5033:
376:
486:
in
Northern Scotland. Despite significant debate as to whether this language was Celtic, items such as geographical and personal names documented in the region gave evidence that this language was most closely aligned with the Brittonic branch of Celtic languages. The question of the extent to which
448:
discussed by Rivet and Smith in their book of that name published in 1979. They show most names he used were from the
Brittonic language. Some place names still contain elements derived from it. Tribe names and some Brittonic personal names are also taken down by Greeks and, mainly, Romans.
4944:
395:), bear about 150 names – about 50% Celtic (but not necessarily Brittonic). An inscription on a metal pendant (discovered there in 1979) seems to contain an ancient Brittonic curse: "
505:
to describe a hypothetical Roman era (1st to 5th centuries) predecessor to the
Pictish language. Jackson saw Pritenic as having diverged from Brittonic around the time of 75–100 AD.
5292:
407:.) This text is often seen as: "The affixed – Deuina, Deieda, Andagin Uindiorix – I have bound"; else, at the opposite extreme, taking into account case-marking –
527:
in 43 AD, at least in major settlements. Latin words were widely borrowed by its speakers in the
Romanised towns and their descendants, and later from church use.
515:
were incorrect, questionable, or of little importance, and that a lack of evidence to distinguish
Brittonic and Pictish rendered the term Prittenic "redundant".
4955:
4278:
A study of 2018 found the number of people with at least minimal skills in
Cornish as over 3,000, including around 500 estimated to be fluent.
2396:
The dative dual and plural represent the inherited instrumental forms, which replaced the inherited dative dual and plural, from Proto-Celtic
362:, but this view has not found wide acceptance. Welsh and Breton are the only daughter languages that have survived fully into the modern day.
508:
The term
Pritenic is controversial. In 2015, linguist Guto Rhys concluded that most proposals that Pictish diverged from Brittonic before
5327:
5869:
4705:"The Promotion of Cornish in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Attitudes towards the Language and Recommendations for Policy"
4331:
5287:
819:
799:
425:"divine Deieda" nominative/vocative – is: "May I, Windiorix for/at Cuamena defeat the worthless woman, divine Deieda."
3743:
5864:
5269:
5240:
5219:
5204:
5178:
5162:
5099:
5076:
5054:
4996:
4859:
4745:
4512:
5047:
487:
this language was distinguished, and the date of divergence, from the rest of
Brittonic, was historically disputed.
5820:
5475:
3721:
1148:
957:
950:
5320:
4687:
1211:
986:
1155:
1120:
169:
5859:
5363:
1581:
1166:
968:
751:
4776:
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1987). "Was ancient
British Celtic ever a written language? Two texts from Roman Bath".
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1042:
1038:
197:
5672:
5498:
4457:
4346:
3665:
1224:
1127:
1106:
999:
923:
916:
1242:
1017:
788:
737:
690:
676:
619:
19:
This article is about an ancestral Celtic language. For the group of languages descended from it, see
5313:
4410:
1194:
1113:
1028:
762:
524:
4209:
5879:
5874:
5709:
5652:
5437:
5396:
5041:
1134:
934:
562:
351:
269:
261:
191:
118:
4555:
557:
are the only direct descendants of Common
Brittonic to have survived fully into the 21st century.
1533:
744:
708:
697:
683:
279:
Evidence from early and modern Welsh shows that Common Brittonic was significantly influenced by
108:
5825:
5058:
4504:
4389:"Approaching the Pictish language: historiography, early evidence and the question of Pritenic"
383:
No documents in the language have been found, but a few inscriptions have been identified. The
5802:
5351:
4910:
4116:
3664:; however, some of these may be pre-Celtic. The best example is perhaps that of each (river)
3660:
Brittonic-derived place names are scattered across Great Britain, with many occurring in the
1292:
1037:
The early Common Brittonic vowel inventory is effectively identical to that of Proto-Celtic.
845:
774:
645:
636:
565:. Cumbric and Pictish are extinct and today spoken only in the form of loanwords in English,
265:
4547:
4496:
5403:
4201:
3778:
715:
292:
4882:
8:
5814:
5704:
5697:
5680:
5446:
5410:
4831:
4679:
4673:
4548:
1256:
727:
443:
123:
20:
428:
A tin/lead sheet retains part of nine text lines, damaged, with likely Brittonic names.
5767:
5603:
5561:
5112:
4621:
4473:
4438:
2941:
2728:
2454:
2116:
1918:
1588:
659:
604:
502:
384:
359:
546:
in Northern England and Southern Scotland, and probably Pictish in Northern Scotland.
268:, a theorized parent language that, by the first half of the first millennium BC, was
5419:
5387:
5373:
5265:
5236:
5215:
5200:
5184:
5174:
5158:
5095:
4855:
4741:
4683:
4584:
4508:
4497:
4477:
4442:
4430:
4356:
4327:
3147:
2881:
2665:
2325:
2050:
1841:
1185:
807:
609:
5685:
5660:
5628:
5609:
5570:
5546:
5488:
5336:
4716:
4469:
4422:
3871:
1571:
599:
594:
558:
466:
347:
335:
320:
312:
273:
246:
218:
113:
83:
79:
5773:
16:
Ancient Celtic language of Britain, ancestor to Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric
5728:
5622:
5582:
5483:
5248:
Brythonic Celtic – Britannisches Keltisch: From Medieval British to Modern Breton
4887:
4849:
4388:
4056:
3733:
3691:
3000:
2946:
2736:
2733:
2542:
2459:
2166:
2121:
1926:
1923:
1675:
1593:
1142:
944:
833:
628:
614:
570:
550:
456:
327:
316:
226:
100:
87:
5094:, (Studies in Languages, No. 37); University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities;
4326:. Leiden studies in Indo-european. Amsterdam Atlanta (Ga.): Rodopi. p. 45.
