Cornish language - Knowledge

997: 2004:(Ȝ ȝ) is used in certain Middle Cornish texts, where it is used to represent a variety of sounds, including the dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/, a usage which is unique to Middle Cornish and is never found in Middle English. Middle Cornish scribes tend to use ⟨c⟩ for /k/ before back vowels, and ⟨k⟩ for /k/ before front vowels, though this is not always true, and this rule is less consistent in certain texts. Middle Cornish scribes almost universally use ⟨wh⟩ to represent /ʍ/ (or /hw/), as in Middle English. Middle Cornish, especially towards the end of this period, tends to use orthographic ⟨g⟩ and ⟨b⟩ in word-final position in stressed monosyllables, and ⟨k⟩ and ⟨p⟩ in word-final position in unstressed final syllables, to represent the reflexes of late Brittonic /ɡ/ and /b/, respectively. 1855: 859: 2058:, which features a number of orthographic, and phonological, distinctions not found in Unified Cornish. Kernewek Kemmyn is characterised by the use of universal ⟨k⟩ for /k/ (instead of ⟨c⟩ before back vowels as in Unified); ⟨hw⟩ for /hw/, instead of ⟨wh⟩ as in Unified; and ⟨y⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨eu⟩ to represent the phonemes /ɪ/, /o/, and /œ/ respectively, which are not found in Unified Cornish. Criticism of all of these systems, especially Kernewek Kemmyn, by Nicolas Williams, resulted in the creation of Unified Cornish Revised, a modified version of Nance's orthography, featuring: an additional phoneme not distinguished by Nance, "ö in German 1794:. Estimates of the number of Cornish speakers vary according to the definition of a speaker, and is difficult to determine accurately due to the individualised nature of language take-up. Nevertheless, there is recognition that the number of Cornish speakers is growing. From before the 1980s to the end of the 20th century there was a sixfold increase in the number of speakers to around 300. One figure for the number of people who know a few basic words, such as knowing that "Kernow" means "Cornwall", was 300,000; the same survey gave the number of people able to have simple conversations as 3,000. 1352: 15771: 3852: 4154:

enormous pressure on finding a single orthography that could be used in unison. The revival of Cornish required extensive rebuilding. The Cornish orthographies that were reconstructed may be considered versions of Cornish because they are not traditional sociolinguistic variations. In the middle-to-late twentieth century, the debate over Cornish orthographies angered more people because several language groups received public funding. This caused other groups to sense favouritism as playing a role in the debate.

1927:'s policy is to support the language, in line with the European Charter. A motion was passed in November 2009 in which the council promoted the inclusion of Cornish, as appropriate and where possible, in council publications and on signs. This plan has drawn some criticism. In October 2015, The council announced that staff would be encouraged to use "basic words and phrases" in Cornish when dealing with the public. In 2021 Cornwall Council prohibited a marriage ceremony from being conducted in Cornish as the 967: 770: 3702: 1988:(Ƿ, ƿ) for /w/, had come into use, allowing documents written at this time to be distinguished from Old Welsh, which rarely uses these characters, and Old Breton, which does not use them at all. Old Cornish features include using initial ⟨ch⟩, ⟨c⟩, or ⟨k⟩ for /k/, and, in internal and final position, ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨g⟩ are generally used for the phonemes /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/ respectively, meaning that the results of Brittonic 12529: 14021: 5468: 5454: 4606: 496: 546: 1771: 1247: 2039:, a system based on a standardization of the orthography of the early Middle Cornish texts. Nance's system was used by almost all Revived Cornish speakers and writers until the 1970s. Criticism of Nance's system, particularly the relationship of spelling to sounds and the phonological basis of Unified Cornish, resulted in rival orthographies appearing by the early 1980s, including Gendal's 1691:. The publication of this book is often considered to be the point at which the revival movement started. Jenner wrote about the Cornish language in 1905, "one may fairly say that most of what there was of it has been preserved, and that it has been continuously preserved, for there has never been a time when there were not some Cornishmen who knew some Cornish." 1714:) for most of the 20th century. During the 1970s, criticism of Nance's system, including the inconsistent orthography and unpredictable correspondence between spelling and pronunciation, as well as on other grounds such as the archaic basis of Unified and a lack of emphasis on the spoken language, resulted in the creation of several rival systems. In the 1980s, 1177:), with "the commoners of Devonshyre and Cornwall" producing a manifesto demanding a return to the old religious services and included an article that concluded, "and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh." In response to their articles, the government spokesman (either 549: 548: 553: 552: 547: 2451:

A substantial number of loan words from English and to a lesser extent French entered the Cornish language throughout its history. Whereas only 5% of the vocabulary of the Old Cornish Vocabularium Cornicum is thought to be borrowed from English, and only 10% of the lexicon of the early modern Cornish

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of Zennor, who died in 1891. However, although it is clear Davey possessed some traditional knowledge in addition to having read books on Cornish, accounts differ of his competence in the language. Some contemporaries stated he was able to converse on certain topics in Cornish whereas others affirmed

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in Cornish, with an English translation, which was probably the last prose written in the traditional language. In his letter, he describes the sociolinguistics of the Cornish language at the time, stating that there are no more than four or five old people in his village who can still speak Cornish,

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The revival entered a period of factionalism and public disputes, with each orthography attempting to push the others aside. By the time that Cornish was recognised by the UK government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002, it had become recognised that the existence

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In 2002, the Cornish language gained new recognition because of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages. Conversely, along with government provision was the governmental basis of "New Public Management", measuring quantifiable results as means of determining effectiveness. This put

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in September 2021. While significantly adapted from the original, as well as using mostly English-speaking actors, the plays used sizable amounts of Cornish, including a character who spoke only in Cornish and another who spoke both English and Cornish. The event drew thousands over two weeks, also

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The phonological system of Old Cornish, inherited from Proto-Southwestern Brittonic and originally differing little from Old Breton and Old Welsh, underwent various changes during its Middle and Late phases, eventually resulting in several characteristics not found in the other Brittonic languages.

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he concluded that: "he English Liturgy, was not desired by the Cornish, but forced upon them by the tyranny of England, at a time when the English language was yet unknown in Cornwall. This act of tyranny was at once gross barbarity to the Cornish people, and a death blow to the Cornish language."

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points out that this rebellion was primarily motivated by religious and economic, rather than linguistic, concerns. The rebellion prompted a heavy-handed response from the government, and 5,500 people died during the fighting and the rebellion's aftermath. Government officials then directed troops

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It is difficult to state with certainty when Cornish ceased to be spoken, due to the fact that its last speakers were of relatively low social class and that the definition of what constitutes "a living language" is not clear cut. Peter Pool argues that by 1800 nobody was using Cornish as a daily

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of Cornwall, with a significant contrast between English place-names prevalent in eastern Cornwall and Cornish place-names to the west of the Camel-Fowey river valleys, where English place-names are much less common. Hundreds of Cornish family names have an etymology in the Cornish language, the

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produced a manuscript on the declining Cornish language that continually evolved until he died in 1689, aged 89. He was one of the first to realise the language was dying out and wrote detailed manuscripts which he started working on when he was 78. The only version that was ever published was a

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The Cornish Language Strategy project commissioned research to provide quantitative and qualitative evidence for the number of Cornish speakers: due to the success of the revival project it was estimated that 2,000 people were fluent (surveyed in spring 2008), an increase from the estimated 300

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Screen Cornwall works with Cornwall Council to commission a short film in the Cornish language each year, with their FilmK competition. Their website states "FylmK is an annual contemporary Cornish language short film competition, producing an imaginative and engaging film, in any genre, from

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Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1707, and differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. Such differences included sound changes and more frequent use of auxiliary verbs. The medieval language also possessed two

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Archæologia Britannica: Giving some account additional to what has been hitherto publish'd, of the languages, histories and customs of the original inhabitants of Great Britain, from collections and observations in travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland, and Scotland; Vol. I.

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Written sources from this period are often spelled following English spelling conventions since many of the writers of the time had not been exposed to Middle Cornish texts or the Cornish orthography within them. Around 1700, Edward Lhuyd visited Cornwall, introducing his own partly phonetic

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represents separate divisions of government and their purpose is to further enhance the Cornish Language Developmental Plan. MAGA established an Ad-Hoc Group, which resulted in three orthographies being presented. The relations for the Ad-Hoc Group were to obtain consensus among the three

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can mean either 'hand' or 'fist'. As in other Celtic languages, Cornish lacks a number of verbs commonly found in other languages, including modals and psych-verbs; examples are 'have', 'like', 'hate', 'prefer', 'must/have to' and 'make/compel to'. These functions are instead fulfilled by

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A few small publishers produce books in Cornish which are stocked in some local bookshops, as well as in Cornish branches of Waterstones and WH Smith, although publications are becoming increasingly available on the Internet. Printed copies of these may also be found from Amazon. The

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Of John Davey of Zenmor who died in 1891, it was claimed that he was the last surviving native speaker of the language. His stone memorial reads 'John Davey 1812-1891 of Boswednack in this parish ... who was the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish

3969:, but the focus of the language provision will be on Cornish. A non-accredited specialist Cornish-language course has been developed to run alongside the level 4 course for those who prefer tutor support to learn the language or develop their skills for use with young children. 555: 551: 1134:, was realized to be Cornish in 1949, having previously been incorrectly classified as Welsh. It is the longest text in the traditional Cornish language, consisting of around 30,000 words of continuous prose. This text is a late 16th century translation of twelve of 1274:

ost of the inhabitants can speak no word of Cornish, but very few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect their own, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be,

1238:, however, has argued that the 'glotticide' of the Cornish language was mainly a result of the Cornish gentry adopting English to dissociate themselves from the reputation for disloyalty and rebellion associated with the Cornish language since the 1497 uprising. 1169:, which established the 1549 edition of the English Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England, including Cornwall, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. The passing of this Act was one of the causes of the 3909:

Outside of Cornwall, efforts to revive the Cornish language and culture through community events are occurring in Australia. A biennial festival, Kernewek Lowender, takes place in South Australia, where both cultural displays and language lessons are offered.

7390: 4201:, translated from English, was published in 2011. Another Bible translation project translating from original languages is underway. The New Testament and Psalms were posted on-line on YouVersion (Bible.com) and Bibles.org in July 2014 by the Bible Society. 2343:

Several Celtic or Brittonic words cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Indo-European, and are suggested to have been borrowed from unknown substrate language(s) at an early stage, such as Proto-Celtic or Proto-Brittonic. Proposed examples in Cornish include

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The search for the last speaker is hampered by a lack of transcriptions or audio recordings, so that it is impossible to tell from this distance whether the language these people were reported to be speaking was Cornish, or English with a heavy Cornish

1708:) system, based on the Middle Cornish literature while extending the attested vocabulary with neologisms and forms based on Celtic roots also found in Breton and Welsh, publishing a dictionary in 1938. Nance's work became the basis of revived Cornish ( 2249:

language, or through vocabulary borrowed from unknown substrate language(s) at some point in the development of the Celtic proto-language from PIE. Examples of the PIE > PCelt. development are various terms related to kinship and people, including

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released data based on the 2011 Census that placed the number of speakers at 557 people in England and Wales who declared Cornish to be their main language, 464 of whom lived in Cornwall. The 2021 census listed the number of Cornish speakers at 563.

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created his Modern Cornish system (also known as Revived Late Cornish), which used Late Cornish as a basis, and Nicholas Williams published a revised version of Unified; however neither of these systems gained the popularity of Unified or Kemmyn.

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argued that it is almost certain that Cornish and Breton would have been mutually intelligible as long as Cornish was a living language, and that Cornish and Breton are especially closely related to each other and less closely related to Welsh.

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period usually followed Welsh to English transliteration, phonetically rendering C for K, I for Y, U for W, and Z for S. This meant that place names were adopted into English with spellings such as 'Porthcurno' and 'Penzance'; they are written

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taken into account, this figure for the entire corpus drops to 8%.) The many English loanwords, some of which were sufficiently well assimilated to acquire native Cornish verbal or plural suffixes or be affected by the mutation system, include

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Word order in Cornish is somewhat fluid and varies depending on several factors such as the intended element to be emphasised and whether a statement is negative or affirmative. In a study on Cornish word order in the play Bewnans Meriasek

2068:, intended as a compromise orthography for official and educational purposes, was introduced in 2008, although a number of previous orthographic systems remain in use and, in response to the publication of the SWF, another new orthography, 1730:. It was subsequently adopted by the Cornish Language Board and was the written form used by a reported 54.5% of all Cornish language users according to a survey in 2008, but was heavily criticised for a variety of reasons by Jon Mills and 2557:

The grammar of Cornish shares with other Celtic languages a number of features which, while not unique, are unusual in an Indo-European context. The grammatical features most unfamiliar to English speakers of the language are the initial

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of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as none had achieved a wide consensus. A process of unification was set about which resulted in the creation of the public-body

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A study that appeared in 2018 established the number of people in Cornwall with at least minimal skills in Cornish, such as the use of some words and phrases, to be more than 3,000, including around 500 estimated to be fluent.

1339:, of uncertain date but probably originally composed during the last years of the traditional language. Davey had traditional knowledge of at least some Cornish. John Kelynack (1796–1885), a fisherman of Newlyn, was sought by 1386:

has been challenged, and in the 18th and 19th centuries there was academic interest in the language and in attempting to find the last speaker of Cornish. It has been suggested that, whereas Pentreath was probably the last

4094:, tells how he had been discouraged from using Cornish to servants by his mother. This group left behind a large number of translations of parts of the Bible, proverbs and songs. They were contacted by the Welsh linguist 949:

were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe. No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the

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to carry out pacification operations throughout the West Country. Kingston subsequently ordered the executions of numerous individuals suspected of involvement with the rebellion as part of the post-rebellion reprisals.

1301:, which was mainly recorded in the field from native speakers in the early 1700s, and his unpublished field notebook are seen as important sources of Cornish vocabulary, some of which are not found in any other source. 2408:

During the Roman occupation of Britain a large number (around 800) of Latin loan words entered the vocabulary of Common Brittonic, which subsequently developed in a similar way to the inherited lexicon. These include

7371: 3957:. The course is not a Cornish-language course but students will be assessed on their ability to use the Cornish language constructively in their work with young children. The course will cover such topics as 1214:), as proposals to do so were suppressed in the rebellion's aftermath. The failure to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Cornish led to the language's rapid decline during the 16th and 17th centuries. 8340: 3752:

There is Cornish literature, including spoken poetry and song, as well as traditional Cornish chants historically performed in marketplaces during religious holidays and public festivals and gatherings.

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have been held online, advertised through Facebook and other media. A surge in interest, not just from people in Cornwall but from all over the world, has meant that extra classes have been organised.

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The revival focused on reconstructing and standardising the language, including coining new words for modern concepts, and creating educational material in order to teach Cornish to others. In 1929

1291:) period from 1600 to about 1800 has a less substantial body of literature than the Middle Cornish period, but the sources are more varied in nature, including songs, poems about fishing and curing 4391:

is a monthly magazine published entirely in the Cornish language. Members contribute articles on various subjects. The magazine is produced by Graham Sandercock who has been its editor since 1976.

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When affirmative statements are in the less common VSO order, they usually begin with an adverb or other element, followed by an affirmative particle, with the verb inflected for person and tense:

2035:, the earliest revivalists used Jenner's orthography, which was influenced by Lhuyd's system. This system was abandoned following the development by Nance of a "unified spelling", later known as 1159:

In Cornwall is two speches, the one is naughty Englysshe, and the other is Cornysshe speche. And there be many men and women the which cannot speake one worde of Englysshe, but all Cornyshe.

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classifies Cornish as "critically endangered". UNESCO has said that a previous classification of 'extinct' "does not reflect the current situation for Cornish" and is "no longer accurate".

3935: 5580: 2064:", represented in the UCR orthography by ⟨ue⟩; replacement of ⟨y⟩ with ⟨e⟩ in many words; internal ⟨h⟩ rather than ⟨gh⟩; and use of final ⟨b⟩, ⟨g⟩, and ⟨dh⟩ in stressed monosyllables. A 3941:

In 2015 a university-level course aiming at encouraging and supporting practitioners working with young children to introduce the Cornish language into their settings was launched. The

1051:. Together these provide about 8,734 lines of text. The three plays exhibit a mixture of English and Brittonic influences, and, like other Cornish literature, may have been written at 3731:

are groups that advocate cooperation amongst the Celtic Nations in order to protect and promote Celtic languages and cultures, thus working in the interests of the Cornish language.

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writer William Rowe, around 42% of the vocabulary of the whole Cornish corpus is estimated to be English loan words, without taking frequency into account. (However, when frequency

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in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century, and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.

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Notwithstanding the uncertainty over who was the last speaker of Cornish, researchers have posited the following numbers for the prevalence of the language between 1050 and 1800.

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viewed Cornish and Breton as being two dialects of the same language, claiming that "Middle Cornish is without doubt closer to Breton as a whole than the modern Breton dialect of

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A governmental policymaking structure called New Public Management (NPM) has helped the Cornish language by managing public life of the Cornish language and people. In 2007, the

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Cornish is a Celtic language, and the majority of its vocabulary, when usage frequency is taken into account, at every documented stage of its history is inherited direct from

5763: 1935: 12124: 1404:, who reworked and translated Davey's Cranken Rhyme, remarked, "There can be no doubt, after the evidence of this rhyme, of what there was to lose by neglecting John Davey." 10469: 4427:

ran short bulletins on Saturday lunchtimes from 1998 to 1999. In 2006, Matthew Clarke who had presented the Pirate FM bulletin, launched a web-streamed news bulletin called

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made in the traditional language at this time, and the use of an orthography that deviated too far from the traditional texts and Unified Cornish. Also during this period,

1021:) period (1200–1600), reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers in the 13th century, after which the number started to decline. This period provided the bulk of traditional 933:, anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items. The manuscript was widely thought to be in 8239: 4162:

orthographies and then develop a "single written form". The result was creating a new form of Cornish, which had to be natural for both new learners and skilled speakers.

