National Council of the Resistance 2873:On 22 June 1941, Germany launched 2076: 1756:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice 1024:People's Liberation Insurgent Army 14: 22099: 20627:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 17581:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération 17558:Mémorial de la France combattante 16636:Provisional Consultative Assembly 16236: 16158: 16154:(Harvard University Press, 2016). 16100:The French Writers' War 1940–1953 15627:. New York: Cooper Square Press. 15433:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 15287:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 14407:Saxon, Wolfgang (9 August 1991). 10026:Télégrammes chiffrés du Komintern 8782:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network 8745: – French military personnel 8352:. A 1995 television screening of 7433:Conseil National de la Résistance 6983:, such refugees were confined in 6964: 4823:: to attack German command posts. 4333:so much. On 10 January 1944, the 4088:Conseil National de la Résistance 3879:Another pamphlet written for the 2041:on 6 June 1944. Members provided 1575:Anti-fascist research group Kafka 21519:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne 21187: 17959: 17023:Organisation civile et militaire 16408: 16297:Northwest Historical Association 16284: (archived October 27, 2009) 16057:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 15918:Weitz, Margaret Collins (1995). 15272:, Bloomsbury, US, 2008; Dutch: 14881:Danan, Professeur Yves Maxime, 14686:Top Secret Tales of World War II 14474: 14453: 14426: 14363: 14265: 13813: 13279: 13230: 13143: 13005: 12971: 12959: 12775: 12750: 12724: 12710: 12696: 12670: 12652: 12607: 12589: 12161: 11878:Quoted in Jackson (2003), p. 403 11551:Freer, Fiona (1 February 2016). 11544: 10962:Coleman, Julian (13 June 1999). 10881: 8865:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 8726: 8534: 8518: 8481: 8220:became critical of the official 7102: 7085:Reichstag in the Weimar Republic 6925:Mouvements Unis de la Résistance 6798: 6716:appointed no women ministers or 6710:eight major Resistance movements 6386:, (daughter of Russian composer 6339: 6116:organisation civile et militaire 6087:to represent the socialists. In 6046:. The same thing was created by 5964: 5681:Free French 2nd Armored Division 5528:, a professor of history at the 5034:, the commanding officer of the 4875:; those commanding 300 becoming 4871:; those commanding 100 becoming 4788:did operate against the Germans. 4607:struck back in kind against the 4448:Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 3957:soon started calling themselves 2945:sympathies. On 20 October 1941, 2710:Organisation civile et militaire 2643:J'irai le dire à la Kommandantur 2633:J'irai le dire à la Kommandantur 2268:History of the French Resistance 2250: 2045:on German defences known as the 1898: 1856:Anti-Germans (political current) 719: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 324: 302: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 206: 193: 167: 144: 125: 22088:Resistance against Nazi Germany 15309:. US: Oxford University Press. 15290:. US: Oxford University Press. 15110:. US: Oxford University Press. 14867:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 14503: 10018: 9892: 8694:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 8605:The Resistance features in the 8205:After the war, the influential 7641: 7634:("The Silence of the Sea"), by 7327:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 6900:Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves 6839:Free French government-in-exile 6538:on July 24, 1944, taken to the 6173:died during their deportation. 5975:needs additional citations for 5928:and the writer and philosopher 5518:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 5235:could expect little mercy. One 5023:division destroyed the town of 4829:: to attack German fuel depots. 4698:, 86 people were killed in the 4583:hit squads pretended to be the 4575:hit squads pretended to be the 4438:killed on the Glières plateau. 3104:decree, about 75,000 for being 2635:" in the underground newspaper 2560:Starting in the summer of 1940 696:as the symbol of the Resistance 21972:Internationalist Workers Party 21898:National Council of Resistance 21526:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest 20874:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 18584:Territorial changes of Germany 18492:Indonesian National Revolution 17674:Resistance during World War II 16344:Women in the French Resistance 16055:The French Resistance, 1940–44 15642:Paddock, Alfred H. Jr (2002). 15091:. Abington: Andromeda Oxford. 14931:. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse. 14758:Churchill, Winston S. (1953). 14530:Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000). 13827:'La justice du Peuple en 1944' 10888:Cowan, Cliff (December 1986). 8853:Surviving Hitler and Mussolini 8845: 7517:Service du travail obligatoire 7416:Service du travail obligatoire 7089:Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française 6997:Service du Travail Obligatoire 6975:Following their defeat in the 6955: 6743:White Movement Russian émigrés 6729: 6636:Women in the French Resistance 5662:National Council of Resistance 5497:prisoners in France, July 1944 5403:Forces Françaises de Septembre 4948:taking 18 days to travel from 4726:, the chief of the FFI in the 3517:Service du Travail Obligatoire 3128:1942: The struggle intensifies 2154:Service du Travail Obligatoire 2129:second French-German armistice 1978:in rural areas) who conducted 1537:Post–World War II anti-fascism 922:Resistance during World War II 40:Resistance during World War II 21:La Résistance (disambiguation) 1: 21833:Socialist Revolutionary Party 20274:Japanese invasion of Thailand 20225:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 19989:German invasion of Luxembourg 18370:Mediterranean and Middle East 17566:Museum of National Resistance 16850:French Forces of the Interior 16181:Contemporary European History 16082:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 15831:. London: Osprey Publishing. 14833:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 13738:Marlston & Malkasian 2008 8794: 8617:(Endeavour Press, 2016), and 8397:Des terroristes à la retraite 8224:, using expressions such as " 8133:French Provisional Government 8034:General de Lattre de Tassigny 7457: 7420:forced labor for Nazi Germany 7134: 7095:unit, or in an ambush of the 6908:, one of the founders of the 6719:commissaires de la République 6679:Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac 5955: 5806:prisoner in France, July 1944 5794: 5677:French Forces of the Interior 5614:to fight in company with the 5364:started to fly over schools, 5243:taken prisoner in July 1944: 4918:band which he operated with: 3998:. To support themselves, the 3675:had been given a list of 853 3479:was created to hunt down the 3441:Mouvements Unis de Résistance 3422:1943: A mass movement emerges 2817:on traditional holidays like 2731:1941: Armed resistance begins 2631:published an article titled " 2462:group led by a Polish émigré 2206:(militia), officially led by 2095:The cemetery and memorial in 2067:French Forces of the Interior 1775:Red and anarchist black metal 1332:Norwegian resistance movement 1276:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 1244:National Liberation Committee 1014:Bulgarian resistance movement 792:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 181:French Forces of the Interior 102:German withdrawal from France 22083:Special Operations Executive 21903:Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress 20181:Invasion of the Soviet Union 19870:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 19188:Independent State of Croatia 15587:Resistance in Western Europe 15562:Michalczyk, John J. (1997). 15475:. London: Wallflower Press. 15452:. London: Cassell & Co. 15209:. New York: Berghahn Books. 15129:. New York: Berghahn Books. 14885:, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2019. 14707:. New York: Berghahn Books. 14434:"15 Lads de Romain Cogitore" 12317:La Résistance sans De Gaulle 8799: 8344:in 1969, a film inspired by 7922:'s remaining German forces. 7780:Special Operations Executive 7371:National Liberation Movement 6939:Foreigners in the Resistance 6561: 6558:by the president of France. 6501: 6492:Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants 6469:Organisation Juive de Combat 5108:seized the town and took 13 4472:. On 23 March 1944, General 3965:. The aspect of life in the 3110:Office of Strategic Services 2425:Special Operations Executive 2099:where, in July 1944, German 2059:Allies' invasion of Provence 1478:Yugoslav resistance movement 1468:Moldovan resistance movement 935:National Liberation Movement 894:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion 7: 21987:Union of the Socialist Left 21433:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 21423:Union of Communist Students 21165:End of World War II in Asia 21005:Western invasion of Germany 20512:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 20489:Second Battle of El Alamein 20059:Hundred Regiments Offensive 20031:Battle of the Mediterranean 19884:Italian invasion of Albania 18058:Air warfare of World War II 17630:Righteous Among the Nations 17078:Union des femmes françaises 16833:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 16315:European Resistance Archive 16035:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 16005:Gassend, Jean-Loup (2014). 15829:The French Army 1939–45 (2) 15789:Simonnet, Stéphane (2004). 15682:Bernard Shaw and the French 15680:Pharand, Michel W. (2001). 15589:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 15490:McMillan, James F. (1998). 15330:. London: Wiley-Blackwell. 15068:Federini, Fabienne (2006). 15053:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 14798:Vichy: An Ever-Present Past 14777:Cointet, Jean-Paul (2000). 14684:Breuer, William B. (2000). 12189:. Marxists Internet Archive 11183:Cerri, Alain (March 1996). 8719: 8238:"Strophes pour se souvenir" 8011:French 2nd Armored Division 7906:Following the surrender of 7855:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7735: 7706:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7525:Bulletin des Chemins de Fer 7160:rabbi) at Lyon; the writer 7073:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7019:(FTP), it re-formed as the 7017:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 6623:Second Battle of El Alamein 6350:(red placard) was a famous 5894:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 5873:On 21 August 1941, Colonel 5776:French 2nd Armored Division 5485: 5286:Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte 5200:were publicity shot by the 4867:commanding 30 men becoming 4752:l'heure des combats viendra 3256:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 2832:Les Petites Ailes de France 1762:This machine kills fascists 1622:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust 1320:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 1239:Italian resistance movement 1149:German resistance to Nazism 1110:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 962:Latvian resistance movement 827:Concentrazione Antifascista 812:1922 Italian general strike 752:Republikanischer Schutzbund 10: 22104: 21982:Democratic Socialist Party 21963:Socialist Republican Union 21604:Workers and Peasants Party 21091:Naval bombardment of Japan 20459:First Battle of El Alamein 20378:Battle of Christmas Island 20323:Japanese invasion of Burma 20087:Italian invasion of Greece 20003:German invasion of Belgium 19975:German invasion of Denmark 19948:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 19817:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 18081:Comparative military ranks 17704:June Uprising in Lithuania 17070:Housewives' demonstrations 16111:Schoenbrun, David (1980). 16027:(Faber & Faber, 2015). 15878:Weisberg, Richard (1997). 15324:Kedward, Harry R. (1991). 15305:Kedward, Harry R. (1993). 14513:The Rough Guide to Corsica 13912:Conan, Rousso (1998), p. 9 12782:Nijhoff, Martinus (1982). 12761:. Newton Compton Editori. 9091:Mercier & Despert 1943 8752:Assassination of Karl Hotz 8644:In television, the series 8558: 8471: 8209:(PCF) projected itself as 7888: 7491: 7426:Jean Moulin's intercession 7231: 6968: 6802: 6760: 6722:. However, as head of the 6633: 6425:The Jewish youth movement 6206:. At about the same time, 6073:Free French (France libre) 6040:Comité d'action socialiste 5660:under the auspices of the 5548: 5077:he was using as his base: 5004:division took revenge for 4552:la guerre franco-française 4408:Groupes Mobiles de Réserve 3655:of the departments of the 3336:As in World War I and the 2313:Kommandant von Gross-Paris 2265:into a new article titled 2241: 2195:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 2080: 1555:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander 1068:Danish resistance movement 1051:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 18: 22012: 21946: 21825:Socialist Party of France 21798: 21749: 21686: 21651: 21599:Socialist-Communist Union 21591: 21503: 21443:Union of Russian Patriots 21385: 21260: 21180: 21012:Bratislava–Brno offensive 20952: 20943:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 20680: 20567:Allied invasion of Sicily 20521: 20427:Aleutian Islands campaign 20399:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 20346: 20337:Greek famine of 1941–1944 20232:Second Battle of Changsha 20137:German invasion of Greece 20105: 19982:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 19957: 19895: 19790: 19671: 19397: 19307: 19155: 18858: 18849: 18607: 18432: 18324:North and Central Pacific 18285: 18047: 18040: 17967: 17746: 17682:Anti-communist resistance 17681: 17598: 17516: 17442: 17357: 17247: 17088: 16793: 16670: 16657: 16615:French National Committee 16572: 16424: 16189:10.1017/S0960777318000619 15846:van der Vat, Dan (2003). 15746:Sémelin, Jacques (2013). 15699:Pollard, Miranda (1998). 15448:Marshall, Bruce (2001) . 15230:Andrews McMeel Publishing 15011:Seven songs about Armenia 14815:Cookridge, E. H. (1966). 14629:Spain During World War II 13293:11 September 2016 at the 13079:Order of the Liberation. 12986:Oxford English Dictionary 12524:Berenbaum & Peck 1998 11187:. La bataille des Glières 10892:. La bataille des Glières 8974:Order of the Liberation. 8706:La Complainte du partisan 8226:le mythe de la Résistance 8095: 7750:dropping supplies to the 7724:, were located by German 7376: 7083:, a former member of the 6833:, British prime minister 6739:broadcast on 18 June 1940 6408:law on the status of Jews 6100: 5950:Union of Russian Patriots 5834:After the signing of the 5563:The French flag with the 5508:prisoners in France, 1940 5440:collaboration horizontale 4863:Army officers with those 4663:region, styled himself a 4255:Comité Militaire d'Action 4123:Dachau concentration camp 3974:stand out in accounts by 3573:. By June 1943, the term 3529:years labour in Germany. 3514:On 16 February 1943, the 2999:French National Committee 2949:Karl Friedrich Hotz, the 2884:Parti Communiste Français 2800:collaboration horizontale 2566:law on the status of Jews 1036:Anti-Fascist Organisation 987:Belgian National Movement 659:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 443: 224: 112: 60: 45: 37: 32: 21643:Movement of Progressives 21533:Le Travailleur du Loiret 20604:Allied invasion of Italy 20581:Solomon Islands campaign 20330:Third Battle of Changsha 19927:First Battle of Changsha 19833:Second Sino-Japanese War 18773:German military brothels 18639:United States war crimes 17493:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 17426:Liberation of Strasbourg 16841:FTP–Foreign Labour Force 16760:Companions of Liberation 16753:1st Free French Division 16351:School for Danger (1943) 16130:Sweets, John F. (1976). 16115:. New American Library. 16009:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 15958:Zuccotti, Susan (1999). 15897:Weiss, Jonathan (2006). 15854:. New York: Bloomsbury. 15410:Laroche, Gaston (1965). 15391:Laffont, Robert (2006). 15284:Jackson, Julian (2003). 15224:Holmes, Richard (2004). 15205:Herbert, Ulrich (2000). 15186:Hayward, Susan (2005) . 15072:. Paris: La DeCouverte. 14863:Curtis, Michael (2002). 14819:. London: Arthur Barker. 14646:Bowen, Wayne H. (2000). 14627:Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). 14593:. Paris: Nouvelle Cite. 14589:Besanger, Serge (2020). 14515:. London: Rough Guides. 14370:results, search (2005). 14273:"Truth and Consequences" 12548:Epstein & Rosen 1997 12096:Prost & Vincent 1998 12084:Prost & Vincent 1998 11954:Jackson, Julian (2018). 11854:"The French Underground" 8889:Moran & Waldron 2002 8641:when he was a teenager. 8595:Iranian Islamic Republic 8364:civil unrest of May 1968 7698:Georges Loustaunau-Lacau 7684:The first agents of the 6943: 6702:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6629: 6540:Nazi concentration camps 6496:Children's Relief Effort 6283:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6231:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6227:Georges Loustaunau-Lacau 5889:was shot on 20 October. 