2033:
644:– suggesting Dál Riata was still under Pictish control – alongside "others almost innumerable". The fact that so many were slain, including the kings of both Fortriu and Dál Riata, suggests that Wen had had time to gather his forces, and that this was the culmination of a campaign rather than a fortuitous raid. This was one of the most important and decisive battles in British history and although its location is uncertain it probably took place in the heartland of Fortriu on the shores of the Moray Firth.
22:
761:
528:'s church reforms of the 710s were described by Bede as being enacted "throughout all the provinces of the Picts". The kings of Fortriu maintained their control over southern Pictish territories in the 7th and 8th centuries by planting them with loyal Gaelic lords and their military retinues; creating
893:, north of the Mounth; while the fact that Ímar was killed by the "Men of Fortriu" does not prove that he was killed within the territory of Fortriu. Despite Skene's initial suggestion being tentative, this identification of Fortriu as including western Perthshire became established as a consensus.
981:
There can be little or no doubt then that
Fortriu centred on northern Scotland. Other Pictish scholars, such as James E. Fraser are now taking it for granted that Fortriu was in the north of Scotland, centred on Moray and
502:
in 681. As the influence of the kings of
Fortriu grew they promoted the idea of the Picts as a single people with a single king, playing a key role in uniting the Picts and establishing a self-conscious Pictish identity.
473:
By the end of the 7th century
Fortriu had established a dominant position over most or all of the Picts, one of the most significant developments in the history of early medieval Scotland, described by historians as the
457:
or "very powerful king". Irish annals record a "flight" or "migration" of Gaels "before the son of
Mailcon" between 558 and 560, suggesting that by then Bridei's power may have been extending into the territory of
659:
going to
Fortriu and plundering "the entire Pictish nation" in 866. Although the chronology of written sources is confused, they probably occupied Fortriu for three years and took hostages, before
419:
After the 4th century
Fortriu is not explicitly mentioned in documentary sources until 664, but there are indications that Fortriu's later power may have been foreshadowed in the late 6th century.
100:
The people of
Fortriu left no surviving indigenous writings and the name they used to describe themselves is unrecorded. They were first documented in the late 4th century by the Roman historian
364:
may have emerged as part of a pattern seen in other Roman frontier zones such as
Germany, where areas beyond the border saw population groups amalgamating into fewer but larger political units.
3036:
3031:
2379:
403:
and the peoples of
Ireland and continental Europe. The conspiracy may have been caused by a decline in the level if subsidies given to barbarian tribes by the emperor
594:
in 780 saw four rulers in quick succession – three from the family of Onuist son of
Uurguist – and allowed Dál Riata to reassert its independence. The succession of
411:, the leader of the northern Roman troops, was captured rather than killed suggests that the Pictish invaders may have been motivated mainly by extracting treasure.
88:
is a term used by historians as it is not known what name its people used to refer to their polity. Historians also sometimes use the name synonymously with
637:
591:
1713:
The King in the North: The Pictish realms of Fortriu and Ce. Collected essays written as part of the University of Aberdeen's Northern Picts project
350:
3041:
2372:
671:
Fortriu continued to be recorded into the early 10th century, suggesting a degree of continuity with the earlier period of over-kingship. The
715:– the "muir of Fortriu" – in 934, indicating that Fortriu was still recognised at this stage as a reference for features in the landscape.
587:, establishing a domination over northern Britain unmatched by any preceding king, that would not be rivalled again for another 150 years.
494:. Bridei had possibly been a sub-king of the Northumbrians at the start of his reign in 671, but began to extend his power with a siege of
2133:
1982:
823:, which he translated as "Forth Realm". This argument is based on unsound etymology, however, as Fothriff derives from the Gaelic words
2158:
2954:
2519:
2365:
775:
From the 19th century until 2006 most historians believed that the kingdom recorded as Fortriu in the Irish annals lay south of the
2175:
2143:
2195:
2153:
718:
The complete disappearance of the name Fortriu beyond this point suggests that it fragmented into its successor polities – the
506:
The continuing power of the kings of Fortriu over the Picts can be seen in the activities of Bridei son of Beli's successors.