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to recognise publications relating to Cornwall or in the Cornish language. In recent years, a number of Cornish translations of literature have been published, including

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Until around the middle of the 11th century, Old Cornish scribes used a traditional spelling system shared with Old Breton and Old Welsh, based on the pronunciation of

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in 2008. In 2010 a new milestone was reached when UNESCO altered its classification of Cornish, stating that its previous label of "extinct" was no longer accurate.

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estimated in 2015 that there were 300–400 fluent speakers who used the language regularly, with 5,000 people having a basic conversational ability in the language.

662:, and the language is often described as an important part of Cornish identity, culture and heritage. Since the revival of the language, some Cornish textbooks and 2587:: The first sound of a Cornish word may change according to grammatical context. As in Breton, there are four types of mutation in Cornish (compared with three in 8329: 4660:. These apparent mistransliterations can, however, reveal an insight into how names and places were actually pronounced, explaining, for example, how anglicised 2225:

of the sound system of middle and early modern Cornish based on an analysis of internal evidence such as the orthography and rhyme used in the historical texts,

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started broadcasting around two minutes of Cornish every week. In 1987, however, they gave over 15 minutes of airtime on Sunday mornings for a programme called

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is a specific kind of ceremonial dance that takes place in Cornwall. Certain Cornish words may have several translation equivalents in English, so for instance

1128:), a poem probably intended for personal worship, were written during this period, probably in the second half of the 14th century. Another important text, the 6082: 8370: 10160: 5914:

Captain Samuel Barrington, in the course of naval duties, took a sailor from Mount's Bay who spoke Cornish well enough to make himself understood to Bretons

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in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.

6338: 1146:, and has an additional catena, Sacrament an Alter, added later by his fellow priest, Thomas Stephyn. In the reign of Henry VIII, an account was given by 6286: 5535: 3880:

has promoted the use of the language at events and meetings. Two examples of ceremonies that are performed in both the English and Cornish languages are

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is working with the Cornish Language Partnership to study the Cornish language revival of the 20th century, including the growth in number of speakers.

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concluding with the remark that Cornish is no longer known by young people. However, the last recorded traditional Cornish literature may have been the

16453: 4521:(The Month). It contained news items about cultural events and more mainstream news stories all through Cornish. It also ran a cookery segment called " 1950: 624:

in parts of Cornwall until the mid 18th century, and there is some evidence for traditional speakers of the language persisting into the 19th century.

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short first draft but the final version, which he worked on until his death, is a few hundred pages long. At the same time a group of scholars led by

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who goes far to the east seeking work, eventually returning home after three years to find that his wife has borne him a child during his absence.

8536: 5596:"Cracks in the foundation of a language empire – the resurgence of autochthonous lesser used languages in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland" 4462:

from May to July 1985, and as a schools programme in 1986. Also by Television South West were two bilingual programmes on Cornish Culture called

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and knowledge of the language helps the understanding of these ancient meanings. Cornish names are adopted for children, pets, houses and boats.

11300: 1786:, which has a population of 563,600 (2017 estimate). There are also some speakers living outside Cornwall, particularly in the countries of the 16530: 16495: 4090:(nephew of William Scawen) of Mousehole tried to preserve and further the Cornish language and chose to write in Cornish. One of their number, 11913: 10072: 3906:. The next production, scheduled for 2024, could, in theory, be entirely in Cornish, without English, if assisted by a professional linguist. 16054: 15797: 12981: 10331: 8559: 10738:

Faction and Faith. Politics and Religion of the Cornish Gentry before the Civil War; Law, Order and Government in Caernarfonshire, 1558–1640

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has a news broadcast in Cornish and sometimes has other programmes and features for learners and enthusiasts. Local newspapers such as the

1375:, who retain some competence in the language despite not being fluent nor using the language in daily life, generally survive even longer. 3986:. The nursery teaches children aged between two and five years alongside their parents to ensure the language is also spoken in the home. 1097:(or Teudar), a historical medieval king in Armorica and Cornwall, who, in these plays, has been interpreted as a lampoon of either of the 4386: 506: 3802:, publishing a one-hour podcast each week, based on a magazine format. It includes music in Cornish as well as interviews and features. 13068: 12181: 10209: 8267: 8202: 3934:

offers courses in Cornish through its John Trim Resources Centre, which is part of the university's Language Centre. In addition, the

2072:, was created, mainly by Nicholas Williams and Michael Everson, which is proposed as an amended version of the Standard Written Form. 16500: 15707: 13679: 13650: 6186: 6160: 3818: 10552: 2917:

Some nouns are collective or mass nouns. Singulatives can be formed from collective nouns by the addition of the suffix ⫽-enn⫽ (SWF

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before the English language came to dominate. For centuries, until it was pushed westwards by English, it was the main language of

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to denote long vowels, ⟨k⟩ before front vowels, word-final ⟨i⟩, and the use of ⟨dh⟩ to represent the voiced dental fricative /ð/.

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In 1776, William Bodinar, who describes himself as having learned Cornish from old fishermen when he was a boy, wrote a letter to

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cites the years 1550–1650 as a century of immense damage for the language, and its decline can be traced to this period. In 1680

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and "backwardness". This proved to be one of the reasons why the Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish (unlike

647:, stating that its former classification of the language as extinct was no longer accurate. The language has a growing number of 635:, although knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, persisted within some families and individuals. 6213: 16417: 15747: 15732: 15722: 9914: 7613:. "Seria Filologia Angielska" No. 47 (2nd ed.). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM / Adam Mickiewicz University. p. 54. 6052: 3728: 3006:'see!' Grammatical categories can be indicated either by inflection of the main verb, or by the use of auxiliary verbs such as 10415: 4413:'), presented by John King, running until the early 1990s. It was eventually replaced with a five-minute news bulletin called 15737: 14126: 11983: 8424:"The Promotion of Cornish in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Attitudes towards the Language and Recommendations for Policy" 5811: 5181: 2000:

Middle Cornish orthography has a significant level of variation, and shows influence from Middle English spelling practices.

16525: 12209: 10102: 6146: 6124: 3078:), Ken George has argued that the most common word order in main clauses in Middle Cornish was, in affirmative statements, 2603:). These changes apply to only certain letters (sounds) in particular grammatical contexts, some of which are given below: 1854: 1383: 1295:, and various translations of verses from the Bible, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed. Edward Lhuyd's 632: 16112: 15742: 10189: 7702: 4273: 4225: 4126:. As a result of the discovery of additional ancient Cornish manuscripts, 2000 new words were added to the vocabulary by 3946: 1941:

In 2016, British government funding for the Cornish language ceased, and responsibility transferred to Cornwall Council.

528: 8497: 7766:"Charles Rogers' 'Vocabulary of the Cornish Language', the Rylands Vocabulary, and gatherers of pre-'Revival' fragments" 4591:, saying: "I speak Cornish with my son: if you're comfortable expressing yourself in a language, you want to share it." 13034: 12754: 12525: 12517: 11919:

Language and History in Early Britain: A chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, first to twelfth century a.D.

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A Handbook of the Cornish language: Chiefly in its latest stages with some account of its history and literature (1904)

9948: 8455: 7908:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory No. 68. Vol. 68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 241. 6531: 5507: 3922:, though the only existing course in the language at university level is as part of a course in Cornish studies at the 1206:

The rebellion eventually proved a turning-point for the Cornish language, as the authorities came to associate it with

1116:, the earliest known continuous text in the Cornish language, apparently part of a play about a medieval marriage, and 1726:('Common Cornish'), based on a reconstruction of the phonological system of Middle Cornish, but with an approximately 16505: 16047: 15205: 15018: 12939: 12933: 12002: 11484: 10622: 10575: 9724: 9659: 9595: 9496: 9410: 9367: 9299: 9215: 9180: 9077: 9026: 8810: 8053: 8011: 7921: 7740: 7618: 7421: 7310: 7271: 7233: 7198: 7141: 7063: 6978: 6705: 5706: 5619: 794: 11427: 8172: 6022: 678:

native speakers, and the language is taught in schools and appears on street nameplates. The first Cornish-language

13561: 13216: 822: 691: 242: 7006:

Ilteangach, ilseiftiúil: Féilscríbhinn in ómós do Nicholas Williams – A festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Williams

5863:

Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th Century a.D.

1938:. The FCNM provides certain rights and protections to a national minority with regard to their minority language. 16448: 16319: 16132: 15813: 13612: 12343: 12297: 9711:. "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" series. Vol. 83. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 205. 9207:

Celtic Linguistics/ Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd: Readings in the Brythonic Languages. Festschrift for T. Arwyn Watkins

5502: 5487: 4231: 4198: 589: 518: 11872: 2490:

Many Cornish words, such as mining and fishing terms, are specific to the culture of Cornwall. Examples include

16407: 16157: 15983: 13061: 13021: 12571: 12534: 12174: 12060: 11975: 11950: 11853: 11763: 11554: 11519: 11208: 9257: 8906: 8400: 8366: 8182: 7456: 7170:

A Handbook of the Cornish Language Chiefly in Its Latest Stages with Some Account of Its History and Literature

6384: 6348: 6032: 5941: 5874: 5771: 5738: 5660: 1831: 1827: 1189:

asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English, when they had before held it in

666:

have been published, and an increasing number of people are studying the language. Recent developments include

644: 11921:

Edinburgh Uuniverty Ppress; 2nd ed. Dublin: Four Courts Press (1994) has a new introduction by William Gillies

6692:. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe. Vol. 15. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 59–71. 4681:

The following tables present some examples of Cornish place names and surnames and their anglicised versions:

16510: 16329: 16011: 15188: 7849: 5794: 5497: 2117: 1412:, nor what their level of fluency was. Nevertheless, this academic interest, along with the beginning of the 1185:) wondered why they did not just ask the king for a version of the liturgy in their own language. Archbishop 620:, perhaps even as long as Cornish continued to be spoken as a vernacular. Cornish continued to function as a 486: 349: 8306: 4552:

Several traditional Cornish folk songs have been collected and can be sung to various tunes. These include "

825:

developed into Cornish and Breton, the latter as a result of emigration to parts of the continent, known as

443: 430: 417: 16520: 16422: 16374: 16244: 16239: 16040: 15461: 13104: 12991: 12407: 12361: 12128: 12030: 11179: 11136: 10819: 10342: 10269: 10027:

Stoyle, Mark (October 1999). "The Dissidence of Despair: Rebellion and Identity in Early Modern Cornwall".

9922: 6221: 6194: 6168: 5517: 4158: 2246: 2019:, which was adopted by some local writers, leading to the use of some Lhuydian features such as the use of 1806: 1755: 1396: 1332: 468: 367: 327: 11328: 10132: 8134: 2187: 2183: 2100: 2096: 1358:(died 1777), said to be the last monolingual speaker of Cornish, in an engraved portrait published in 1781 14661: 13926: 13413: 13239: 13011: 12964: 3796:

have also been known to have Cornish features. There is an online radio and TV service in Cornish called

3246: 3079: 2563: 917:

and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names, and, more substantially, a Latin-Cornish glossary (the

810: 321: 11154: 11097: 11036: 11011: 10986: 10961: 10936: 10911: 10886: 10861: 10823: 9069: 9018: 8003: 7002:"Depiction of Tyranny in the Cornish Miracle Plays: Tenor, Code Switching and Sociolinguistic Variables" 6931: 5688: 4472:

introduced a light hearted television commercial in the Cornish language and this was repeated in 2017.

4056:

Classes and conversation groups for adults are available at several locations in Cornwall as well as in

4053:. Several online dictionaries are now available, including one organised by An Akademi Kernewek in SWF. 3848:

There are ceremonies, some ancient, some modern, that use the language or are entirely in the language.

1409: 858: 16379: 16204: 15232: 15107: 14712: 14681: 14066: 12969: 12912: 11908:

Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its Revival and its Current Situation.

10194: 10029: 9135: 8765: 8045: 7976: 7683: 7448: 6580: 5866: 5652: 5595: 3954: 1734:, including making phonological distinctions that they state were not made in the traditional language 1364: 1363:

language and no evidence exists of anyone capable of conversing in the language at that date. However,

930: 11232: 6954: 6041: 1222:

wrote an essay describing 16 reasons for the decline of Cornish, among them the lack of a distinctive

16535: 16480: 16384: 16346: 15989: 15193: 15028: 14656: 13054: 12974: 12381: 12167: 12107: 11122: 11079: 10514:"William Scawen (1600-1689) - A Neglected Cornish Patriot and Father of the Cornish Language Revival" 10261: 6066: 4249: 4105: 3926:. In March 2008 a course in the language was started as part of the Celtic Studies curriculum at the 3840: 2222: 1267: 1174: 886: 14993: 6729: 4539:

wrote a Christmas carol in Cornish (setting words by Henry Jenner). The Cornish electronic musician

2359:

Other words in Cornish inherited direct from Proto-Celtic include a number of toponyms, for example

1296: 16304: 15533: 14967: 14943: 14269: 13450: 13393: 13178: 13137: 12986: 12452: 12386: 12204: 10080: 4368: 4341: 4127: 1731: 1678: 695: 636: 480: 232: 10346: 6620:"Note: The tenth-century List of Cornish parochial saints' names in Codex Vaticanus Reg. Lat. 191" 3742:, some televised, made entirely, or significantly, in Cornish. Some businesses use Cornish names. 2221:, the phonology of contemporary spoken Cornish is based on a number of sources, including various 2190:

being realised as and respectively in stressed syllables, and giving Late Cornish forms such as

1934:

In 2014, the Cornish people were recognised by the UK Government as a national minority under the

16274: 16234: 16214: 16194: 16097: 15244: 14892: 14438: 14157: 13976: 13866: 12376: 12366: 11806:

Bock, Albert; Bruch, Benjamin; Kennedy, Neil; Prohaska, Daniel; Rule, Laurence (14 August 2010).

11755: 11061: 10317: 10295: 9822: 9587: 8989: 8392: 7878: 7483:

Carew's Survey of Cornwall: to which are added, notes illustrative of its history and antiquities

5730: 5078: 4933: 4261: 3931: 3832: 3031: 2960: 2827:. Nouns may be singular or plural. Plurals can be formed in various ways, depending on the noun: 2218: 703: 222: 198: 15866: 7765: 16412: 16209: 15712: 15631: 15594: 14666: 13956: 13951: 13566: 12510: 11888: 10606: 10513: 9849: 9239: 9131:

Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn

8761:

Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn

7973:

Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn

7407: 7088: 6074: 5929: 3938:(which is part of the Faculty of English) also carries out research into the Cornish language. 1215: 1166: 929:'s Latin-Old English Glossary, which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the 651:

speakers, and a very small number of families now raise children to speak revived Cornish as a

593: 12045: 10805: 10449: 7643: 7481: 837:

The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of

16432: 16364: 16334: 16289: 16284: 16259: 16117: 16016: 16006: 15973: 15478: 15293: 15038: 14938: 14309: 14152: 14131: 13543: 13092: 12944: 12771: 12391: 12313: 12076: 10742:

Law, Order and Government in Caernarfonshire, 1558–1640. Justices of the Peace and the Gentry

8627: 7411: 6557: 4622: 4610: 4455: 4255: 3869: 3806: 2567: 2242: 2179: 2085: 2065: 1967: 1759: 1170: 1106: 920: 617: 567: 270: 16402: 12020: 11956: 11779: 11007: 8271: 8214: 2570:, fronting of emphasised syntactic elements and the use of two different forms for 'to be'. 16324: 16314: 16264: 16224: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16162: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16122: 16107: 16102: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 15916: 15888: 15621: 15493: 15227: 14877: 14274: 14197: 14006: 13931: 13144: 13016: 13006: 12826: 12639: 11875: 11459: 11274: 10454: 10273: 9398:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: an International Handbook

8463: 6962: 4892: 4663: 4481:

features a conversation between miners, purportedly in the Cornish language, but really in

4477: 4243: 3927: 3923: 3877: 3868:

Cornwall has had cultural events associated with the language, including the international

3780: 2233:, who visited Cornwall in 1700 and recorded the language in a partly phonetic orthography. 1843: 1815: 1727: 1416:

in the late 19th century, provided the groundwork for a Cornish language revival movement.

1328: 1102: 15871: 12082: 11118: 11075: 10492: 8579: 8105: 8078: 6198: 6172: 5988: 926: 872:

The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century

753: 8: 16427: 16369: 16309: 16299: 16279: 16269: 16254: 16249: 16229: 16199: 16167: 16152: 16127: 16063: 15978: 15770: 15508: 15377: 15307: 15288: 15267: 15200: 15023: 14897: 14717: 14702: 14697: 14651: 14626: 14299: 14192: 14177: 13991: 13810: 13605: 13555: 13445: 13438: 13421: 13187: 13151: 13027: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12929: 12861: 12468: 12437: 12257: 12133: 12008: 11932: 11928: 10932: 8335: 6880: 5698: 5262: 4621:

majority of which are derived from Cornish place-names. Long before the agreement of the

4563: 4445: 4436: 4267: 4102:

additional tenses for expressing past events and an extended set of possessive suffixes.

3950: 3919: 3893:, originally written in the Cornish language, the most recent of which took place at the 1695: 1401: 1262:, and transmission of the language to new generations had almost entirely ceased. In his 910: 237: 14907: 11930: 11698: 10907: 8643: 8527:"Dyslexic councillor says Cornish language road signs could prove dangerous for drivers" 8285: 3500:

As Cornish lacks verbs such as 'to have', possession can also be indicated in this way:

674:, and children's books. A small number of people in Cornwall have been brought up to be 16339: 16294: 16219: 16189: 16021: 15674: 15405: 15298: 15262: 15183: 15138: 15033: 14859: 14750: 14707: 14636: 14443: 14218: 13986: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13871: 13728: 13684: 13508: 13344: 13302: 12729: 12719: 12614: 12263: 12249: 11866: 10761: 10711: 10054: 10046: 9549: 9285: 8961: 8877: 7824: 6808: 6761: 6647: 5857: 5492: 5120: 4724: 4500: 4400: 4171: 3898: 3775: 3716: 3027: 2968: 2964: 2820: 2584: 2559: 2226: 1119: 1022: 873: 847:) period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day 757: 739: 663: 12041:

A Cornish Internet radio station in nascent state featuring weekly podcasts in Cornish

7030:

The Middle Cornish: Charter endorsement: the making of a marriage in medieval Cornwall

6408: 6049:

Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community: summary report

2124:

in a few words) of these sounds, results in orthographic forms such as Middle Cornish

1809:

said in an interview with the BBC in 2010 that there were around 300 fluent speakers.