5840:
5796:
5749:
5720:
5576:
5513:
5426:
4132:
3754:
3727:
3687:
1205:
978:
670:
566:
554:
388:
343:
339:
304:
296:
210:
57:
5188:
4813:, eds. Pierre-Yves Lambert and Georges-Jean Pinault (Geneva: Droz, 2007), 327.
530:
By 500–550 AD, Common Brittonic had diverged into the Neo-Brittonic dialects:
5853:
5779:
5617:
5141:
Recueil des inscriptions gauloises II.2. Textes gallo-latins sur instrumentum
4945:"The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-name Evidence"
4809:
Patrick Sims-Williams, "Common Celtic, Gallo-Brittonic, and Insular Celtic",
4481:
4434:
3819:
3700:
3177:
3117:
3039:
2949:
2911:
2851:
2781:
2739:
2698:
2662:
2581:
2503:
2358:
2292:
2208:
2124:
2083:
2047:
1971:
1929:
1881:
1804:
1717:
1634:
1061:
878:
482:, which became extinct around 1000 years ago, was the spoken language of the
432:
300:
284:
250:
162:
47:
5295:, "Evidence for Written Celtic from Roman Britain: A Linguistic Analysis of
5596:
5526:
5282:
5129:
4588:
4543:
4426:
4234:
4012:
3990:
3661:
350:
probably became extinct in the 18th century, though its use has since been
288:
5264:, 2nd ed.; eds. Martin J. Ball & Nichole Müller; New York: Routledge;
5004:
5233:
The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400–1200
5171:
Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change
5122:
Jackson, Kenneth H. (1955), "The Pictish Language"; in F. T. Wainwright,
4499:
The Atlantic Iron Age: Settlement and Identity in the First Millennium BC
4259:
4227:
4166:
3078:
2816:
2620:
2250:
2009:
1759:
1100:
1056:
910:
873:
535:
392:
331:
4721:
4704:
1537:
1232:
1066:
1007:
883:
539:
1259:
had occurred, leading to a radical restructuring of the vowel system.
375:
346:. Cumbric disappeared in the 12th century, and in the far south-west,
5808:
5761:
5589:
5519:
4351:
4187:
1576:
1563:
1174:
531:
342:) throughout most of modern England as well as Scotland south of the
178:
150:
75:
4569:
Eska, Joseph (2008). "Continental Celtic". In Woodard, Roger (ed.).
4148:
5755:
5305:
4740:. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
3932:
3926:
3858:
3846:
435:
254:
4608:
Language in Pictland: The case against "non-Indo-European Pictish"
4152:
3844:: as pre-medieval Latin did not distinguish a Spanish-style mixed
5692:
5665:
5507:
5380:
3966:
3720:). When river is preceded by the word, in the modern vein, it is
543:
478:
452:
439:
355:
308:
91:
5132:(1986), "New Thought on Albion, Ieni and the 'Pretanic Isles'",
4181:
4175:
4169:
354:. O'Rahilly's historical model suggests a Brittonic language in
5733:
4003:
276:
is linked, likely as a sister language or a descendant branch.
3212:
Neuter 2nd declension stems deviate from the paradigm as such:
438:(place names) are evidentiary, recorded in Latinised forms by
4226:
from Brittonic are common in Devon place-names. Tautologous,
4156:
4100:
3983:
3840:
3813:
3278:
All other declensions same as regular 2nd declension paradigm
483:
280:
4624:(1955). "The Pictish Language". In Wainwright, F. T. (ed.).
3728:
Examples of place names derived from the Brittonic languages
4089:
3940:
3892:
3877:
462:
3886:
3889:
3197:
3167:
3137:
3107:
3091:
3068:
3052:
3029:
3013:
2990:
2962:
2931:
2901:
2871:
2841:
2806:
2768:
2752:
2718:
2685:
2649:
2633:
2610:
2594:
2571:
2555:
2532:
2516:
2493:
2472:
2377:
2344:
2311:
2278:
2263:
2236:
2221:
2194:
2179:
2152:
2137:
2102:
2069:
2033:
1995:
1953:
1904:
1894:
1864:
1854:
1827:
1817:
1787:
1772:
1745:
1730:
1703:
1688:
1662:
1647:
1621:
1606:
326:
Over the next three centuries, Brittonic was replaced by
3807:
3346:
3100:
3061:
3022:
2982:
2976:
2834:
2799:
2761:
2642:
2603:
2564:
2525:
2486:
2364:
2331:
2298:
2270:
2256:
2228:
2214:
2186:
2172:
2144:
2130:
2089:
2056:
2025:
2015:
1987:
1977:
1945:
1935:
1887:
1847:
1810:
1779:
1765:
1737:
1723:
1695:
1681:
1654:
1640:
1613:
1599:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
35:
4292:
See note on pre-medieval-Latin recording of the letter
561:
fell out of use in the 1700s but has since undergone a
4142:
4136:
379:
Bath curse tablet featuring possible Common Brittonic
5003:. North Devon Archaeological Society. Archived from
4458:"The Double System of Verbal Inflexion in Old Irish"
3883:
3880:
3874:
518:
461:
says that the language differed little from that of
4980:Gover, J. E. B.; Mawer, A.; Stenton, F. A. (1932).
3971:
2404:
2397:
1536:, it is possible to approximately reconstruct the
5260:Willis, David (2009), "Old and Middle Welsh"; in
4997:"The Archaeology of some North Devon Place-Names"
4979:
4875:
5851:
5150:; 2nd ed.; Paris: Editions Errance; p. 176.