2246:
2148:
482:, who was the first king to be explicitly described as "King of Fortriu" in contemporary chronicles, and whose victory over
2346:
2261:
2210:
2256:
524:
or "Law of the Innocents" in 697, indicating that Bridei was able to enforce adherence of the Picts as a whole; while
2205:
2163:
2012:
1951:
1901:
1876:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1782:
1760:
1739:
1720:
1711:
Evans, Nicholas (2019). "A historical introduction to the northern Picts". In Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (eds.).
2388:
2022:
2017:
968:
before he became King of Scots, it is possible that Fortriu was understood to be interchangeable with Moray in the
2646:
2180:
1975:
470:
from Fortriu, and Adomnan records a slave girl from Dál Riata at Bridei's court at the time of Columba's visit.
2170:
941:
859:
732:
136:, and implying that the group's name meant "Fortress People". Mallory & Adams saw the name as representing
68:
kingdom recorded between the 4th and 10th centuries. It was traditionally believed to be located in and around
2251:
972:. Fortriu is also mentioned as one of the seven ancient Pictish kingdoms in the 13th-century source known as
693:
663:
in 870 and returning to Dublin in 871, bringing with them "a great prey of English, and Britons and Picts."
595:
3046:
2236:
2215:
1991:
327:. It is not clear what relationship they had to earlier peoples documented in the same area, such as the
315:
they are clearly described as Pictish, at this time this may just have been a pejorative Roman word for
2990:
2220:
2200:
2185:
1968:
956:
924:
2529:
2330:
961:
2067:
2878:
2397:
2138:
3000:
2509:
2315:
2268:
699:
483:
614:, which had lasted for over fifty years and for much of that period had also extended to Gaelic
357:
indicate that Rome had remained in diplomatic contact with the area throughout the 2nd century.
2995:
2842:
2736:
2325:
2117:
784:
619:
580:
560:
525:
487:
430:
336:
2032:
1887:
2903:
2898:
2726:
2299:
2190:
2107:
933:
902:
848:
737:
719:
529:
507:
233:
900:
seems to have destroyed this consensus, if not the idea itself. A northern recension of the
2570:
2428:
2320:
2092:
949:
788:
306:
282:
101:
49:
831:
and means "district appended to Fife", while Fortriu is related to the earlier Latin name
563:
between 731 and 741 saw this power extended further with the invasion and conquest of the
8:
2959:
2893:
2241:
2112:
549:
541:
437:, in or near to the heartland of Fortriu. Bridei is depicted by Adomnan as overlord of a
345:
192:
740:, which lasted from 943 to 954; while Ross first appears in the documentary record in a
2852:
2052:
915:
874:
676:
660:
520:
479:
184:
41:
745:
697:, where the phrases "Men of Fortriu" and "Men of Alba" are treated as synonymous. The
602:, but Constantín proved to be strong leader and reigned through to his death in 820.
3005:
2934:
2847:
2834:
2744:
2706:
2284:
2102:
2097:
2007:
1947:
1928:
1897:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1815:
1796:
1778:
1756:
1735:
1716:
1100:
995:
929:
723:
633:
611:
1911:
Woolf, Alex (October 2006). "Dén Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts".
641:
533:
490:
in 685 extended Fortriu's power southward, replacing Northumbrian rule north of the
2595:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2524:
2357:
2289:
2082:
1920:
969:
965:
928:, written perhaps in the 12th century, but purporting to be a prophecy made in the
869:
796:
780:
764:
628:
599:
164:
149:
129:
57:
648:
2969:
2964:
2686:
2047:
1941:
1891:
1750:
1000:
974:
853:
545:
478:. The status of Fortriu as a powerful over-kingdom can be seen from the reign of
425:
216:
1775:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world
459:
21:
3051:
2754:
2580:
2514:
2062:
886:
727:
252:
Modern scholars writing in English usually refer to the kingdom using the name
121:
33:
1960:
3025:
2804:
2716:
2681:
2663:
2636:
1932:
404:
384:
220:
2873:
2774:
2711:
2621:
2600:
2585:
2575:
688:
684:
354:
265:
2072:
1924:
1104:
615:
568:
463:
2974:
2883:
2824:
2809:
2749:
2448:
2405:
983:
808:
741:
576:
491:
446:
408:
383:
whose origins are uncertain but likely to have been somewhere within the
367:
As well as the two Pictish groupings, the conspiracy of 367-368 included
324:
311:
242:
228:
224:
81:
598:
to the kingship of Fortriu in 789 was challenged by the Dál Riatan king
2929:
2888:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2721:
2671:
2605:
2590:
2423:
2294:
960:
states that "Mac Bethad, the glorious king of Fortriu, will take ." As
897:
882:
840:
771:. This large post-Pictish monument marks some kind of military triumph.