460: 15538: 15513: 15503: 15239: 15212: 15093: 14948: 14933: 14928: 14887: 14882: 14787: 14676: 14631: 14621: 14613: 14284: 14238: 14228: 14074: 13901: 13881: 13840: 13160: 13128: 13114: 12996: 12876: 12714: 12503: 12323: 12219: 12024: 11998: 11979: 11971: 11946: 11925: 11849: 11807: 11759: 11560: 11550: 11525: 11515: 11490: 11480: 11214: 11204: 10715: 10618: 10571: 10533: 10058: 9869: 9720: 9665: 9655: 9630: 9591: 9553: 9502: 9492: 9416: 9406: 9373: 9363: 9305: 9295: 9263: 9253: 9221: 9211: 9186: 9176: 9139: 9083: 9073: 9032: 9022: 8993: 8965: 8953: 8912: 8902: 8881: 8869: 8816: 8806: 8769: 8714:

Bock, Albert (2010). "Nucleus Length and Vocalic Alternation in Cornish Diphthongs".

8178: 8146: 8059: 8049: 8017: 8007: 7980: 7917: 7882: 7853: 7785: 7746: 7736: 7663: 7624: 7614: 7589: 7564: 7462: 7452: 7417: 7316: 7306: 7277: 7267: 7239: 7229: 7204: 7194: 7147: 7137: 7108: 7069: 7059: 7034: 6974: 6884: 6812: 6800: 6765: 6753: 6701: 6651: 6639: 6600: 6390: 6380: 6225: 6028: 5937: 5905: 5880: 5870: 5807: 5712: 5702: 5666: 5656: 5615: 5568: 5367: 4745: 4642:

in the Standard Written Form of Cornish, agreed upon in 2008. Likewise words such as

4306: 4279: 3873: 2972: 2778: 2081: 2069: 1972:, usually dated to around 1100, Old English spelling conventions, such as the use of 1928: 1799: 1317: 1138:'s thirteen homilies by a certain John Tregear, tentatively identified as a vicar of 1025:, and was used to reconstruct the language during its revival. Most important is the 806: 667: 9926: 6970: 4068:. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic a number of conversation groups entitled 992:

of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century

524: 15946: 15825: 15567: 15528: 15483: 15470: 15369: 15272: 15217: 14902: 14722: 14641: 14453: 14233: 14172: 14062: 13941: 13936: 13906: 13876: 13830: 13792: 13658: 13426: 13401: 13369: 13350: 13311: 13287: 13205: 13077: 13001: 12881: 12871: 12679: 12566: 12473: 12427: 12351: 12277: 12229: 12224: 10882: 10753: 10703: 10563: 10525: 10427: 10038: 9861: 9712: 9541: 9359: 8943: 8859: 8723: 8601:"Cornish to be recognised as a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish" 8504: 8435: 7958:

Report on the Cornish language survey conducted by the Cornish language Partnership

7909: 7816: 7777: 7655: 7382: 7100: 7009: 6966: 6792: 6745: 6693: 6631: 6592: 6444: 5964:

Mackinnon, Ken. "Cornish at Its Millennium: An Independent Study of the Language".

5607: 5512: 4973: 4600: 4372: 3918:

Cornish is taught in some schools; it was previously taught at degree level at the

3746: 2976: 2824: 1981: 1924: 1820: 1787: 1223: 1199: 1194: 1066: 1056: 1002: 944: 818: 786: 778: 723: 699: 671: 628: 605: 227: 188: 15782: 13514: 11032: 10592: 4498:, a 2002 drama film written and directed by Hungarian film-maker Antal Kovacs and 4289:

award for Cornish Language books), as well as original Cornish literature such as

4120:

Robert Williams published the first comprehensive Cornish dictionary in 1865, the

3851: 3249:, with an initial negative particle and the verb conjugated for person and tense: 2229:

with the other Brittonic languages Breton and Welsh, and the work of the linguist

1230:, the cessation of the miracle plays, loss of records in the Civil War, lack of a 15957: 15921: 15895: 15854: 15610: 15548: 15488: 15451: 15423: 15385: 15350: 15330: 15113: 15103: 15088: 14975: 14782: 14646: 14409: 14264: 14223: 14213: 14057: 13996: 13916: 13911: 13896: 13891: 13804: 13469: 13363: 13323: 13224: 12709: 12551: 12485: 12442: 12412: 12333: 12318: 12234: 12214: 11994: 11858: 10669: 10000: 8605: 8531: 8174:

Rebuilding the Celtic Languages: Reversing Language Shift in the Celtic Countries

8110: 8083: 7302: 7190: 6370: 6096: 6024:

Rebuilding the Celtic Languages: Reversing Language Shift in the Celtic Countries

5993: 5642: 5564: 5545: 5473: 5459: 4580: 4237: 4143: 4014: 3881: 3856: 3745:

Cornish has significantly and durably affected Cornwall's place-names as well as

3724: 3432:

Sentences can also be constructed periphrastically using auxiliary verbs such as

2600: 2552: 2048: 2044: 2036: 1746: 1721: 1699: 1379: 1355: 1052: 727: 711: 675: 648: 601: 214: 204: 20: 12035: 11404: 10757: 10110: 8901:. Agan Tavas, the Society for the Promotion of the Cornish Language. p. 5. 6685: 4419:('The News'). The bulletin was presented every Sunday evening for many years by 473: 15900: 15883: 15844: 15649: 15639: 15615: 15562: 15518: 15433: 15413: 15395: 15340: 15335: 15303: 15148: 15128: 14953: 14854: 14833: 14828: 14465: 14399: 14394: 14383: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14167: 14162: 14121: 14048: 14034: 13946: 13921: 13886: 13845: 13835: 13771: 13758: 13698: 13642: 13634: 13625: 13598: 13581: 13537: 13490: 13461: 13317: 13254: 13167: 12851: 12447: 12371: 12328: 12051:

UdnFormScrefys' site for the proposed compromise orthography, Kernowek Standard

10567: 10002:

Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism: Idiom in 20th Century Cornish

6697: 6070: 5684: 5540: 4482: 4218: 4109: 4091: 4082: 3989:

A number of dictionaries are available in the various orthographies, including

3903: 3824: 3706: 3569:

Enquiring about possession is similar, using a different interrogative form of

2640: 2592: 2588: 2040: 1973: 1791: 1413: 1327:, a corrupted version of a verse or song published in the late 19th century by 1219: 1211: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173:(which may also have been influenced by government repression after the failed 1098: 814: 782: 731: 707: 652: 597: 279: 181: 161: 10957: 10857: 9887: 9634: 9420: 9143: 8820: 8773: 8063: 7984: 7901: 7886: 7857: 7593: 7243: 7073: 7013: 6238: 4668:

is still pronounced with emphasis on the first element, perhaps from Cornish

4489:

who justify the murder by saying, "He come at me with his foreign gibberish."

2805:'the', which is used for all nouns regardless of their gender or number, e.g. 2091:

The first sound change to distinguish Cornish from both Breton and Welsh, the

16474: 15952: 15939: 15849: 15446: 15418: 15325: 15317: 15059: 15011: 14797: 14745: 14474: 14414: 14404: 14304: 14279: 14070: 13520: 13358: 12906: 12821: 12791: 12291: 12239: 12055: 11494: 10982: 10537: 10287: 10137: 9873: 9669: 9506: 9377: 9309: 9225: 9190: 9087: 8997: 8957: 8873: 8330:"Council splashes out £180,000 to try to stop the Cornish language dying out" 8150: 8135:"A Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status" 7789: 7667: 7628: 7568: 7352: 7320: 7281: 7257: 7208: 7151: 7112: 7038: 7001: 6888: 6804: 6757: 6643: 6604: 5909: 5884: 5716: 5611: 5529: 5481: 4988: 4536: 4486: 4433:('Weekly News'), which in 2008 was merged into a new weekly magazine podcast 4335: 3894: 2596: 2416: 1961: 1323: 1231: 1147: 1135: 1093:), both of which feature as an antagonist the villainous and tyrannical King 902: 790: 735: 616:, maintaining close links with its sister language Breton, with which it was 609: 410: 12146: 11529: 11218: 10707: 9036: 8916: 8727: 8021: 7781: 7750: 7466: 6596: 6535: 6448: 6394: 5670: 1951:

International Phonetic Alphabet § Brackets and transcription delimiters

1830:

placed the number of speakers at somewhere between 325 and 625. In 2017 the

1015:

The Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Cornish (

966: 15764: 15557: 15345: 14869: 14823: 14762: 14671: 14448: 14426: 14419: 13861: 13786: 13776: 13708: 13337: 13267: 12886: 12856: 12846: 12836: 12831: 12811: 12806: 12781: 12432: 12422: 11784: 11703: 11305: 11150: 11093: 10638: 10529: 10165: 9865: 9396: 9392: 9281: 9267: 8564: 8188: 7533: 7495: 7427: 7386: 7165: 7104: 7053: 6779:

Padel, Oliver (2014). "The nature and date of the Old Cornish Vocabulary".

6619: 4626: 4571: 4318: 4095: 4087: 2230: 2092: 1875: 1684: 1368: 951: 938: 905:

suggests, "she hated the land". Other sources from this period include the

286: 14053: 12097: 11725: 11564: 11474: 9716: 9649: 9545: 9486: 9353: 9289: 8948: 8931: 8864: 8847: 7913: 7659: 7608: 7296: 7261: 7184: 6796: 6749: 6635: 5861: 5764:"Number of Welsh, Gaelic, Irish and Cornish speakers from the 2011 Census" 5692: 1904:

In 2002, Cornish was recognized by the UK government under Part II of the

1770: 901:. The phrase may mean "it hated the gloomy places", or alternatively, as 400: 393: 386: 15679: 15664: 15065: 14984: 14792: 14777: 14767: 14740: 14566: 14519: 14431: 14182: 13799: 13703: 13590: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12816: 12801: 12786: 12776: 12654: 11509: 11194: 10450:"Learn Cornish in your own home as part of an exciting new online course" 9012: 8244: 7730: 7442: 7334: 6841:

Falileyev, Alexander (2006), "De raris fabulis", in Koch, John C. (ed.),

6374: 5646: 4657: 4555: 4494: 3737: 3035: 2980: 2540: 1810: 1235: 1094: 1060: 987: 955: 914: 769: 745: 14334: 14105: 12119: 11877: 10383: 9488:

Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c. 1066–1520): Sources and analysis

9243: 7904:. In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James; Poppe, Erich; Rowland, Jenny (eds.). 7828: 7804: 7610:

Landmarks in British History and Culture: A Monograph of Selected Issues

6312:"Milestone reached as 1,000th Cornish language street sign is installed" 5831: 3701: 15876: 15602: 15590: 15043: 15007: 14807: 14772: 14732: 14324: 14091: 14082: 12841: 12746: 12699: 12689: 12599: 12417: 12356: 12284: 11544: 11354: 10836: 10493:"Cornish language has new learners after pandemic moves courses online" 10190:"'The Passion': review of the second play in St Just Ordinalia trilogy" 9579: 9532:

Mills, Jon (2013). "The Vocabularium Cornicum: A Cornish vocabulary?".

9402: 8440: 8423: 7133: 6957:, in Rouse, Robert; Echard, Sian; Fulton, Helen; Rector, Geoff (eds.), 6905: 6243: 5603: 5099: 4907: 4829: 4540: 4505: 4377: 4197:(Passion of our lord), a 15th-century Cornish poem. The first complete 4000: 3812: 2988:'see' has derived forms such as 1st person singular present indicative 2673: 2020: 1891: 1715: 1372: 1336: 1081: 880: 797:, the Britons of the southwest were separated from those in modern-day 621: 16032: 10765: 10553:"Boson family (per. c. 1675–1730), preservers of the Cornish language" 10050: 9624: 9129: 8800: 8759: 8039: 7872: 7843: 7583: 7223: 4605: 2304:'tooth'. Inherited adjectives with an Indo-European etymology include 15860: 15002: 14114: 13549: 13502: 13330: 13260: 12866: 12796: 12704: 12634: 12609: 12270: 11896: 11200: 10614: 9249: 9205: 9170: 9063: 8983: 7820: 7556: 7127: 7028: 6874: 6413: 6343: 6059: 5899: 5579:. Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Press: 228–269. 5017: 4475:

The first episode from the third season of the US television program

4424: 4423:, then Elizabeth Stewart, and currently a team presents in rotation. 3889: 2121: 2116:

or earlier. This change, and the subsequent, or perhaps dialectical,

1340: 1089: 1028: 979: 934: 453: 377: 359: 341: 14314: 14020: 10161:"Cornwall to stage rare performance of 14th-century Ordinalia cycle" 10133:"The Centuries-old Plays Helping to Revitalize a Once-lost Language" 8896: 3719:

common, south east London, near the south entrance to Greenwich Park

1351: 1346: 495: 15659: 15123: 14576: 14531: 14495: 14483: 14329: 14289: 14109: 14101: 14096: 14078: 14001: 13738: 13733: 13718: 13496: 13046: 12734: 12684: 12659: 12644: 12604: 12540: 12528: 12159: 11432: 10497: 10042: 9892: 8648: 8584: 8290: 8240:"First Cornish-speaking creche is inspired by example set in Wales" 7444:

West Britons: Cornish identities and the early modern British state

6846: 6101: 5467: 5147: 4871: 4808: 4766: 4617: 4420: 4300: 4182: 3983: 3973: 2607: 2043:, based on Late Cornish native writers and Lhuyd, and Ken George's 1989: 1783: 1775: 1683:

In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist

1310: 1227: 1207: 1139: 1074: 1008: 892: 848: 826: 749: 679: 613: 584: 536: 311: 171: 138: 122: 106: 90: 74: 58: 14344: 9707:

George, Ken J. (1991). "Notes on word order in Beunans Meriasek".

6560:(Winter 2005). "A New Brittonic Gloss on Boethius: ud rocashaas". 4485:. One of the miners is then shot by thugs working for businessman 3805:

The language has financial sponsorship from sources including the

3756:

There are periodicals solely in the language, such as the monthly

2543:

constructions involving a verb and various prepositional phrases.

501:

As of 2010, Cornish is classified as Critically Endangered by the

15933: 15927: 15669: 15644: 15523: 15498: 15133: 15098: 15071: 14998: 14980: 14571: 14507: 14136: 13766: 13743: 13433: 13406: 13248: 13121: 12724: 12694: 12674: 12669: 12629: 12091: 11301:"First Cornish TV ad to air weeks after language funding is axed" 7372:"Genocide and Ethnocide: The Suppression of the Cornish Language" 6187:"Film clips: Here you can watch clips from films made in Cornish" 4787: 4410: 4065: 4061: 3038:: Prepositions are inflected for person and number. For example, 1865: 1765: 1343:

for old Cornish words and technical phrases in the 19th century.

1292: 1259: 1255: 1254:

By the middle of the 17th century, the language had retreated to

1246: 802: 719: 715: 532: 306: 12071: 10690:"Standardising Cornish: The Politics Of A New Minority Language" 10210:"Ordinalia Trilogy UK's oldest plays to be performed in St Just" 9456: 9454: 7222:Ó hAnnracháin, Tadgh; Armstrong, Robert Matthew (30 July 2014). 4112:, studied the decline of the Cornish language. In his 1804 work 2706:

Lenition followed by provection (usually), or "mixed" mutation:

2532:

may be translated into English as either 'book' or 'volume' and

15654: 15441: 15223:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

15143: 15118: 15082: 15076: 14989: 14912: 14838: 14757: 14259: 13748: 13693: 13474: 12664: 12589: 12040: 10689: 5803: 5038: 5005: 4850: 4586: 4545: 4469: 4448:

with each episode containing a three-minute lesson in Cornish.

4057: 2787:

can either mean 'harbour' or 'a harbour'. In certain contexts,

2051:

orthography based on George's reconstruction of Middle Cornish

1909: 1143: 838: 640: 502: 9654:(1st ed.). Cornish Language Partnership. pp. 76–77. 9560: 8827: 8629:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

6143:"Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek wins Heritage Lottery Fund support" 2793:

can be used, with the meaning 'a certain, a particular', e.g.

1936:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

14543: 14349: 14294: 14187: 13781: 13723: 13713: 13671: 13621: 12740: 12624: 12619: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9584:

An Gerlyver Meur: Cornish-English; English-Cornish Dictionary

9466: 9451: 9439: 9427: 9335: 9333: 9331: 8661: 8659: 7033:. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. 6512: 6435:

Williams, Nicholas J. A. (2010). "The Preterite in Cornish".

5415:

And in token of my sincerity I offer my hand to my opponent.

4992: 4705: 4543:

has used Cornish names for track titles, most notably on his

4492:

A number of Cornish language films have been made, including

4206: 2390: 1305:

also features a complete version of a traditional folk tale,

877: 852: 798: 11808:"An English - Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form" 11476:

The Oxford dictionary of family names in Britain and Ireland

10309: 10236: 8898:

Clappya Kernowek: an introduction to Unified Cornish Revised

8802:

The Cornish consonantal system: Implications for the revival

8560:"Cornwall council plans to encourage staff to speak Cornish" 8041:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

7732:

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

7052:

Kent, Alan M.; Everson, Michael; Williams, Nicholas (2020).