5090:Filppula, M.; Klemola, J.; Pitkänen, H. (2001);
4851:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
4530:Studies on Celtic Languages before the Year 1000
398:Adixoui Deuina Deieda Andagin Uindiorix cuamenai
295:. By the sixth century AD, the languages of the
5155:Languages of the British Isles Past and Present
4411:"The evolution of proto-Brit. *-/lth/ in Welsh"
4190:
4000:, perhaps the name of a goddess (modern Welsh,
401:". (Sometimes the final word has been rendered
4847:
4324:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology
3862:. It means 'water(s)' (cognate with old Welsh
3800:'appearance, form, image, resemblance'; Irish
3788:= (possibly) 'People of the Forms' (cf. Welsh
5676:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
5321:
5288:Roman road stations of the Cannock-Chase area
5173:. Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College.
4954:. Scottish Place Name Society. Archived from
4883:"Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN"
4841:
4735:
4652:
4650:
4527:
4455:
4221:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4094:
4080:
4074:
4062:
4047:
4029:
4017:
3995:
3977:
3945:
3901:
3831:
3825:
3783:
3763:
3748:
3681:
3669:
3636:
3614:
3592:
3565:
3540:
3518:
3496:
3474:
3449:
3427:
3405:
3383:
3361:
3329:
3289:
3261:
3245:
3218:
3183:
3153:
3123:
3084:
3045:
3006:
2955:
2917:
2887:
2857:
2822:
2787:
2745:
2704:
2671:
2626:
2587:
2548:
2509:
2465:
2421:
1550:
5134:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
4251:
4126:
4035:
3957:
3907:
3850:sound, the phonetic standard way of reading
3769:
3709:
4293:
4245:
4160:
4120:
4110:
4104:
4068:
4046:, pointing to a Brittonic approximate word
4041:
4023:
4001:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3863:
3851:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3757:
3715:
3694:
3675:
3575:
3339:
2969:
2479:
523:Common Brittonic vied with Latin after the
71: 6th century BC to mid-6th century AD
5328:
5314:
4647:
4632:
4610:. Utrecht: de Keltische Draak. p. 27.
3703:
5143:; Paris: CNRS Editions; pp. 304–306.
5077:Learn how and when to remove this message
4720:
4702:
4593:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
4550:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
4494:
4321:
4147:'stand/grove of yew trees'; cognate with
5040:This article includes a list of general
4903:
4462:Transactions of the Philological Society
4456:Sims-Williams, Patrick (November 1984).
1555:'tribe' and cognates in other languages
374:
4778:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
4760:
4620:
4605:
4583:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4340:
472:
5852:
5283:Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain
5168:
4930:
4775:
4671:
4656:
4628:. Edinburgh: Nelson. pp. 129–166.
3931:
3925:
3857:
3845:
2426:'man' and cognates in other languages
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
5309:
5117:Language and History in Early Britain
4994:
4643:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
4638:
3674:, "river" (transcribed into Welsh as
287:, especially in terms related to the
272:into separate dialects or languages.
5335:
5026:
4911:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language"
4794:
4568:
4542:
4415:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
4408:
4361:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4174:(re-analysed by English speakers as
4022:= 'dark' (likely cognate with Welsh
2414:
387:, found in the Roman feeder pool at
5758:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
4799:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 35.
3282:
1543:
587:(Late) Common Brittonic consonants
465:. Comparison with what is known of
13:
5046:it lacks sufficient corresponding
4641:Yr Elfen Ladin yn yr Iaith Gymraeg
4474:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1984.tb01211.x
4103:stand/group' (cognate with Welsh
14:
5891:
5276:
4942:
4738:Early Irish history and mythology
4678:. Yale University Press. p.
4281:
4230:names exist in England, such as:
4067:= 'bonfire', 'aflame' (cf. Welsh
3668:, which comes from the Brittonic
1241:
1223:
1210:
1193:
1184:
1165:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1027:
1016:
998:
985:
967:
956:
949:
933:
922:
915:
844:
818:
798:
787:
761:
750:
743:
736:
714:
707:
696:
689:
682:
675:
658:
644:
635:
519:Diversification and Neo-Brittonic
5821:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
5227:The Place-names of Roman Britain
5225:Rivet, A. and Smith, C. (1979),
5212:Languages of Britain and Ireland
5031:
4595:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1444, 1447.
4386:
3870:
3294:and cognates in other languages
1274:were allophonic developments of
5231:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2003),
5022:
4988:
4973:
4936:
4924:
4848:Burns Mcarthur, Thomas (2005).
4838:, éditions errance 1994. p. 17.
4825:
4816:
4811:Gaulois et celtique continental
4803:
4788:
4769:
4763:Ireland and the Classical World
4754:
4729:
4696:
4665:
4614:
4599:
4577:
4571:The Ancient Languages of Europe
4528:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2007).
4272:
3806:'appearance, shape', Old Irish
1540:paradigms of Common Brittonic:
358:before the introduction of the
5770:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
5139:Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2002),
4562:
4536:
4521:
4488:
4449:
4409:Eska, Joseph F. (2019-12-01).
4402:
4315:
4244:Chetwood, (cognate with Welsh
4159:, Northern Ireland) via Latin
3950:= 'border' (becoming in Welsh
3655:
1255:By late Common Brittonic, the
866:Early Common Brittonic vowels
501:) is a term coined in 1955 by
419:"worthless woman" accusative,
1:
5870:History of the Welsh language
5841:extinct or ancestor languages
5257:; Cambridge University Press.
5255:Language in the British Isles
5146:Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2003),
4984:. English Place-name Society.
4309:
1049:Late Common Brittonic vowels
581:
509:
67:
4765:. University of Texas Press.
3217:Neuter 2nd declension stem *
576:
330:in most of Scotland, and by
299:were rapidly diverging into
7:
5092:The Celtic Roots of English
4854:. Oxford University Press.