704:
537:
515:
467:
434:
69:
877:
by the "Men of Fortriu". This argument is also inconclusive, however:
730:– during the 10th century. Moray is first recorded in an entry in the
511:
3010:
2924:
2857:
2819:
2769:
2759:
2696:
2676:
2560:
2550:
2483:
396:
379:
316:
160:
117:
179:("the plain of Fortriu"), alongside references to battles occurring
2814:
2789:
2701:
2691:
2626:
2493:
2478:
2463:
2458:
2443:
2438:
2087:
2057:
844:
816:
800:
495:
332:
328:
163:
form of the name appears from the 6th to the 10th centuries in the
89:
73:
1795:. New History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2764:
2641:
2473:
2468:
2433:
2418:
919:
812:
623:
584:
420:
374:
340:
2919:
2631:
1769:
Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland, (Westport, 1994)
945:
907:
776:
768:
760:
652:
572:
553:
499:
442:
392:
388:
679:
in 904, four years after it had started using the description
622:, came to a sudden and dramatic end with a decisive defeat by
2779:
2409:
890:
575:. Onuist became the first Pictish king known to have invaded
564:
369:
302:
290:
105:
77:
76:, but is more likely to have been based in the north, in the
65:
1500:
1498:
1496:
675:
record the "men of Fortriu" killing the Scandinavian leader
2453:
1896:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112.
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1183:
952:
confirm that Dub was killed by the men of Moray at Forres.
839:, published between 1876 and 1880, identified Fortriu with
804:
749:
450:
399:; suggesting high levels of intercommunication between the
238:
1850:
Land Assessment and Lordship in Medieval Northern Scotland
1111:
811:, arguing that the names of both Fortriu and the medieval
590:
A period of instability in Fortriu following the death of
183:("in Fortriu"). These are examples of a common pattern of
3037:
States and territories disestablished in the 10th century
1493:
1401:
885:, south of the Mounth; or Strathdearn, the valley of the
1582:
1546:
1320:
1255:
1135:
632:
record the deaths in the battle of the king of Fortriu,
167:
and later sources, which contain repeated references to
1272:
1243:
1219:
1195:
1095:
Anderson, Alan Orr; Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie (1961).
128:, meaning "fortress", suggesting that both came from a
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1353:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
3032:
States and territories established in the 4th century
1732:
Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland
1570:
1377:
1341:
1308:
1284:
323:
were probably based like their successors around the
2387:
1630:
1606:
1534:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1365:
1231:
1171:
1159:
1147:
687:. The last dated reference to Fortriu in any of the
1618:
1558:
1440:
1413:
1389:
1296:
1207:
1123:
1076:
1059:
1035:
1012:
1594:
1522:
1510:
1047:
986:, where most early Pictish monuments are located.
666:
1890:. In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.).
1867:Watson, William J. (2004) . Taylor, Simon (ed.).
241:in the 8th century, refer to the group using the
3023:
1094:
1990:
1888:"The Verturian Hegemony: A Mirror in the North"
1812:The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North
1777:(Repr. ed.), Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press,
16:Pictish kingdom in Scotland, 4th-10th centuries
1705:Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286
532:named after leading Gaelic kindreds including
281:Fortriu is first recorded by the Roman author
219:for this word that has survived only in these
2373:
1976:
906:makes it clear that Fortriu was north of the
857:, on the basis that a battle recorded by the
433:, who ruled from 554 to 584, as being by the
429:describes the stronghold of the Pictish king
1772:
1117:
144:meaning "mighty", with the intensive prefix
1752:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
837:Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban
2380:
2366:
1983:
1969:
1809:
1504:
1335:
1266:
1201:
1189:
1946:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1755:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1893:Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe
948:, a location in Moray. Additions to the
944:, indicates that King Dub was killed at
759:
20:
1810:Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022).
1793:Conceiving a Nation: Scotland to AD 900
3024:
1866:
1790:
1748:
1729:
1715:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 10–38.