5583:

from the original on 26 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.

5569:"Where Cornish was Spoken and When: A Provisional Synthesis" 2182:, occurred during the 16th century, resulting in the nasals 1992:

are not usually apparent from the orthography at this time.

937:

until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by

14802: 14339: 14319: 14254: 14087: 12649: 12594: 12050: 11473:

Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard A.; McClure, Peter (2016).

10397: 10109:. Redruth Old Cornwall Society. 26 May 2012. Archived from 6665:

Stokes, Whitley. "The manumissions in the Bodmin Gospels".

6016: 6014: 6012: 5731:"Main language (detailed) - Office for National Statistics" 3991:

A Learners' Cornish Dictionary in the Standard Written Form

3887:

Since 1969, there have been three full performances of the

2799:'a certain harbour'. There is, however, a definite article 2103:

in medial and final position, had begun by the time of the

2001: 1985: 1819:

in 2014 said there were "several hundred fluent speakers".

9762: 9733: 9688: 9604: 9328: 9043: 8734: 8656: 8477: 4309:. Literature aimed at children is also available, such as 1931:

only allowed for marriage ceremonies in English or Welsh.

1798:

people who spoke Cornish fluently suggested in a study by

1157: 1151: 805:, which Jackson links to the defeat of the Britons at the 535:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12140:: a Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall 12086: 12046:

Spellyans – Standard Written Form Cornish discussion list

11237: 10408: 8683: 8210: 7937: 7502: 4459: 1977: 12125:

An English-Cornish Glossary in the Standard Written Form

11805: 11479:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. xxxi. 9798: 9786: 9774: 9750: 9676: 9513: 9294:. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications – Cymru Cyf. 9111: 9109: 6908:(1986). "How many people spoke Cornish traditionally?". 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6009: 5410:

Hag avel ol ow lelder my a ystyn ow leuv dhe’m kontrari.

4515:

A monthly half-hour online TV show began in 2017 called

4444:

Cornish television shows have included a 1982 series by

3809:. A number of language organisations exist in Cornwall: 3636:

Nouns usually precede the adjective, unlike in English:

773:

A map showing the westward decline of Cornish, 1300–1750

11379: 11257: 11255: 11057: 10806:"Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek Cornish Language Stock List" 9974: 9316: 9094: 8195: 6936:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Anglica

6932:"Cornish Language and Literature: A brief introduction" 6339:"Have a good dy: Cornish language is taught in nursery" 6125:"Funding boost to safeguard Cornish language announced" 5793:

Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010).

4361:

award for Cornish Language books for children. In 2014

11679: 11667: 11655: 11643: 11631: 11619: 11607: 11595: 11571: 11514:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 140. 11233:"Cornwall – Connected – Hear the news read in Cornish" 9150: 8695: 8671: 7221: 14535: 11962:= The Creation of the World: A Cornish Mystery (1863) 11583: 11549:(4th ed.). Oxford: Claredon Press. p. 289. 9829: 9106: 9014:

Cornish today: an examination of the revived language

8780: 8234: 8232: 8139:

E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies

8000:

Cornish today: An examination of the revived language

7514: 7129:

Handbook of Medieval Studies Terms - Methods - Trends

6854: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 4625:

in the 21st century, Late Cornish orthography in the

3238:

3SG.M PTCL believe-PRES.3SG PTCL see-PRES.1SG DEF cat

2292:'people', and words for parts of the body, including 1826:

A report on the 2011 Census published in 2013 by the

941:. Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy 841:

over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish (

14921: 11546:

The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names

11252: 10650: 8932:"Names, Varieties and Ideologies in Revived Cornish" 8848:"Names, Varieties and Ideologies in Revived Cornish" 8203:"'South West: TeachingEnglish: British Council: BBC" 7089:"Glasney's Parish Clergy and the Tregear Manuscript" 6824: 6822: 5532:, another Celtic language subject to revival efforts 5449: 2823:, masculine and feminine, but are not inflected for 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2464: 2458: 2400: 2394: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2299: 2287: 2203: 2191: 2167: 2161: 2149: 2143: 2131: 2125: 1400:

they had never heard him claim to be able to do so.

1276: 1129: 1117: 1079: 1064: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1026: 1000: 977: 971: 942: 918: 884: 863: 15812: 12021:

A Handbook of the Cornish Language, by Henry Jenner

10678:

Originally published in Netherton and Worth, Truro.

10364: 10310:"The Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic" 7051: 6532:"Oxford scholars detect earliest record of Cornish" 5536:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

5300:Dear country of the west, what land is your equal? 4458:and broadcast between June and July 1984, later on 4176: 3666:Some adjectives usually precede the noun, however: 1906:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

925:or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of 660:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