4972:ambushed the men of the 4401:. By February 1944, the 4162:contacted industrialist 3697:Groupe mobile de réserve 3141:under the leadership of 3093:On 7 December 1941, the 3069:paramilitary arm of the 2777:(which sounded like the 2578:Accès interdit aux Juifs 1499:Liberation of Yugoslavia 1441:Slovak National Uprising 1346:Polish Underground State 767:Antifaschistische Aktion 56:and resisters, July 1944 21991:Unified Socialist Party 21908:Revolutionary socialism 21609:Proletarian Unity Party 21468:Institut Maurice Thorez 21026:Second Guangxi campaign 20881:Philippines (1944–1945) 20385:Battle of the Coral Sea 20288:Fall of the Philippines 19934:Battle of South Guangxi 19840:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 19246:Italian Social Republic 17747:Anti-fascist resistance 16333:3 December 2007 at the 16306:Order of the Liberation 16097:Sapiro, Gisèle (2014). 16078:Porch, Douglas (1995). 15939:Williams, Alan (1992). 15661:Paxton, Robert (1972). 15163:Hayward, Susan (1993). 15106:Gildea, Robert (2002). 15087:Furtado, Peter (1992). 14908:Diamond, Hanna (1999). 14551:Beevor, Antony (2006). 14066:Godin & Chafer 2004 13958:Mendras & Cole 1991 13287:LPB – Mon Cher Camarade 12991:Oxford University Press 12187:"Glossary. Periodicals" 12156:Godin & Chafer 2004 11185:"The Battle of Glières" 9327:, pp. 18, 187–189. 8879:, pp. 18, 187–189. 8877:Booth & Walton 1998 8369:The Sorrow and the Pity 8211:"Le Parti des Fusillés" 7700:and Georges Groussard. 7613:brought out 37 issues, 7546:, then employed at the 7369:but still known as the 7210:Italian Socialist Party 7206:Italian Communist Party 6888:Confrérie de Notre Dame 6706:Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux 6374: 5836:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5818:, 1943. Left to right: 5268:, the FFI chief in the 4290:Confrérie de Notre Dame 3840:Maquis Henri Bourgogne, 3409:and recognized General 2408:and the Russian émigré 2295:flags hanging over the 1998:, academics, students, 1485:Liberation of Macedonia 992:Front de l'Indépendance 874:Abraham Lincoln Brigade 22073:Anti-fascism in France 21967:National Popular Rally 21954:French Communist Party 21811:French Socialist Party 21765:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 21575:Les Lettres Françaises 21270:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 21253:French Communist Party 20611:Armistice of Cassibile 20413:Battle of Dutch Harbor 20364:Battle of the Java Sea 20267:Attack on Pearl Harbor 20167:Syria–Lebanon campaign 20160:Battle of South Shanxi 20130:Invasion of Yugoslavia 19913:Battle of the Atlantic 19527:Korean Liberation Army 19240:(until September 1943) 19197:(until September 1944) 19175:(until September 1944) 17625:Networks and movements 17589:Free France Foundation 17550:Medal of the Righteous 17433:Provisional Government 17377:French Liberation Army 17283:Empire Defense Council 17262:Brazzaville Conference 17183:Les Lettres Françaises 17138:Les Éditions de Minuit 16716:French Liberation Army 16664: 16608:Empire Defense Council 16216:Rousso, Henry (1991). 15990:. Simon and Schuster. 15986:Cobb, Matthew (2009). 15812:. New York: Schocken. 15368:Lanzone, Rémi (2002). 15345:Knapp, Andrew (2006). 15188:French National Cinema 15167:French National Cinema 15144:Greene, Naomi (1999). 14889:Davies, Peter (2000). 14824:Crowdy, Terry (2007). 14322:Ezra & Harris 2000 12786:. BRILL. p. 499. 12323:n° 2871, 13 July 2006. 8555:Cultural personalities 8385:Franck Cassenti, with 8207:French Communist Party 8122: 8109: 8081: 8056: 7998: 7990: 7945:(green) for railways, 7886: 7869: 7827: 7755: 7748:B-17 Flying Fortresses 7667:coastal fortifications 7662: 7626:Les Éditions de Minuit 7571:In the northern zone, 7482:Charbonnages de France 7472: 7284: 7265:United States military 7249:Aleksander Kawałkowski 7057:International Brigades 6878:Ordre de la Libération 6876:, who was awarded the 6855:Colonel André Dewavrin 6831:armistice with Germany 6826: 6818: 6776: 6757:Networks and movements 6714:provisional government 6666: 6648: 6578: 6395: 6334:Jacques Le Roy Ladurie 5864:clandestine operations 5840:French Communist Party 5831: 5807: 5754: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5607:Appeal of 18 June 1940 5571: 5539:underground newspapers 5509: 5498: 5250: 5219: 5204:in the town square of 5136:) in exchange for the 5094: 5084: 4960:who was attached to a 4929: 4860:insurrection nationale 4790: 4736:Maquis du Mont Mouchet 4480:at a section known as 4284: 4264: 4083: 4068:by the Abwehr Captain 3920: 3907: 3877: 3756: 3438:—to unite as the MUR ( 3369:French national anthem 3319:André and Magda Trocmé 3245: 3224: 3215:Janet Teissier du Cros 3135:Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée 2959:Hans Gottfried Reimers 2557: 2348: 2186: 2120: 2112: 2109:Ordre de la Libération 1984:underground newspapers 1952: 1295:Jewish Labor Committee 869:International Brigades 797:Roter Frontkämpferbund 697: 447:Africa and Middle East 21829:French Workers' Party 21568:Le Prolétaire normand 20775:Second Battle of Guam 20671:Bengal famine of 1943 20641:Second Battle of Kiev 20597:Battle of the Dnieper 20302:Battle of Wake Island 20174:East African campaign 20116:Battle of South Henan 19761:atrocities by Germans 19534:Korean Volunteer Army 18515:Occupation of Germany 18269:Music in World War II 17573:Museums and memorials 17269:Brazzaville manifesto 16910:Ceux de la Résistance 16901:Ceux de la Libération 16663: 16269:The French Resistance 16265:Spartacus Educational 16183:28.1 (2019): 96–106. 16152:The French Resistance 15882:. London: Routledge. 15737:Rath, Aloyse (2009). 15467:Mazdon, Lucy (2001). 15353:. London: Routledge. 14927:Duarte, Jack (2005). 14893:. London: Routledge. 14781:. Paris: Tallandier. 14722:Burger, Léon (1965). 14511:Abram, David (2003). 8976:"Vassieux-en-Vercors" 8777:Shelburne Escape Line 8472:Further information: 8468:Museums and memorials 8441:Un héros très discret 8413:Au revoir les enfants 8391:(1976); Gilson, with 8318:. In this manner, in 8293:La Traversée de Paris 8278:Les Portes de la nuit 8120: 8113:Épurations ("purges") 8103: 8077: 8051: 7996: 7983:2nd Armoured Division 7980: 7880: 7867: 7839:Pierre-Georges Fabien 7822: 7743: 7649: 7465: 7387:French pronunciation: 7278: 7200:Italian anti-fascists 7170:Andor (André) Steiner 6853:invasion of Britain. 6849:, the expected cross- 6824: 6812: 6803:Further information: 6770: 6661: 6643: 6634:Further information: 6569: 6467:combined to form the 6382: 6326:Ceux de la Libération 6219:François de La Rocque 6157:. François Camel and 6030:(in ruins because of 5875:Pierre-Georges Fabien 5813: 5802: 5780:Dietrich von Choltitz 5753:, on 14 January 1943. 5751:Casablanca Conference 5733:Free French Generals 5732: 5562: 5549:Further information: 5504: 5493: 5352:urged patience while 5350:Jacques Chaban-Delmas 5341:Dietrich von Choltitz 5245: 5210: 5096:All over France, the 5089: 5079: 4920: 4781: 4274: 4259: 4078: 4004:Chantiers de Jeunesse 3915: 3885: 3864: 3743: 3460:Ceux de la Libération 3456:Ceux de la Résistance 3323:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 3240: 3219: 2915:Manuel du Légionnaire 2555: 2334: 2191:collective punishment 2171: 2118: 2094: 2081:Further information: 2043:military intelligence 1966:in France during the 1883:Libertarian socialism 1731:Grândola, Vila Morena 1652:Unite Against Fascism 1612:Antifascistisk Aktion 1585:Armed Forces Movement 1388:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne 1383:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz 1305:Luxembourg resistance 967:Lithuanian resistance 687: 629:Indian Ocean and Asia 21933:Democratic socialism 21844:Second International 21687:Parliamentary groups 21614:French Popular Party 21061:Surrender of Germany 20539:Battle of West Hubei 20496:Guadalcanal campaign 20466:Battle of Stalingrad 20392:Battle of Madagascar 19166:Albania protectorate 18953:(formerly Swaziland) 18662:Wehrmacht war crimes 18478:Expulsion of Germans 18262:Art and World War II 18160:British contribution 18109:Governments in exile 17699:Lithuanian partisans 17412:Liberation of France 17129:Défense de la France 16999:Confrérie Notre-Dame 16373:by Jean-Loup Gassend 16310:Chronology 1940–1945 16288:SOE Agents in France 16251:Encarta Encyclopedia 16197:16.2 (2018): e12440 16166:History & Memory 16150:Wieviorka, Olivier. 15827:Sumner, Ian (1998). 15793:. Paris: Autrement. 15623:Ousby, Ian (2000) . 15127:The French Exception 13213:Brès & Brès 2007 9603:, pp. 179, 181. 8619:Landscape of Shadows 8342:Jean-Pierre Melville 8327:La Grande Vadrouille 8284:were rarely evoked. 8232:Literature and films 8041:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7939:General Pierre Kœnig 7901:liberation of France 7891:Liberation of France 7885:, in September 1944. 7764:France Bloch-Sérazin 7631:Le Silence de la Mer 7586:Défense de la France 7558:Vichy fait la guerre 7469:Défense de la France 7448:and their body, the 7414:into Vichy France's 7404:Occupation of France 7294:Défense de la France 6695:Défense de la France 6607:Battle of Bir Hakeim 6446:, Eugénie Polonski, 6322:Révolution Nationale 6251:Confrérie Notre-Dame 6026:to reconstitute the 5984:improve this article 5645:Richard de Rochemont 5102:Saint-Amand-Montrond 4844:. Of all the plans, 3866:Men who come to the 3688:Battle of Stalingrad 3378:Torture of captured 3289:Jules-Géraud Saliège 3281:Pierre-Marie Gerlier 2968:was assassinated in 2875:Operation Barbarossa 2754:condemned the Vichy 2604:Special Organisation 2423:On 19 July 1940 the 2396:Révolution nationale 2326:un sentiment de viol 2232:Charlemagne Division 2039:invasion of Normandy 2006:(including clergy), 1808:Diversity of tactics 1290:during the Holocaust 692:, chosen by General 95:Liberation of France 21878:Matignon Agreements 21364:Marie-George Buffet 21151:Potsdam Declaration 21040:Italy (Spring 1945) 20803:Liberation of Paris 20260:Siege of Sevastopol 19278:(until August 1944) 19181:Wang Jingwei regime 19003:from September 1943 18963:from September 1944 18901:from September 1944 18761:Romanian war crimes 18752:Persecution of Jews 18738:Croatian war crimes 18708:Japanese war crimes 18522:Occupation of Japan 18471:First Indochina War 18183:Military production 18095:Declarations of war 17782:Bohemia and Moravia 17529:Order of Liberation 17479:Charles Delestraint 17419:Liberation of Paris 17228:La Vérité française 17219:Témoignage chrétien 16168:19.1 (2007): 39–67 15869:Vernet, J. (1980). 15808:Suhl, Yuri (1967). 15585:Moore, Bob (2000). 15414:. Paris: Bouquins. 15395:. Paris: Bouquins. 14912:. London: Longman. 14238:, pp. 173–174. 14226:, pp. 604–605. 14178:, pp. 168–169. 14008:, pp. 615–618. 13900:, pp. 272–273. 13876:, pp. 276–277. 13602:, pp. 410–413. 13405:, pp. 131–134. 13345:, pp. 406–407. 13309:, pp. 402–403. 13255:on 25 February 2021 13227:, pp. 375–377. 13045:, pp. 408–410. 12989:(Online ed.). 12434:, pp. 181–183. 12306:, pp. 513–514. 11839:, pp. 300–302. 11812:, pp. 303–304. 11666:, pp. 288–289. 11608:, pp. 272–273. 11584:, pp. 274–275. 11563:on 15 February 2017 11380:, pp. 283–284. 11117:, pp. 282–283. 11040:, pp. 263–264. 10968:The Daily Telegraph 10878:, pp. 261–262. 10851:, pp. 259–260. 10747:, pp. 265–268. 10664:, pp. 264–265. 10652:, pp. 254–255. 10554:, pp. 268–269. 10539:, pp. 267–268. 10426:, pp. 227–228. 10184:, pp. 216–217. 9998:, pp. 222–223. 9971:, pp. 221–222. 9944:The Daily Telegraph 9806:, pp. 207–208. 9753:, pp. 115–116. 9615:, pp. 178–179. 9579:, pp. 182–183. 9339:, pp. 209–210. 9279:, pp. 159–160. 9255:, pp. 568–569. 9231:, pp. 230–231. 8867:, pp. 573–574. 8763:Chant des Partisans 8647:Un village français 8261:La Bataille du rail 8161:Historical analysis 8003:Liberation of Paris 7985:parading after the 7619:Témoignage chrétien 7591:François de Menthon 7575:, the newspaper of 7538:In September 1940, 7513:Le Médecin Français 7476:Economic resistance 7337:François de Menthon 6841:(headed by General 6615:Norwegian War Cross 6611:Order of Liberation 6593:into battle in the 6587:Dimitri Amilakhvari 6571:Dimitri Amilakhvari 6420:concentration camps 6291:François Mitterrand 6048:Jean-Baptiste Lebas 5914:Arbeiter und Soldat 5879:Barbès-Rochechouart 5822:, Auguste Lecoeur, 5759:liberation of Paris 5720:battle for Normandy 5716:9th Panzer Division 5583:rallied to General 5545:Gaullist resistance 5272:region ordered all 5144:taken hostage, the 5054:all across France. 4912:Special Air Service 4885:lieutenant-colonels 4704:villages martyrisés 4619:, in April 1944, a 4187:, the chief of the 3669:Pyrénées-Orientales 3452:Charles Delestraint 3338:Franco-Prussian War 3306:l'Amitié Chrétienne 3226:By 1942, the Paris 2938:Otto von Stülpnagel 2827:Aux armes, citoyens 2746:In March 1941, the 2538:Otto von Stülpnagel 2414:François de Menthon 2097:Vassieux-en-Vercors 1905:Politics portal 1787:Tactics and methods 1744:Rock Against Racism 1738:Nazi Punks Fuck Off 1717:First they came ... 1642:Anti-Fascist Action 1371:Bataliony Chłopskie 957:Estonian resistance 947:Austrian resistance 930:Albanian resistance 884:Dabrowski Battalion 864:Confederal militias 747:Arbeiter-Schutzbund 295: • 267:Geheime Feldpolizei 21144:Surrender of Japan 20977:Battle of Iwo Jima 20826:Belgrade offensive 20239:Siege of Leningrad 20123:Battle of Shanggao 20052:British Somaliland 20017:Dunkirk evacuation 19968:Norwegian campaign 19906:Invasion of Poland 19733:Japanese prisoners 18701:Italian war crimes 18632:British war crimes 18547:Soviet occupations 18331:South-West Pacific 18218:Allied cooperation 18176:Military equipment 17709:Estonian partisans 17472:Pierre Brossolette 17290:Free French Africa 16784:Free French Africa 16688:Free French Forces 16665: 16208:30.2 (2012): 8–32 15766:Suleiman, Susan R. 15543:French Authorities 15013:. Firebird Pubns. 14467:Le Dauphiné libéré 14413:The New York Times 13832:2007-04-23 at the 13774:Marsura, Evelyne. 13087:on 6 November 2007 12684:on 29 October 2013 12666:. 7 November 2011. 10913:, pp. 29, 32. 10890:"Code-name Canada" 8493:. You can help by 8355:L'armée des ombres 8337:L'armée des ombres 8308:Le Passage du Rhin 8289:Claude Autant-Lara 8266:Le Père tranquille 8181:events of May 1968 8137:summary executions 8123: 8110: 8065:Operation Jedburgh 7999: 7991: 7887: 7870: 7828: 7756: 7663: 7659:Battle of Normandy 7473: 7438:Free French forces 7285: 7031:Czechs and Slovaks 6847:Operation Sea Lion 6827: 6819: 6805:Operation Jedburgh 6777: 6649: 6583:Free French Forces 6579: 6460:Alexander Scriabin 6434:A militant Jewish 6396: 6388:Alexander Scriabin 6318:vichysto-résistant 6249:, who founded the 6177:Vichy nationalists 6127:Pierre Brossolette 6052:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 5919:Worker and Soldier 5852:nonaggression pact 5832: 5808: 5755: 5743:Franklin Roosevelt 5572: 5516:Resistance leader 5510: 5499: 5065:who was leading a 5015:The next day, the 4889:Gerd von Rundstedt 4764:Operation Jedburgh 4657:Maquis du Limousin 4548:mentalité terrible 4416:Maquis des Glières 4362:Operation Overlord 4285: 4231:, where about 300 3352:Jean-Bouin Stadium 3313:the effort of the 2797:was resentment of 2724:Simone de Beauvoir 2705:Jacques Bonsergent 2558: 2433:Maurice Buckmaster 2416:founded the group 2299:and on top of the 2210:, but operated by 2187: 2140:German Reichsmarks 2121: 2113: 1873:Left-wing politics 1667:Anti-Racist Action 1519:Yugoslav Partisans 1504:Croatian Partisans 1407:Organizacja Bojowa 982:Belgian Resistance 904:Thälmann Battalion 817:Aventine Secession 698: 22068:French Resistance 22055: 22054: 21888:French Resistance 21751:General Secretary 21707: 21706: 21694:National Assembly 21448:French Resistance 21262:General Secretary 21218: 21217: 21176: 21175: 21019:Battle of Okinawa 20918:Burma (1944–1945) 20752:Mariana and Palau 20532:Tunisian campaign 20357:Fall of Singapore 20281:Fall of Hong Kong 20024:Battle of Britain 19877:Operation Himmler 19786: 19785: 19450:Dutch East Indies 19093:Southern Rhodesia 18845: 18844: 18745:Genocide of Serbs 18648:German war crimes 18625:Soviet war crimes 18618:Allied war crimes 18464:Division of Korea 18443:Chinese Civil War 18241:Strategic bombing 18153:Manhattan Project 17927: 17926: 17694:Latvian partisans 17640: 17639: 17610:French Resistance 17465:Emmanuel d'Astier 17451:Charles de Gaulle 17398:General de Lattre 17370:Kieffer commandos 17192:Libération (nord) 16592:Appeal of 18 June 16418:French Resistance 16227:978-0-674-93539-6 16143:978-0-87580-061-5 16122:978-0-452-00612-6 16089:978-0-374-15853-8 16064:978-0-85315-331-3 16042:978-1-85973-087-4 16016:978-0-7643-4580-7 15997:978-1-84737-123-2 15969:978-0-8032-9914-6 15950:978-0-674-76268-8 15931:978-0-471-19698-3 15910:978-0-8047-5481-1 15889:978-3-7186-5892-3 15861:978-1-58234-314-3 15838:978-1-85532-707-8 15819:978-0-8052-0479-7 15800:978-2-7467-0495-4 15781:978-0-674-02206-5 15757:978-2-35204-235-8 15750:. Paris: Arenes. 