1407:
1383:
1371:
1347:
1314:
1290:
1278:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1165:
1153:
1082:
1029:
640:, together with the king of Dál Riata
445:, and was separately described by the
3042:Former countries in the British Isles
2520:Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
2361:
1964:
1939:
1910:
1885:
1710:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1588:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1434:
1422:
1359:
1302:
1213:
1177:
1141:
1129:
1070:
1053:
1041:
819:derived from an earlier hypothetical
518:were the only Pictish signatories to
414:
116:has been connected etymologically by
1847:
1828:
1600:
1576:
1528:
1516:
1395:
881:could refer to either Strathearn in
851:listed in the 12th century document
571:, located in the area of modern-day
1773:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006),
795:, identified Fortriu as comprising
349:, but archeological discoveries at
309:of 367-368. Although alongside the
13:
14:
3063:
1869:The Celtic Placenames of Scotland
610:The dominance of Fortriu and the
605:
339:in the 1st century and listed in
276:
2948:Other structures & artefacts
2389:Scotland during the Roman Empire
2031:
1831:The Kings Of Alba: c.1000-c.1130
215:is a modern reconstruction of a
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
667:Fragmentation and disappearance
148:. A reconstructed form in the
25:Approximate location of Fortriu
1943:From Pictland to Alba 789–1070
1099:. London: Nelson. p. 33.
1088:
942:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
860:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
835:. Skene, in his 3 volume work
793:Scotland under her Early Kings
791:. Robertson, in his 1862 work
733:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1:
1697:
694:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
466:, at the opposite end of the
286:
264:to refer to the people as an
140:, derived from Indo European
2510:Battle of Mons Graupius (83)
2347:History of the British Isles
559:A series of campaigns under
110:Verturiones (or Vecturiones)
7:
1993:Scotland in the Middle Ages
1707:, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
989:
755:
744:of the Scottish-born saint
647:The Viking Kings of Dublin
297:to describe one of the two
175:("the men of Fortriu") and
171:, ("the King of Fortriu"),
10:
3068:
1913:Scottish Historical Review
1833:. Edinburgh: John Donald.
918:), in the area visited by
596:Constantín son of Uurguist
583:and may even have invaded
271:
104:, who referred to them in
2983:
2947:
2912:
2866:
2833:
2735:
2662:
2655:
2614:
2539:Caledonian fortifications
2538:
2525:Great Conspiracy (367-69)
2502:
2404:
2395:
2339:
2308:
2277:
2229:
2126:
2040:
2029:
2000:
1730:Foster, Sally M. (2014).
1097:Adomnan's Life of Columba
962:Macbeth, King of Scotland
922:. The long poem known as
896:However, new research by
867:was also recorded by the
2398:Scotland in the Iron Age
1791:Márkus, Gilbert (2017).
1118:Mallory & Adams 2006
1006:
807:on the left bank of the
661:attacking Dumbarton Rock
498:in 680 and an attack on
152:would be something like
2615:Caledonians & Picts
1848:Ross, Alasdair (2015).
1829:Ross, Alasdair (2011).
957:The Prophecy of Berchán
925:The Prophecy of Berchán
783:, based on the work of
711:as far as Dunottar and
700:Historia Regum Anglorum
484:Ecgfrith of Northumbria
260:, and use the name the
95:
61:
53:
45:
1871:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1814:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1749:Fraser, James (2009).
1734:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1505:Noble & Evans 2022
1336:Noble & Evans 2022
1267:Noble & Evans 2022
1202:Noble & Evans 2022
1190:Noble & Evans 2022
940:. Another source, the
772:
561:Onuist son of Uurguist
526:Nechtan son of Derilei
488:Battle of Dun Nechtain
431:Bridei son of Maelchon
237:in the 6th century to
37:
26:
2727:Wilderness Plantation
2503:Battles and campaigns
2300:Scandinavian Scotland
2285:Lordship of the Isles
1925:10.3366/shr.2007.0029
1852:. Turnhout: Brepols.
934:Dub, King of Scotland
903:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
763:
752:between 971 and 976.
508:Bridei son of Derilei
305:who took part in the
234:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
24:
2656:Roman fortifications
2515:Burnswark Hill (140)
2252:Wars of Independence
1940:Woolf, Alex (2007).
1886:Woolf, Alex (2001).
1703:Anderson, Alan Orr,
1678:, Vol. I, pp. 473–4.
1144:, pp. 193, 196.
950:Chronicle of Melrose
655:are recorded in the
307:Barbarian Conspiracy
301:or "peoples" of the
283:Ammianus Marcellinus
102:Ammianus Marcellinus
3047:Pictish territories
2242:Davidian Revolution
1591:, pp. 191–192.