19:For the Cornish dialect and accent of English, see 12098:An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall 11839:An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish 11472: 11058:"Alys y'n Vro a Varthusyon ha Der an Gweder-Mires" 10562:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 10551: 9651:An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish 8328: 8229: 7294: 7182: 6959:The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain 6730:"The Vocabularium Cornicum: a Cornish vocabulary?" 6690:Multilingualism in Medieval Britain (C. 1066-1520) 6065: 5403:I swear to wrestle without treachery or brutality 2520:is a 'traditional Cornish dance get-together' and 631:as a living community language in Cornwall by the 9291:Archaeologia Britannica: Texts & Translations 9280: 8985:The pronunciation and spelling of revived Cornish 8632:. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 1 February 1995. 8307:"The Cornish Language: In Danger or Flourishing?" 6819: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5288:Old land of our fathers, your children love you, 4274:Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass 4142:was produced by John Bannister in the same year. 3784:have articles in Cornish, and newspapers such as 2742:Occurs after 2nd person singular infixed pronoun 2482: 2476: 2470: 2437: 2425: 2410: 2384: 2378: 2351: 2345: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 1741:, failing to make distinctions that they believe 1347:Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800 896: 16472: 12079:Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Cornish 11970:. Wilmslow: Sigma Press (reissued in 1998, 2000 10674:The Ancient Language and the Dialect of Cornwall 8644:"Cornish language funding stopped by government" 7729:Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2006). 7400: 7295:Fletcher, Anthony; MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2008). 7183:Fletcher, Anthony; MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2008). 5928: 5904:. Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. 5312:Over all the world, we are spread far and wide, 4676:Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names 3705:Commemorative plaque in Cornish and English for 2994:'I see', 3rd person plural imperfect indicative 10241:Kernewek Lowender Copper Coast Cornish Festival 8580:"Couple cannot have a Cornish language wedding" 8033: 8031: 7225:Christianities in the Early Modern Celtic World 6925: 6923: 6686:"Multilingualism and the Vocabularium Cornicum" 3982:, was established in 2010 at Cornwall College, 3943:Cornish Language Practice Project (Early Years) 3000:'they saw', and 2nd person singular imperative 1849: 1813:, a councillor and bard, in a statement to the 639:started in the early 20th century, and in 2010 12068:– basic Cornish lessons hosted by BBC Cornwall 9888:"Cornish (Kernewek/Kernowek/Kernuak/Curnoack)" 9850:"Adjectival and Adverbial Prefixes in Cornish" 9395:; Fritz, Matthias; Wenthe, Mark, eds. (2016). 8753: 8751: 8749: 8260: 8070: 7728: 6376:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology 5976: 5792: 4098:, who came to Cornwall to study the language. 3604: 3517: 3455: 3410: 3385: 3272: 3245:In negative statements, the order was usually 3211: 3186: 3157: 3115: 3090: 3082:, with the verb in the third person singular: 2679:Verbs are provected after the verbal particle 2377:'land', and a variety of animal names such as 2026: 1766:Geographic distribution and number of speakers 16048: 15798: 14499: 13606: 13417:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 13062: 12511: 12175: 12151: 12061: 11957: 11941: 10008:. New Directions in Celtic Studies Conference 9648:Bock, Albert; Bruch, Benjamin (3 June 2008). 8929: 8845: 8286:"Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN" 6556: 6205: 5989:"Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN" 5521: 5484:, the Cornish dialect of the English language 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5260: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5154: 5145: 5135: 5127: 5118: 5106: 5097: 5085: 5076: 5064: 5057: 5045: 5036: 5024: 5015: 5003: 4980: 4971: 4959: 4952: 4940: 4931: 4899: 4890: 4878: 4869: 4857: 4848: 4836: 4827: 4815: 4806: 4794: 4785: 4773: 4764: 4752: 4743: 4731: 4722: 4710: 4669: 4661: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4584: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4522: 4516: 4463: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4414: 4404: 4384: 4362: 4356: 4346: 4324: 4310: 4291: 4284: 4216: 4210: 4192: 4069: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4004: 3994: 3977: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3817:(Our Language), the Cornish sub-group of the 3810: 3797: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3735: 3710: 3570: 3433: 3339: 3329: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2906: 2900: 2887: 2881: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2840: 2834: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2727: 2721: 2713: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2661: 2655: 2647: 2628: 2622: 2614: 1995: 1895: 1885: 1879: 1869: 1859: 1719: 1709: 1703: 1286: 1193:, which even fewer of them could understand. 1016: 909:, a list of almost fifty Cornish saints, the 842: 577: 571: 144: 128: 112: 96: 80: 64: 42: 36: 14487: 11938:A Very Brief History of the Cornish Language 11033:"Tredden in Scath (Heb Gwil Mencyon a'n Ky)" 9472: 9460: 9445: 9433: 9390: 8498:"Cornwall cultural strategy evidence report" 8028: 7585:Studies in the consonantal system of Cornish 7561:Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall 6929: 6920: 6876:Studies in the consonantal system of Cornish 6781: 6734: 5959: 5957: 5758: 5756: 5348:For as long as the sea is a wall around you 5295:Gwlas ker an howlsedhes, pan vro yw dha bar? 4186: 3629:Hostess be-PRES-INTERR-INDEF.3SG food to+you 3545: 3527: 2059: 16:Brythonic Celtic language spoken in Cornwall 14547: 14511: 12134: 12009:The preverbal particle Re in Cornish (1908) 11903:A Proposed Standard Written Form of Cornish 11749: 11511:BBC pronouncing dictionary of British names 11428:"The rebirth of Britain's 'lost' languages" 9065:Desky kernowek: a complete guide to Cornish 8977: 8975: 8746: 8170: 7906:Celtic Linguistics / Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd 7055:The Charter fragment and Pascon agan arluth 6020: 5600:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective 5398:My a de omdewlel heb traytouri na garowder, 5391:On my honour and the honour of my country, 4995: 4594: 4121: 3936:Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic 3306:A similar structure is used for questions: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2209: 2197: 2173: 2155: 2137: 2104: 2014: 2007: 1965: 1778:; this sign is at Penzance railway station. 1250:William Bodinar's letter, dated 3 July 1776 1226:, the loss of contact between Cornwall and 985: 16055: 16041: 15805: 15791: 14523: 13620: 13613: 13599: 13069: 13055: 12518: 12504: 12182: 12168: 9768: 9744: 9694: 9566: 9339: 8833: 8740: 8665: 8483: 7943: 7735:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 7341:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 282–286. 6518: 5683: 5307:War oll an norvys 'th on ni skollys a-les, 5283:Bro goth agan tasow, dha fleghes a'th kar, 2613:Feminine singular nouns are lenited after 2178:). A further characteristic sound change, 1955: 1884:), looking towards the village of Treave ( 658:Cornish is currently recognised under the 494: 11991:Concise Dictionary of Cornish Place-names 9647: 9519: 9484: 9351: 9156: 8947: 8863: 8439: 8421: 8132: 8126: 7473: 6843:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 6840: 6369: 5954: 5753: 5593: 3819:European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages 3257: 706:language family. Brittonic also includes 11425: 11329:"The other American Celts - the Cornish" 10234: 9847: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9756: 9682: 9622: 9610: 9322: 9115: 9061: 9049: 9010: 8972: 8930:Davies-Deacon, Merryn (28 August 2017). 8894: 8846:Davies-Deacon, Merryn (28 August 2017). 8798: 8786: 8037: 7997: 7899: 7681:"Death of Mr John Kelynack, of Newlyn". 7606: 7520: 7508: 7486:. T. Bensley for J. Faulder. p. 152 7026: 6872: 6434: 6336: 5796:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 5641: 4604: 4011:A Practical Dictionary of Modern Cornish 3850: 3700: 3161: 1853: 1842:The Institute of Cornish Studies at the 1782:Speakers of Cornish reside primarily in 1769: 1350: 1245: 995: 965: 857: 768: 544: 507:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 16491:Languages attested from the 9th century 16062: 11893:The Cornish Language and its Literature 11750:Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia (2002). 11507: 11419: 11176:"An Gannas – Cornish language magazine" 10695:Language Problems and Language Planning 10646:. Oxford: Edward Lhuyd and Mr. Bateman. 10611:The Cornish Language and Its Literature 10559:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10511: 10187: 9355:Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic 9245:The Cornish language and its literature 9210:. John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 242. 9100: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8213:/ British Council. 2010. Archived from 7870: 7845:A Short History of Cornish Lexicography 7763: 7696: 7694: 7687:. No. 356. 14 May 1885. p. 5. 7413:The Cornish Language and Its Literature 7351: 7125: 6860: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6287:"Street name plates - Cornwall Council" 5856: 5563: 4583:released an album in Cornish, entitled 4504:, a short film written and directed by 3859:in several languages, including Cornish 868:, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary 781:spoken throughout Britain south of the 529:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16473: 14464: 12120:Gerlyver kernewek (Cornish dictionary) 11905:. Cornish Language Partnership Process 11685: 11673: 11661: 11649: 11637: 11625: 11613: 11601: 11589: 11577: 11542: 11151:"An Hobys, pò An Fordh Dy ha Tre Arta" 10735: 10687: 10656: 10631: 10370: 10026: 9949:"Helping promote the Cornish language" 9835: 9816: 9706: 9578: 9168: 8981: 8326: 8304: 8298: 8076: 7955: 7802: 7641: 7440: 7256: 7164: 7126:Classen, Albrecht (29 November 2010). 6904: 6900: 6898: 6578: 6506: 6053:Commission of the European Communities 5336:Cornwall, Cornwall, we love Cornwall; 5217:equal in dignity and rights. They are 4512:distinctive and exciting filmmakers". 4454:, an eight-episode series produced by 4017:. Course books include the three-part 3359:Elements can be fronted for emphasis: 2850:Addition of a specific plural suffix: 2712:Occurs after the affirmative particle 1774:Cornish can be seen in many places in 1011:) (f.56v.) Middle Cornish Saint's Play 16496:Languages extinct in the 18th century 16036: 15786: 15696: 15588: 15367: 15169: 14601: 14381: 14032: 13669: 13594: 13050: 12499: 12163: 12150: 12143:by Robert Williams, Llandovery, 1865. 12056:List of localised software in Cornish 12036:Endangered Languages Project: Cornish 11837:Bruch, Benjamin; Bock, Albert (2008) 10883:"Adro dhe'n Bÿs in Peswar Ugans Dëdh" 10637: 10605: 10490: 9998: 9531: 9238: 9127: 8757: 8598: 8557: 8495: 8363:"Language in England and Wales: 2011" 7970: 7841: 7532: 7479: 7406: 7396:from the original on 12 October 2018. 7369: 7363: 7339:Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society 7333: 7228:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 76. 7086: 6999: 6952: 6828: 6778: 6727: 6617: 6211: 6079:Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Nationalism 5963: 5924: 5922: 5594:Ó Riagáin, Dónall (13 January 2015). 5182:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4616:The Cornish language features in the 4199:translation of the Bible into Cornish 3913: 3596: 3592: 3509: 3447: 3406: 3268: 3207: 3182: 3111: 3044:(with, by) has derived forms such as 1153:Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 583: 137: 121: 105: 89: 73: 57: 13076: 12189: 12108:Cornish language Sayings and Phrases 12031:Cornish Language Partnership website 11456:Cornish Place-names in the Landscape 11261: 11192: 10668: 9534:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 9203: 9017:(3rd ed.). Westport, Co. Mayo: 8713: 8343:from the original on 12 January 2022 8305:Brooks, Richard (18 November 2014). 8133:Ferdinand, Siarl (2 December 2013). 8002:(3rd ed.). Westport, Co. Mayo: 7700: 7691: 7554: 6783:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 6736:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 6683: 6337:Woolcock, Nicola (15 January 2010). 6097:"Cornish gains official recognition" 5897: 5200:Genys frank ha par yw oll tus an bys 4684: 3884:and the annual mid-summer bonfires. 3562:be-PRES-AFF.3SG 1PL health 1PL to+us 15589: 13499:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 11453: 9626:Towards a grammar of Middle Cornish 8079:"Breakthrough for Cornish language" 6895: 6581:"The Old Cornish Gloss on Boethius" 6232: 5241:and should act towards one another 5236:hag y tal dhedha omdhon an eyl orth 5229:endowed with reason and conscience 5205:All human beings are born free and 5113:Possibly 'Homestead of the doctor' 4648:('island') can be found spelled as 3845:(the Cornish Language Fellowship). 3513: 3476: 3451: 2819:Cornish nouns belong to one of two 608:language spoken throughout much of 207:as of the 2021 Census: 557 in 2011) 13: 13035:Index of Cornwall-related articles 12755:List of civil parishes in Cornwall 11968:Cornish Place Names & Language 10470:"Ertach Kernow – Keep it Kernewek" 10188:Beamish, Sam (17 September 2021). 9975:"Aagan Towlennow / Our Programmes" 8327:Harley, Nicola (5 November 2015). 8248:. Welsh Media Ltd. 16 January 2010 8106:"Standard Cornish spelling agreed" 6664: 5936:. Tor Mark Press. pp. 19–25. 5919: 5820:from the original on 23 July 2022. 5508:List of topics related to Cornwall 5140:, literally meaning 'feast-acre'. 4077: 3972:Cornwall's first Cornish-language 3863: 3600: 3349: 3325: 2031:After the publication of Jenner's 1689:A Handbook of the Cornish Language 1672: 1033:, a cycle of three mystery plays, 851:, after the Saxons had taken over 14: 16547: 16454:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15019:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 12094:Cornish Bible Translation Project 12014: 11912:, Vol. 2, 2 Dec pp. 199–227 11883:The Story of the Cornish Language 11426:Williams, Holly (12 April 2018). 10736:Holmes, Clive (1998). "Review of 10676:. New York: AMS Press. p. 4. 10491:Dixon, Martha (9 February 2022). 10235:Lowender, Kernewek (9 May 2023). 9848:Williams, N. J. A. (1 May 2013). 9491:. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 62. 8558:Elgot, Jessica (7 October 2015). 7581: 6379:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 12. 5934:The Story of the Cornish Language 5360:We are one and all for Cornwall! 5343:An mor hedre vo yn fos dhis a-dro 5212:yn aga dynita hag yn aga gwiryow. 4159:Cornish Language Partnership MAGA 4114:the Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall 3837:(the Cornish Language Board) and 3241:'He believes that I see the cat.' 2514:are different types of pastries. 1309:, a short story about a man from 1158: 1152: 961: 685: 16501:Southwestern Brittonic languages 15769: 14382: 14019: 13562:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 12527: 12085:by Kenneth MacKinnon – from the 11926:Sketch of Cornish grammar (1859) 11799: 11772: 11743: 11718: 11691: 11536: 11501: 11466: 11447: 11397: 11372: 11347: 11321: 11293: 11267: 11225: 11186: 11168: 11143: 11129: 11111: 11086: 11068: 11050: 11025: 11000: 10975: 10950: 10925: 10900: 10875: 10850: 10829: 10812: 10798: 10772: 10729: 10681: 10662: 10599: 10544: 10505: 10484: 10462: 10442: 10390: 10376: 10324: 10302: 10280: 10254: 10228: 10202: 10181: 10153: 10125: 10095: 10065: 10020: 9992: 9967: 9941: 9907: 9880: 9841: 9810: 9700: 9641: 9616: 9572: 9525: 9478: 9384: 9345: 9274: 9232: 9197: 9162: 9121: 9055: 9004: 8923: 8888: 8839: 8792: 8707: 8636: 8620: 8592: 8572: 8551: 8519: 8489: 8448: 8077:Morris, Jonathan (19 May 2008). 7902:"A Problem in Cornish Phonology" 7557:"William Bodinar's letter, 1776" 6562:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 6261:"Cornish language – is it dead?" 6145:. 19 August 2014. Archived from 5466: 5452: 5427:In the words of my forefathers: 4623:Standard Written Form of Cornish 4226:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 4215:literary awards, established by 4177:Recent Modern Cornish literature 4108:, the Manchester-born rector of 3493:be-PRES-AFF.3SG PTCL call-VN Ely 3465: 3395: 3367: 3314: 3282: 3221: 3196: 3171: 3125: 3100: 2685:(approximately English "-ing"): 2033:Handbook of the Cornish Language 2013:orthography that he used in his 1919: 1858:The view from Carn Brea beacon ( 1059:. From this period also are the 604:, Cornish is descended from the 16516:Languages of the United Kingdom 16486:Critically endangered languages 15814:Languages of the United Kingdom 12982:Population of major settlements 12113: 12103:A review of the Cornish revival 11997:. Westport, Co. Mayo: Evertype 11831: 10512:Spriggs, Matthew (1 May 2005). 10398:"Dictionary: English – Cornish" 10345:. December 2014. Archived from 9709:Studies in Brythonic Word Order 9252:& Kegan Paul. p. 194. 8415: 8385: 8355: 8320: 8278: 8164: 8098: 7991: 7964: 7949: 7893: 7864: 7835: 7796: 7757: 7722: 7674: 7635: 7600: 7575: 7548: 7526: 7434: 7345: 7327: 7301:(5th ed.). Harlow, Essex: 7288: 7250: 7215: 7189:(5th ed.). Harlow, Essex: 7176: 7158: 7119: 7080: 7045: 7020: 6993: 6971:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb247 6946: 6866: 6834: 6772: 6721: 6677: 6658: 6611: 6572: 6550: 6524: 6428: 6401: 6363: 6330: 6304: 6279: 6253: 6179: 6153: 6135: 6117: 6089: 5891: 5503:Languages in the United Kingdom 5488:Bible translations into Cornish 5386:War ow enor ha war enor ow bro, 5355:'Th on onan hag oll rag Kernow! 5224:Enduys yns gans reson ha kowses 5146: 5119: 5098: 5077: 5058: 5037: 5016: 4972: 4953: 4932: 4891: 4870: 4849: 4828: 4807: 4786: 4765: 4744: 4723: 4662: 4651: 4468:. In 2016 Kelly's Ice Cream of 4232:Around the World in Eighty Days 4134:. William C. Borlase published 3715:) mounted on the north side of 3021: 2245:, either through the ancestral 1241: 702:, which is a sub-family of the 13511:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 12572:Council of the Isles of Scilly 11978:; second revised edition 2007 11848:. Truro: Dyllansow Fentenwynn 11841:. Cornish Language Partnership 8599:Milmo, Cahal (23 April 2014). 8535:. 21 July 2014. Archived from 8401:Office for National Statistics 8367:Office for National Statistics 7764:Lowenna, Sharon (1 May 2011). 7416:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 7357:The History of Glasney College 6579:Breeze, A. (1 December 2007). 6534:. 15 June 2006. Archived from 5901:William Bodinar's letter, 1776 5850: 5824: 5786: 5772:Office for National Statistics 5739:Office for National Statistics 5723: 5677: 5635: 5587: 5567:(2003). Payton, Philip (ed.). 5557: 5331:Kernow, Kernow y keryn Kernow; 4987:Either a dialectal variant of 4136:Proverbs and Rhymes in Cornish 3734:There have been films such as 1944: 1828:Office for National Statistics 1384:last native speaker of Cornish 832: 829:over the following centuries. 795:westward Anglo-Saxon expansion 1: 16531:Verb–subject–object languages 15833:Recognised regional languages 15738:Celtic place names in Galicia 15368: 13582:extinct or ancestor languages 11885:. 32 p. Truro: Tor Mark Press 10746:The English Historical Review 10073:"Crying the Neck in Cornwall" 7850:Jagiellonian University Press 7642:Payton, Philip (1 May 2011). 6953:Padel, O.J. (3 August 2017), 6883:, Aberystwyth. pp. 2–3. 6214:"Cornish Language Study 2000" 5602:. Berlin / München / Boston: 5551: 5498:List of Celtic-language media 5248:y gila yn spyrys a vrederedh. 4780:Head Holy i.e. Holy Headland 4209:Waterstones hosts the annual 4165: 4041:, as well as the more recent 4025: 4005: 3967:Integrating Language and Play 3419:DEF cat 1SG PTCL see-PRES.3SG 3142:1SG PTCL see-PRES.3SG DEF cat 3072: 3014: 3008: 2573: 2236: 2110: 2052: 1735: 1234:and immigration to Cornwall. 643:reclassified the language as 15170: 13680:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 12362:Cornish Language Partnership 12129:Cornish Language Partnership 10593:UK public library membership 10343:Cornish Language Partnership 10270:Institute of Cornish Studies 9999:Mills, Jon (November 2000). 9923:Cornish Language Partnership 8496:Birch, Sophie (March 2010). 8038:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2009). 6930:Stalmaszczyk, Piotr (1997). 6222:Cornish Language Partnership 6195:Cornish Language Partnership 6169:Cornish Language Partnership 5598:. In Stolz, Christel (ed.). 5518:The Cornish Language Council 5253:in a spirit of brotherhood. 4920:English (anglicised) surname 4609:Place-names translated into 4363: 4049: 3995: 3902:serving as a celebration of 3839: 3831: 3811: 3798: 3764: 3758: 3736: 3711: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3373: 3363: 3288: 3278: 3263: 3253: 3227: 3217: 3202: 3192: 3177: 3167: 3153: 3131: 3121: 3106: 3096: 3086: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 2946: 2940: 2926: 2907: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2662: 2656: 2648: 2646:Nouns are spirantized after 2629: 2623: 2615: 2578: 2075: 1850:Legal status and recognition 1807:Cornish Language Partnership 1756:Cornish Language Partnership 1720: 887:De Consolatione Philosophiae 722:, the last two of which are 328:Cornish Language Partnership 7: 16526:Endangered Celtic languages 14662:Welsh literature in English 14602: 14033: 13759:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 13670: 12072:Cornish Language Fellowship 11780:"Trevithick Family History" 11407:. The Peter Warlock Society 10617:. pp. 82–94, 100–108. 9062:Williams, Nicholas (2012). 9011:Williams, Nicholas (2006). 8936:Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 8895:Williams, Nicholas (1997). 8852:Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 8799:Williams, Nicholas (2016). 7998:Williams, Nicholas (2006). 7900:Williams, N. J. A. (1990). 7607:Lipoński, Wojciech (2016). 7087:Frost, D. H. (1 May 2007). 5445: 5439:"Fair play is sweet play". 4140:A Glossary of Cornish Names 2772: 2027:Revived Cornish orthography 1758:in 2005 and agreement on a 1278:Meea navidna caw zasawzneck 1165:When Parliament passed the 397: – Middle Cornish 390: – Modern Cornish 10: 16552: 14682:Scottish Gaelic literature 14067:Brigantia (ancient region) 12077:Lyver Pysadow Kemyn (1980) 11989:Weatherhill, Craig (2009) 11966:Weatherhill, Craig (1995) 11936:Sandercock, Graham (1996) 11897:Routledge & Kegan Paul 11895:. ix, 230 p. London: 11867:English Cornish dictionary 11752:The Oxford Names Companion 10615:Routledge & Kegan Paul 10077:Newquay.oldcornwall.org.uk 10030:Journal of British Studies 9485:Jefferson, Judith (2013). 9136:University of Exeter Press 8766:University of Exeter Press 8393:"Main language (detailed)" 8171:O'Neill, Diarmuid (2005). 8046:Cambridge University Press 7977:University of Exeter Press 7805:"Cornwall a Celtic Nation" 7449:University of Exeter Press 6698:10.1484/m.tcne-eb.1.100793 6618:Olson, B. Lynette (1996). 6021:O'Neill, Diarmuid (2005). 