4606:Forsyth, Katherine (1997).
10:
5896:
5210:Price, Glanville. (2000),
4736:O'Rahilly, Thomas (1964).
4495:Henderson, Jon C. (2007).
4186:appended at the end) >
3731:
3670:
2365:
2332:
2299:
2257:
2215:
2173:
2131:
2090:
2057:
2016:
1978:
1936:
1888:
1848:
1811:
1766:
1724:
1682:
1641:
1600:
1527:
1345:
1338:
1296:
786:
784:
722:
720:
695:
688:
656:
654:
643:
641:
634:
632:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
370:
365:
36:
18:
5834:
5789:
5742:
5719:
5656:? (possibly hypothetical)
5644:
5560:
5538:
5497:
5474:
5456:
5445:
5436:
5361:
5343:
5199:; London: HarperCollins;
5195:Ostler, Nicholas (2005),
4703:Ferdinand, Siarl (2018).
4322:Schrijver, Peter (1995).
3976:in medieval Welsh) from *
3557:
3466:
3321:
2940:
2727:
2453:
2115:
1917:
1587:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1333:
1291:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
882:
877:
872:
870:
860:
854:
852:
850:
839:
837:
828:
826:
824:
813:
811:
793:
782:
780:
778:
769:
758:
704:
702:
665:
652:
650:
542:in what is now Brittany,
525:Roman conquest of Britain
469:confirms the similarity.
190:
176:
160:
148:
143:
97:
63:
53:
43:
33:
28:
5865:Extinct Celtic languages
5250:; Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
5153:Lockwood, W. B. (1975),
5124:The Problem of the Picts
4761:Freeman, Philip (2001).
4626:The Problem of the Picts
4265:
4237:(for Brittonic part see
4180:'boar' with Old English
3956:'rim, brim', in Breton,
3275:Dual is same as singular
1045:have not developed yet.
5664:? (possibly related to
5246:Ternes, Elmar (2011),
5061:more precise citations.
4672:Tanner, Marcus (2004).
4222:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4095:
4081:
4063:
4048:
4018:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3946:
3832:
3826:
3808:
3784:
3749:
3714:; the Latin cognate is
3637:
3615:
3593:
3566:
3541:
3519:
3497:
3475:
3450:
3428:
3406:
3384:
3362:
3347:
3330:
3290:
3262:
3246:
3219:
3199:
3184:
3169:
3154:
3139:
3124:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3085:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3046:
3031:
3023:
3014:
3007:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2858:
2843:
2835:
2823:
2808:
2800:
2788:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2720:
2705:
2687:
2672:
2651:
2643:
2634:
2627:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2510:
2495:
2487:
2473:
2466:
2422:
2406:
2399:
2379:
2346:
2313:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2104:
2071:
2035:
2026:
1997:
1988:
1955:
1946:
1906:
1895:
1866:
1855:
1829:
1818:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1664:
1655:
1648:
1623:
1614:
1607:
1551:
1534:comparative linguistics
1266:The central mid vowels
5826:Welsh-medium education
5476:Southwestern Brittonic
5253:Trudgill, P. (1984),
4795:Mees, Bernard (2009).
4709:Studia Celtica Fennica
4503:. Routledge. pp.
4427:10.1515/zcph-2019-0003
4294:
4252:
4246:
4161:
4143:
4137:
4127:
4125:'abundant in', Breton
4121:
4111:
4105:
4075:
4069:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4002:
3958:
3952:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3868:, plural phonetically
3864:
3852:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3576:
3340:
2970:
2480:
380:
230:
222:
214:
5803:Skol Veythrin Karenza
5743:Celtic-speaking areas
5668:or pre-Indo-European)
5235:; Oxford, Blackwell;
4995:Green, Terry (2003).
4675:The last of the Celts
4657:Nicolaisen, W. F. H.
4396:University of Glasgow
378:
5262:The Celtic Languages
5169:McCone, Kim (1996).
5107:Language in Pictland
5105:Forsyth, K. (1997),
4982:Place-names of Devon
4659:Scottish Place Names
4554:. ABC-CLIO. p.
4117:cow parsnip, hogweed
4028:'darkness', Cornish
549:The modern forms of
534:primarily in Wales,
473:Pictish and Pritenic
334:(from which descend
5860:Brittonic languages
5815:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
5790:Immersive education
5272:; pp. 117–160.
5197:Empires of the Word
5157:; London: Deutsch;
5136:, 6: pp. 1–28.
5113:Jackson, Kenneth H.
4832:Pierre-Yves Lambert
4622:Jackson, Kenneth H.
4135:', Scottish Gaelic
3295:
3223:
2427:
1556:
1288:
1287:Vowel developments
1257:New Quantity System
1050:
867:
588:
413:"king" nominative,
319:, and possibly the
21:Brittonic languages
5768:Cape Breton Island
5604:Early Modern Irish
5364:Continental Celtic
5293:Alex Mullen (2007)
5148:La langue gauloise
4836:La langue gauloise
4722:10.33353/scf.79496
4639:Lewis, H. (1943).
4585:Forsyth, Katherine
4532:. CMCS. p. 1.
4302:, in this section.
3918:, its orthography
3287:
3216:
2419:
1548:
1286:
1048:
865:
586:
503:Kenneth H. Jackson
385:Bath curse tablets
381:
360:Goidelic languages
5847:
5846:
5640:
5639:
5556:
5555:
5499:Western Brittonic
5388:Cisalpine Gaulish
5126:; London: Nelson.