1555:, pp. 177–178.
1410:, pp. 287–288.
863:as taking place in
707:of England wasting
618:and the Britons of
193:Brittonic languages
936:was killed in the
873:as the killing of
773:
691:is for 918 in the
638:Bran son of Onuist
636:, and his brother
592:Elphin son of Wrad
480:Bridei son of Beli
476:Verturian Hegemony
441:or "underking" of
415:Verturian hegemony
256:and the adjective
231:sources, from the
187:rendering with an
185:Goidelic languages
27:
3019:
3018:
2943:
2942:
2935:Easter Galcantray
2571:Edin's Hall Broch
2530:Pictish War (398)
2355:
2354:
2013:Early Middle Ages
1691:, Vol. I, p. 601.
1665:, Vol. I, p. 473.
1652:, Vol. I, p. 474.
1579:, pp. 95–96.
1437:, pp. 66–67.
1362:, pp. 17–18.
1281:, pp. 94–95.
1252:, pp. 56–57.
1228:, pp. 55–56.
1192:, pp. 7, 16.
996:Province of Moray
930:Early Middle Ages
736:for the reign of
634:Wen son of Onuist
612:House of Uurguist
455:rex potentissimus
285:, who writing in
245:form of the name
112:. The Latin root
3059:
2984:Roman commanders
2660:
2659:
2596:Torwoodlee Broch
2556:Bow Castle Broch
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2340:Related articles
2237:Christianisation
2035:
2023:Late Middle Ages
2018:High Middle Ages
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1687:A. O. Anderson,
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1674:A. O. Anderson,
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1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
970:High Middle Ages
966:Mormaer of Moray
938:Plain of Fortriu
870:Annals of Ulster
797:Clackmannanshire
781:central Scotland
673:Annals of Ulster
657:Annals of Ulster
629:Annals of Ulster
600:Conall mac Taidg
407:. The fact that
395:from across the
288:
173:la firu Fortrenn
165:Annals of Ulster
150:Pictish language
130:Common Brittonic
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
2979:
2970:Cramond Lioness
2965:Bridgeness Slab
2939:
2908:
2862:
2829:
2731:
2651:
2610:
2534:
2498:
2400:
2391:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2335:
2304:
2273:
2225:
2122:
2036:
2027:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1954:
1904:
1879:
1860:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1785:
1763:
1742:
1723:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:, pp. 201.
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:, pp. 198.
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1013:
1009:
1001:Kingdom of Alba
992:
975:De Situ Albanie
854:De Situ Albanie
785:E. W. Robertson
779:in present-day
758:
746:Cathróe of Metz
703:describes King
669:
608:
510:and the cleric
426:Life of Columba
417:
335:surveyed under
279:
274:
217:nominative form
120:with the later
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Pinnata Castra
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Dumbarton Rock
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1919:(2): 182–201.
1908:
1902:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1639:, p. 199.
1629:
1617:
1615:, p. 192.
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 252.
1492:
1490:, p. 110.
1480:
1478:, p. 109.
1468:
1466:, p. 107.
1456:
1439:
1427:
1412:
1400:
1398:, p. 100.
1388:
1386:, p. 109.
1376:
1364:
1352:
1350:, p. 202.
1340:
1319:
1317:, p. 150.
1307:
1295:
1293:, p. 136.
1283:
1271:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 107.
1122:
1120:, p. 516.
1110:
1087:
1075:
1073:, p. 188.
1058:
1046:
1044:, p. 106.
1034:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
964:may have been
914:, the eastern
887:River Findhorn
757:
754:
668:
665:
642:Áed mac Boanta
607:
606:The Viking Age
604:
550:Cenél nGabráin
542:Cenél nÓengusa
534:Cenél Comgaill
416:
413:
278:
277:Roman Iron Age
275:
273:
270:
177:Maigh Fortrenn
97:
94:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Arthur's O'on
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Bothwellhaugh
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Inverquharity
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Watling Lodge
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2664:Antonine Wall
2661:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Canutulachama
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Arthur's Seat
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2331:Privy Council
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:The Old North
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1955:
1953:9780748612345
1949:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1903:9780826477651
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1878:9781841583235
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:9782503541334
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1840:9781906566159
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1821:9781780277783
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1802:9780748678983
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1784:9780199287918
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1762:9780748612321
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1741:9781780271910
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1722:9781780275512
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1689:Early Sources
1684:
1677:
1676:Early Sources
1671:
1664:
1663:Early Sources
1658:
1651:
1650:Early Sources
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:, p. 10.