15729:978-0-674-39979-2 15710:978-0-226-67349-3 15691:978-0-8130-1828-7 15672:978-0-231-05427-0 15653:978-0-89875-843-6 15634:978-0-7126-6513-1 15615:978-0-521-81432-4 15596:978-1-85973-279-3 15577:978-1-55612-970-4 15526:978-0-521-39108-5 15503:978-0-340-52239-4 15482:978-1-903364-08-6 15459:978-0-304-35697-3 15440:978-1-84603-281-3 15402:978-2-221-09997-1 15383:978-0-8264-1399-4 15360:978-0-415-35732-6 15337:978-0-631-13927-0 15316:978-0-19-820578-4 15297:978-0-19-925457-6 15263:978-0-7475-9597-7 15239:978-0-7407-4509-6 15216:978-1-57181-750-1 15197:978-0-415-30783-3 15178:978-0-415-05729-5 15155:978-0-691-00475-4 15136:978-1-57181-684-9 15117:978-0-19-280131-9 15108:France since 1945 15098:978-0-231-05427-0 15079:978-2-7071-4825-4 15060:978-1-85973-368-4 15041:978-0-313-30355-5 15020:978-0-8285-2343-1 14998:978-1-84574-058-0 14976:978-0-8018-5668-6 14957:978-0-7185-0180-8 14938:978-1-4208-4309-5 14919:978-0-582-29909-2 14900:978-0-415-23896-0 14874:978-1-55970-689-6 14840:978-1-84603-076-5 14807:978-0-87451-795-8 14788:978-2-235-02234-7 14769:978-0-395-07540-1 14750:978-0-8232-2563-7 14714:978-1-57181-936-9 14695:978-0-471-35382-9 14676:978-2-85998-038-2 14657:978-0-8262-1300-6 14638:978-0-8262-1658-8 14619:978-0-7858-1016-2 14600:978-2-37582-108-4 14581:978-0-253-33374-2 14562:978-0-297-84832-5 14543:978-0-8143-2747-0 14522:978-1-84353-047-3 14381:978-0-440-41831-3 14312:, pp. 80–83. 14262:, pp. 69–73. 13752:, pp. 58–59. 13740:, pp. 83–90. 13465:, pp. 74–75. 13393:, pp. 46–48. 13081:"Gilbert Renault" 12997:(Subscription or 12920:, pp. 65–66. 12793:978-90-247-2538-0 12768:978-88-227-0782-6 12383:, pp. 56–58. 12294:, pp. 50–51. 12270:, pp. 77–78. 12234:, pp. 72–74. 12074:, pp. 41–42. 11967:978-0-674-98721-0 11509:, pp. 32–33. 11472:, pp. 51–52. 11426:, pp. 21–22. 11411:, pp. 50–51. 11229:, pp. 40–41. 10283:, pp. 25–26. 10148:, pp. 13–14. 10103:, pp. 10–11. 9676:, pp. 22–23. 9204:, pp. 56–57. 8770:Femmes solidaires 8639:Grande Chartreuse 8511: 8510: 8418:François Truffaut 8350:Operation Dragoon 8321:Is Paris Burning? 8255:This Land is Mine 8167:collective memory 8128:épuration sauvage 8061:Maquis du Vercors 8046:Crusade in Europe 7971:Winston Churchill 7920:Albert Kesselring 7897:German occupation 7832:guerrilla warfare 7824:Georges Guingouin 7815:Guerrilla warfare 7809:collateral damage 7752:Maquis du Vercors 7717:Westland Lysander 7677:deployments. The 7488:Clandestine press 7446:Charles de Gaulle 7418:(STO) to provide 7125:Antoine Diederich 7099:on June 5, 1944. 7061:Spanish Civil War 7051:German anti-nazis 6977:Spanish Civil War 6952:where many died. 6843:Charles de Gaulle 6835:Winston Churchill 6735:Charles de Gaulle 6545:Charles de Gaulle 6508:Missak Manouchian 6456:Ariadna Scriabina 6384:Ariadna Scriabina 6314:Jean-Pierre Azéma 6297:president of the 6235:Georges Groussard 6143:Jean Pierre-Bloch 6081:Charles de Gaulle 6016: 6015: 6008: 5868:Spanish Civil War 5747:Winston Churchill 5673:Normandy invasion 5585:Charles de Gaulle 5565:Cross of Lorraine 5336:Operation Lüttich 5332:Günther von Kluge 5290:Maquis du Vercors 5025:Oradour-sur-Glane 4649:Georges Guingouin 4611:. In the town of 4508:Lee-Enfield rifle 4478:Dwight Eisenhower 4238:Cross of Lorraine 4148:Groupe Manouchian 4144:Missak Manouchian 4076:Sansom recalled: 3526:Organisation Todt 3359:father-in-law of 3262:began planning a 3252:Theodor Dannecker 3173:Marguerite Gonnet 3036:was to capture a 2894:Spanish Civil War 2784:guerrilla warfare 2594:Spanish Civil War 2464:Roman Czerniawski 2309:National Assembly 2289: 2288: 2174:Oradour-sur-Glane 2146:. The artificial 1980:guerrilla warfare 1945:French Resistance 1941: 1940: 1750:Rock gegen Rechts 1689:Music and culture 1514:Slovene Partisans 1288:Jewish resistance 1217:Cretan resistance 1134:of the Resistance 1078:French Resistance 899:Palafox Battalion 879:British Battalion 851:Spanish Civil War 822:Arditi del Popolo 782:Confessing Church 694:Charles de Gaulle 690:Cross of Lorraine 679: 678: 671:Wallis and Futuna 401: 400: 184: 174:Resistance groups 108: 107: 33:French Resistance 22095: 21928:Social democracy 21799:Related articles 21752: 21743: 21734: 21727: 21720: 21711: 21710: 21561:La Voix de l'Est 21485:Marxism–Leninism 21474:Programme commun 21386:Related articles 21352:Georges Marchais 21340:Georges Marchais 21263: 21254: 21245: 21238: 21231: 21222: 21221: 21211: 21204: 21197: 21194:World portal 21192: 21191: 21167: 21160: 21153: 21146: 21137: 21130: 21123: 21114: 21107: 21100: 21093: 21086: 21079: 21070: 21063: 21056: 21054:Prague offensive 21049: 21047:Battle of Berlin 21042: 21035: 21028: 21021: 21014: 21007: 21000: 20993: 20991:Vienna offensive 20986: 20979: 20972: 20970:Battle of Manila 20965: 20945: 20936: 20927: 20920: 20911: 20904: 20897: 20890: 20883: 20876: 20869: 20860: 20851: 20844: 20835: 20828: 20821: 20814: 20805: 20798: 20791: 20784: 20777: 20770: 20763: 20754: 20747: 20738: 20729: 20720: 20713: 20711:Korsun–Cherkassy 20706: 20695: 20673: 20664: 20657: 20650: 20643: 20636: 20629: 20622: 20613: 20606: 20599: 20592: 20583: 20576: 20569: 20562: 20555: 20553:Bombing of Gorky 20548: 20541: 20534: 20514: 20507: 20498: 20491: 20484: 20475: 20468: 20461: 20454: 20443: 20436: 20429: 20422: 20420:Battle of Midway 20415: 20408: 20406:Battle of Gazala 20401: 20394: 20387: 20380: 20373: 20366: 20359: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20318: 20316:Battle of Borneo 20311: 20309:Malayan campaign 20304: 20297: 20290: 20283: 20276: 20269: 20262: 20255: 20253:Bombing of Gorky 20248: 20246:Battle of Moscow 20241: 20234: 20227: 20220: 20213: 20206: 20190: 20183: 20176: 20169: 20162: 20155: 20146: 20139: 20132: 20125: 20118: 20098: 20089: 20082: 20075: 20068: 20061: 20054: 20047: 20040: 20033: 20026: 20019: 20012: 20010:Battle of France 20005: 19998: 19991: 19984: 19977: 19970: 19950: 19943: 19936: 19929: 19922: 19915: 19908: 19886: 19879: 19872: 19865: 19863:Munich Agreement 19858: 19851: 19842: 19835: 19828: 19819: 19812: 19797: 19796: 19779: 19772: 19763: 19756: 19749: 19748:Soviet prisoners 19742: 19735: 19728: 19719: 19712: 19703: 19696: 19689: 19688:German prisoners 19684: 19664: 19655: 19648: 19641: 19636: 19629: 19622: 19615: 19608: 19601: 19594: 19587: 19580: 19573: 19566: 19559: 19552: 19545: 19536: 19529: 19522: 19515: 19508: 19501: 19494: 19487: 19480: 19473: 19466: 19459: 19452: 19445: 19438: 19431: 19424: 19417: 19410: 19390: 19383: 19376: 19369: 19362: 19355: 19348: 19341: 19334: 19327: 19320: 19300: 19293: 19286: 19279: 19271: 19264: 19257: 19248: 19241: 19233: 19226: 19224:French Indochina 19219: 19212: 19205: 19198: 19190: 19183: 19176: 19168: 19148: 19139: 19132: 19123: 19116: 19109: 19102: 19095: 19088: 19081: 19074: 19071:from August 1944 19062: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18994: 18987: 18980: 18973: 18966: 18954: 18946: 18939: 18932: 18925: 18918: 18911: 18904: 18892: 18885: 18878: 18871: 18856: 18855: 18836: 18829: 18822: 18815: 18808: 18797: 18782: 18775: 18768: 18763: 18754: 18747: 18740: 18731: 18724: 18717: 18715:Nanjing Massacre 18710: 18703: 18694: 18692:Nuremberg trials 18685: 18678: 18671: 18664: 18657: 18650: 18641: 18634: 18627: 18620: 18600: 18593: 18586: 18577: 18570: 18563: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18533: 18524: 18517: 18510: 18503: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18452: 18445: 18425: 18416: 18409: 18402: 18393: 18386: 18379: 18372: 18363: 18356: 18349: 18340: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18312: 18305: 18298: 18296:Asia and Pacific 18278: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18250: 18243: 18236: 18227: 18225:Mulberry harbour 18220: 18213: 18206: 18199: 18192: 18185: 18178: 18171: 18162: 18155: 18148: 18139: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18083: 18076: 18067: 18060: 18045: 18044: 18033: 18026: 18017: 18010: 18003: 17996: 17989: 17982: 17975: 17954: 17947: 17940: 17931: 17930: 17667: 17660: 17653: 17644: 17643: 17591: 17584: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17552: 17545: 17543:Resistance Medal 17538: 17531: 17509: 17502: 17500:Jean-Pierre Lévy 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17453: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17350: 17343: 17334: 17327: 17320: 17318:March battalions 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17285: 17278: 17271: 17264: 17240: 17231: 17222: 17213: 17204: 17201:Libération (sud) 17195: 17186: 17177: 17168: 17159: 17150: 17141: 17132: 17123: 17114: 17105: 17081: 17072: 17065: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17035: 17026: 17017: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16971: 16964: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16932: 16925: 16922: 16913: 16904: 16895: 16888: 16885:Musée de l'Homme 16879: 16870: 16861: 16852: 16843: 16836: 16827: 16818: 16811: 16808: 16786: 16779: 16770: 16764: 16755: 16746: 16739: 16732: 16725: 16718: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16652: 16645: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16617: 16610: 16603: 16594: 16587: 16565: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16495: 16488: 16481: 16474: 16467: 16460: 16453: 16446: 16439: 16432: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16401: 16394: 16387: 16378: 16377: 16356:Internet Archive 16231: 16147: 16126: 16107: 16105: 16093: 16068: 16046: 16023:Gildea, Robert. 16020: 16001: 15973: 15954: 15935: 15914: 15893: 15874: 15865: 15853: 15842: 15823: 15810:They Fought Back 15804: 15785: 15761: 15742: 15733: 15714: 15695: 15676: 15657: 15638: 15619: 15600: 15581: 15568:Sheed & Ward 15558: 15556: 15554: 15540: 15530: 15518: 15507: 15486: 15474: 15463: 15444: 15423: 15406: 15387: 15375: 15364: 15352: 15341: 15320: 15301: 15268:American title: 15267: 15243: 15220: 15201: 15182: 15170: 15159: 15140: 15121: 15102: 15083: 15064: 15045: 15024: 15002: 14980: 14961: 14942: 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Archived from 14832: 14820: 14811: 14792: 14773: 14754: 14735: 14718: 14699: 14680: 14661: 14642: 14623: 14604: 14591:Les Indomptables 14585: 14566: 14547: 14526: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14492: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14430: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14419: 14404: 14398: 14392: 14386: 14385: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14269: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14245: 14239: 14233: 14227: 14221: 14215: 14209: 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14123: 14117: 14111: 14105: 14099: 14093: 14087: 14081: 14075: 14069: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14033: 14027: 14021: 14015: 14009: 14003: 13997: 13991: 13985: 13979: 13973: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13925: 13919: 13913: 13910: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13853: 13847: 13841: 13821: 13817: 13811: 13805: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13778:. Archived from 13771: 13765: 13759: 13753: 13747: 13741: 13735: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13696: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13666: 13663:van der Vat 2003 13660: 13654: 13648: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13615: 13609: 13603: 13597: 13591: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13496: 13490: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13448: 13442: 13436: 13430: 13424: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13254: 13248:. Archived from 13243: 13234: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13210: 13204: 13198: 13192: 13186: 13180: 13174: 13168: 13162: 13156: 13155: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13129: 13123: 13112: 13106: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13083:. Archived from 13076: 13070: 13064: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13040: 13031: 13025: 13016: 13009: 13003: 13002: 12994: 12982: 12975: 12969: 12966:Appel du 18 Juin 12963: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12897: 12891: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12734:. Archived from 12728: 12722: 12721: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12680:. Archived from 12674: 12668: 12667: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12593: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12478: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12444: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12313: 12307: 12301: 12295: 12289: 12283: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12173:www.marxists.org 12165: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11984: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11951: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11927: 11921: 11915: 11906: 11900: 11891: 11885: 11879: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11860:. pp. 85–96 11849: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11786: 11780: 11771: 11765: 11756: 11750: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11636: 11630: 11624: 11618: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11525: 11519: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11473: 11467: 11456: 11450: 11427: 11421: 11412: 11406: 11400: 11394: 11381: 11375: 11366: 11360: 11345: 11339: 11318: 11312: 11303: 11297: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11180: 11171: 11165: 11152: 11146: 11137: 11131: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11089: 11083: 11062: 11056: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11008: 11002: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10959: 10950: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10914: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10794: 10788: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10748: 10742: 10733: 10727: 10718: 10712: 10699: 10693: 10680: 10674: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10593: 10587: 10576: 10570: 10555: 10549: 10540: 10534: 10525: 10519: 10500: 10494: 10475: 10469: 10446: 10440: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10380: 10374: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10324: 10318: 10309: 10303: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10210: 10204: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10073: 10067: 10054: 10048: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10010: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9981: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9941: 9933: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9899:Purnell, Sonia. 9896: 9890: 9884: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9830: 9824: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9715: 9709: 9694: 9688: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9541: 9535: 9516: 9510: 9499: 9493: 9460: 9454: 9439: 9433: 9412: 9406: 9395: 9389: 9378: 9372: 9361: 9355: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9043: 9037: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8978:. Archived from 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8816: 8810: 8748: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8652:A French Village 8591:Shapour Bakhtiar 8574:, the historian 8549:railway station. 