5867:Edinburgh University Press 5858:Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone 5653:Cambridge University Press 5434:“Gwari hweg yw gwari teg”. 5175: 4598: 4169: 4148:English–Cornish Dictionary 3959:Understanding Bilingualism 3696: 3632:'Hostess, have you food?' 3235:Ev a grys y hwelav an gath 2777:Cornish has no indefinite 2550: 2546: 2079: 1996:Middle Cornish orthography 1948: 1728:morphophonemic orthography 1676: 1378:The traditional view that 1281:," "I speak no Saxonage." 931:Genesis creation narrative 764: 742:branch of Insular Celtic. 694:language, a branch of the 18: 16441: 16393: 16355: 16070: 15999: 15966: 15909: 15832: 15820: 15760: 15703: 15697: 15692: 15630: 15601: 15584: 15547: 15469: 15460: 15432: 15404: 15376: 15363: 15316: 15281: 15255: 15176: 15165: 15052: 15029:Hebridean Celtic Festival 14966: 14868: 14847: 14816: 14731: 14690: 14657:Welsh-language literature 14612: 14608: 14597: 14559: 14473: 14390: 14377: 14247: 14206: 14145: 14041: 14028: 14017: 13854: 13823: 13757: 13678: 13665: 13632: 13575: 13530: 13483: 13460: 13397:? (possibly hypothetical) 13385: 13301: 13279: 13238: 13215: 13197: 13186: 13177: 13102: 13084: 12922: 12764: 12580: 12559: 12548: 12482: 12461: 12400: 12382:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek 12342: 12306: 12248: 12197: 12157: 12152:Links to related articles 12136:Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum 11279:BroadcastForSchools.co.uk 11123:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek 11080:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek 10758:10.1093/ehr/CXIII.450.177 10237:"Home: Kernewek Lowender" 9819:The Ancient Cornish Drama 9623:Toorians, Lauran (2011). 9352:Matasović, Ranko (2009). 8422:Ferdinand, Siarl (2018). 7871:Gendall, Richard (1972). 7027:Toorians, Lauran (1991). 7014:10.13140/RG.2.1.1558.0882 6684:Blom, Alderik H. (2012). 6409:"Glottolog 4.4 - Cornish" 5697:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: 5324:But our love is for you. 5319:Mes agan kerensa yw dhis. 4678:considers this unlikely. 4570: 4562: 4554: 4523: 4250:Hound of the Baskervilles 4123:Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum 4009:by Nicholas Williams and 4006:Gerlyver Sawsnek–Kernowek 3841:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek 3065: 2262:'aunt, mother's sister', 1175:Cornish rebellion of 1497 777:Cornish evolved from the 738:are part of the separate 622:common community language 515: 493: 479: 467: 451: 438: 425: 408: 375: 357: 339: 334: 320: 297: 292: 276: 264: 211: 197: 187: 177: 167: 157: 50: 35: 30: 16506:Cornish language revival 15462:Ancient Celtic languages 12387:Movyans Skolyow Meythrin 11917:Jackson, Kenneth (1953) 11901:Everson, Michael (2007) 10983:"Gwerryans an Planettys" 10858:"Alys in Pow an Anethow" 10744:by John Gwynfor Jones". 9204:Ball, Martin J. (1990). 8177:. Y Lolfa. p. 242. 6873:Chaudhri, Talat (2007). 6265:This is The West Country 6027:. Y Lolfa. p. 240. 5836:CornishDictionary.org.uk 5612:10.1515/9783110408362.77 5422:Gans geryow ow hendasow: 5010:, meaning 'swan river'. 4595:Place-names and surnames 4530: 4527:" ('Esther's Kitchen'). 4394: 4331:The Beast of Bodmin Moor 3707:Michael Joseph the Smith 3626:Hostes, ues boues dewhy? 3299:NEG see-PRES.1SG DEF cat 2954: 2814: 2643:or "aspirate" mutation: 2502:'to mend fishing nets'. 2148:'believe', Late Cornish 2008:Late Cornish orthography 1914:Atlas of World Languages 1718:published a new system, 1679:Cornish language revival 976:, the first play of the 813:eventually evolved into 404: – Old Cornish 15733:Gaulish words in French 15718:Celtic words in English 13977:Scottish New Zealanders 13867:Anglo-Celtic Australian 13405:? (possibly related to 12377:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 12367:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak 11943:Kesva an Tavas Kernewek 11881:Ellis, Peter B. (1971) 11756:Oxford University Press 11699:"Ellery Family History" 11543:Ekwall, Eilert (1960). 11508:Pointon, G. E. (1990). 11062:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 10708:10.1075/lplp.36.2.01say 10607:Ellis, Peter Berresford 10424:Cornish Language Office 10318:University of Cambridge 10296:University of Cambridge 10266:Humanities.Exeter.ac.uk 9823:Oxford University Press 9588:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 9582:, ed. (2009). "porth". 9240:Ellis, Peter Berresford 8990:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 8728:10.13173/SPR.48.1-2.034 8460:Humanities.Exeter.ac.uk 8381:– via ons.gov.uk. 7956:Burley, Stuart (2008). 7879:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 7782:10.1386/corn.19.1.105_1 7582:Zafar, Chaudhri Talat. 7555:Pool, P. A. S. (1975). 7538:Archaeologia Britannica 7480:Carew, Richard (1811). 7408:Ellis, Peter Berresford 6449:10.1386/corn.18.1.179_1 6249:(subscription required) 5930:Berresford Ellis, Peter 5898:Pool, P. A. S. (1975). 5802:(3rd ed.). Paris: 5523:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak 4262:The Wind in the Willows 3993:by Steve Harris (ed.), 3979:Skol dy'Sadorn Kernewek 3932:University of Cambridge 3833:Kesva an Taves Kernewek 3678: 3670: 3648: 3640: 3618: 3610: 3587: 3579: 3551: 3541: 3533: 3523: 3504: 3482: 3471: 3461: 3442: 3335: 3320: 3310: 3302:'I do not see the cat.' 2739:Type 2 mixed mutation: 2709:Type 1 mixed mutation: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2438: 2426: 2411: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2204: 2192: 2168: 2162: 2150: 2144: 2132: 2130:'father', Late Cornish 2126: 2016:Archaeologia Britannica 1956:Old Cornish orthography 1303:Archaeologia Britannica 1298:Archaeologia Britannica 1277: 1130: 1126:The Passion of Our Lord 1118: 1080: 1065: 1001: 897: 895:, which used the words 633:end of the 18th century 16113:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14667:Early Irish literature 14548: 14536: 14524: 14512: 14500: 14488: 13957:Scotch-Irish Canadians 13952:Scotch-Irish Americans 13567:Welsh-medium education 13217:Southwestern Brittonic 12135: 12062: 11958: 11942: 11405:"Peter Warlock: Works" 10958:"Ky Teylu Baskerville" 10837:"Holyer an Gof Awards" 10568:10.1093/ref:odnb/74428 10530:10.1386/corn.13.1.98_1 10107:RedruthOldCornwall.org 9866:10.1386/corn.21.1.33_1 9817:Norris, Edwin (1859). 9769:Ball & Müller 2009 9745:Ball & Müller 2009 9695:Ball & Müller 2009 9567:Ball & Müller 2009 9405:Mouton. p. 1251. 9340:Ball & Müller 2009 8834:Ball & Müller 2009 8741:Ball & Müller 2009 8666:Ball & Müller 2009 8484:Ball & Müller 2009 8428:Studia Celtica Fennica 7944:Ball & Müller 2009 7803:Jenner, Henry (1905). 7710:. Truro: County Museum 7387:10.13140/2.1.1439.5843 7379:Interfaces in Language 7132:. De Gruyter Lexikon. 7105:10.1386/corn.15.1.27_1 6782: 6735: 6519:Ball & Müller 2009 5541:Irish language revival 5522: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5267:, the Cornish anthem: 5261: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5155: 5136: 5128: 5107: 5086: 5065: 5046: 5025: 5004: 5002:or from the parish of 4996: 4981: 4960: 4941: 4900: 4879: 4858: 4837: 4816: 4795: 4774: 4753: 4732: 4711: 4670: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4613: 4585: 4517: 4464: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4415: 4405: 4385: 4357: 4355:), which won the 2015 4353:Briallen and the Alien 4347: 4325: 4311: 4292: 4285: 4217: 4211: 4193: 4187: 4122: 4071:Yeth an Werin Warlinen 4070: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4019: 3978: 3860: 3823: 3770: 3720: 3571: 3559:'ma 'gen ehaz nyi dhen 3496:'(He) is calling Ely.' 3434: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2932: 2568:inflected prepositions 2444: 2432: 2420: 2210: 2198: 2174: 2166:'leave', Late Cornish 2160:), and Middle Cornish 2156: 2138: 2105: 2060: 2015: 1966: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1870: 1860: 1790:, as well as in other 1779: 1710: 1704: 1395:speaker may have been 1359: 1287: 1283: 1251: 1216:Peter Berresford Ellis 1167:Act of Uniformity 1549 1047: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1017: 1012: 993: 986: 978: 972: 970:The opening verses of 943: 919: 885: 869: 864: 843: 823:Southwestern Brittonic 774: 700:Celtic language family 692:Southwestern Brittonic 594:Celtic language family 590:Southwestern Brittonic 578: 572: 560: 517:This article contains 243:Southwestern Brittonic 145: 129: 113: 97: 81: 65: 43: 37: 15294:Scottish independence 15039:Celtic Media Festival 14922:National music scenes 14153:Proto-Celtic religion 13855:Related ethnic groups 13544:Skol Veythrin Karenza 13484:Celtic-speaking areas 13409:or pre-Indo-European) 12392:Skol Veythrin Karenza 12314:Standard Written Form 11199:. New York / London: 11193:Ball, Martin (1993). 11137:"Briallen ha'n Alyon" 10933:"Flehes an Hens Horn" 10780:"Passyon Agan Arluth" 10688:Sayers, Dave (2012). 10288:"The Language Centre" 10262:"About the Institute" 9717:10.1075/cilt.83.06geo 9546:10.1515/zcph.2013.009 9169:Wmffre, Iwan (1998). 8949:10.1515/scp-2017-0005 8865:10.1515/scp-2017-0005 7914:10.1075/cilt.68.20wil 7660:10.1386/corn.19.1.1_2 7441:Stoyle, Mark (2002). 7172:. London: David Nutt. 6965:, Ltd, pp. 1–2, 6963:John Wiley & Sons 6797:10.1515/zcph.2014.009 6750:10.1515/zcph.2013.009 6636:10.1353/pgn.1996.0016 6597:10.1093/notesj/gjm184 4608: 4456:Television South West 4256:The War of the Worlds 3870:Celtic Media Festival 3854: 3807:Millennium Commission 3704: 3565:'We have our health.' 3062:'with you (plural)'. 2286:'person, human', and 2106:Vocabularium Cornicum 2086:Standard Written Form 2066:Standard Written Form 1968:Vocabularium Cornicum 1964:. By the time of the 1949:Further information: 1857: 1773: 1760:Standard Written Form 1354: 1331:, recorded orally by 1272: 1266:, published in 1602, 1249: 1198:under the command of 1171:Prayer Book Rebellion 999: 969: 921:Vocabularium Cornicum 913:, which is a list of 865:Vocabularium Cornicum 861: 772: 645:critically endangered 618:mutually intelligible 568:Standard Written Form 558: 271:Standard Written Form 16511:Languages of England 16064:Languages of Europe 15618:(Medieval Welsh law) 15228:Scottish nationalism 14878:Ancient Celtic music 14198:Romano-Celtic temple 14007:Welsh New Zealanders 13932:Irish New Zealanders 12066:– A Taste of Cornish 11863:A Cornish Dictionary 11460:University of Exeter 11196:The Celtic languages 11008:"An Gwyns i'n Helyk" 10455:University of Exeter 10430:on 17 September 2017 10274:University of Exeter 9929:on 17 September 2016 8982:George, Ken (1986). 8464:University of Exeter 8207:TeachingEnglish.orgn 7704:The Death of Cornish 7701:Pool, Peter (1975). 7136:. pp. 371–372. 7058:. Dundee: Evertype. 7008:. pp. 139–157. 6538:on 25 September 2006 6201:on 25 December 2008. 6175:on 25 December 2008. 6083:Welsh Academic Press 6055:. 1986. p. 195. 5699:Taylor & Francis 5694:The Celtic Languages 5648:The Celtic languages 4822:Camm (crooked) Hill 4692:English (anglicised) 4579:In 2018, the singer 4283:(which won the 2012 4244:The Railway Children 3928:University of Vienna 3924:University of Exeter 3878:Old Cornwall Society 3781:Western Morning News 2944:'willow-trees' > 2676:or "hard" mutation: 2610:or "soft" mutation: 2583:Cornish has initial 2219:revitalised language 2095:of the dental stops 1844:University of Exeter 1816:Western Morning News 1805:Jenefer Lowe of the 1382:(1692–1777) was the 1329:John Hobson Matthews 1200:Sir Anthony Kingston 817:and the now extinct 16521:Cornish nationalism 16356:States with limited 16000:Languages by region 15308:Irish republicanism 15289:Breton independence 15268:Scottish devolution 15201:Cornish nationalism 15024:Pan Celtic Festival 14898:Scottish folk music 14652:Scottish literature 14178:Celtic Christianity 13982:Scottish Travellers 13967:Scottish Argentines 13811:Scottish Travellers 13556:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 13531:Immersive education 13028:Outline of Cornwall 12583:(cities in italics) 12560:Unitary authorities 12469:Brittonic languages 12438:Robert Morton Nance 12258:Bodmin manumissions 11726:"Last Name: Ellery" 11384:Radyo an Gernewegva 10384:"Gerlyver Kernewek" 10214:The Falmouth Packet 10113:on 14 November 2012 9979:Radyo an Gernewegva 9953:The Falmouth Packet 9569:, pp. 510–513. 9401:. Berlin / Boston: 9286:Roberts, Brynley F. 9128:Mills, Jon (1999). 8836:, pp. 496–497. 8758:Mills, Jon (1999). 8588:. 26 February 2021. 8336:The Daily Telegraph 7842:Mills, Jon (2016). 7544:. pp. 251–253. 7370:Mills, Jon (2010). 7000:Mills, Jon (2012). 6881:University of Wales 6728:Mills, Jon (2013). 6521:, pp. 410–468. 6291:www.cornwall.gov.uk 6228:on 3 December 2013. 5832:"Gerlyver Kernewek" 5263:Bro Goth agan Tasow 5161:'Mean/Middle town' 4564:Bro Goth agan Tasow 4446:Westward Television 4437:Radyo an Gernewegva 4430:Nowodhow an Seythen 4348:Briallen ha'n Alyon 4268:Three Men in a Boat 4194:Passyon agan arluth 3951:Plymouth University 3949:course approved by 3920:University of Wales 3799:Radyo an Gernewegva 2979:. For example, the 2821:grammatical genders 2564:verb–subject–object 2560:consonant mutations 2247:Proto-Indo-European 1711:Kernewek Dasserghys 1696:Robert Morton Nance 1402:Robert Morton Nance 911:Bodmin manumissions 664:works of literature 585:[kəɾˈnuːək] 299:Recognised minority 193:End of 18th century 139:[kəɹˈnɔʊək] 123:[kəɾˈnɔʊək] 107:[kəɹˈnɛʊək] 91:[kəɹˈnuːək] 75:[kəɾˈnɛʊək] 59:[kəɾˈnuːək] 15299:Welsh independence 15263:Cornish devolution 15184:Breton nationalism 15034:Celtic Connections 14637:Cornish literature 13987:Ulster Protestants 13972:Scottish Canadians 13962:Scottish Americans 13872:Anglo-Irish people 13509:Cape Breton Island 13345:Early Modern Irish 13105:Continental Celtic 13022:Places of interest 12720:St Just in Penwith 12298:Bible translations 12264:Pascon agan Arluth 11844:Hodge, Pol (2001) 11335:. 23 February 2020 11281:. 31 December 2011 10352:on 28 January 2015 10141:. 18 November 2021 9955:. 29 November 2012 9284:; Evans, Dewi W.; 9072:. p. xx-xxi. 8441:10.33353/scf.79496 8294:. 7 December 2010. 7410:(1 January 1974). 6849:, pp. 575–577 6318:. 11 February 2014 6267:. 21 February 2009 5741:. 29 November 2022 5606:. pp. 77–88. 5493:Cornish literature 4885:Court Crossroads 4697:Cornish place-name 4614: 4501:Trengellick Rising 4401:BBC Radio Cornwall 4371:'s translation of 4172:Cornish literature 4132:A Cornish Glossary 3963:Creating Resources 3914:Study and teaching 3861: 3776:BBC Radio Cornwall 3721: 2936:'a blade of grass' 2585:consonant mutation 2142:), Middle Cornish 1902: 1900:) in the distance. 1780: 1391:speaker, the last 1360: 1285:The Late Cornish ( 1264:Survey of Cornwall 1252: 1120:Pascon agan Arluth 1023:Cornish literature 1013: 994: 870: 862:The first page of 809:in about 577. The 775: 561: 203:20th century (563 16468: 16467: 16462: 16461: 16030: 16029: 15821:Official language 15780: 15779: 15756: 15755: 15688: 15687: 15580: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15539:Cisalpine Gaulish 15359: 15358: 15245:national identity 15240:Welsh nationalism 15233:national identity 15213:Irish nationalism 15161: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15094:Cornish wrestling 14962: 14961: 14883:Breton Folk music 14848:Regional cultures 14691:National cultures 14677:Gaelic literature 14632:Breton literature 14593: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14585: 14584: 14373: 14372: 14285:Chief of the Name 14158:Celtic polytheism 14075:Sub-Roman Britain 14015: 14014: 13902:Irish Australians 13882:Cornish Americans 13841:Scottish diaspora 13588: 13587: 13381: 13380: 13297: 13296: 13240:Western Brittonic 13129:Cisalpine Gaulish 13044: 13043: 12581:Major settlements 12535:Ceremonial county 12493: 12492: 12453:Nicholas Williams 12324:Kernowek Standard 12025:Project Gutenberg 11984:978-1-85058-837-5 11955:Stokes, Whitley, 10786:. 22 October 2009 10591:(Subscription or 10474:Cornwall Heritage 10420:Learn Cornish Now 10339:MagaKernow.org.uk 10292:LangCen.Cam.ac.uk 10169:. 4 February 2021 9919:MagaKernow.org.uk 9613:, pp. 17–18. 9473:Klein et al. 2016 9461:Klein et al. 2016 9446:Klein et al. 2016 9434:Klein et al. 2016 9175:. Lincom Europa. 8692:, pp. 67–68. 8274:on 27 March 2009. 8217:on 8 January 2010 7809:The Celtic Review 7511:, pp. 10–11. 7266:. London: Bello. 6585:Notes and Queries 6558:Sims-Williams, P. 6439:. Second Series. 6247:(18th ed., 2015) 6218:MagaKernow.org.uk 6191:MagaKernow.org.uk 6165:MagaKernow.org.uk 6149:on 31 March 2016. 6105:. 6 November 2002 5997:. 7 December 2010 5813:978-92-3-104096-2 5575:. Second Series. 5443: 5442: 5364: 5363: 5257: 5256: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5052:'Easter/Passion' 4913: 4912: 4535:English composer 4381:, was published. 4369:Nicholas Williams 4307:Craig Weatherhill 4280:A Christmas Carol 4032:Tavas a Ragadazow 3490:Yma ow kelwel ely 2496:'mine waste' and 2469:'to understand', 2340:'alive, living'. 2208:'crooked' (Welsh 2082:Cornish phonology 2070:Kernowek Standard 1982:dental fricatives 1929:Marriage Act 1949 1800:Kenneth MacKinnon 1732:Nicholas Williams 1670: 1669: 1318:Daines Barrington 1288:Kernewek Diwedhes 1048:Resurrexio Domini 1007:(The life of St. 927:Ælfric of Eynsham 807:Battle of Deorham 793:. As a result of 754:Saint-Pol-de-Léon 672:independent films 559:A Cornish speaker 556: 543: 542: 525:rendering support 521:phonetic symbols. 322:Regulated by 16543: 16536:Language revival 16481:Cornish language 16394:Dependencies and 16330:Northern Ireland 16071:Sovereign states 16057: 16050: 16043: 16034: 16033: 16012:Northern Ireland 15807: 15800: 15793: 15784: 15783: 15773: 15694: 15693: 15586: 15585: 15568:Galwegian Gaelic 15467: 15466: 15365: 15364: 15273:Welsh devolution 15167: 15166: 14919: 14918: 14908:Sean-nós singing 14903:Welsh folk music 14893:Irish folk music 14860:Highland culture 14642:Irish literature 14622:Arthurian Legend 14610: 14609: 14599: 14598: 14551: 14539: 14527: 14515: 14503: 14491: 14471: 14470: 14462: 14461: 14439:Neo-Christianity 14379: 14378: 14310:Gaelic astrology 14270:Celtic festivals 14173:Celtic mythology 14146:Ancient religion 14063:Iron Age Britain 14030: 14029: 14023: 14002:Welsh Argentines 13942:Irish Uruguayans 13937:Irish Travellers 13907:Irish Brazilians 13897:Irish Argentines 13877:Breton Americans 13831:Cornish diaspora 13793:Irish Travellers 13667: 13666: 13659:Celtic languages 13615: 13608: 13601: 13592: 13591: 13370:Galwegian Gaelic 13351:Classical Gaelic 13312:Classical Gaelic 13206:Common Brittonic 13195: 13194: 13184: 13183: 13078:Celtic languages 13071: 13064: 13057: 13048: 13047: 12567:Cornwall Council 12543: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12520: 12513: 12506: 12497: 12496: 12474:Celtic languages 12462:Related articles 12428:Kitty Lee Jenner 12352:Akademi Kernewek 12278:Beunans Meriasek 12230:Cornish surnames 12191:Cornish language 12184: 12177: 12170: 12161: 12160: 12148: 12147: 12138: 12065: 12007:Williams, G. P, 11961: 11945: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11812: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11623: 11617: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11451: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11333:IrishCentral.com 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11275:"An Canker-Seth" 11271: 11265: 11259: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11182:on 22 July 2019. 11178:. Archived from 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11094:"Jowal Lethesow" 11090: 11084: 11083: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10833: 10827: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10752:(450): 177–179. 10740:by Anne Duffin; 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10670:Jago, Fred W. P. 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10555: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10480:on 5 April 2022. 10476:. Archived from 10466: 10460: 10459: 10458:. 2 August 2021. 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10426:. Archived from 10412: 10406: 10405: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10351: 10336: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10216:. 19 August 2021 10206: 10200: 10199: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10079:. Archived from 10069: 10063: 10062: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10007: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9925:. Archived from 9911: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9731: 9730: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9360:Brill Publishing 9349: 9343: 9337: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9059: 9053: 9052:, p. 12–13. 9047: 9041: 9040: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8979: 8970: 8969: 8951: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8867: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8755: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8654: 8653: 8652:. 21 April 2016. 8640: 8634: 8633: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8505:Cornwall Council 8502: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8456:"Celtic Revival" 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8419: 8413: 8412:(UK 2021 Census) 8411: 8409: 8407: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8369:. Archived from 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8270:. Archived from 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8236: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8035: 8026: 8025: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7821:10.2307/30069809 7800: 7794: 7793: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7698: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7298:Tudor rebellions 7292: 7286: 7285: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7186:Tudor rebellions 7180: 7174: 7173: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6942:(1999): 117–127. 6927: 6918: 6917: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6785: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6738: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6371:Schrijver, Peter 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6347:. Archived from 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6224:. Archived from 6212:MacKinnon, Ken. 6209: 6203: 6202: 6197:. Archived from 6183: 6177: 6176: 6171:. Archived from 6157: 6151: 6150: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6131:. 13 March 2015. 