5087:
5086:
5079:
5007:on 4 October 2011
4961:on 13 August 2017
4933:, p. 145–165
4891:. 7 November 2010
4357:the Linguist List
4333:978-90-5183-820-6
3859:[dʊβriːs]
3653:
3652:
3269:
3268:
3206:
3205:
2415:Second declension
2390:
2389:
1525:
1524:
1253:
1252:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1035:
1034:
858:
857:
264:, descended from
233:), also known as
204:
203:
5887:
5629:Galwegian Gaelic
5610:Classical Gaelic
5571:Classical Gaelic
5465:Common Brittonic
5454:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5337:Celtic languages
5330:
5323:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5192:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5057:this article by
5048:inline citations
5035:
5034:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4845:
4839:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4359:
4347:Common Brittonic
4344:
4338:
4337:
4319:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4279:
4276:
4255:
4249:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4205:
4194:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4164:
4155:in Portugal and
4146:
4140:
4130:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4084:
4078:
4073:'fire', Cornish
4072:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4007:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3835:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3640:
3618:
3596:
3579:
3569:
3544:
3522:
3500:
3478:
3453:
3431:
3409:
3387:
3365:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3283:Third declension
3265:
3249:
3224:
3222:
3215:
3202:
3187:
3172:
3157:
3142:
3127:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2936:
2921:
2906:
2891:
2876:
2861:
2846:
2838:
2826:
2811:
2803:
2791:
2776:
2765:
2756:
2749:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2675:
2657:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2368:
2353:
2335:
2320:
2302:
2287:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2245:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2161:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2111:
2093:
2078:
2060:
2042:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1991:
1981:
1966:
1949:
1939:
1913:
1898:
1891:
1876:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1814:
1799:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1712:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1544:First declension
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1245:
1227:
1214:
1197:
1188:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1020:
1002:
989:
971:
960:
953:
937:
926:
919:
868:
864:
848:
822:
802:
791:
765:
754:
747:
740:
718:
711:
700:
693:
686:
679:
662:
648:
639:
589:
585:
514:
511:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
321:Pictish language
260:It is a form of
245:, is an extinct
239:Common Brythonic
207:Common Brittonic
200:
172:
153:
129:Common Brittonic
103:
72:
69:
39:
29:Common Brittonic
26:
25:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5880:Proto-languages
5875:Brythonic Celts
5850:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5830:
5785:
5738:
5729:Beurla Reagaird
5715:
5653:Ancient Belgian
5636:
5623:Scottish Gaelic
5583:Primitive Irish
5552:
5534:
5493:
5470:
5449:
5432:
5357:
5339:
5334:
5279:
5181:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5053:Please help to
5052:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4993:
4989:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4888:BBC News Online
4881:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4793:
4789:
4774:
4770:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4734:
4730:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4670:
4666:
4655:
4648:
4637:
4633:
4619:
4615:
4604:
4600:
4582:
4578:
4567:
4563:
4541:
4537:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4493:
4489:
4454:
4450:
4407:
4403:
4391:
4385:
4362:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4291:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4133:alder buckthorn
3873:
3869:
3836:, a noun suffix
3782:, cognate with
3753:= 'river' (cf.
3736:
3734:Celtic toponymy
3730:
3692:Scottish Gaelic
3658:
3632:Abl. ins. loc.
3561:Nom. voc. acc.
3536:Abl. ins. loc.
3445:Abl. ins. loc.
3285:
3257:Nom. voc. acc.
3241:Nom. voc. acc.
2774:
2691:
2655:
2417:
2383:
2350:
2317:
2284:
2242:
2200:
2158:
2108:
2075:
2039:
2001:
1963:
1959:
1910:
1874:
1870:
1833:
1797:
1793:
1751:
1709:
1668:
1629:
1546:
1530:
1489:
1399:
1336:
1282:, respectively.
863:
621:
584:
579:
571:Scottish Gaelic
521:
512:
475:
373:
368:
328:Scottish Gaelic
247:Celtic language
243:Proto-Brittonic
196:
168:
165:
149:
139:
104:
101:Language family
99:
74:Developed into
73:
70:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5893:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5845:
5844:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5750:Lower Brittany
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5710:Paleo-Hispanic
5701:
5689:
5677:
5669:
5657:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5511:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5458:
5451:
5440:
5438:Insular Celtic
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5397:Hispano-Celtic
5393:
5392:
5391:
5377:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:Studia Celtica
5297:Tabellae Sulis
5290:
5285:
5278:
5277:External links
5275:
5274:
5273:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5229:
5223:
5208:
5193:
5179:
5166:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5127:
5120:
5110:
5103:
5085:
5084:
5067:September 2021
5039:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:
4987:
4972:
4935:
4923:
4902:
4874:
4860:
4840:
4824:
4815:
4802:
4787:
4768:
4753:
4746:
4728:
4695:
4688:
4664:
4661:. p. 131.
4646:
4631:
4613:
4598:
4576:
4561:
4535:
4520:
4513:
4487:
4468:(1): 138–201.
4448:
4401:
4360:
4339:
4332:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4242:
4196:
4195:
4086:
4053:
4009:
3987:
3979:Lugudũn(iãnon)
3963:
3937:
3837:
3830:= 'ridge' and
3817:
3775:
3738:Examples are:
3732:Main article:
3729:
3726:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
990:
983:
981:
975:
974:
972:
965:
963:
961:
954:
947:
941:
940:
938:
931:
929:
927:
920:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
862:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:
849:
842:
840:
838:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
823:
816:
814:
812:
810:
804:
803:
796:
794:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
759:
757:
755:
748:
741:
734:
732:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
712:
705:
703:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
667:
666:
664:
655:
653:
651:
649:
642:
640:
633:
631:
625:
624:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
583:
580:
578:
575:
520:
517:
474:
471:
389:Bath, Somerset
372:
369:
367:
364:
344:Firth of Forth
336:Modern English
297:Celtic Britons
262:Insular Celtic
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
182:
174:
173:
166:
161:
158:
157:
154:
146:
145:
144:Language codes
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
119:Insular Celtic
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5892:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5780:Y Fro Gymraeg
5778:
5775:
5774:Gàidhealtachd
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:Reconstructed
5455:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:Reconstructed
5342:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5271:
5270:0-203-88248-2
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:1-4051-0903-3
5238:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:0-631-21581-6
5217:
5214:; Blackwell;
5213:
5209:
5206:
5205:0-00-711870-8
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5180:0-901519-40-5
5176:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5163:0-233-96666-8
5160:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:Koch, John T.