8538: 8522: 8506: 8503: 8485: 8478: 8432:Blanche et Marie 8423:Le Dernier Métro 8360:résistancialisme 8332:résistancialisme 8316:résistancialisme 8246:Manouchian Group 8222:résistancialisme 8190:has called the " 8172:Résistancialisme 8154:épuration légale 7987:Battle for Paris 7859:Manouchian Group 7393: 7388: 7279:Resistants from 7263:soldiers in the 7194:Manouchian Group 7188:(1902–1944) and 7025:Francisco Franco 6985:internment camps 6906:Christian Pineau 6882:Legion of Honour 6675:Germaine Tillion 6619:Legion of Honour 6591:Légion étrangère 6556:Legion of Honour 6522:(1910–1940) and 6520:Kégham Atmadjian 6516:Charles Aznavour 6512:Manouchian Group 6444:Abraham Polonski 6364:Manouchian group 6316:coined the term 6265:Jacques Renouvin 6243: 6184:Action Française 6171:Augustin Malroux 6155:Christian Pineau 6105: 6104: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5968: 5960: 5938:Valentin Feldman 5934:Georges Politzer 5930:Jean-Paul Sartre 5844:Édouard Daladier 5767:Henri Rol-Tanguy 5685:Philippe Leclerc 5683:, under General 5669:Italian campaign 5642: 5636: 5630: 5612:Free French Army 5567:, emblem of the 5474:Everywhere, the 5467:France éternelle 5461:, the SOE agent 5387:Philippe Leclerc 5346:Alexandre Parodi 5248:Two days to die. 5186:Philippe Henriot 5038:regiment of the 5019:regiment of the 4958:Tommy Macpherson 4869:sous-lieutenants 4777:Tommy Macpherson 4718:seized another " 4651:, the Communist 4641:Philippe Henriot 4550:, the period of 4520:Browning handgun 4504:Bren machine gun 4486:William J. Casey 4173:Clermont-Ferrand 4164:Rudolphe Peugeot 4127:Caluire-et-Cuire 4119: 3489: 3470:to ask to join. 3249:Hauptsturmführer 3162:Germaine Tillion 3063:Jacques Renouvin 2967: 2913:France entitled 2881:government, the 2840: 2757:statut des Juifs 2402:Musée de l'Homme 2284: 2281: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2162:prisoners of war 2125:Battle of France 2055:orders of battle 2053:deployments and 1968:Second World War 1961:collaborationist 1933: 1926: 1919: 1903: 1902: 1861:Anti-Japaneseism 1851:Anti-nationalism 1724:Fischia il vento 1696:A las Barricadas 1647:Anti-Nazi League 1463:Soviet partisans 1436:Slovak partisans 1315:Dutch resistance 1222:Greek resistance 1198:Oster conspiracy 1188:Schwarze Kapelle 1132:National Council 1127:de la Résistance 1019:Fatherland Front 972:Soviet partisans 757:Socialist Action 723: 700: 699: 438: 427: 420: 413: 404: 403: 389: 388: 377: 376: 365: 364: 353: 352: 341: 340: 329: 328: 307: 306: 289: 288: 277: 276: 265: 264: 253: 252: 241: 240: 212: 210: 209: 199: 197: 196: 183:after June 1944) 178: 172: 171: 150: 148: 147: 135: 131: 129: 128: 62: 61: 50: 30: 29: 22103: 22102: 22098: 22097: 22096: 22094: 22093: 22092: 22058: 22057: 22056: 22051: 22008: 22004:Socialist Party 21942: 21794: 21759:Louis Dubreuilh 21750: 21745: 21741: 21738: 21708: 21703: 21682: 21647: 21587: 21499: 21458:May 1947 crises 21381: 21261: 21256: 21252: 21249: 21219: 21214: 21207: 21200: 21186: 21184: 21172: 21163: 21156: 21149: 21142: 21133: 21126: 21119: 21110: 21105:Atomic bombings 21103: 21096: 21089: 21082: 21075: 21066: 21059: 21052: 21045: 21038: 21031: 21024: 21017: 21010: 21003: 20996: 20989: 20982: 20975: 20968: 20961: 20948: 20941: 20930: 20923: 20916: 20907: 20900: 20893: 20886: 20879: 20872: 20863: 20854: 20847: 20838: 20831: 20824: 20817: 20808: 20801: 20796:Eastern Romania 20794: 20789:Warsaw Uprising 20787: 20782:Tannenberg Line 20780: 20773: 20768:Western Ukraine 20766: 20757: 20750: 20741: 20732: 20723: 20716: 20709: 20698: 20689: 20676: 20669: 20660: 20653: 20646: 20639: 20632: 20625: 20618: 20609: 20602: 20595: 20586: 20579: 20572: 20565: 20560:Battle of Kursk 20558: 20551: 20544: 20537: 20530: 20517: 20510: 20501: 20494: 20487: 20478: 20471: 20464: 20457: 20448: 20439: 20432: 20425: 20418: 20411: 20404: 20397: 20390: 20383: 20376: 20371:St Nazaire Raid 20369: 20362: 20355: 20342: 20335: 20328: 20321: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20272: 20265: 20258: 20251: 20244: 20237: 20230: 20223: 20216: 20209: 20195: 20186: 20179: 20172: 20165: 20158: 20153:Anglo-Iraqi War 20151: 20144:Battle of Crete 20142: 20135: 20128: 20121: 20114: 20101: 20092: 20085: 20078: 20073:Eastern Romania 20071: 20064: 20057: 20050: 20043: 20036: 20029: 20022: 20015: 20008: 20001: 19994: 19987: 19980: 19973: 19966: 19953: 19946: 19939: 19932: 19925: 19918: 19911: 19904: 19891: 19882: 19875: 19868: 19861: 19854: 19847: 19838: 19831: 19824: 19815: 19808: 19782: 19775: 19768: 19759: 19752: 19747: 19738: 19731: 19724: 19715: 19708: 19699: 19692: 19687: 19680: 19667: 19660: 19651: 19644: 19639: 19634:Western Ukraine 19632: 19625: 19618: 19611: 19604: 19597: 19590: 19583: 19578:Northeast China 19576: 19569: 19562: 19555: 19548: 19541: 19532: 19525: 19518: 19511: 19504: 19497: 19490: 19483: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19441: 19434: 19427: 19420: 19413: 19406: 19393: 19386: 19379: 19372: 19365: 19358: 19351: 19344: 19337: 19330: 19323: 19316: 19303: 19296: 19289: 19284:Slovak Republic 19282: 19274: 19267: 19260: 19255:Empire of Japan 19253: 19244: 19236: 19229: 19222: 19215: 19208: 19201: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19171: 19164: 19151: 19144: 19135: 19128: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19098: 19091: 19084: 19077: 19065: 19058: 19051: 19044: 19037: 19030: 19023: 19016: 19009: 18997: 18990: 18983: 18976: 18969: 18957: 18949: 18942: 18935: 18928: 18921: 18914: 18907: 18895: 18888: 18881: 18874: 18867: 18841: 18832: 18825: 18818: 18811: 18800: 18785: 18778: 18771: 18767:Sexual violence 18766: 18759: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18727: 18720: 18713: 18706: 18699: 18690: 18681: 18674: 18667: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18637: 18630: 18623: 18616: 18603: 18596: 18589: 18582: 18573: 18566: 18559: 18552: 18545: 18536: 18527: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18497: 18490: 18485:Greek Civil War 18483: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18455: 18448: 18441: 18428: 18421: 18412: 18405: 18398: 18389: 18382: 18375: 18368: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18336: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18310:South-East Asia 18308: 18301: 18294: 18281: 18274: 18267: 18260: 18253: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18223: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18181: 18174: 18169:Military awards 18167: 18158: 18151: 18144: 18135: 18128: 18121: 18114: 18107: 18100: 18093: 18086: 18079: 18072: 18063: 18056: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18013: 18006: 17999: 17994: 17985: 17978: 17971: 17963: 17958: 17928: 17923: 17912: 17778:Czechoslovakia 17774:Channel Islands 17742: 17726:Cursed soldiers 17677: 17671: 17641: 17636: 17635: 17594: 17587: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17527: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17438: 17431: 17424: 17417: 17410: 17405:General Leclerc 17403: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17368: 17360: 17353: 17346: 17341:Operation Marie 17339: 17330: 17323: 17316: 17309: 17302: 17297:French Cameroon 17295: 17288: 17281: 17274: 17267: 17260: 17252: 17250: 17243: 17237:La Voix du Nord 17234: 17225: 17216: 17207: 17198: 17189: 17180: 17171: 17162: 17153: 17144: 17135: 17126: 17117: 17108: 17099: 17091: 17084: 17075: 17068: 17061: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17031: 17020: 17011: 17006: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16974: 16967: 16958: 16951: 16944: 16935: 16928: 16918: 16907: 16898: 16891: 16882: 16876:Mouvements unis 16873: 16864: 16858:Libération-Nord 16855: 16848: 16839: 16830: 16821: 16814: 16804: 16796: 16789: 16782: 16773: 16762: 16758: 16751: 16742: 16735: 16728: 16723: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16666: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16606: 16599: 16590: 16583: 16575: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16547: 16540: 16533: 16526: 16519: 16512: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16449: 16442: 16435: 16428: 16420: 16414: 16407: 16405: 16348:The short film 16335:Wayback Machine 16282:Wayback Machine 16239: 16234: 16228: 16195:History Compass 16161: 16144: 16123: 16103: 16090: 16065: 16043: 16017: 15998: 15981: 15979:Further reading 15976: 15970: 15951: 15932: 15911: 15890: 15862: 15839: 15820: 15801: 15782: 15758: 15730: 15711: 15692: 15673: 15654: 15635: 15616: 15597: 15578: 15552: 15550: 15538: 15527: 15504: 15483: 15460: 15441: 15403: 15384: 15361: 15338: 15317: 15298: 15264: 15240: 15217: 15198: 15179: 15156: 15137: 15118: 15099: 15080: 15061: 15042: 15021: 14999: 14977: 14958: 14939: 14920: 14901: 14875: 14853: 14851: 14850:on 19 July 2018 14847: 14841: 14830: 14808: 14789: 14770: 14751: 14715: 14696: 14677: 14658: 14639: 14620: 14601: 14582: 14563: 14544: 14523: 14506: 14501: 14500: 14490: 14488: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14458: 14454: 14444: 14442: 14432: 14431: 14427: 14417: 14415: 14405: 14401: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14368: 14364: 14356: 14352: 14344: 14340: 14332: 14328: 14320: 14316: 14308: 14304: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14280: 14279:. 27 March 1972 14271: 14270: 14266: 14258: 14254: 14246: 14242: 14234: 14230: 14222: 14218: 14214:, p. 1002. 14210: 14206: 14198: 14194: 14186: 14182: 14174: 14170: 14162: 14153: 14145: 14141: 14133: 14129: 14124: 14120: 14116:, p. 1017. 14112: 14108: 14100: 14096: 14088: 14084: 14076: 14072: 14064: 14060: 14052: 14048: 14040: 14036: 14028: 14024: 14016: 14012: 14004: 14000: 13992: 13988: 13980: 13976: 13968: 13964: 13956: 13952: 13944: 13940: 13932: 13928: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13904: 13896: 13892: 13884: 13880: 13872: 13868: 13860: 13856: 13848: 13844: 13834:Wayback Machine 13819: 13818: 13814: 13806: 13795: 13785: 13783: 13782:on 18 July 2011 13772: 13768: 13760: 13756: 13748: 13744: 13736: 13729: 13721: 13717: 13709: 13705: 13699:Eisenhower 1997 13697: 13693: 13685: 13681: 13673: 13669: 13661: 13657: 13649: 13642: 13634: 13630: 13622: 13618: 13610: 13606: 13598: 13594: 13586: 13582: 13574: 13570: 13562: 13558: 13550: 13546: 13538: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13509: 13505: 13497: 13493: 13485: 13481: 13473: 13469: 13461: 13457: 13449: 13445: 13437: 13433: 13425: 13421: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13377: 13373: 13365: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13329: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13295:Wayback Machine 13284: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13241: 13235: 13231: 13223: 13219: 13211: 13207: 13199: 13195: 13187: 13183: 13175: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13148: 13144: 13136: 13132: 13124: 13115: 13107: 13100: 13090: 13088: 13077: 13073: 13065: 13061: 13053: 13049: 13041: 13034: 13026: 13019: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12976: 12972: 12964: 12960: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12928: 12924: 12916: 12912: 12904: 12900: 12892: 12885: 12877: 12873: 12865: 12861: 12855:Michalczyk 1997 12853: 12849: 12841: 12837: 12829: 12825: 12817: 12813: 12805: 12801: 12794: 12780: 12776: 12769: 12755: 12751: 12741: 12739: 12738:on 20 July 2011 12730: 12729: 12725: 12720:. 22 July 2017. 12716: 12715: 12711: 12702: 12701: 12697: 12687: 12685: 12676: 12675: 12671: 12658: 12657: 12653: 12645: 12641: 12635:Bardakjian 2000 12633: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12608: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12582: 12578: 12570: 12566: 12558: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12534: 12530: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12506: 12501: 12500: 12496: 12488: 12481: 12473: 12469: 12459: 12457: 12445: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12418: 12414: 12406: 12402: 12394: 12387: 12379: 12375: 12367: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12343: 12339: 12331: 12327: 12314: 12310: 12302: 12298: 12290: 12286: 12278: 12274: 12266: 12262: 12254: 12250: 12242: 12238: 12230: 12226: 12218: 12214: 12206: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12185: 12184: 12180: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12154: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12066: 12058: 12054: 12046: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12022: 12018: 12010: 12006: 11998: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11968: 11952: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11928: 11924: 11916: 11909: 11901: 11894: 11886: 11882: 11877: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11850: 11843: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11796: 11789: 11781: 11774: 11766: 11759: 11751: 11730: 11722: 11718: 11710: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11683: 11670: 11662: 11658: 11650: 11639: 11631: 11627: 11619: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11566: 11564: 11553:"A great read, 11549: 11545: 11537: 11528: 11520: 11513: 11505: 11501: 11493: 11476: 11468: 11459: 11451: 11430: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11395: 11384: 11376: 11369: 11361: 11348: 11340: 11321: 11313: 11306: 11298: 11287: 11279: 11275: 11267: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11240: 11233: 11225: 11221: 11213: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11166: 11155: 11147: 11140: 11132: 11121: 11113: 11109: 11101: 11092: 11084: 11065: 11057: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11011: 11003: 10982: 10972: 10970: 10960: 10953: 10945: 10932: 10924: 10917: 10909: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10804: 10797: 10789: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10751: 10743: 10736: 10728: 10721: 10713: 10702: 10694: 10683: 10675: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10648: 10644: 10636: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10596: 10588: 10579: 10571: 10558: 10550: 10543: 10535: 10528: 10520: 10503: 10495: 10478: 10470: 10449: 10441: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10383: 10375: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10334: 10327: 10319: 10312: 10304: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10267: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10213: 10205: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10132: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10099: 10095: 10087: 10076: 10068: 10057: 10049: 10032: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9953: 9951: 9934: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9897: 9893: 9885: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9852: 9833: 9825: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9697: 9689: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9551: 9544: 9536: 9519: 9511: 9502: 9494: 9463: 9455: 9442: 9434: 9415: 9407: 9398: 9390: 9381: 9373: 9364: 9356: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9046: 9038: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8982:on 5 March 2008 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8859: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8746: 8732: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8635:Romain Cogitore 8611:Villa Normandie 8603: 8601:Popular culture 8589:Prime Minister 8563: 8557: 8550: 8539: 8530: 8527:Hill 60 (Ypres) 8523: 8507: 8501: 8498: 8491:needs expansion 8476: 8470: 8436:Jacques Audiard 8434:(1984). Later, 8406:Lacombe, Lucien 8388:L'Affiche Rouge 8272:(also 1946) or 8234: 8163: 8115: 8098: 8069:Ralph Ingersoll 8030:1st French Army 7893: 7875: 7817: 7738: 7644: 7581:Libération-Nord 7496: 7490: 7478: 7460: 7428: 7391:[maˈki] 7386: 7379: 7273: 7257: 7255:Cajun Americans 7236: 7230: 7202: 7137: 7105: 7093:Feldgendarmerie 7053: 7037:Otakar Hromádko 7033: 6973: 6967: 6958: 6946: 6941: 6918:Cohors-Asturies 6910:Libération Nord 6874:Gilbert Renault 6860:Deuxième Bureau 6807: 6801: 6787:. A Resistance 6765: 6759: 6732: 6664:nations strong. 6657:Philippe Pétain 6638: 6632: 6564: 6536:Arpiar Aslanian 6532:Louise Aslanian 6514:(the family of 6504: 6416:Philippe Pétain 6377: 6342: 6330:Gabriel Jeantet 6307:Charles Maurras 6237: 6200:parliamentarism 6193:First World War 6179: 6131:Gaston Defferre 6102:Libération-Nord 6012: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5981: 5969: 5958: 5932:. Philosophers 5881:station of the 5797: 5772:Warsaw Uprising 5712:Operation Cobra 5623:Arc de Triomphe 5581:Philippe Pétain 5557: 5547: 5526:François Marcot 5488: 5294:Vercors plateau 5262:Vercors plateau 5029:Sturmbannführer 4931:Sometimes, the 4724:Émile Coulaudon 4500:Webley revolver 4391:Glières Plateau 4269: 4109: 4066:Peter Churchill 4018:(ass-wipes) in 3901: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3873: 3872: 3494:, commanded by 3487: 3468:Libération Nord 3424: 3373:Vive la France! 