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6018: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5985: 5974: 5973: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5643:MacAulay, Donald 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5565:Spriggs, Matthew 5561: 5525: 5513:Language revival 5476: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5373: 5372: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5187: 5186: 5158: 5151: 5150: 5139: 5131: 5124: 5123: 5110: 5103: 5102: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5068: 5061: 5060: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5009: 4999: 4984: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4944: 4937: 4936: 4917: 4916: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4882: 4875: 4874: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4840: 4833: 4832: 4819: 4812: 4811: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4777: 4770: 4769: 4759:Dunes Pleustri 4756: 4749: 4748: 4735: 4728: 4727: 4714: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4601:Cornish surnames 4590: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4558: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4467: 4453: 4440: 4432: 4418: 4408: 4390: 4373:J. R. R. Tolkien 4366: 4360: 4350: 4328: 4314: 4295: 4288: 4222: 4214: 4196: 4190: 4125: 4073: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4026:Clappya Kernowek 4022: 4008: 3998: 3996:An Gerlyver Meur 3981: 3955:Cornwall College 3855:Welcome sign at 3844: 3836: 3828: 3816: 3801: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3747:Cornish surnames 3741: 3714: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3574: 3547: 3529: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3478: 3467: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3416:an gath my a wel 3412: 3408: 3397: 3387: 3369: 3351: 3345:a glewsyugh why? 3341: 3331: 3327: 3316: 3296:Ny welav an gath 3284: 3274: 3270: 3259: 3223: 3213: 3209: 3198: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3163: 3159: 3145:'I see the cat.' 3139:My a wel an gath 3127: 3117: 3113: 3102: 3092: 3077: 3074: 3061: 3056:'with him', and 3055: 3049: 3043: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2949: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2844: 2838: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2632: 2626: 2618: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2414: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2018: 1971: 1925:Cornwall Council 1899: 1889: 1883: 1873: 1863: 1821:Cornwall Council 1788:Cornish diaspora 1740: 1737: 1725: 1713: 1707: 1422: 1421: 1365:passive speakers 1307:John of Chyanhor 1290: 1280: 1224:Cornish alphabet 1195:Anthony Fletcher 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1133: 1131:Tregear Homilies 1123: 1114:Charter Fragment 1085: 1070: 1067:Beunans Meriasek 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1020: 1006: 1003:Beunans Meriasek 991: 983: 975: 948: 945:De raris fabulis 924: 900: 890: 867: 846: 811:western dialects 787:British Iron Age 779:Common Brittonic 682:opened in 2010. 606:Common Brittonic 592:language of the 587: 581: 575: 557: 498: 489: 463: 446: 433: 420: 403: 396: 389: 380: 371: 370: 362: 353: 352: 344: 330: 301:language in 282: 217: 150: 148: 141: 134: 132: 125: 118: 116: 109: 102: 100: 93: 86: 84: 77: 70: 68: 61: 46: 40: 28: 27: 16551: 16550: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16463: 16458: 16437: 16395: 16389: 16375:Northern Cyprus 16357: 16351: 16245:North Macedonia 16066: 16061: 16031: 16026: 15995: 15962: 15922:Beurla Reagaird 15910:Other languages 15905: 15896:Scottish Gaelic 15828: 15816: 15811: 15781: 15776: 15752: 15699: 15684: 15626: 15622:Early Scots law 15611:Early Irish law 15597: 15572: 15549:Scottish Gaelic 15543: 15484:Proto-Brittonic 15456: 15452:Beurla Reagaird 15428: 15424:Scottish Gaelic 15400: 15372: 15355: 15351:Columba Project 15331:Celtic Congress 15312: 15277: 15251: 15172: 15153: 15114:Gaelic handball 15104:Gaelic football 15089:Cornish hurling 15048: 14958: 14917: 14864: 14843: 14829:Gaelic clothing 14812: 14727: 14686: 14647:Manx literature 14604: 14581: 14560:Other claimants 14555: 14460: 14410:Celtic Congress 14386: 14369: 14265:Celtic calendar 14243: 14202: 14141: 14037: 14024: 14011: 13997:Welsh Americans 13917:Irish Catholics 13912:Irish Canadians 13892:Irish Americans 13850: 13824:Celtic diaspora 13819: 13753: 13682: 13674: 13661: 13628: 13619: 13589: 13584: 13571: 13526: 13479: 13470:Beurla Reagaird 13456: 13394:Ancient Belgian 13377: 13364:Scottish Gaelic 13324:Primitive Irish 13293: 13275: 13234: 13211: 13190: 13173: 13098: 13080: 13075: 13045: 13040: 13017:Hundreds/shires 12965:Flora and fauna 12918: 12760: 12749: 12710:St Columb Major 12582: 12576: 12555: 12552:Cornwall Portal 12544: 12539: 12533: 12526: 12524: 12494: 12489: 12486:Cornwall Portal 12478: 12457: 12443:Dolly Pentreath 12413:Richard Gendall 12396: 12338: 12334:Unified Cornish 12319:Kernewek Kemmyn 12302: 12244: 12235:Glasney College 12193: 12188: 12153: 12116: 12017: 11995:Michael Everson 11924:Norris, Edwin, 11889:Ellis, Peter B. 11871:Jenner, Henry, 11834: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11788: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11766: 11758:. p. 125. 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11632: 11624: 11620: 11612: 11608: 11600: 11596: 11588: 11584: 11576: 11572: 11557: 11541: 11537: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11487: 11471: 11467: 11452: 11448: 11438: 11436: 11424: 11420: 11410: 11408: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11388: 11386: 11378: 11377: 11373: 11363: 11361: 11359:Screen Cornwall 11353: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11336: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11310: 11299: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11260: 11253: 11243: 11241: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11211: 11203:. p. 652. 11191: 11187: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11119:"Topsy and Tim" 11117: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11092: 11091: 11087: 11076:"Karol Nadelik" 11074: 11073: 11069: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11014: 11006: 11005: 11001: 10991: 10989: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10881: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10817: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10734: 10730: 10720: 10718: 10686: 10682: 10667: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10518:Cornish Studies 10510: 10506: 10489: 10485: 10468: 10467: 10463: 10448: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10414: 10413: 10409: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10243: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10203: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10025: 10021: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9973: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9956: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9913: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9896: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9854:Cornish Studies 9846: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9815: 9811: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9734: 9727: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9662: 9646: 9642: 9621: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9590:. p. 533. 9577: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9530: 9526: 9518: 9514: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9475:, p. 1256. 9471: 9467: 9463:, p. 1255. 9459: 9452: 9448:, p. 1254. 9444: 9440: 9436:, p. 1252. 9432: 9428: 9413: 9389: 9385: 9370: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9302: 9279: 9275: 9260: 9237: 9233: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9183: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9151: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9080: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9029: 9009: 9005: 8980: 8973: 8928: 8924: 8909: 8893: 8889: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8756: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8657: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8606:The Independent 8597: 8593: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8539:on 29 July 2014 8532:Plymouth Herald 8525: 8524: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8420: 8416: 8405: 8403: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8373:on 29 July 2014 8361: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8299: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8238: 8237: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8185: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8111:BBC News Online 8104: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8084:BBC News Online 8075: 8071: 8056: 8036: 8029: 8014: 7996: 7992: 7969: 7965: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7898: 7894: 7869: 7865: 7840: 7836: 7801: 7797: 7770:Cornish Studies 7762: 7758: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7692: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7648:Cornish Studies 7640: 7636: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7580: 7576: 7553: 7549: 7540:. Vol. 1: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7474: 7459: 7439: 7435: 7424: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7374: 7368: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7332: 7328: 7313: 7303:Pearson Longman 7293: 7289: 7274: 7255: 7251: 7236: 7220: 7216: 7201: 7193:. p. 152. 7191:Pearson Longman 7181: 7177: 7163: 7159: 7144: 7124: 7120: 7093:Cornish Studies 7085: 7081: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7025: 7021: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6951: 6947: 6928: 6921: 6910:Cornish Studies 6903: 6896: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6820: 6777: 6773: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6682: 6678: 6663: 6659: 6616: 6612: 6577: 6573: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6437:Cornish Studies 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6387: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6316:Falmouth Packet 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6237: 6233: 6210: 6206: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6071:Tregidga, Garry 6067:Deacon, Bernard 6064: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6019: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5994:BBC News Online 5987: 5986: 5977: 5966:Cornish Studies 5962: 5955: 5944: 5927: 5920: 5896: 5892: 5877: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5814: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5709: 5701:. p. 491. 5691:, eds. (2009). 5685:Ball, Martin J. 5682: 5678: 5663: 5655:. p. 346. 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5592: 5588: 5573:Cornish Studies 5562: 5558: 5554: 5546:Breton language 5474:Language portal 5472: 5465: 5460:Cornwall portal 5458: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5178: 5173: 5001: 4923:Cornish surname 4754:Tewynn Pleustri 4693: 4603: 4597: 4581:Gwenno Saunders 4533: 4406:Kroeder Kroghen 4397: 4238:Treasure Island 4179: 4174: 4168: 4080: 4078:Cornish studies 4015:Richard Gendall 3930:, Austria. The 3916: 3882:Crying the Neck 3866: 3864:Cultural events 3857:Truro Cathedral 3790:The West Briton 3725:Celtic Congress 3699: 3694: 3684: 3676: 3664: 3654: 3646: 3634: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3585: 3567: 3557: 3549: 3539: 3531: 3521: 3498: 3488: 3480: 3469: 3459: 3430: 3414: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3371: 3357: 3355:'Did you hear?' 3343: 3333: 3318: 3304: 3294: 3286: 3276: 3261: 3243: 3233: 3225: 3215: 3200: 3190: 3175: 3165: 3147: 3137: 3129: 3119: 3104: 3094: 3075: 3068: 3024: 2957: 2950:'a willow tree' 2886:'peddler' > 2817: 2811:'the harbour'. 2775: 2601:Scottish Gaelic 2581: 2576: 2555: 2553:Cornish grammar 2549: 2442:'cheese' (from 2316:'broad, wide', 2239: 2223:reconstructions 2120:(or occasional 2113: 2088: 2080:Main articles: 2078: 2055: 2045:Kernewek Kemmyn 2037:Unified Cornish 2029: 2010: 1998: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1922: 1852: 1768: 1747:Richard Gendall 1738: 1722:Kernewek Kemmyn 1700:Unified Cornish 1681: 1675: 1673:Revived Cornish 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1380:Dolly Pentreath 1356:Dolly Pentreath 1349: 1244: 1112:Others are the 1053:Glasney College 964: 835: 767: 758:Kenneth Jackson 728:Scottish Gaelic 698:section of the 688: 649:second-language 627:Cornish became 545: 523:Without proper 511: 510: 485: 459: 442: 429: 416: 413: 399: 398: 392: 391: 385: 384: 376: 366: 365: 358: 348: 347: 340: 326: 316: 302: 300: 293:Official status 283: 278: 267: 260: 218: 215:Language family 213: 153: 142: 126: 110: 94: 78: 62: 41: 24: 21:Cornish dialect 17: 12: 11: 5: 16549: 16539: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16451: 16449:European Union 16445: 16443: 16442:Other entities 16439: 16438: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16399: 16397: 16396:other entities 16391: 16390: 16388: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16359: 16353: 16352: 16350: 16349: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16320:United Kingdom 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16133:Czech Republic 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16067: 16060: 16059: 16052: 16045: 16037: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15993: 15986: 15984:Northern Irish 15981: 15976: 15970: 15968: 15967:Sign languages 15964: 15963: 15961: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15943: 15936: 15931: 15924: 15919: 15913: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15817: 15810: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15787: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15767: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15690: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15640:Gaelic warfare 15636: 15634: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15616:Cyfraith Hywel 15613: 15607: 15605: 15599: 15598: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15565: 15563:Deeside Gaelic 15560: 15554: 15552: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15534:Hispano-Celtic 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15489:Proto-Goidelic 15486: 15481: 15475: 15473: 15464: 15458: 15457: 15455: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15438: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15410: 15408: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15382: 15380: 15374: 15373: 15361: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15341:Celtic society 15338: 15336:Celtic Revival 15333: 15328: 15322: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15310: 15304:United Ireland 15301: 15296: 15291: 15285: 15283: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15259: 15257: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15149:Welsh handball 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15129:Highland games 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15015: 15014: 15005: 14996: 14987: 14972: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14923: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14874: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14857: 14855:Gaelic culture 14851: 14849: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14841: 14836: 14834:Highland dress 14831: 14826: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14798:Pictish stones 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14743: 14737: 14735: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14694: 14692: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14618: 14616: 14606: 14605: 14595: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14563: 14561: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14553: 14541: 14529: 14517: 14505: 14493: 14480: 14478: 14468: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14441: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14402: 14400:Celtic nations 14397: 14395:Celtic Revival 14391: 14388: 14387: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14251: 14249: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14210: 14208: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14168:Celtic Animism 14165: 14163:Celtic deities 14160: 14155: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14122:Cisalpine Gaul 14119: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14094: 14085: 14060: 14051: 14049:Gaelic Ireland 14045: 14043: 14039: 14038: 14026: 14025: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13947:Manx Americans 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13922:Irish Chileans 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13887:English people 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13848: 13846:Welsh diaspora 13843: 13838: 13836:Irish diaspora 13833: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13813: 13802: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13763: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13690: 13688: 13676: 13675: 13663: 13662: 13643:Celtic studies 13635:Celtic nations 13633: 13630: 13629: 13618: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13595: 13586: 13585: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13553: 13547: 13541: 13534: 13532: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13491:Lower Brittany 13487: 13485: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13466: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13451:Paleo-Hispanic 13442: 13430: 13418: 13410: 13398: 13389: 13387: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13361: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13315: 13307: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13291: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13264: 13252: 13244: 13242: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13221: 13219: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13201: 13199: 13192: 13181: 13179:Insular Celtic 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13148: 13138:Hispano-Celtic 13134: 13133: 13132: 13118: 13110: 13108: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13074: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13051: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12992:Notable people 12989: 12984: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12744: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12586: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12563: 12561: 12557: 12556: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12523: 12522: 12515: 12508: 12500: 12491: 12490: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12448:A. S. D. Smith 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12372:Gorsedh Kernow 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12348: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12329:Modern Cornish 12326: 12321: 12316: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12187: 12186: 12179: 12172: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12145: 12144: 12131: 12122: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12092:Bibel Kernewek 12089: 12080: 12074: 12069: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12016: 12015:External links 12013: 12012: 12011: 12005: 11987: 11964: 11959:Gwreans an bys 11953: 11934: 11922: 11915: 11906: 11899: 11886: 11879: 11869: 11859:Jago, F. W. P. 11856: 11842: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11815:Kernewegva.com 11798: 11771: 11764: 11742: 11717: 11690: 11688:, p. 408. 11678: 11676:, p. 432. 11666: 11664:, p. 102. 11654: 11652:, p. 573. 11642: 11640:, p. 717. 11630: 11628:, p. 866. 11618: 11616:, p. 514. 11606: 11604:, p. 624. 11594: 11582: 11580:, p. 647. 11570: 11555: 11535: 11520: 11500: 11485: 11465: 11462:. p. 393. 11446: 11418: 11396: 11371: 11346: 11320: 11292: 11266: 11264:, p. 652. 11251: 11224: 11209: 11185: 11167: 11142: 11128: 11110: 11085: 11067: 11049: 11024: 10999: 10974: 10949: 10924: 10908:"Enys Tresour" 10899: 10874: 10849: 10828: 10811: 10797: 10771: 10728: 10680: 10661: 10649: 10630: 10623: 10598: 10576: 10543: 10504: 10483: 10461: 10441: 10416:"Find a Class" 10407: 10389: 10375: 10363: 10323: 10314:ASNC.Cam.ac.uk 10301: 10279: 10253: 10227: 10201: 10180: 10152: 10124: 10094: 10083:on 8 July 2012 10064: 10043:10.1086/386202 10037:(4): 423–444. 10019: 9991: 9966: 9940: 9915:"Business Use" 9906: 9879: 9840: 9828: 9809: 9807:, p. 153. 9797: 9795:, p. 147. 9785: 9783:, p. 351. 9773: 9771:, p. 239. 9761: 9759:, p. 348. 9749: 9747:, p. 529. 9732: 9725: 9699: 9697:, p. 516. 9687: 9685:, p. 166. 9675: 9660: 9640: 9615: 9603: 9596: 9571: 9559: 9540:(1): 141–150. 9524: 9520:Jefferson 2013 9512: 9497: 9477: 9465: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9411: 9391:Klein, Jared; 9383: 9368: 9344: 9342:, p. 532. 9327: 9315: 9300: 9273: 9258: 9231: 9216: 9196: 9181: 9161: 9157:Schrijver 1995 9149: 9120: 9105: 9103:, p. 699. 9093: 9078: 9054: 9042: 9027: 9003: 8971: 8922: 8907: 8887: 8838: 8826: 8811: 8791: 8779: 8745: 8743:, p. 496. 8733: 8722:(1–2): 34–43. 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8668:, p. 495. 8655: 8635: 8619: 8591: 8571: 8550: 8518: 8488: 8486:, p. 769. 8476: 8447: 8414: 8384: 8354: 8319: 8297: 8277: 8259: 8228: 8194: 8183: 8163: 8125: 8097: 8069: 8054: 8027: 8012: 7990: 7971:Mills (1999). 7963: 7948: 7946:, p. 757. 7936: 7922: 7892: 7863: 7834: 7815:(3): 234–246. 7795: 7776:(1): 105–122. 7756: 7741: 7721: 7690: 7684:The Cornishman 7673: 7644:"Introduction" 7634: 7619: 7599: 7588:. p. 17. 7574: 7547: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7472: 7457: 7451:. p. 45. 7433: 7422: 7399: 7362: 7353:Whetter, James 7344: 7326: 7311: 7305:. p. 65. 7287: 7272: 7263:Thomas Cranmer 7258:Ridley, Jasper 7249: 7234: 7214: 7199: 7175: 7157: 7142: 7118: 7079: 7064: 7044: 7019: 6992: 6979: 6961:, Oxford, UK: 6945: 6919: 6894: 6865: 6853: 6833: 6818: 6771: 6744:(1): 141–150. 6720: 6706: 6676: 6667:Revue Celtique 6657: 6630:(2): 179–181. 6610: 6591:(4): 367–368. 6571: 6549: 6523: 6511: 6509:, p. 343. 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6427: 6400: 6385: 6362: 6351:on 4 June 2010 6329: 6303: 6278: 6252: 6231: 6204: 6178: 6152: 6134: 6116: 6088: 6085:. p. 132. 6058: 6040: 6033: 6008: 5975: 5953: 5942: 5918: 5890: 5875: 5869:. p. 12. 5849: 5823: 5812: 5785: 5752: 5722: 5707: 5689:Müller, Nicole 5676: 5661: 5634: 5620: 5586: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5477: 5463: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5022: 5012: 5011: 4985: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4876: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4855: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4813: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4792: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4771: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4683: 4596: 4593: 4532: 4529: 4465:Nosweyth Lowen 4451:An Canker-Seth 4396: 4393: 4326:Best Goon Brèn 4293:Jowal Lethesow 4219:Gorsedh Kernow 4178: 4175: 4170:Main article: 4167: 4164: 4146:published his 4144:Frederick Jago 4138:in 1866 while 4128:Whitley Stokes 4110:Ruan Lanihorne 4092:Nicholas Boson 4083:William Scawen 4079: 4076: 4050:Desky Kernowek 4038:Skeul an Tavas 3915: 3912: 3904:Celtic culture 3865: 3862: 3825:Gorsedh Kernow 3794:The Cornishman 3698: 3695: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3662:' good woman.' 