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:952-458-164-7
5097:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5078:
5070:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4976:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4943:James, Alan.
4939:
4932:
4927:
4912:
4906:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4863:
4861:9780192806376
4857:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4822:Tomlin, 1987.
4819:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4797:Celtic Curses
4791:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4747:0-901282-29-4
4743:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4589:Koch, John T.
4586:
4580:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4544:Koch, John T.
4539:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4514:9780415436427
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:, Old Breton
4077:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:phonetically)
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3897:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3847:[b/v]
3843:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3667:
3663:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
993:
991:
988:
984:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
966:
964:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
932:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
885:
880:
875:
869:
847:
843:
841:
835:
832:
831:
821:
817:
815:
809:
806:
805:
801:
797:
795:
790:
776:
773:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
733:
731:
729:
726:
725:
717:
713:
710:
706:
699:
692:
685:
681:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
661:
647:
638:
630:
627:
626:
623:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
590:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
538:in Cornwall,
537:
533:
528:
526:
516:
513: 500 AD
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
447:
446:
441:
437:
434:
433:Roman Britain
429:
426:
423:
422:dewina deieda
417:
411:
405:
399:
394:
390:
386:
377:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Neo-Brittonic
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:Linguist List
159:
155:
152:
147:
142:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Indo-European
106:
102:
96:
93:
90:and probably
89:
85:
81:
77:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
48:Great Britain
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
5836:
5708:? (possibly
5703:
5696:? (possibly
5691:
5684:? (possibly
5679:
5671:
5659:
5651:
5627:
5608:
5602:
5597:Middle Irish
5595:
5588:
5581:
5569:
5545:
5527:Middle Welsh
5525:
5518:
5506:
5464:
5463:
5425:
5418:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5362:
5352:Proto-Celtic
5350:
5300:
5299:14 and 18",
5296:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5211:
5196:
5170:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5123:
5116:
5106:
5091:
5073:
5064:
5045:
5023:Bibliography
5009:. Retrieved
5005:the original
5000:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4963:. Retrieved
4956:the original
4951:
4938:
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4886:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4850:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4737:
4731:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4674:
4667:
4658:
4640:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4592:
4579:
4573:. Cambridge.
4570:
4564:
4549:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4498:
4490:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4421:(1): 75–82.
4418:
4414:
4404:
4395:
4387:Rhys, Guto.
4350:
4342:
4323:
4317:
4299:
4274:
4238:
4235:Derwentwater
4198:Basic words
4197:
4088:
4055:
4011:
3989:
3973:Lleuddiniawn
3965:
3939:
3912:, and Irish
3839:
3820:
3777:
3742:
3737:
3722:tautological
3662:West Country
3659:
3270:
3207:
2391:
2326:Instrumental
2051:instrumental
1842:Instrumental
1531:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1335:Short vowels
1293:Proto-Celtic
1261:
1254:
1036:
548:
529:
522:
507:
498:
494:
490:
489:
477:
476:
457:
451:
444:
430:
427:
382:
325:
293:Christianity
285:Roman period
278:
266:Proto-Celtic
259:
242:
238:
234:
206:
205:
192:Linguasphere
184:
177:
128:
5450:(Brythonic)
5404:Celtiberian
5059:introducing
5001:NDAS.org.uk
4952:SPNS.org.uk
4931:McCone 1996
4715:: 107–130.
4260:Bredon Hill
4228:hybrid word
4151:in France,
3933:[β]
3927:[v]
3794:'Britain',
3656:Place names
3288:Brittonic *
2420:Brittonic *
1549:Brittonic *
1398:Long vowels
775:Approximant
536:Old Cornish
393:Aquae Sulis
332:Old English
283:during the
5854:Categories
5776:(Scotland)
5752:(Brittany)
5705:Tartessian
5681:Lusitanian
5411:Gallaecian
5189:1023922722
5042:references
5011:11 January
4965:13 January
4689:0300104642
4310:References
4059:(headland)
3900:, Cornish
3762:, Cornish
3680:, Cornish
3520:carrecibon
3314:Old Irish
3305:Brittonic
3233:Brittonic
2446:Old Irish
2437:Brittonic
2167:Accusative
2122:Nominative
1927:accusative
1924:Nominative
1676:Accusative
1594:Nominative
1568:Brittonic
1538:declension
1488:Diphthongs
582:Consonants
540:Old Breton
249:spoken in
37:Brittonikā
5839:indicate
5809:Gaelscoil
5805:(Cornish)
5764:(Ireland)
5762:Gaeltacht
5698:Tyrsenian
5590:Old Irish
5520:Old Welsh
5447:Brittonic
4482:0079-1636
4443:212726410
4435:1865-889X
4352:MultiTree
4250:, Breton
4188:Old Norse
4096:Ebur-ākon
4085:'aflame')
4049:temeselo-
4034:, Breton
3982:'Fort of
3924:denoting
3906:, Breton
3768:, Breton
3708:, Breton
3638:carrecibi
3616:carrecibo
3594:carrecion
3498:carreciōs
3071:wiHrooHom
1577:Old Irish
1143:Close-mid
1084:unrounded
1074:unrounded
945:Close-mid
728:Fricative
577:Phonology
532:Old Welsh
499:Prittenic
445:Geography
404:cuamiinai
270:diverging
223:Brythonek
215:Brythoneg
179:Glottolog
151:ISO 639-3
124:Brittonic
76:Old Welsh
54:Ethnicity
5799:(Breton)
5756:Y Wladfa
5673:Ligurian
5562:Goidelic
5420:Lepontic
5374:Galatian
5115:(1953),
4916:30 April
4895:30 April
4867:30 April
4784:: 18–25.