3302:Pierre Chaillet 3130: 3122:Deuxième Bureau 3114:Jacques Arthuys 3102:Nacht und Nebel 3096:Nacht und Nebel 3055:Alfred Heurtaux 2961: 2834: 2814:La Marseillaise 2808:English Channel 2733: 2506:Deuxième Bureau 2489:Deuxième Bureau 2484:Deuxième Bureau 2468:Deuxième Bureau 2380:Feldgendarmerie 2285: 2279: 2276: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2178:Limousin region 2089: 2079: 2077:Nazi occupation 2004:Roman Catholics 2002:, conservative 1957:Nazi occupation 1937: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1846:Anti-capitalism 1841: 1833: 1832: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1627:United Kingdom 1591: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1413: 1406: 1400:Ghetto Uprising 1399: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1289: 1282: 1133: 1126: 1125:Mouvements Unis 1115:Libération-Nord 1056:Prague uprising 919: 911: 910: 828: 742:Central Europe 731: 682: 681: 680: 675: 439: 433: 431: 397: 383: 371: 359: 347: 335: 323: 315: 301: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 220: 207: 205: 194: 192: 179:(formalised as 166: 158: 145: 143: 126: 124: 99: 89:French victory 80: 78:Occupied France 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22101: 22091: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22053: 22052: 22050: 22049: 22043: 22037: 22029: 22023: 22016: 22014: 22010: 22009: 22007: 22006: 22001: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21956: 21950: 21948: 21944: 21943: 21941: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21892:Brutus Network 21885: 21880: 21875: 21865: 21863:Tours Congress 21860: 21853: 21846: 21841: 21839:Globe Congress 21836: 21822: 21808: 21802: 21800: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21786: 21780: 21774: 21768: 21762: 21755: 21753: 21747: 21746: 21737: 21736: 21729: 21722: 21714: 21705: 21704: 21702: 21701: 21696: 21690: 21688: 21684: 21683: 21681: 21680: 21679:(2008–present) 21674: 21668: 21662: 21655: 21653: 21649: 21648: 21646: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21595: 21593: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21585: 21578: 21571: 21564: 21557: 21550: 21543: 21536: 21529: 21522: 21515: 21507: 21505: 21501: 21500: 21498: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21482: 21477: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21408:Tours Congress 21405: 21400: 21395: 21389: 21387: 21383: 21382: 21380: 21379: 21378:(2018–present) 21376:Fabien Roussel 21373: 21370:Pierre Laurent 21367: 21361: 21355: 21349: 21346:Waldeck Rochet 21343: 21337: 21334:Waldeck Rochet 21331: 21328:Maurice Thorez 21325: 21322:Jacques Duclos 21319: 21316:Maurice Thorez 21313: 21310:Maurice Thorez 21306:Benoît Frachon 21295: 21289: 21283: 21273: 21266: 21264: 21258: 21257: 21248: 21247: 21240: 21233: 21225: 21216: 21215: 21213: 21212: 21205: 21198: 21181: 21178: 21177: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21169: 21168: 21161: 21154: 21140: 21139: 21138: 21124: 21121:South Sakhalin 21117: 21116: 21115: 21101: 21094: 21087: 21080: 21073: 21072: 21071: 21057: 21050: 21043: 21036: 21029: 21022: 21015: 21008: 21001: 20994: 20987: 20980: 20973: 20966: 20958: 20956: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20946: 20939: 20938: 20937: 20921: 20914: 20913: 20912: 20898: 20891: 20884: 20877: 20870: 20861: 20852: 20845: 20836: 20829: 20822: 20815: 20806: 20799: 20792: 20785: 20778: 20771: 20764: 20755: 20748: 20739: 20730: 20721: 20714: 20707: 20696: 20686: 20684: 20678: 20677: 20675: 20674: 20667: 20666: 20665: 20658: 20644: 20637: 20630: 20623: 20616: 20615: 20614: 20600: 20593: 20584: 20577: 20570: 20563: 20556: 20549: 20546:Battle of Attu 20542: 20535: 20527: 20525: 20519: 20518: 20516: 20515: 20508: 20499: 20492: 20485: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20446: 20445: 20444: 20437: 20423: 20416: 20409: 20402: 20395: 20388: 20381: 20374: 20367: 20360: 20352: 20350: 20344: 20343: 20341: 20340: 20333: 20326: 20319: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20295:Battle of Guam 20291: 20284: 20277: 20270: 20263: 20256: 20249: 20242: 20235: 20228: 20221: 20218:Battle of Kiev 20214: 20207: 20193: 20192: 20191: 20177: 20170: 20163: 20156: 20149: 20148: 20147: 20133: 20126: 20119: 20111: 20109: 20103: 20102: 20100: 20099: 20090: 20083: 20076: 20069: 20062: 20055: 20048: 20041: 20034: 20027: 20020: 20013: 20006: 19999: 19992: 19985: 19978: 19971: 19963: 19961: 19955: 19954: 19952: 19951: 19944: 19937: 19930: 19923: 19916: 19909: 19901: 19899: 19893: 19892: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19880: 19873: 19866: 19859: 19845: 19844: 19843: 19836: 19822: 19821: 19820: 19805: 19803: 19794: 19788: 19787: 19784: 19783: 19781: 19780: 19773: 19766: 19765: 19764: 19757: 19745: 19744: 19743: 19729: 19722: 19721: 19720: 19717:United Kingdom 19713: 19706: 19705: 19704: 19685: 19677: 19675: 19669: 19668: 19666: 19665: 19658: 19657: 19656: 19649: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19602: 19595: 19588: 19581: 19574: 19567: 19560: 19553: 19546: 19539: 19538: 19537: 19530: 19516: 19509: 19502: 19495: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19453: 19446: 19439: 19432: 19425: 19418: 19411: 19403: 19401: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19391: 19384: 19377: 19370: 19363: 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19328: 19321: 19313: 19311: 19305: 19304: 19302: 19301: 19294: 19287: 19280: 19272: 19265: 19258: 19251: 19250: 19249: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19191: 19184: 19177: 19169: 19161: 19159: 19153: 19152: 19150: 19149: 19142: 19141: 19140: 19126: 19125: 19124: 19121:British Empire 19114:United Kingdom 19110: 19103: 19096: 19089: 19082: 19075: 19063: 19056: 19049: 19042: 19035: 19028: 19021: 19014: 19007: 18995: 18988: 18981: 18974: 18967: 18955: 18947: 18940: 18933: 18930:Czechoslovakia 18926: 18919: 18912: 18905: 18893: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18864: 18862: 18853: 18847: 18846: 18843: 18842: 18840: 18839: 18838: 18837: 18830: 18827:Rape of Manila 18823: 18816: 18809: 18798: 18783: 18776: 18764: 18757: 18756: 18755: 18748: 18734: 18733: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18704: 18697: 18696: 18695: 18688: 18687: 18686: 18679: 18665: 18658: 18644: 18643: 18642: 18635: 18628: 18613: 18611: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18601: 18598:United Nations 18594: 18587: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18571: 18564: 18557: 18543: 18534: 18525: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18495: 18488: 18481: 18474: 18467: 18460: 18457:Decolonization 18453: 18446: 18438: 18436: 18430: 18429: 18427: 18426: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18403: 18396: 18395: 18394: 18387: 18380: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18357: 18343: 18342: 18341: 18334: 18327: 18320: 18313: 18306: 18291: 18289: 18283: 18282: 18280: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18258: 18251: 18244: 18237: 18230: 18229: 18228: 18221: 18207: 18200: 18193: 18186: 18179: 18172: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18149: 18142: 18141: 18140: 18133: 18130:United Kingdom 18126: 18112: 18105: 18098: 18091: 18084: 18077: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18053: 18051: 18042: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18027: 18020: 18019: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17976: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17957: 17956: 17949: 17942: 17934: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17910: 17909: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17888: 17887: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17871: 17866: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17790: 17789: 17784: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17750: 17748: 17744: 17743: 17741: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17729: 17728: 17718: 17713: 17712: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17678: 17670: 17669: 17662: 17655: 17647: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17633: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17606: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17592: 17585: 17576: 17569: 17562: 17553: 17546: 17539: 17532: 17524: 17522: 17514: 17513: 17511: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17365: 17363: 17355: 17354: 17352: 17351: 17344: 17337: 17336: 17335: 17328: 17314: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17279: 17272: 17265: 17257: 17255: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17232: 17223: 17214: 17205: 17196: 17187: 17178: 17169: 17165:Front National 17160: 17151: 17142: 17133: 17124: 17115: 17106: 17096: 17094: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17082: 17073: 17066: 17059: 17058: 17057: 17050: 17043: 17036: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17004: 17003: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16981: 16972: 16965: 16956: 16949: 16942: 16933: 16916: 16915: 16914: 16905: 16896: 16893:National Front 16889: 16880: 16871: 16867:Libération-Sud 16862: 16853: 16846: 16845: 16844: 16828: 16819: 16801: 16799: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16787: 16780: 16771: 16756: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16740: 16733: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16702:Army of Africa 16698: 16684: 16676: 16674: 16668: 16667: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16646: 16639: 16632: 16625: 16618: 16611: 16604: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16580: 16578: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16468: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16440: 16433: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16404: 16403: 16396: 16389: 16381: 16375: 16374: 16368: 16359: 16346: 16337: 16321: 16312: 16303: 16294: 16285: 16271: 16262: 16248: 16238: 16237:External links 16235: 16233: 16232: 16226: 16213: 16202: 16191: 16177: 16160: 16159:Historiography 16157: 16156: 16155: 16148: 16142: 16127: 16121: 16108: 16094: 16088: 16075: 16069: 16063: 16047: 16041: 16028: 16021: 16015: 16002: 15996: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15974: 15968: 15955: 15949: 15936: 15930: 15915: 15909: 15894: 15888: 15875: 15866: 15860: 15843: 15837: 15824: 15818: 15805: 15799: 15786: 15780: 15762: 15756: 15743: 15734: 15728: 15715: 15709: 15696: 15690: 15677: 15671: 15658: 15652: 15639: 15633: 15620: 15614: 15601: 15595: 15582: 15576: 15559: 15531: 15525: 15508: 15502: 15487: 15481: 15464: 15458: 15445: 15439: 15424: 15407: 15401: 15388: 15382: 15365: 15359: 15342: 15336: 15321: 15315: 15302: 15296: 15281: 15262: 15248:Humbert, Agnès 15244: 15238: 15221: 15215: 15202: 15196: 15183: 15177: 15160: 15154: 15141: 15135: 15122: 15116: 15103: 15097: 15084: 15078: 15065: 15059: 15046: 15040: 15025: 15019: 15003: 14997: 14981: 14975: 14962: 14956: 14943: 14937: 14929:The Resistance 14924: 14918: 14905: 14899: 14886: 14879: 14873: 14860: 14839: 14821: 14812: 14806: 14793: 14787: 14774: 14768: 14755: 14749: 14736: 14719: 14713: 14700: 14694: 14681: 14675: 14662: 14656: 14643: 14637: 14624: 14618: 14605: 14599: 14586: 14580: 14567: 14561: 14548: 14542: 14527: 14521: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14473: 14452: 14425: 14399: 14387: 14380: 14362: 14350: 14348:, p. 627. 14338: 14336:, p. 303. 14326: 14324:, p. 188. 14314: 14302: 14290: 14264: 14252: 14240: 14228: 14216: 14204: 14202:, p. 131. 14192: 14190:, p. 286. 14180: 14168: 14166:, p. 194. 14151: 14149:, p. 110. 14139: 14137:, p. 604. 14127: 14118: 14106: 14104:, p. 157. 14094: 14092:, p. 127. 14082: 14080:, p. 601. 14070: 14058: 14046: 14034: 14022: 14020:, p. 613. 14010: 13998: 13996:, p. 614. 13986: 13984:, p. 646. 13974: 13972:, p. 613. 13962: 13960:, p. 226. 13950: 13948:, p. 305. 13938: 13936:, p. 603. 13926: 13924:, p. 608. 13914: 13902: 13890: 13878: 13866: 13864:, p. 581. 13854: 13852:, p. 580. 13842: 13823:Henri Amouroux 13812: 13810:, p. 577. 13793: 13766: 13754: 13742: 13727: 13725:, p. 557. 13715: 13703: 13691: 13687:Churchill 1953 13679: 13675:Churchill 1953 13667: 13655: 13653:, p. 541. 13640: 13638:, p. 166. 13628: 13626:, p. 175. 13616: 13614:, p. 414. 13604: 13592: 13580: 13578:, p. 424. 13568: 13566:, p. 170. 13556: 13544: 13532: 13530:, p. 156. 13515: 13513:, p. 135. 13503: 13491: 13489:, p. 115. 13487:Cookridge 1966 13479: 13477:, p. 240. 13467: 13455: 13443: 13441:, p. 480. 13431: 13419: 13407: 13395: 13383: 13381:, p. 416. 13371: 13369:, p. 414. 13359: 13357:, p. 412. 13347: 13335: 13333:, p. 135. 13323: 13311: 13299: 13278: 13266: 13229: 13217: 13205: 13203:, p. 420. 13193: 13191:, p. 237. 13181: 13179:, p. 140. 13169: 13167:, p. 242. 13157: 13142: 13130: 13128:, p. 495. 13113: 13111:, p. 105. 13098: 13071: 13069:, p. 400. 13059: 13047: 13032: 13030:, p. 128. 13017: 13004: 12970: 12958: 12946: 12944:, p. 175. 12934: 12932:, p. 150. 12922: 12910: 12908:, p. 491. 12898: 12883: 12871: 12869:, p. 490. 12859: 12847: 12835: 12833:, p. 160. 12823: 12811: 12799: 12792: 12774: 12767: 12749: 12723: 12709: 12695: 12669: 12651: 12639: 12637:, p. 295. 12627: 12606: 12588: 12576: 12574:, p. 370. 12564: 12562:, p. 275. 12552: 12540: 12528: 12526:, p. 835. 12516: 12494: 12492:, p. 368. 12479: 12477:, p. 364. 12467: 12436: 12424: 12412: 12410:, p. 111. 12400: 12385: 12373: 12361: 12359:, p. 126. 12349: 12337: 12335:, p. 497. 12325: 12308: 12296: 12284: 12282:, p. 136. 12272: 12260: 12248: 12236: 12224: 12212: 12200: 12178: 12160: 12148: 12136: 12124: 12122:, p. 148. 12112: 12100: 12098:, p. 341. 12088: 12086:, p. 423. 12076: 12064: 12052: 12050:, p. 422. 12040: 12028: 12026:, p. 421. 12016: 12014:, p. 115. 12004: 11985: 11983:, p. 114. 11973: 11966: 11946: 11934: 11932:, p. 294. 11922: 11920:, p. 339. 11907: 11905:, p. 405. 11892: 11890:, p. 404. 11880: 11871: 11841: 11829: 11827:, p. 306. 11814: 11802: 11800:, p. 302. 11787: 11785:, p. 278. 11772: 11770:, p. 301. 11757: 11728: 11726:, p. 294. 11716: 11714:, p. 293. 11701: 11699:, p. 292. 11689: 11687:, p. 291. 11668: 11656: 11654:, p. 285. 11637: 11635:, p. 304. 11625: 11610: 11598: 11596:, p. 271. 11586: 11574: 11543: 11526: 11511: 11499: 11474: 11457: 11428: 11413: 11401: 11382: 11367: 11365:, p. 284. 11346: 11319: 11317:, p. 288. 11304: 11302:, p. 273. 11285: 11283:, p. 272. 11273: 11271:, p. 275. 11258: 11246: 11231: 11219: 11198: 11172: 11170:, p. 283. 11153: 11151:, p. 268. 11138: 11136:, p. 270. 11119: 11107: 11090: 11063: 11061:, p. 274. 11042: 11030: 11028:, p. 263. 11009: 10980: 10951: 10930: 10915: 10903: 10880: 10868: 10853: 10841: 10839:, p. 258. 10822: 10810: 10808:, p. 259. 10795: 10793:, p. 260. 10778: 10776:, p. 257. 10766: 10749: 10734: 10732:, p. 266. 10719: 10717:, p. 264. 10700: 10698:, p. 265. 10681: 10679:, p. 252. 10666: 10654: 10642: 10640:, p. 254. 10625: 10623:, p. 253. 10613: 10611:, p. 251. 10594: 10592:, p. 250. 10577: 10575:, p. 269. 10556: 10541: 10526: 10501: 10476: 10447: 10445:, p. 228. 10428: 10416: 10414:, p. 736. 10404: 10402:, p. 192. 10381: 10379:, p. 189. 10364: 10362:, p. 188. 10352: 10350:, p. 186. 10340: 10338:, p. 183. 10325: 10323:, p. 182. 10310: 10285: 10273: 10238: 10226: 10211: 10186: 10174: 10172:, p. 216. 10162: 10160:, p. 217. 10150: 10138: 10117: 10115:, p. 227. 10105: 10093: 10074: 10055: 10030: 10017: 10015:, p. 220. 10000: 9988: 9986:, p. 222. 9973: 9961: 9917: 9891: 9870: 9858: 9856:, p. 193. 9831: 9829:, p. 208. 9808: 9796: 9794:, p. 326. 9784: 9782:, p. 130. 9767: 9765:, p. 118. 9755: 9743: 9741:, p. 148. 9731: 9729:, p. 147. 9716: 9714:, p. 146. 9695: 9678: 9666: 9641: 9639:, p. 241. 9629: 9627:, p. 215. 9617: 9605: 9593: 9591:, p. 180. 9581: 9569: 9567:, p. 181. 9557: 9555:, p. 178. 9542: 9540:, p. 207. 9517: 9500: 9461: 9440: 9413: 9411:, p. 213. 9396: 9379: 9377:, p. 218. 9362: 9360:, p. 212. 9341: 9329: 9317: 9315:, p. 170. 9305: 9303:, p. 158. 9293: 9291:, p. 160. 9281: 9269: 9267:, p. 159. 9257: 9245: 9243:, p. 546. 9233: 9218: 9216:, p. 546. 9206: 9194: 9182: 9180:, p. 139. 9170: 9168:, p. 138. 9158: 9156:, p. 336. 9146: 9131: 9119: 9117:, p. 443. 9107: 9105:, p. 131. 9095: 9083: 9081:, p. 442. 9071: 9069:, p. 156. 9059: 9044: 9042:, p. 169. 9029: 9027:, p. 155. 9017: 9005: 8993: 8966: 8941: 8939:, p. 180. 8929: 8917: 8905: 8893: 8891:, p. 239. 8881: 8869: 8857: 8844: 8832: 8817: 8815:, p. 169. 8804: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8766: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8743:Adrien Pommier 8739: 8738: 8737: 8721: 8718: 8704:'s 1943 song " 8696:, credited as 8664:in France (as 8602: 8599: 8572:Jean Cavaillès 8559:Main article: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8540: 8533: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8488: 8486: 8469: 8466: 8362:following the 8297:Robert Bresson 8274:Serge Reggiani 8233: 8230: 8192:Vichy syndrome 8162: 8159: 8114: 8111: 8108:military camp. 8097: 8094: 7989:, August 1944. 7889:Main article: 7874: 7871: 7868:An FFI fighter 7850:Joseph Epstein 7816: 7813: 7793:Resistance-Fer 7773:francs-tireurs 7737: 7734: 7710:Charles Tillon 7651:Francs-tireurs 7643: 7640: 7615:Libération-Sud 7562:Claude Aveline 7492:Main article: 7489: 7486: 7477: 7474: 7459: 7456: 7427: 7424: 7378: 7375: 7332:Libération-Sud 7272: 7269: 7256: 7253: 7232:Main article: 7229: 7226: 7222:Vittorio Culpo 7201: 7198: 7136: 7133: 7104: 7101: 7052: 7049: 7032: 7029: 6971:Spanish Maquis 6969:Main article: 6966: 6965:Spanish maquis 6963: 6957: 6954: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6880:and later the 6800: 6797: 6761:Main article: 6758: 6755: 6745:. The Russian 6731: 6728: 6691:Libération-Sud 6653:Third Republic 6645:"Nicole Minet" 6631: 6628: 6563: 6560: 6503: 6500: 6376: 6373: 6362:known as the " 6356:occupied Paris 6341: 6338: 6312:The historian 6299:Fifth Republic 6221:, founded the 6212:Third Republic 6178: 6175: 6167:Claude Jordery 6147:Tanguy-Prigent 6120:Libération-Sud 6112:Brutus network 6014: 6013: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5942:Jacques Decour 5860:Champs-Élysées 5828:Charles Tillon 5824:Jacques Duclos 5820:Benoît Frachon 5796: 5793: 5788:General Giraud 5704:General Patton 5634:Vive la France 5628:Vive de Gaulle 5546: 5543: 5487: 5484: 5376:Raoul Nordling 5266:Eugène Chavant 5032:Adolf Diekmann 4851:Bletchley Park 4837: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4673:Maquis Bernard 4655:leader of the 4541:Charles Tillon 4387:Théodose Morel 4357:by this time. 4268: 4265: 4229:Jura Mountains 4185:Joseph Darnand 3844:Maquis le Doc) 3836:Maquis Socrate 3832:Maquis Bernard 3511:with weapons. 