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1603:, p. 98.
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1567:, p. 31.
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1531:, p. 46.
1530:
1525:
1519:, p. 51.
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 66.
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1425:, p. 41.
1424:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1374:, p. 37.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1338:, p. 18.
1337:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1305:, p. 14.
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 16.
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1240:, p. 57.
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1216:, p. 12.
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1168:, p. 68.
1167:
1162:
1156:, p. 48.
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1085:, p. 69.
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1056:, p. 31.
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1032:, p. 50.
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
987:
985:
979:
977:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Sraith Herenn
876:
875:Ímar ua Ímair
872:
871:
866:
865:Sraith Herenn
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
767:, located in
766:
765:Sueno's Stone
762:
753:
751:
748:, written in
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Ímar ua Ímair
674:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:Cáin Adomnáin
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:British Isles
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:Britons. The
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:392 used the
284:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
2955:Architecture
2874:Blatobulgium
2775:Drumquhassle
2712:Seabegs Wood
2707:Rough Castle
2622:Argentocoxos
2601:Traprain Law
2586:Rispain Camp
2576:Leckie Broch
2488:
2309:Institutions
2134:Architecture
2077:
2041:Early Realms
1942:
1916:
1912:
1892:
1868:
1849:
1830:
1811:
1792:
1774:
1751:
1731:
1712:
1704:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1430:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1204:, p. 7.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1049:
1037:
980:
973:
955:
954:
937:
932:, says that
923:
911:
901:
895:
878:
868:
864:
858:
852:
847:, the first
836:
832:
828:
824:
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792:
774:
731:
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712:
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689:Irish Annals
685:King of Alba
680:
672:
670:
656:
646:
627:
626:in 839. The
609:
589:
558:
519:
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454:
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169:rex Fortrenn
168:
159:A connected
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92:in general.
85:
29:
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18:
2975:Dere Street
2884:Castle Greg
2825:Ythan Wells
2810:Normandykes
2750:Battledykes
2647:Gartnait II
2449:Dicalydones
2269:Renaissance
2247:Great Cause
2159:Agriculture
2118:Strathclyde
1408:Fraser 2009
1384:Márkus 2017
1372:Foster 2014
1348:Fraser 2009
1315:Foster 2014
1291:Foster 2014
1279:Fraser 2009
1250:Fraser 2009
1238:Fraser 2009
1226:Fraser 2009
1166:Watson 2004
1154:Watson 2004
1083:Watson 2004
1030:Fraser 2009
984:Easter Ross
833:Verturiones
789:W. F. Skene
742:hagiography
713:Wertermorum
620:Strathclyde
581:Strathclyde
577:Northumbria
567:kingdom of
409:Fullofaudes
405:Valentinian
401:Verturiones
362:Verturiones
325:Moray Firth
321:Verturiones
317:unromanised
312:Dicalydones
295:Verturiones
243:Old English
229:Anglo-Saxon
211:. The word
138:tu(:)rjones
82:Easter Ross
72:in central
50:Old English
38:Verturiones
3026:Categories
2930:Balnageith
2904:Trimontium