4587:(2006).
4546:(2006).
4171:Eoforwīc
4162:Eburacum
4144:iùbhrach
4101:yew tree
4064:tan-eto-
4043:teimheal
4040:, Irish
3953:cant(el)
3809:Cruithin
3567:carrecīs
3407:carrecēs
3385:carrecin
3331:carrecis
3308:Gaulish
3291:carrecis
3200:wiHroysu
3140:wiHromos
2981:(nom.),
2904:wiHrobām
2874:wiHrobām
2844:wiHrobām
2613:wiHrosyo
2440:Gaulish
2407:toutābos
2400:toutābom
2359:Locative
2293:Ablative
2272:túathaib
2223:toutānon
2209:Genitive
2125:vocative
2084:Locative
2048:Ablative
2027:túathaib
1972:Genitive
1930:vocative
1882:Locative
1805:Ablative
1718:Genitive
1635:Vocative
1589:Singular
1532:Through
1206:Open-mid
979:Open-mid
605:Alveolar
495:Pretanic
491:Pritenic
458:Agricola
436:toponyms
255:Brittany
231:Predeneg
5837:Italics
5811:(Irish)
5782:(Wales)
5693:Rhaetic
5666:Rhaetic
5661:Camunic
5645:Unknown
5547:Pictish
5539:Pictish
5508:Cumbric
5489:Cornish
5381:Gaulish
5055:improve
4591:(ed.).
4141:'yew',
4109:, from
4019:Tamesis
3997:Sabrīna
3967:Lothian
3821:Cheviot
3791:Prydain
3785:Pritani
3779:Britain
3696:abhainn
3542:carrecī
3476:carrecī
3451:carrecī
3429:carrecē
3363:carreci
3271:Notes:
3247:cradion
3220:cradion
3208:Notes:
3170:wiHrōys
3110:wiHrōys
3032:wiHrons
2987:(voc.)
2934:wiHrows
2889:wirobin
2859:wirobin
2824:wirobon
2809:wiHrows
2392:Notes:
2265:toutābi
2216:tōtābon
2091:tōtābin
2058:tōtābin
2017:tōtābon
1979:tōtious
1739:túaithe
1732:toutiās
1572:Gaulish
1528:Grammar
1262:Notes:
1094:rounded
1089:rounded
1079:rounded
1062:Central
879:Central
808:Lateral
620:Labial–
610:Palatal
563:revival
559:Cornish
544:Cumbric
479:Pictish
467:Gaulish
453:Tacitus
440:Ptolemy
416:andagin
371:Sources
366:History
356:Ireland
352:revived
348:Cornish
313:Cornish
309:Cumbric
274:Pictish
251:Britain
235:British
219:Cornish
92:Pictish
84:Cornish
80:Cumbric
58:Britons
5817:(Manx)
5734:Shelta
5686:Italic
5484:Breton
5268:
5239:
5218:
5203:
5187:
5177:
5161:
5098:
5044:, but
4858:
4744:
4686:
4511:
4507:–295.
4480:
4441:
4433:
4330:
4241:above)
4220:, and
4192:Jórvík
4149:Évreux
4138:iubhar
4076:tanses
4057:Thanet
4037:teñval
4025:tywyll
4013:Thames
4004:Hafren
3991:Severn
3947:canto-
3915:dobhar
3856:is as
3853:Dubrīs
3824:from *
3577:cerrig
3348:carrac
3341:carreg
3311:Welsh
3263:cradiā
3185:wirobi
3155:wirobi
3125:wirobi
3102:feraib
3093:wirobi
3086:wirobi
2993:wiHroy
2836:feraib
2771:wiHroh
2721:wiHrey
2688:wiHroh
2652:wiHroh
2574:wiHrom
2496:wiHros
2443:Welsh
2380:tewteh
2347:tewteh
2314:tewteh
2281:tewteh
2258:tōtābo
2251:Dative
2239:tewteh
2197:tewteh
2188:túatha
2181:toutās
2155:tewteh
2146:túatha
2139:toutās
2117:Plural
2105:tewteh
2072:tewteh
2036:tewteh
2010:Dative
1998:tewteh
1956:tewteh
1947:túaith
1907:tewteh
1867:tewteh
1830:tewteh
1790:tewteh
1781:túaith
1760:Dative
1748:tewteh
1725:tōtiās
1706:tewteh
1697:túaith
1690:toutim
1665:tewteh
1624:tewteh
1297:Stage
902:short
896:short
890:short
861:Vowels
600:Dental
595:Labial
569:, and
551:Breton
493:(also
431:Local
317:Breton
289:church
227:Breton
114:Celtic
88:Breton
44:Region
5797:Diwan
5721:Mixed
5577:Irish
5514:Welsh
5427:Noric
4959:(PDF)
4948:(PDF)
4439:S2CID
4392:(PDF)
4300:Dover
4266:Notes
4239:Dover
4210:combe
4177:eofor
4165:>
4157:Newry
4153:Évora
4106:Efrog
4093:from
4082:tanet
4061:from
4031:tewal
4016:from
3994:from
3984:Lugus
3944:from
3841:Dover
3814:Picts
3803:cruth
3755:Welsh
3750:abonā
3747:from
3717:amnis
3688:Irish
3610:Dat.
3588:Gen.
3514:Dat.
3492:Gen.