3496:Joseph Darnand 3423: 3420: 3365:Maurice Thorez 3361:Pierre Georges 3343:Francs-tireurs 3129: 3126: 3075:Groupes Francs 3067:Groupes Francs 3009:André Dewavrin 2979:Feldkommandant 2951:Feldkommandant 2947:Oberstleutnant 2930:Pierre Georges 2906:Charles Tillon 2775:Fifth Symphony 2732: 2729: 2498:Enigma machine 2472:Mathilde Carré 2338:Champs Élysées 2305:Palais-Bourbon 2297:Hôtel de Ville 2287: 2286: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2212:Joseph Darnand 2183:Massif Central 2078: 2075: 1982:and published 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677:Refuse Fascism 1674: 1672:Redneck Revolt 1669: 1664: 1657:United States 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1605: 1604: 1602:Spanish Maquis 1595: 1594: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1541:denazification 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1453:Spanish Maquis 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1429: 1428: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1356: 1335: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1308: 1307: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1142: 1141: 1139:National Front 1136: 1129: 1122: 1120:Libération-sud 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1071: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 952:Baltic states 950: 949: 940: 939: 938: 937: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889:ILP Contingent 886: 881: 876: 866: 861: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 824: 819: 814: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 760: 759: 754: 749: 740: 739: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 716: 715: 709: 708: 677: 676: 674: 673: 667: 666: 662: 661: 655: 654: 650: 649: 644: 637: 631: 630: 626: 625: 620: 615: 608: 603: 602: 601: 591: 590: 589: 584: 572: 567: 562: 557: 556: 555: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 511: 505: 504: 500: 499: 494: 487: 482: 477: 472: 465: 460: 455: 449: 448: 444: 441: 440: 430: 429: 422: 415: 407: 399: 398: 396: 395: 394: 393: 381: 369: 367:Brutus Network 357: 345: 333: 318: 316: 314: 313: 312: 311: 299: 293: 281: 269: 257: 245: 243:Wehrmacht Heer 230: 227: 226: 225:Units involved 222: 221: 219: 218: 217: 216: 203: 201:United Kingdom 190: 185: 176: 161: 159: 157: 156: 155: 154: 141: 136: 118: 115: 114: 110: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 98: 97: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22100: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22065: 22063: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22038: 22035: 22034: 22030: 22027: 22026:Popular Front 22024: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22015: 22011: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21996: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21964: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21951: 21949: 21945: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21873: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21858: 21854: 21852: 21851: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21834: 21830: 21826: 21823: 21820: 21816: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21806:Paris Commune 21804: 21803: 21801: 21797: 21790: 21787: 21784: 21781: 21778: 21775: 21772: 21769: 21766: 21763: 21760: 21757: 21756: 21754: 21748: 21744: 21735: 21730: 21728: 21723: 21721: 21716: 21715: 21712: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21691: 21689: 21685: 21678: 21675: 21672: 21669: 21666: 21663: 21660: 21659:Popular Front 21657: 21656: 21654: 21650: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21596: 21594: 21590: 21584: 21583: 21579: 21577: 21576: 21572: 21570: 21569: 21565: 21563: 21562: 21558: 21556: 21555: 21551: 21549: 21548: 21544: 21542: 21541: 21537: 21535: 21534: 21530: 21528: 21527: 21523: 21521: 21520: 21516: 21514: 21513: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21502: 21496: 21495:Cité Gagarine 21493: 21491: 21490:Eurocommunism 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21475: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21438: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21390: 21388: 21384: 21377: 21374: 21371: 21368: 21365: 21362: 21359: 21356: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21344: 21341: 21338: 21335: 21332: 21329: 21326: 21323: 21320: 21317: 21314: 21311: 21307: 21303: 21299: 21296: 21293: 21292:Pierre Semard 21290: 21287: 21286:Louis Sellier 21284: 21281: 21280:Albert Treint 21277: 21276:Louis Sellier 21274: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21259: 21255: 21246: 21241: 21239: 21234: 21232: 21227: 21226: 21223: 21210: 21206: 21203: 21199: 21196: 21195: 21190: 21183: 21182: 21179: 21166: 21162: 21159: 21155: 21152: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21141: 21136: 21132: 21131: 21129: 21128:Kuril Islands 21125: 21122: 21118: 21113: 21109: 21108: 21106: 21102: 21099: 21095: 21092: 21088: 21085: 21081: 21078: 21074: 21069: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21058: 21055: 21051: 21048: 21044: 21041: 21037: 21034: 21030: 21027: 21023: 21020: 21016: 21013: 21009: 21006: 21002: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20988: 20985: 20981: 20978: 20974: 20971: 20967: 20964: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20955: 20951: 20944: 20940: 20935: 20934: 20929: 20928: 20926: 20922: 20919: 20915: 20910: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20899: 20896: 20895:Syrmian Front 20892: 20889: 20885: 20882: 20878: 20875: 20871: 20868: 20867: 20862: 20859: 20858: 20853: 20850: 20846: 20843: 20842: 20841:Market Garden 20837: 20834: 20830: 20827: 20823: 20820: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20807: 20804: 20800: 20797: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20779: 20776: 20772: 20769: 20765: 20762: 20761: 20756: 20753: 20749: 20746: 20745: 20740: 20737: 20736: 20731: 20728: 20727: 20722: 20719: 20715: 20712: 20708: 20705: 20701: 20700:Monte Cassino 20697: 20694: 20693: 20688: 20687: 20685: 20683: 20679: 20672: 20668: 20663: 20659: 20656: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20638: 20635: 20631: 20628: 20624: 20621: 20617: 20612: 20608: 20607: 20605: 20601: 20598: 20594: 20591: 20590: 20585: 20582: 20578: 20575: 20571: 20568: 20564: 20561: 20557: 20554: 20550: 20547: 20543: 20540: 20536: 20533: 20529: 20528: 20526: 20524: 20520: 20513: 20509: 20506: 20505: 20500: 20497: 20493: 20490: 20486: 20483: 20482: 20477: 20474: 20470: 20467: 20463: 20460: 20456: 20453: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20438: 20435: 20431: 20430: 20428: 20424: 20421: 20417: 20414: 20410: 20407: 20403: 20400: 20396: 20393: 20389: 20386: 20382: 20379: 20375: 20372: 20368: 20365: 20361: 20358: 20354: 20353: 20351: 20349: 20345: 20338: 20334: 20331: 20327: 20324: 20320: 20317: 20313: 20310: 20306: 20303: 20299: 20296: 20292: 20289: 20285: 20282: 20278: 20275: 20271: 20268: 20264: 20261: 20257: 20254: 20250: 20247: 20243: 20240: 20236: 20233: 20229: 20226: 20222: 20219: 20215: 20212: 20208: 20204: 20203: 20198: 20194: 20189: 20185: 20184: 20182: 20178: 20175: 20171: 20168: 20164: 20161: 20157: 20154: 20150: 20145: 20141: 20140: 20138: 20134: 20131: 20127: 20124: 20120: 20117: 20113: 20112: 20110: 20108: 20104: 20097: 20096: 20091: 20088: 20084: 20081: 20077: 20074: 20070: 20067: 20066:Baltic states 20063: 20060: 20056: 20053: 20049: 20046: 20042: 20039: 20035: 20032: 20028: 20025: 20021: 20018: 20014: 20011: 20007: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19993: 19990: 19986: 19983: 19979: 19976: 19972: 19969: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19960: 19956: 19949: 19945: 19942: 19938: 19935: 19931: 19928: 19924: 19921: 19917: 19914: 19910: 19907: 19903: 19902: 19900: 19898: 19894: 19885: 19881: 19878: 19874: 19871: 19867: 19864: 19860: 19857: 19853: 19852: 19850: 19846: 19841: 19837: 19834: 19830: 19829: 19827: 19823: 19818: 19814: 19813: 19811: 19807: 19806: 19804: 19802: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19789: 19778: 19774: 19771: 19767: 19762: 19758: 19755: 19751: 19750: 19746: 19741: 19737: 19736: 19734: 19730: 19727: 19723: 19718: 19714: 19711: 19710:United States 19707: 19702: 19698: 19697: 19695: 19691: 19690: 19686: 19683: 19679: 19678: 19676: 19674: 19670: 19663: 19659: 19654: 19650: 19647: 19646:Quốc dân Đảng 19643: 19642: 19638: 19635: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19621: 19617: 19614: 19610: 19607: 19603: 19600: 19596: 19593: 19589: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19575: 19572: 19568: 19565: 19561: 19558: 19554: 19551: 19547: 19544: 19540: 19535: 19531: 19528: 19524: 19523: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19496: 19493: 19489: 19486: 19482: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19451: 19447: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19433: 19430: 19426: 19423: 19419: 19416: 19412: 19409: 19405: 19404: 19402: 19400: 19396: 19389: 19385: 19382: 19378: 19375: 19371: 19368: 19364: 19361: 19357: 19354: 19350: 19347: 19346:Liechtenstein 19343: 19340: 19336: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19322: 19319: 19315: 19314: 19312: 19310: 19306: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19259: 19256: 19252: 19247: 19243: 19242: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19225: 19221: 19218: 19214: 19211: 19207: 19204: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19189: 19185: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19170: 19167: 19163: 19162: 19160: 19158: 19154: 19147: 19143: 19138: 19134: 19133: 19131: 19130:United States 19127: 19122: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19097: 19094: 19090: 19087: 19083: 19080: 19076: 19072: 19068: 19064: 19061: 19057: 19054: 19050: 19047: 19043: 19040: 19036: 19033: 19029: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19015: 19012: 19008: 19004: 19000: 18996: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18979: 18975: 18972: 18968: 18964: 18960: 18956: 18952: 18948: 18945: 18941: 18938: 18934: 18931: 18927: 18924: 18920: 18917: 18913: 18910: 18906: 18902: 18898: 18894: 18891: 18887: 18884: 18880: 18877: 18873: 18870: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18848: 18835: 18831: 18828: 18824: 18821: 18820:Comfort women 18817: 18814: 18810: 18807: 18804: / 18803: 18799: 18796: 18793: / 18792: 18789: / 18788: 18784: 18781: 18780:Camp brothels 18777: 18774: 18770: 18769: 18765: 18762: 18758: 18753: 18749: 18746: 18742: 18741: 18739: 18735: 18730: 18726: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18705: 18702: 18698: 18693: 18689: 18684: 18680: 18677: 18673: 18672: 18670: 18669:The Holocaust 18666: 18663: 18659: 18656: 18655:forced labour 18652: 18651: 18649: 18645: 18640: 18636: 18633: 18629: 18626: 18622: 18621: 18619: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18610: 18606: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18576: 18572: 18569: 18565: 18562: 18558: 18555: 18551: 18550: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18512: 18509: 18508:Marshall Plan 18505: 18502: 18501: 18496: 18493: 18489: 18486: 18482: 18479: 18475: 18472: 18468: 18465: 18461: 18458: 18454: 18451: 18447: 18444: 18440: 18439: 18437: 18435: 18431: 18424: 18420: 18415: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18392: 18388: 18385: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18362: 18361:Eastern Front 18358: 18355: 18354:Western Front 18351: 18350: 18348: 18344: 18339: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18321: 18318: 18314: 18311: 18307: 18304: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18293: 18292: 18290: 18288: 18284: 18277: 18273: 18270: 18266: 18263: 18259: 18256: 18252: 18249: 18248:Puppet states 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18231: 18226: 18222: 18219: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18208: 18205: 18201: 18198: 18194: 18191: 18190:Naval history 18187: 18184: 18180: 18177: 18173: 18170: 18166: 18161: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18150: 18147: 18143: 18138: 18137:United States 18134: 18131: 18127: 18124: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18113: 18110: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18092: 18089: 18085: 18082: 18078: 18075: 18071: 18066: 18062: 18061: 18059: 18055: 18054: 18052: 18050: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18021: 18016: 18012: 18009: 18005: 18002: 17998: 17997: 17993: 17988: 17984: 17983: 17981: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17969: 17966: 17962: 17955: 17950: 17948: 17943: 17941: 17936: 17935: 17932: 17920: 17917: 17914: 17913: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17874: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17779: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17749: 17745: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17689:Baltic States 17687: 17686: 17684: 17680: 17675: 17668: 17663: 17661: 17656: 17654: 17649: 17648: 17645: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608:Categories: ( 17607: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17597: 17590: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17554: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17540: 17537: 17533: 17530: 17526: 17525: 17523: 17521: 17515: 17508: 17507:Pierre Villon 17504: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17469: 17466: 17462: 17459: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17434: 17430: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17409: 17406: 17402: 17399: 17395: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17366: 17364: 17362: 17356: 17349: 17345: 17342: 17338: 17333: 17329: 17326: 17322: 17321: 17319: 17315: 17312: 17308: 17305: 17301: 17298: 17294: 17291: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17273: 17270: 17266: 17263: 17259: 17258: 17256: 17254: 17246: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17194: 17193: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17143: 17140: 17139: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17125: 17122: 17121: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17098: 17097: 17095: 17093: 17087: 17080: 17079: 17074: 17071: 17067: 17064: 17060: 17055: 17051: 17048: 17044: 17041: 17037: 17034: 17030: 17025: 17024: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17015: 17014:Armée secrète 17010: 17009: 17005: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16979: 16978: 16973: 16970: 16966: 16963: 16962: 16957: 16954: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16926: 16923: 16917: 16912: 16911: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16894: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16869: 16868: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16854: 16851: 16847: 16842: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16834: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16812: 16809: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16792: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16776:Radio Londres 16772: 16768: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16745: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16727: 16726: 16722: 16717: 16713: 16710: 16706: 16703: 16699: 16696: 16692: 16691: 16689: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16673: 16669: 16662: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16633: 16630: 16626: 16623: 16619: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16605: 16602: 16598: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16571: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16550: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16532: 16529: 16525: 16522: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16504: 16501: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16469: 16466: 16462: 16459: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16434: 16431: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16419: 16411: 16402: 16397: 16395: 16390: 16388: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16360: 16357: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16332: 16329: 16325: 16324:Pierre Albert 16322: 16320: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16289: 16286: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16274:Geocities.com 16272: 16270: 16266: 16263: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16241: 16240: 16229: 16223: 16219: 16214: 16211: 16207: 16203: 16200: 16196: 16192: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16162: 16153: 16149: 16145: 16139: 16135: 16134: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16114: 16109: 16102: 16101: 16095: 16091: 16085: 16081: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16051:Knight, Frida 16048: 16044: 16038: 16034: 16029: 16026: 16022: 16018: 16012: 16008: 16003: 15999: 15993: 15989: 15984: 15983: 15971: 15965: 15961: 15956: 15952: 15946: 15942: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15923: 15922: 15916: 15912: 15906: 15902: 15901: 15895: 15891: 15885: 15881: 15876: 15872: 15867: 15863: 15857: 15852: 15851: 15844: 15840: 15834: 15830: 15825: 15821: 15815: 15811: 15806: 15802: 15796: 15792: 15787: 15783: 15777: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15753: 15749: 15744: 15740: 15735: 15731: 15725: 15721: 15716: 15712: 15706: 15702: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15683: 15678: 15674: 15668: 15664: 15659: 15655: 15649: 15645: 15640: 15636: 15630: 15626: 15621: 15617: 15611: 15607: 15602: 15598: 15592: 15588: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15560: 15548: 15544: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15522: 15517: 15516: 15509: 15505: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15488: 15484: 15478: 15473: 15472: 15465: 15461: 15455: 15451: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15432: 15431: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15413: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15394: 15389: 15385: 15379: 15374: 15373: 15366: 15362: 15356: 15351: 15350: 15343: 15339: 15333: 15329: 15328: 15322: 15318: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15299: 15293: 15289: 15288: 15282: 15279: 15278:De Bezige Bij 15275: 15271: 15265: 15259: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15222: 15218: 15212: 15208: 15203: 15199: 15193: 15189: 15184: 15180: 15174: 15169: 15168: 15161: 15157: 15151: 15147: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15128: 15123: 15119: 15113: 15109: 15104: 15100: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15071: 15066: 15062: 15056: 15052: 15047: 15043: 15037: 15033: 15032: 15026: 15022: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14972: 14968: 14963: 14959: 14953: 14949: 14944: 14940: 14934: 14930: 14925: 14921: 14915: 14911: 14906: 14902: 14896: 14892: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14870: 14866: 14861: 14846: 14842: 14836: 14829: 14828: 14822: 14818: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14761: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14720: 14716: 14710: 14706: 14701: 14697: 14691: 14687: 14682: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14663: 14659: 14653: 14649: 14644: 14640: 14634: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14615: 14611: 14606: 14602: 14596: 14592: 14587: 14583: 14577: 14573: 14568: 14564: 14558: 14554: 14549: 14545: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14528: 14524: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14508: 14487: 14483: 14477: 14469: 14468: 14463: 14456: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14429: 14414: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14395:Federini 2006 14391: 14383: 14377: 14373: 14366: 14360:, p. 43. 