2889:Elginhaugh
2843:Black Hill
2800:Inchtuthil
2795:Glenlochar
2785:Gask Ridge
2722:Westerwood
2687:Castlehill
2672:Auchendavy
2606:Walls Loch
2591:Rubers Law
2489:Verturians
2424:Carnonacae
2406:Caledonian
2326:Parliament
2196:Literature
2181:Government
2149:Demography
1698:References
1637:Woolf 2006
1625:Woolf 2007
1613:Woolf 2006
1589:Woolf 2006
1565:Evans 2019
1553:Woolf 2007
1541:Woolf 2006
1488:Woolf 2007
1476:Woolf 2007
1464:Woolf 2007
1452:Woolf 2007
1435:Woolf 2007
1423:Woolf 2007
1360:Evans 2019
1303:Evans 2019
1214:Evans 2019
1178:Woolf 2006
1142:Woolf 2006
1130:Woolf 2001
1071:Woolf 2006
1054:Woolf 2007
1042:Woolf 2001
898:Alex Woolf
883:Perthshire
841:Strathearn
821:*Forthreim
705:Aethelstan
538:Strathearn
516:Rosemarkie
468:Great Glen
449:historian
435:River Ness
181:i Fortrinn
70:Strathearn
3011:Caracalla
2925:Thomshill
2899:Pennymuir
2858:Muiryfold
2820:Strageath
2770:Deers Den
2760:Burnfield
2737:Agricolan
2697:Croy Hill
2677:Balmuildy
2561:Deers Den
2551:Bennachie
2484:Venicones
2176:Geography
2171:Education
2144:Childhood
2073:Dál Riata
2008:Sub-Roman
1933:0036-9241
1601:Ross 2011
1577:Ross 2011
1529:Ross 2011
1517:Ross 2015
1396:Ross 2011
916:Grampians
803:and west
738:Malcolm I
720:provinces
616:Dál Riata
569:Dál Riata
530:provinces
464:Dál Riata
397:North Sea
380:Attacotti
346:Geography
258:Verturian
161:Old Irish
118:John Rhys
46:Foirtrinn
42:Old Irish
2996:Agricola
2991:Cerialis
2913:Disputed
2894:Inveresk
2867:Southern
2815:Raedykes
2790:Glenbank
2702:Mumrills
2692:Cleddans
2682:Bar Hill
2627:Calgacus
2494:Votadini
2479:Vacomagi
2464:Selgovae
2459:Novantae
2444:Decantae
2439:Damnonii
2429:Cornovii
2206:Religion
2191:Language
2186:Identity
2113:Scotland
2088:Gododdin
2083:Galloway
2058:Bernicia
2053:Bamburgh
990:See also
849:province
845:Menteith
817:Fothriff
801:Menteith
756:Location
683:for the
681:ri Alban
496:Dunottar
337:Agricola
333:Decantae
329:Vacomagi
262:Wærteras
247:Wærteras
221:genitive
191:what in
154:*Uerteru
126:gwerthyr
114:verturio
90:Pictland
74:Scotland
64:) was a
54:Wærteras
3006:Severus
3001:Urbicus
2853:Cramond
2835:Severan
2765:Camelon
2642:Uradech
2474:Taexali
2469:Smertae
2434:Creones
2419:Caereni
2410:Pictish
2290:Marches
2216:Warfare
2211:Society
2154:Economy
2078:Fortriu
920:Columba
825:foithir
813:deanery
624:Vikings
585:Ireland
512:Curetán
486:at the
439:regulus
421:Adomnan
375:Ireland
341:Ptolemy
272:History
254:Fortriu
227:cases.
213:Fortriu
134:vertera
108:as the
86:Fortriu
66:Pictish
62:Uerteru
60:: *
58:Pictish
44:: *
30:Fortriu
2920:Bellie
2848:Carpow
2755:Bertha
2745:Ardoch
2632:Vipoig
2412:tribes
2278:Places
2262:Second
2230:Events
2127:Topics
2108:Rhinns
2103:Orkney
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1105:669641
1103:
946:Forres
908:Mounth
777:Mounth
769:Forres
709:Scotia
653:Auisle
649:Amlaíb
573:Argyll
565:Gaelic
554:Gowrie
500:Orkney
443:Orkney
393:Saxons
389:Franks
387:; and
370:Scotti
351:Birnie
299:gentes
225:dative
84:area.
3052:Picts
2780:Durno
2316:Court
2257:First
2221:Women
2201:Music
2164:Trade
2098:Moray
2093:Isles
1007:Notes
891:Moray
809:Forth
724:Moray
546:Angus
492:Forth
373:from
355:Elgin
353:near
303:Picts
293:name
291:Latin
132:root
124:word
122:Welsh
106:Latin
78:Moray
34:Latin
2454:Lugi
2408:and
2048:Alba
2001:Eras
1948:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1898:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1101:OCLC
912:i.e.
843:and
827:and
805:Fife
787:and
750:Metz
728:Ross
726:and
651:and
579:and
548:and
451:Bede
391:and
360:The
331:and
239:Bede
223:and
146:*wer
96:Name
80:and
2321:Law
2139:Art
2063:Cat
1921:doi
889:in
829:Fib
815:of
722:of
552:in
544:in
536:in
514:of
462:in
453:as
423:'s
343:'s
207:or
195:is
142:tur
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2068:Cé
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