3470:Nom.
3423:Dat.
3401:Gen.
3379:Acc.
3357:Voc.
3325:Nom.
3302:Case
3230:Case
3198:*
3168:*
3138:*
3108:*
3069:*
3054:wiron
3047:wiron
3030:*
3015:wirūs
3008:wirūs
2991:*
2932:*
2919:wirou
2902:*
2872:*
2842:*
2807:*
2789:wirōs
2769:*
2719:*
2686:*
2650:*
2611:*
2572:*
2557:wirom
2550:wiron
2535:wiHre
2533:*
2494:*
2474:wiros
2467:wiros
2434:Case
2423:wiros
2405:*
2398:*
2378:*
2345:*
2312:*
2279:*
2237:*
2230:túath
2195:*
2174:tōtās
2153:*
2132:tōtās
2103:*
2070:*
2034:*
1996:*
1989:túath
1954:*
1905:*
1896:toutī
1865:*
1856:toutī
1828:*
1819:toutī
1788:*
1774:toutī
1746:*
1704:*
1683:tōtin
1663:*
1656:túath
1649:toutā
1622:*
1615:túath
1608:toutā
1326:VIII
1101:Close
1057:Front
911:Close
905:long
899:long
893:long
874:Front
834:Trill
629:Nasal
622:velar
615:Velar
567:Scots
555:Welsh
484:Picts
340:Scots
305:Welsh
281:Latin
241:, or
211:Welsh
198:50-AB
34:*
5618:Manx
5266:ISBN
5237:ISBN
5216:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5185:OCLC
5175:ISBN
5159:ISBN
5096:ISBN
5013:2011
4967:2019
4918:2021
4897:2021
4869:2021
4856:ISBN
4742:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4556:1455
4509:ISBN
4478:ISSN
4431:ISSN
4328:ISBN
4253:koad
4247:coed
4223:hele
4217:bere
4128:evor
4119:' +
4112:efwr
4090:York
3959:kant
3941:Kent
3909:dour
3903:dowr
3865:dwfr
3827:cev-
3797:pryd
3771:aven
3765:avon
3759:afon
3744:Avon
3711:aven
3705:awin
3701:Manx
3690:and
3683:avon
3677:afon
3671:aβon
3666:Avon
3317:PIE
3178:Loc.
3148:Ins.
3118:Abl.
3079:Dat.
3040:Gen.
3024:firu
3001:Acc.
2984:firu
2971:gwŷr
2964:wirī
2957:wirī
2950:voc.
2947:Nom.
2912:Loc.
2882:Ins.
2852:Abl.
2817:Dat.
2782:Gen.
2754:wirō
2747:wirō
2740:voc.
2737:acc.
2734:Nom.
2706:wirē
2699:Loc.
2673:wirū
2666:ins.
2663:Abl.
2644:fiur
2635:wirū
2628:wirū
2621:Dat.
2596:wirī
2589:wirī
2582:Gen.
2543:Acc.
2518:wire
2511:wire
2504:Voc.
2460:Nom.
2449:PIE
2366:tōtā
2333:tōtā
2300:tōtā
1937:tōtī
1919:Dual
1889:tōtī
1871:(e)h
1849:tōtī
1812:tōtī
1767:tōtī
1642:tōtā
1601:tōtā
1564:Case
1552:tōtā
1323:VII
1308:III
1278:and
1272:/ɵ̞/
1270:and
1233:Open
1067:Back
1041:and
1008:Open
884:Back
671:Stop
553:and
497:and
463:Gaul
410:-rix
338:and
291:and
253:and
185:None
170:brit
4717:doi
4680:225
4505:292
4470:doi
4423:doi
4355:on
4349:at
4298:at
4202:tor
4183:wic
4122:-og
4099:= '
4070:tân
3970:, (
3930:or
3833:-ed
3558:Pl
3467:Du
3322:Sg
3254:Pl
3238:Sg
3063:fer
2978:fir
2801:fer
2763:fer
2605:fir
2566:fer
2527:fir
2488:fer
2481:gŵr
2351:bis
2318:bos
2109:ows
2076:bām
2040:bām
2002:ows
1582:PIE
1515:*ɔ̄
1510:*au
1503:*oi
1498:*ɛ̄
1493:*ai
1425:*ui
1408:*ɔ̄
1329:IX
1320:VI
1317:Vb
1311:IV
1305:II
1280:/u/
1276:/i/
1268:/ə/
1175:Mid
1043:/ʉ/
1039:/ɨ/
455:'s
442:'s
64:Era
5856::
5183:.
4999:.
4950:.
4885:.
4834:,
4782:34
4780:.
4713:19
4711:.
4707:.
4682:.
4649:^
4476:.
4466:82
4464:.
4460:.
4437:.
4429:.
4419:66
4417:.
4413:.
4394:.
4363:^
4283:^
4214:,
4206:,
4167:OE
3921:bh
3816:')
3724:.
3699:,
3686:,
3643:—
3621:—
3599:—
3572:—
3547:—
3525:—
3503:—
3481:—
3456:—
3434:—
3412:—
3390:—
3368:—
3336:—
3299:#
3227:#
3190:—
3160:—
3130:—
2942:Pl
2924:—
2894:—
2864:—
2829:—
2794:—
2729:Du
2711:—
2678:—
2455:Sg
2431:#
2403:,
2384:su
2371:—
2338:—
2305:—
2285:bi
2243:om
2201:ns
2159:es
2096:—
2063:—
2022:—
1984:—
1942:—
1834:es
1794:eh
1560:#
1520:*ɔ
1481:*i
1476:*ī
1471:*ǖ
1466:*ū
1459:*ü
1454:*ǖ
1449:*ū
1444:*ō
1437:*i
1432:*ī
1420:*ē
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