14359: 14358:Suleiman 2006 14354: 14347: 14342: 14335: 14330: 14323: 14318: 14311: 14306: 14300:, p. 73. 14299: 14294: 14278: 14274: 14268: 14261: 14256: 14250:, p. 13. 14249: 14244: 14237: 14232: 14225: 14220: 14213: 14208: 14201: 14196: 14189: 14184: 14177: 14172: 14165: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14148: 14143: 14136: 14131: 14122: 14115: 14110: 14103: 14098: 14091: 14086: 14079: 14074: 14068:, p. 56. 14067: 14062: 14056:, p. 98. 14055: 14050: 14044:, p. 69. 14043: 14042:Marshall 2001 14038: 14032:, p. 36. 14031: 14030:Suleiman 2006 14026: 14019: 14014: 14007: 14002: 13995: 13990: 13983: 13978: 13971: 13966: 13959: 13954: 13947: 13942: 13935: 13930: 13923: 13918: 13909: 13907: 13899: 13898:Williams 1992 13894: 13888:, p. 69. 13887: 13882: 13875: 13870: 13863: 13858: 13851: 13846: 13840:, 9 Jan 2006. 13839: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13816: 13809: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13798: 13781: 13777: 13770: 13764:, p. 68. 13763: 13762:Simonnet 2004 13758: 13751: 13746: 13739: 13734: 13732: 13724: 13719: 13713:, p. 29. 13712: 13707: 13700: 13695: 13689:, p. 87. 13688: 13683: 13677:, p. 28. 13676: 13671: 13665:, p. 45. 13664: 13659: 13652: 13647: 13645: 13637: 13632: 13625: 13620: 13613: 13608: 13601: 13596: 13590:, p. 52. 13589: 13584: 13577: 13572: 13565: 13560: 13554:, p. 20. 13553: 13552:Marshall 2001 13548: 13541: 13536: 13529: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13512: 13507: 13501:, p. 38. 13500: 13499:Marshall 2001 13495: 13488: 13483: 13476: 13471: 13464: 13459: 13452: 13447: 13440: 13435: 13429:, p. 23. 13428: 13423: 13417:, p. 17. 13416: 13411: 13404: 13399: 13392: 13391:Marshall 2001 13387: 13380: 13375: 13368: 13363: 13356: 13351: 13344: 13339: 13332: 13331:McMillan 1998 13327: 13321:, p. 20. 13320: 13315: 13308: 13303: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13282: 13275: 13270: 13251: 13247: 13240: 13233: 13226: 13221: 13214: 13209: 13202: 13197: 13190: 13185: 13178: 13173: 13166: 13161: 13153: 13146: 13140:, p. 76. 13139: 13138:Zuccotti 1999 13134: 13127: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13110: 13105: 13103: 13086: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13063: 13057:, p. 24. 13056: 13055:Marshall 2001 13051: 13044: 13039: 13037: 13029: 13024: 13022: 13013: 13008: 13000: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12956:, p. 66. 12955: 12950: 12943: 12938: 12931: 12926: 12919: 12914: 12907: 12902: 12896:, p. 65. 12895: 12890: 12888: 12881:, p. 99. 12880: 12875: 12868: 12863: 12857:, p. 39. 12856: 12851: 12845:, p. 46. 12844: 12839: 12832: 12827: 12820: 12815: 12808: 12803: 12795: 12789: 12785: 12778: 12770: 12764: 12760: 12753: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12719: 12713: 12705: 12699: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12649:, p. 37. 12648: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12616: 12610: 12602: 12598: 12592: 12585: 12580: 12573: 12568: 12561: 12560:Zuccotti 1999 12556: 12550:, p. 13. 12549: 12544: 12537: 12532: 12525: 12520: 12504: 12498: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12476: 12471: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12443: 12441: 12433: 12428: 12421: 12420:Weisberg 1997 12416: 12409: 12404: 12398:, p. 29. 12397: 12392: 12390: 12382: 12381:Weisberg 1997 12377: 12370: 12365: 12358: 12353: 12347:, p. 35. 12346: 12341: 12334: 12329: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12305: 12300: 12293: 12288: 12281: 12280:McMillan 1998 12276: 12269: 12264: 12258:, p. 72. 12257: 12252: 12246:, p. 71. 12245: 12240: 12233: 12228: 12222:, p. 69. 12221: 12216: 12209: 12204: 12188: 12182: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12158:, p. 49. 12157: 12152: 12146:, p. 42. 12145: 12144:Marshall 2001 12140: 12134:, p. 41. 12133: 12132:Marshall 2001 12128: 12121: 12116: 12110:, p. 40. 12109: 12108:Marshall 2001 12104: 12097: 12092: 12085: 12080: 12073: 12072:Marshall 2001 12068: 12062:, p. 62. 12061: 12056: 12049: 12044: 12038:, p. 60. 12037: 12032: 12025: 12020: 12013: 12008: 12002:, p. 60. 12001: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11982: 11977: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11950: 11944:, p. 10. 11943: 11938: 11931: 11926: 11919: 11914: 11912: 11904: 11899: 11897: 11889: 11884: 11875: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11846: 11838: 11833: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11811: 11806: 11799: 11794: 11792: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11769: 11764: 11762: 11755:, p. 58. 11754: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11725: 11720: 11713: 11708: 11706: 11698: 11693: 11686: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11665: 11660: 11653: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11634: 11629: 11623:, p. 57. 11622: 11617: 11615: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11583: 11578: 11562: 11558: 11556: 11555:The Next Moon 11547: 11541:, p. 56. 11540: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11524:, p. 53. 11523: 11518: 11516: 11508: 11503: 11497:, p. 52. 11496: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11471: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11455:, p. 51. 11454: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11425: 11420: 11418: 11410: 11405: 11399:, p. 50. 11398: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11379: 11374: 11372: 11364: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11344:, p. 55. 11343: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11316: 11311: 11309: 11301: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11282: 11277: 11270: 11265: 11263: 11256:, p. 44. 11255: 11250: 11244:, p. 43. 11243: 11238: 11236: 11228: 11223: 11217:, p. 22. 11216: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11186: 11179: 11177: 11169: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11150: 11145: 11143: 11135: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11116: 11111: 11105:, p. 40. 11104: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11088:, p. 54. 11087: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11060: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11039: 11034: 11027: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11007:, p. 21. 11006: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10956: 10949:, p. 49. 10948: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10928:, p. 32. 10927: 10922: 10920: 10912: 10907: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10866:, p. 31. 10865: 10860: 10858: 10850: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10820:, p. 30. 10819: 10814: 10807: 10802: 10800: 10792: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10775: 10770: 10764:, p. 29. 10763: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10746: 10741: 10739: 10731: 10726: 10724: 10716: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10697: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10678: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10658: 10651: 10646: 10639: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10591: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10553: 10548: 10546: 10538: 10533: 10531: 10524:, p. 18. 10523: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10499:, p. 17. 10498: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10474:, p. 27. 10473: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10444: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10378: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10361: 10356: 10349: 10344: 10337: 10332: 10330: 10322: 10317: 10315: 10308:, p. 26. 10307: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10282: 10277: 10271:, p. 48. 10270: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10235: 10230: 10224:, p. 28. 10223: 10218: 10216: 10209:, p. 45. 10208: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10183: 10178: 10171: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10136:, p. 16. 10135: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10114: 10109: 10102: 10097: 10091:, p. 46. 10090: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10072:, p. 47. 10071: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10053:, p. 11. 10052: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10009: 10007: 10005: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9978: 9970: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9940: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9889:, p. 25. 9888: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9868:, p. 24. 9867: 9862: 9855: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9805: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9764: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9723: 9721: 9713: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9693:, p. 23. 9692: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9675: 9670: 9664:, p. 10. 9663: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9561: 9554: 9549: 9547: 9539: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9498:, p. 12. 9497: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9459:, p. 14. 9458: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9438:, p. 13. 9437: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9410: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9394:, p. 15. 9393: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9376: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9359: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9338: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9290: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9223: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9191: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9129:, p. 51. 9128: 9123: 9116: 9115:Marshall 2001 9111: 9104: 9099: 9092: 9087: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9049: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9026: 9021: 9015:, p. 83. 9014: 9009: 9003:, p. 44. 9002: 9001:Marshall 2001 8997: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8952: 8949:Lieb, Peter. 8945: 8938: 8933: 8927:, p. 86. 8926: 8921: 8915:, p. 37. 8914: 8909: 8903:, p. 14. 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8842:, p. 30. 8841: 8836: 8830:, p. 50. 8829: 8824: 8822: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8734:France portal 8724: 8717: 8715: 8714:Leonard Cohen 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8660:, created by 8659: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8615:Charlie's War 8612: 8608: 8607:Kevin Doherty 8598: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8581: 8580:André Malraux 8577: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8505: 8496: 8492: 8489:This section 8487: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8448:produced the 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8420:'s 1980 film 8419: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8380:Marcel Ophüls 8377: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8347: 8346:Joseph Kessel 8343: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8302:A Man Escaped 8298: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8200:Maurice Papon 8197: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8151:The official 8149: 8148:(the shorn). 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8119: 8107: 8102: 8093: 8092:from France. 8091: 8090:Jews deported 8087: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7995: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7908:Fascist Italy 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7866: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7671:Atlantic Wall 7668: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593:'s newspaper 7592: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7540:Agnès Humbert 7536: 7534: 7533:Eastern Front 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7402:, during the 7401: 7397: 7394:) were rural 7392: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190:József Boczor 7187: 7184:(1924–1944), 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7166:Étienne Hajdu 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7107:400 men from 7103:Luxembourgers 7100: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6962: 6953: 6950: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6893:Atlantic Wall 6890: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6817:, July, 1944. 6816: 6811: 6806: 6799:BCRA networks 6796: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448:Lucien Lublin 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6369: 6368:Mont-Valérien 6365: 6361: 6360:Franc-Tireurs 6357: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6347:Affiche Rouge 6340:Affiche Rouge 6337: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6163:Amédée Dunois 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6118:(OCM) and in 6117: 6113: 6110:, and in the 6109: 6103: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6022:was asked by 6021: 6010: 6007: 5999: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5973:This section 5971: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5946:white émigrés 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926:Pablo Picasso 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5902:Popular Front 5897: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5693:Île-de-France 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534:Robert Paxton 5531: 5527: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5407:Septemberists 5404: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180:disguised as 5179: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988:, one of the 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4939:Usually, the 4937: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4700:Ascq massacre 4697: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474:Pierre Koenig 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410:to evict the 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4281:French forces 4278: 4273: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4107:Lydie Bastien 4104: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4070:Hugo Bleicher 4067: 4063: 4062:Odette Sansom 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636:shanghaillage 3633: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3591:Alter Kämpfer 3587: 3583: 3582:Fritz Sauckel 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Atlantic Wall 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3504:Francs-Gardes 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3447:Armée Secrète 3443: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3329:or immigrant 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260:René Bousquet 3257: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:Hugo Bleicher 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2923:Eastern Front 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2788:Virginia Hall 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2770:Virginia Hall 2767: 2766:Georges Bégué 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2741:Radio Londres 2738: 2728: 2725: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2671:Les Invalides 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2629:Robert Desnos 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:to break the 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:refus absurde 2361: 2356: 2354: 2347: 2346:their lives." 2344: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2280:February 2023 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2172:The ruins of 2170: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148:exchange rate 2145: 2144:French francs 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2073:in May 1945. 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:Atlantic Wall 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970:. Resistance 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:La Résistance 1950: 1946: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1818:Popular front 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1803:Direct action 1801: 1799: 1798:Deplatforming 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458:Soviet Union 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414:Zwiazek Walki 1410: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1359:Armia Krajowa 1357: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:Armée secrète 1093: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1002:Witte Brigade 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 979: 978: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 948: 945: 944: 943: 936: 933: 932: 931: 928: 927: 926: 923: 915: 914: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 856: 855: 854: 852: 845: 844:Volante Rossa 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 763: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 743: 738: 735: 734: 727: 726: 722: 718: 717: 714: 711: 710: 706: 702: 701: 695: 691: 686: 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 656: 653:North America 652: 651: 648: 645: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 628: 627: 624: 621: 619: 618:Colmar Pocket 616: 614: 613: 609: 607: 604: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 577: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 526:Monte Cassino 524: 522: 519: 517: 516: 512: 510: 509:Eastern Front 507: 506: 502: 501: 498: 495: 493: 492: 488: 486: 485:Run for Tunis 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 442: 436: 428: 423: 421: 416: 414: 409: 408: 405: 392: 387: 382: 380: 375: 370: 368: 363: 358: 356: 351: 346: 344: 339: 334: 332: 327: 322: 321: 320: 319: 317: 310: 305: 300: 298: 294: 292: 287: 282: 280: 275: 270: 268: 263: 258: 256: 251: 246: 244: 239: 234: 233: 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 215: 214:United States 204: 202: 191: 189: 188:Supported by: 186: 182: 177: 175: 170: 165: 164: 163: 162: 160: 153: 142: 140: 139:Supported by: 137: 134: 122: 121: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 101: 100: 96: 93: 92: 90: 87: 84: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 22031: 22020:Lefts Cartel 21938:Neosocialism 21887: 21883:The Vichy 80 21857:Le Populaire 21855: 21848: 21783:Daniel Mayer 21776: 21580: 21573: 21566: 21559: 21552: 21545: 21538: 21531: 21524: 21517: 21510: 21504:Publications 21480:Unitary Left 21472: 21447: 21413:Headquarters 21302:Pierre Célor 21202:Bibliography 21185: 20998:Project Hula 20963:Vistula–Oder 20932: 20865: 20856: 20840: 20810: 20759: 20743: 20734: 20725: 20691: 20588: 20503: 20479: 20449: 20200: 20093: 20038:North Africa 19740:Soviet Union 19694:Soviet Union 19620:Soviet Union 19470: 19388:Vatican City 19298:Vichy France 19203:German Reich 19100:Soviet Union 19086:South Africa 19079:Sierra Leone 19032:Newfoundland 18851:Participants 18834:Marocchinate 18538: 18529: 18499: 18377:North Africa 18338:Indian Ocean 18197:Nazi plunder 18088:Cryptography 17961:World War II 17859:Soviet Union 17803: 17579: 17556: 17486:Henri Frenay 17348:Ubangi-Shari 17311:French Gabon 17304:French Congo 17235: 17226: 17217: 17208: 17199: 17190: 17181: 17172: 17163: 17156:Franc-Tireur 17154: 17145: 17136: 17127: 17118: 17109: 17100: 17076: 17040:Jade-Fitzroy 17021: 17012: 16975: 16959: 16936: 16908: 16899: 16883: 16874: 16865: 16856: 16831: 16824:Franc-Tireur 16822: 16774: 16573: 16417: 16415: 16361: 16350: 16339: 16323: 16314: 16305: 16296: 16287: 16273: 16264: 16250: 16242: 16217: 16205: 16194: 16180: 16165: 16151: 16132: 16112: 16099: 16079: 16072: 16054: 16032: 16024: 16006: 15987: 15959: 15940: 15920: 15899: 15879: 15870: 15849: 15828: 15809: 15790: 15770: 15747: 15738: 15719: 15700: 15681: 15662: 15643: 15624: 15605: 15586: 15566:. 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The 5667:During the 5658:Jean Moulin 5640:deux gaules 5589:in absentia 5569:Free French 5551:Free France 5480:naphtalinés 5317:Ostlegionen 5312:Ostlegionen 5224:Ostlegionen 5057:Though the 4904:Plan Tortue 4900:Plan Tortue 4881:commandants 4873:lieutenants 4846:Plan Violet 4842:Plan Violet 4833:Plan Tortue 4815:Plan Violet 4694:, close to 4679:arrived in 4615:, close to 4341:by killing 4275:Resistance 4171:factory at 4110: [ 4016:torche-culs 3933:Unlike the 3830:or people ( 3681:réfractaire 3571:réfractaire 3551:réfractaire 3481:résistants, 3273:grand rafle 3013:Duke Street 2995:Jean Moulin 2962: [ 2934:Paris Metro 2860:World War I 2835: [ 2638:Aujourd'hui 2621:indicateurs 2613:the Gestapo 2534:La Rochelle 2410:Boris Vildé 2360:Jean Cassou 2030:, and some 2008:Protestants 2000:aristocrats 1868:Anti-racism 1813:Milkshaking 1473:Yugoslavia 1300:Luxembourg 1090:Armée Juive 997:Secret Army 737:Black Lions 435:Free French 379:Dutch-Paris 297:Franc-Garde 22062:Categories 21872:Trotskyism 21850:L'Humanité 21789:Guy Mollet 21771:Paul Faure 21677:Left Front 21582:Pif Gadget 21512:L'Humanité 21358:Robert Hue 21033:West Hunan 20866:Pointblank 20202:Silver Fox 20188:Summer War 19941:Winter War 19920:Phoney War 19701:Azerbaijan 19662:Yugoslavia 19557:Luxembourg 19399:Resistance 19146:Yugoslavia 19011:Luxembourg 18813:Sook Ching 18609:War crimes 18211:Technology 18204:Opposition 18146:Lend-Lease 18123:Australian 18116:Home front 18074:Blitzkrieg 18024:Casualties 18015:Commanders 17987:Operations 17891:Yugoslavia 17834:Luxembourg 17676:by country 17536:Companions 17359:Liberation 17210:Résistance 17174:L'Humanité 17102:Bir-Hakeim 16985:Mithridate 16961:CdL Cinéma 16953:Comet Line 16797:operations 16737:Bir Hakeim 16563:Yugoslavia 16521:Luxembourg 14732:B0000DOQ1O 14486:Drama UKTV 14248:Weitz 1995 14054:Weitz 1995 13946:Weitz 1995 13874:Weitz 1995 13612:Abram 2003 13511:Moore 2000 13463:Weitz 1995 13451:Weitz 1995 13189:Bowen 2006 13177:Bowen 2000 13165:Weitz 1995 13028:Moore 2000 13001:required.) 12954:Weitz 1995 12942:Weitz 1995 12918:Weitz 1995 12894:Weitz 1995 12843:Weitz 1995 12664:L'Humanité 12396:Weitz 1995 12369:Knapp 2006 12357:Moore 2000 12220:Weiss 2006 12208:Knapp 2006 12193:25 October 12120:Weitz 1995 12060:Weitz 1995 12000:Weitz 1995 11942:Weitz 1995 11837:Ousby 2000 11825:Ousby 2000 11810:Ousby 2000 11798:Ousby 2000 11783:Ousby 2000 11768:Ousby 2000 11724:Ousby 2000 11712:Ousby 2000 11697:Ousby 2000 11685:Ousby 2000 11664:Ousby 2000 11652:Ousby 2000 11633:Ousby 2000 11606:Ousby 2000 11594:Ousby 2000 11582:Ousby 2000 11378:Ousby 2000 11363:Ousby 2000 11315:Ousby 2000 11300:Ousby 2000 11281:Ousby 2000 11269:Ousby 2000 11168:Ousby 2000 11149:Ousby 2000 11134:Ousby 2000 11115:Ousby 2000 11059:Ousby 2000 11038:Ousby 2000 11026:Ousby 2000 10876:Ousby 2000 10849:Ousby 2000 10837:Ousby 2000 10806:Ousby 2000 10791:Ousby 2000 10774:Ousby 2000 10745:Ousby 2000 10730:Ousby 2000 10715:Ousby 2000 10696:Ousby 2000 10677:Ousby 2000 10662:Ousby 2000 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8657:Resistance 8650:(English: 8576:Marc Bloch 8393:La Brigade 8334:movies is 8299:presented 8073:Top Secret 7981:Leclerc's 7959:Plan Jaune 7955:Plan Rouge 7611:Pantagruel 7573:Pantagruel 7566:Résistance 7554:Paul Rivet 7458:Activities 7400:maquisards 7359:Pierre Cot 7245:Tony Halik 7186:Imre Glasz 7135:Hungarians 7109:Luxembourg 7081:Otto Kühne 7063:fought in 7009:Mauthausen 6837:asked the 6773:Châteaudun 6751:Résistance 6550:L'Humanité 6494:(roughly, 6412:underclass 6352:propaganda 6257:, led the 6208:La Cagoule 6151:Guy Mollet 6139:Jules Moch 6093:Riom trial 6032:Paul Faure 5956:Socialists 5909:Trotskyist 5816:Longjumeau 5795:Communists 5708:Third Army 5601:bona fides 5476:résistants 5471:résistants 5425:résistants 5421:résistants 5417:résistants 5399:résistants 5371:résistants 5334:to launch 5325:maquisards 5302:maquisards 5278:maquisards 5198:résistants 5194:résistants 5178:maquisards 5159:maquisards 5154:maquisards 5146:maquisards 5036:Der Führer 5017:Der Führer 4990:maquisards 4966:maquisards 4877:capitaines 4865:résistants 4821:Plan Jaune 4803:Plan Rouge 4740:maquisards 4677:A. J. Ayer 4637:Bonneville 4605:maquisards 4601:maquisards 4466:Reichsbahn 4457:résistante 4436:maquisards 4428:maquisards 4420:maquisards 4403:maquisards 4383:maquisards 4375:maquisards 4347:dreyfusard 4329:hated the 4327:résistants 4283:since 1939 4246:maquisards 4233:maqusiards 4129:suburb of 4103:René Hardy 4029:grew, the 4012:maquisards 3984:résistants 3980:maquisards 3976:maquisards 3971:maquisards 3959:capitaines 3928:maqusiards 3824:Rhinocéros 3796:Libération 3772:maquisards 3752:maquisards 3686:After the 3640:Otto Abetz 3632:maquisards 3623:movement. 3432:Liberation 3394:résistants 3380:résistants 3327:Israélites 3170:résistante 3159:résistante 3106:résistants 3087:résistants 3083:Marseilles 3047:Interallié 2868:résistants 2856:Clemenceau 2795:résistants 2779:Morse code 2693:résistants 2667:Reichsmark 2582:Israélites 2519:The first 2474:codenamed 2460:Interallié 2406:Paul Rivet 2372:résistants 2123:After the 2028:communists 2024:anarchists 1793:Black bloc 1710:Bella ciao 1592:Revolution 1205:White Rose 787:Iron Front 772:Black Band 606:Strasbourg 587:Marseilles 480:Bir Hakeim 22013:Alliances 21913:Blanquism 21098:Manchuria 20984:Indochina 20760:Bagration 20211:Lithuania 19856:Anschluss 19653:Viet Minh 19550:Lithuania 19492:Hong Kong 19262:Manchukuo 19217:Azad Hind 18876:Australia 18676:Aftermath 18539:Paperclip 18434:Aftermath 18234:Total war 18102:Diplomacy 18065:In Europe 17915:See also: 17901:Macedonia 17829:Lithuania 17520:Memorials 17361:of France 16807:Movements 16695:Air Force 16528:Macedonia 16514:Lithuania 15420:566141115 14688:. Wiley. 14439:Unifrance 14418:17 August 14283:19 August 13259:17 August 13225:Rath 2009 13091:4 January 12742:7 January 12647:Emin 1981 12460:19 August 12432:Suhl 1967 12321:L'Express 8800:Citations 8716:in 1969. 8683:Star Trek 8624:The Train 8597:in 1991. 8502:June 2020 7963:Plan Noir 7947:Plan Bleu 7943:Plan Vert 7722:pianistes 7675:Wehrmacht 7529:Unter Uns 7396:guerrilla 7150:Marseille 7097:Waffen-SS 6989:Camp Gurs 6956:Armenians 6781:movements 6595:Norwegian 6562:Georgians 6502:Armenians 6400:Wehrmacht 6303:socialism 6295:socialist 6057:In 1942, 6042:(CAS) in 6024:Leon Blum 5848:Comintern 5804:Communist 5654:saboteurs 5625:shouted " 5506:Resistant 5495:Resistant 5450:miliciens 5445:résistant 5436:miliciens 5432:Miliciens 5362:tricolore 5358:tricolore 5288:from the 5237:maquisard 5233:miliciens 5182:miliciens 5163:miliciens 5150:miliciens 5142:miliciens 5110:miliciens 5063:André Hue 5040:Das Reich 5021:Das Reich 5002:Das Reich 4998:Das Reich 4978:Das Reich 4974:Das Reich 4946:Das Reich 4896:Plan Vert 4827:Plan Noir 4809:Plan Bleu 4797:Plan Vert 4714:when the 4593:miliciens 4554:when the 4533:André Hue 4516:Greasegun 4470:Cheminots 4452:résistant 4424:miliciens 4160:Harry Rée 4154:works at 4100:résistant 3996:maquisard 3935:andartes, 3924:maqusiard 3911:maquisard 3896:maquisard 3889:maquisard 3883:advised: 3862:advised: 3856:maquisard 3828:Eléphant) 3389:résistant 3385:baignoire 3348:Luftwaffe 3315:Calvinist 3279:Cardinal 3198:Nuremberg 3177:résistant 3038:résistant 2975:Léon Jost 2889:Comintern 2748:Calvinist 2570:Aryanized 2521:résistant 2514:Cheminots 2510:cheminots 2476:La Chatte 2429:Churchill 2420:in Lyon. 2388:résistant 2376:résistant 2330:Ian Ousby 2321:résistant 2303:. At the 2236:Waffen SS 2228:miliciens 2224:execution 2176:, in the 2101:Wehrmacht 2051:Wehrmacht 2049:, and on 1878:Anarchism 1590:Carnation 1580:Portugal 1431:Slovakia 1283:partisans 1009:Bulgaria 733:Ethiopia 647:Indochina 437:campaigns 255:Waffen-SS 22078:Sabotage 21209:Category 21158:document 21068:document 20925:Ardennes 20909:Budapest 20857:Crossbow 20735:Overlord 20574:Smolensk 19792:Timeline 19627:Slovakia 19613:Thailand 19464:Ethiopia 19429:Bulgaria 19353:Portugal 19291:Thailand 19173:Bulgaria 18951:Eswatini 18944:Ethiopia 18897:Bulgaria 18722:Unit 731 18683:Response 18500:Keelhaul 18450:Cold War 18423:Americas 18414:timeline 18407:Atlantic 18287:Theaters 17906:Slovenia 17882:Taganrog 17787:Slovakia 17769:Bulgaria 17716:Bulgaria 17384:1st Army 17147:L'Espoir 17111:Bulletin 16992:Morhange 16930:Alliance 16921:Networks 16795:Domestic 16574:Creation 16556:Slovakia 16451:Bulgaria 16331:Archived 16259:Archived 16053:(1975). 15768:(2006). 15549:(3): 266 15250:(2008). 15009:(1981). 13830:Archived 13291:Archived 9948:Archived 8720:See also 8710:Hy Zaret 8529:in 1944. 8106:Canjuers 8021:and the 7912:Corsican 7883:Boulogne 7801:Provence 7797:Normandy 7759:Sabotage 7754:in 1944. 7736:Sabotage 7690:Brittany 7661:in 1944. 7605:to form 7521:La Terre 7454:(CFLN). 7281:Huelgoat 7158:Lausanne 7154:Toulouse 7146:Grenoble 7121:Ardennes 7119:and the 7117:Grenoble 7069:Cévennes 7067:and the 6987:such as 6981:Pyrenees 6815:Brittany 6793:movement 6785:networks 6775:in 1944. 6481:Grenoble 6477:Toulouse 6278:mob rule 5724:matériel 5689:Normandy 5555:Gaullism 5530:Sorbonne 5486:Factions 5459:Bordeaux 5298:Grenoble 5241:milicien 5071:Brittany 5069:band in 4950:Toulouse 4855:Normandy 4728:Auvergne 4661:Limousin 4617:Grenoble 4558:and the 4526:and the 4524:M1 rifle 4510:and the 4351:milicien 4215:and the 4169:Michelin 4035:milicien 3963:colonels 3899:traitor. 3784:Cévennes 3730:and the 3236:corbeaux 3232:corbeaux 3194:Augsburg 3189:Lysander 3181:Toulouse 3026:Gaullist 3018:Gaullist 2991:Chartres 2970:Bordeaux 2943:Gaullist 2879:Daladier 2844:Napoleon 2689:Pyrenées 2659:corbeaux 2657:. These 2655:corbeaux 2525:Bordeaux 2439:founded 2293:swastika 2127:and the 2057:for the 2032:fascists 2020:liberals 1959:and the 1840:See also 1823:Squadism 1637:62 Group 1632:43 Group 1545:Germany 1421:Romania 1412:Zydowski 1405:Żydowska 1144:Germany 1063:Denmark 1041:Czechia 977:Belgium 942:Austria 925:Albania 829:Italiana 762:Germany 730:Interwar 705:a series 703:Part of 612:Nordwind 599:Dompaire 594:Lorraine 547:Overlord 469:Exporter 73:Location 38:Part of 21918:Marxism 21652:Related 21437:FTP-MOI 21135:Shumshu 20902:Hungary 20849:Estonia 20833:Lapland 20811:Dragoon 20744:Neptune 20726:Ichi-Go 20692:Tempest 20634:Changde 20589:Cottage 20481:Jubilee 20197:Finland 20095:Compass 19801:Prelude 19754:Finland 19640:Vietnam 19606:Romania 19478:Germany 19457:Estonia 19443:Denmark 19422:Belgium 19415:Austria 19408:Albania 19339:Ireland 19325:Andorra 19309:Neutral 19276:Romania 19210:Hungary 19195:Finland 19067:Romania 18959:Finland 18937:Denmark 18883:Belgium 18869:Algeria 18575:Romania 18561:Hungary 18317:Pacific 18041:General 17995:Leaders 17980:Battles 17973:Outline 17896:Croatia 17873:Russia 17869:Moldova 17864:Belarus 17854:Romania 17809:Germany 17799:Estonia 17794:Denmark 17764:Belgium 17759:Austria 17754:Albania 17738:Ukraine 17733:Romania 17620:Members 17443:Leaders 17054:Vercors 17007:Others: 16763: 16724:Battles 16549:Romania 16486:Germany 16479:Estonia 16465:Denmark 16444:Belgium 16437:Austria 16430:Albania 16280:at the 15280:, 2008) 14854:18 July 13786:7 March 12620:29 June 12509:6 March 9905:NPR.org 8959:7 March 8698:Bernard 8630:15 Lads 8609:novels 8587:Iranian 8270:Jéricho 8141:shaming 8007:Leclerc 7769:Hamburg 7669:of the 7617:54 and 7595:Liberté 7351:Prefect 7341:Liberté 7306:Corsica 7214:Moselle 6914:Phalanx 6851:channel 6789:network 6575:Morocco 6436:Zionist 6287:députés 6285:became 6269:Liberté 6089:Algeria 6079:joined 6071:of the 6067:became 6050:in the 5749:at the 5631:" and " 5591:by the 5412:Dunkirk 5366:mairies 5282:marquis 5167:Bourges 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19810:Africa 19599:Poland 19585:Norway 19564:Malaya 19543:Latvia 19485:Greece 19471:France 19367:Sweden 19332:Bhutan 19060:Poland 19046:Norway 19018:Mexico 18985:Greece 18971:France 18909:Canada 18890:Brazil 18860:Allies 18806:Serbia 18795:Poland 18568:Poland 18554:Baltic 18347:Europe 18049:Topics 18001:Allied 17919:Jewish 17877:Crimea 17849:Poland 17844:Norway 17824:Latvia 17814:Greece 17804:France 17721:Poland 17604:Portal 17391:2nd DB 17332:Second 17253:Africa 17251:French 17120:Combat 17047:Maquis 16946:Brutus 16816:Combat 16744:Gazala 16730:Koufra 16542:Poland 16535:Norway 16507:Latvia 16493:Greece 16224: 16210:online 16199:online 16174:online 16170:online 16140: 16119: 16086: 16061: 16039: 16013: 15994: 15966: 15947: 15928: 15907: 15886: 15858: 15835: 15816: 15797: 15778: 15754: 15726: 15707: 15688: 15669: 15650: 15631: 15612: 15593: 15574: 15523: 15500: 15479: 15456: 15437: 15418: 15399: 15380: 15357: 15334: 15313: 15294: 15260: 15236: 15213: 15194: 15175: 15152: 15133: 15114: 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