3647: 3639: 3638: 3617: 3609: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3550: 3540: 3532: 3522: 3503: 3502: 3481: 3470: 3460: 3441: 3440: 3400: 3390: 3380: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3334: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3287: 3277: 3262: 3252: 3251: 3226: 3216: 3201: 3191: 3176: 3166: 3152: 3151: 3130: 3120: 3105: 3095: 3085: 3084: 3067: 3064: 3023: 3020: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2937: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2879: 2872:'father' > 2865: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2831:Vowel change: 2816: 2813: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2660:'father' > 2641:Spirantization 2638: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2551:Main article: 2548: 2545: 2238: 2235: 2196:'head' (Welsh 2118:palatalization 2077: 2074: 2049:morphophonemic 2041:Modern Cornish 2028: 2025: 2009: 2006: 1997: 1994: 1957: 1954: 1946: 1943: 1921: 1918: 1881:Krows an Wragh 1851: 1848: 1792:Celtic nations 1767: 1764: 1698:published his 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1426: 1414:Celtic Revival 1348: 1345: 1243: 1240: 1220:William Scawen 1187:Thomas Cranmer 1183:Nicholas Udall 1179:Philip Nichols 1156:. He states, " 1061:hagiographical 1042:Passio Christi 963: 962:Middle Cornish 960: 834: 831: 783:Firth of Forth 766: 763: 752:is to that of 696:Insular Celtic 687: 686:Classification 684: 653:first language 541: 540: 527:, you may see 513: 512: 500: 499: 491: 490: 483: 477: 476: 471: 465: 464: 457: 449: 448: 440: 436: 435: 434:Middle Cornish 427: 423: 422: 421:Modern Cornish 414: 409: 406: 405: 381: 373: 372: 363: 355: 354: 345: 337: 336: 335:Language codes 332: 331: 324: 318: 317: 315: 314: 305: 303: 298: 295: 294: 290: 289: 287:Latin alphabet 284: 280:Writing system 277: 274: 273: 268: 266:Standard forms 265: 262: 261: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 250: 233:Insular Celtic 221: 219: 212: 209: 208: 201: 195: 194: 191: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 162:United Kingdom 159: 158:Native to 155: 154: 152: 151: 135: 119: 103: 87: 71: 54: 52: 48: 47: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16548: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16440: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16408:Faroe Islands 16406: 16404: 16401: 16400: 16398: 16392: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16380:South Ossetia 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16354: 16348: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16205:Liechtenstein 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16058: 16053: 16051: 16046: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16002: 15998: 15992: 15991: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15953:Scottish Cant 15951: 15949: 15948: 15944: 15942: 15941: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15890: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15882: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15808: 15803: 15801: 15796: 15794: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15772: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15749: 15748:– in Portugal 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15728:– in Galician 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15705: 15702: 15695: 15691: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15629: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15587: 15583: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15459: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15326:Celtic League 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15318:Pan-Celticism 15315: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15280: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15254: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15194:reunification 15192: 15190: 15187: 15186: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15175: 15168: 15164: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14971: 14969: 14965: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14846: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14809: 14808:Triple spiral 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14738: 14736: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Bardic Poetry 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14600: 14596: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14550: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14533: 14530: 14526: 14521: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14506: 14502: 14497: 14494: 14490: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475:Celtic League 14472: 14469: 14467: 14463: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14415:Celtic League 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14406: 14405:Pan-Celticism 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14380: 14376: 14366: 14363: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14305:Gaelicisation 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14280:Celticisation 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14246: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14089: 14088:Iron Age Gaul 14086: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14071:Roman Britain 14068: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14031: 14027: 14022: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13927:Irish Mexican 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13812: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13651:Celtic tribes 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13616: 13611: 13609: 13604: 13602: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13583: 13579: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13522: 13521:Y Fro Gymraeg 13519: 13516: 13515:Gàidhealtachd 13513: 13510: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13346: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13328: 13326: 13325: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198:Reconstructed 13196: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13123: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13106: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085:Reconstructed 13083: 13079: 13072: 13067: 13065: 13060: 13058: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12976: 12975:List of farms 12973: 12972: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12940:Status debate 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12553: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12530: 12521: 12516: 12514: 12509: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12498: 12488: 12487: 12481: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12344:Organisations 12341: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307:Orthographies 12305: 12299: 12296: 12293: 12292:Cranken Rhyme 12289: 12287: 12286: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12241: 12240:Plen-an-gwary 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12185: 12180: 12178: 12173: 12171: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12156: 12149: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12132: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12084: 12083:Cornish today 12081: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12063:Blas Kernewek 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12010: 12006: 12004: 12003:9781904808220 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11846:Cornish Names 11843: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11816: 11809: 11802: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11767: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11746: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11687: 11682: 11675: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11651: 11646: 11639: 11634: 11627: 11622: 11615: 11610: 11603: 11598: 11592:, p. 44. 11591: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11548: 11547: 11539: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11486:9780192527479 11482: 11478: 11477: 11469: 11461: 11457: 11450: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11406: 11400: 11385: 11381: 11375: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11309:. 20 May 2016 11308: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11263: 11258: 11256: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11197: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11156: 11152: 11146: 11139:. Ors Sempel. 11138: 11132: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10838: 10832: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10807: 10801: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10702:(2): 99–119. 10701: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10684: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10653: 10645: 10640: 10639:Lhuyd, Edward 10634: 10626: 10624:9780710079282 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10594: 10579: 10577:9780198614128 10573: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10554: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10524:(1): 98–125. 10523: 10519: 10515: 10508: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10445: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10333: 10327: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10140: 10139: 10138:Atlas Obscura 10134: 10128: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10023: 10004: 10003: 9995: 9980: 9976: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9838:, p. 22. 9837: 9832: 9825:. p. 22. 9824: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9805:Williams 1997 9801: 9794: 9793:Williams 1997 9789: 9782: 9781:MacAulay 1992 9777: 9770: 9765: 9758: 9757:MacAulay 1992 9753: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9728: 9726:9789027235800 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9683:Williams 1997 9679: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9661:9781903798560 9657: 9653: 9652: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9612: 9611:Williams 1997 9607: 9599: 9597:9781902917849 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9568: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9522:, p. 62. 9521: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9498:9782503542508 9494: 9490: 9489: 9481: 9474: 9469: 9462: 9457: 9455: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9412:9783110261288 9408: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9393:Joseph, Brian 9387: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9369:9789004173361 9365: 9362:. p. 2. 9361: 9357: 9356: 9348: 9341: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9325:, p. 68. 9324: 9323:Chaudhri 2007 9319: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9301:9781891271144 9297: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9282:Lhuyd, Edward 9277: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9217:9789027278302 9213: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9182:9783895861222 9178: 9174: 9173: 9165: 9158: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9124: 9117: 9116:Chaudhri 2007 9112: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9079:9781904808992 9075: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9058: 9051: 9050:Williams 1997 9046: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9028:9781904808077 9024: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8978: 8976: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8812:9781782011859 8808: 8804: 8803: 8795: 8788: 8787:Williams 2016 8783: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8742: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8704:, p. 68. 8703: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8680:, p. 67. 8679: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8323: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8268:"Mode of Use" 8263: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8114:. 19 May 2008 8113: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8055:9780521816212 8051: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8032: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8013:9781904808077 8009: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7925: 7923:9789027235657 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7742:9780511130892 7738: 7734: 7733: 7725: 7706: 7705: 7697: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7620:9788323231103 7616: 7612: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7534:Lhuyd, Edward 7529: 7522: 7521:Chaudhri 2007 7517: 7510: 7509:Chaudhri 2007 7505: 7497: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7423:9780710079282 7419: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359:. Tabb House. 7358: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7312:9781405874328 7308: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7273:9781447241287 7269: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7235:9781137306340 7231: 7227: 7226: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7200:9781405874328 7196: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7166:Jenner, Henry 7161: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7143:9783110215588 7139: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7065:9781782011828 7061: 7057: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6982: 6980:9781118396957 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6863:, p. 21. 6862: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6724: 6709: 6707:9782503542508 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6488:, p. 19. 6487: 6482: 6476:, p. 18. 6475: 6470: 6464:, p. 12. 6463: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075:Cole, Richard 6072: 6068: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5774:. 9 June 2017 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5708:9780203882481 5704: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5623: 5621:9783110408362 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482:Anglo-Cornish 5480: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5450: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5007: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4864:Abode Monks 4863: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674:, though the 4672: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4537:Peter Warlock 4528: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4487:George Hearst 4484: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4358:Holyer an Gof 4354: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4336:Topsy and Tim 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4287: 4286:Holyer an Gof 4282: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4212:Holyer an Gof 4208: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4181:In 1981, the 4173: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106:John Whitaker 4103: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4020:Skeul an Yeth 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3895:plen-an-gwary 3892: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3876:in 1997. The 3875: 3871: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3730: 3729:Celtic League 3726: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3444: 3439: 3438:'be, exist': 3436: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3026:Cornish uses 3019: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930:'grass' > 2928: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2911:'men, people' 2909: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858:'angel' > 2856: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2762:'in thy hand' 2760: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417:British Latin 2413: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2334:'young', and 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2181: 2180:pre-occlusion 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2122:rhotacization 2119: 2107: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2005: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962:British Latin 1952: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1920:Within the UK 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1705:Kernewek Unys 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1369:semi-speakers 1366: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1335:(or Davy) of 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1324:Cranken Rhyme 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1268:Richard Carew 1265: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1232:Cornish Bible 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1149: 1148:Andrew Boorde 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Bishop Bonner 1132: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1019: 1018:Kernewek Kres 1010: 1005: 1004: 998: 990: 989: 982: 981: 974: 968: 959: 957: 953: 947: 946: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 922: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903:Andrew Breeze 899: 894: 889: 888: 882: 879: 875: 866: 860: 856: 854: 850: 845: 844:Kernewek Koth 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 771: 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 718:and possibly 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:Indo-European 701: 697: 693: 690:Cornish is a 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Cornish music 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Great Britain 607: 603: 599: 596:. Along with 595: 591: 586: 580: 574: 569: 565: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 520: 514: 509: 508: 504: 497: 492: 488: 484: 482: 478: 475: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 441: 437: 432: 428: 424: 419: 415: 412: 411:Linguist List 407: 402: 395: 388: 382: 379: 374: 369: 364: 361: 356: 351: 346: 343: 338: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 313: 310: 309: 308: 304: 296: 291: 288: 285: 281: 275: 272: 269: 263: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223:Indo-European 220: 216: 210: 206: 202: 200: 196: 192: 190: 186: 183: 180: 176: 173: 170: 166: 163: 160: 156: 147: 140: 136: 131: 124: 120: 115: 108: 104: 99: 92: 88: 83: 76: 72: 67: 60: 56: 55: 53: 51:Pronunciation 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 16385:Transnistria 16347:Vatican City 15988: 15945: 15938: 15926: 15889:Ulster Scots 15859: 15839: 15765:Celts portal 15723:– in Spanish 15558:Arran Gaelic 15479:Proto-Celtic 15447:Bungi Creole 15390: 15346:Celtic unity 15282:Independence 15081: 15064: 14888:Gaelic music 14824:Celtic Dress 14773:High crosses 14763:Celtic cross 14741:Bell shrines 14672:Irish annals 14454:Neo-Druidism 14449:Celtic Wicca 14420:Celtic union 14384:Modern Celts 14275:Celtic women 14183:Celtic Rites 14132:Transylvania 13992:Ulster Scots 13862:Anglo-Celtic 13709:Celtiberians 13654: 13646: 13638: 13626:modern Celts 13577: 13449:? (possibly 13444: 13437:? (possibly 13432: 13425:? (possibly 13420: 13412: 13400: 13392: 13368: 13349: 13343: 13338:Middle Irish 13336: 13329: 13322: 13310: 13286: 13268:Middle Welsh 13266: 13259: 13247: 13229: 13204: 13166: 13159: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13127: 13120: 13113: 13103: 13093:Proto-Celtic 13091: 13033: 13026: 12913:full list... 12911: 12753: 12750: 12739: 12550: 12484: 12433:Edward Lhuyd 12423:Henry Jenner 12283: 12276: 12269: 12262: 12210:Last speaker 12190: 12139: 12114:Dictionaries 11993:; edited by 11990: 11967: 11937: 11918: 11909: 11902: 11892: 11882: 11862: 11845: 11838: 11832:Bibliography 11818:. Retrieved 11814: 11801: 11789:. Retrieved 11785:Ancestry.com 11783: 11774: 11751: 11745: 11733:. Retrieved 11729: 11720: 11708:. Retrieved 11704:Ancestry.com 11702: 11693: 11681: 11669: 11657: 11645: 11633: 11621: 11609: 11597: 11585: 11573: 11545: 11538: 11510: 11503: 11475: 11468: 11455: 11454:Pye (2019). 11449: 11437:. Retrieved 11431: 11421: 11409:. Retrieved 11399: 11387:. Retrieved 11383: 11374: 11362:. Retrieved 11358: 11349: 11339:18 September 11337:. Retrieved 11332: 11323: 11313:18 September 11311:. Retrieved 11306:The Guardian 11304: 11295: 11283:. Retrieved 11278: 11269: 11242:. Retrieved 11236: 11227: 11195: 11188: 11180:the original 11170: 11158:. Retrieved 11145: 11131: 11113: 11101:. Retrieved 11088: 11070: 11052: 11040:. Retrieved 11027: 11015:. Retrieved 11002: 10990:. Retrieved 10977: 10965:. Retrieved 10952: 10940:. Retrieved 10927: 10915:. Retrieved 10902: 10890:. Retrieved 10877: 10865:. Retrieved 10852: 10840:. Retrieved 10831: 10824:Winni-an-Pou 10818:Examples of 10814: 10800: 10788:. Retrieved 10783: 10774: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10719:. Retrieved 10699: 10693: 10683: 10673: 10664: 10659:, p. 4. 10652: 10644:Glossography 10642: 10633: 10610: 10601: 10583:20 September 10581:. Retrieved 10557: 10546: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10496: 10486: 10478:the original 10473: 10464: 10453: 10444: 10432:. Retrieved 10428:the original 10419: 10410: 10401: 10392: 10378: 10366: 10354:. Retrieved 10347:the original 10338: 10326: 10313: 10304: 10291: 10282: 10265: 10256: 10244:. Retrieved 10240: 10230: 10218:. Retrieved 10213: 10204: 10195:CornwallLive 10193: 10183: 10171:. Retrieved 10166:The Guardian 10164: 10155: 10143:. Retrieved 10136: 10127: 10115:. Retrieved 10111:the original 10106: 10097: 10085:. Retrieved 10081:the original 10076: 10067: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10010:. Retrieved 10001: 9994: 9982:. Retrieved 9978: 9969: 9959:19 September 9957:. Retrieved 9952: 9943: 9931:. Retrieved 9927:the original 9918: 9909: 9897:. Retrieved 9891: 9882: 9860:(1): 33–75. 9857: 9853: 9843: 9831: 9818: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9764: 9752: 9708: 9702: 9690: 9678: 9650: 9643: 9625: 9618: 9606: 9583: 9574: 9562: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9515: 9487: 9480: 9468: 9441: 9429: 9397: 9386: 9354: 9347: 9318: 9290: 9276: 9244: 9234: 9206: 9199: 9172:Late Cornish 9171: 9164: 9152: 9130: 9123: 9101:Jackson 1953 9096: 9064: 9057: 9045: 9013: 9006: 8984: 8942:(1): 81–95. 8939: 8935: 8925: 8897: 8890: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8829: 8805:. Evertype. 8801: 8794: 8782: 8760: 8736: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8702:Jackson 1953 8697: 8690:Jackson 1953 8685: 8678:Jackson 1953 8673: 8647: 8638: 8628: 8622: 8610:. Retrieved 8604: 8594: 8583: 8574: 8565:The Guardian 8563: 8553: 8541:. Retrieved 8537:the original 8530: 8521: 8509:. Retrieved 8507:. p. 24 8491: 8479: 8467:. Retrieved 8459: 8450: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8404:. Retrieved 8396: 8387: 8375:. Retrieved 8371:the original 8357: 8345:. Retrieved 8334: 8322: 8310:. Retrieved 8300: 8289: 8280: 8272:the original 8262: 8250:. Retrieved 8243: 8219:. Retrieved 8215:the original 8206: 8197: 8189:Google Books 8187:– via 8173: 8166: 8154:. Retrieved 8142: 8138: 8128: 8116:. Retrieved 8109: 8100: 8088:. Retrieved 8082: 8072: 8040: 7999: 7993: 7972: 7966: 7957: 7951: 7939: 7929:18 September 7927:. Retrieved 7905: 7895: 7874:Kernewek bew 7873: 7866: 7844: 7837: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7731: 7724: 7712:. Retrieved 7703: 7682: 7676: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7609: 7602: 7584: 7577: 7560: 7550: 7542:Glossography 7541: 7537: 7528: 7523:, p. 9. 7516: 7504: 7496:Google Books 7494:– via 7488:. Retrieved 7482: 7475: 7443: 7436: 7428:Google Books 7426:– via 7412: 7402: 7378: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7335:Rowse, A. L. 7329: 7297: 7290: 7262: 7252: 7224: 7217: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7128: 7121: 7099:(1): 27–89. 7096: 7092: 7082: 7054: 7047: 7029: 7022: 7005: 6995: 6986:16 September 6984:, retrieved 6958: 6948: 6939: 6935: 6913: 6909: 6875: 6868: 6861:Jackson 1953 6856: 6842: 6836: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6741: 6733: 6723: 6713:18 September 6711:. Retrieved 6689: 6679: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6565: 6561: 6552: 6540:. Retrieved 6536:the original 6526: 6514: 6486:Jackson 1953 6481: 6474:Jackson 1953 6469: 6462:Jackson 1953 6457: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6420:21 September 6418:. Retrieved 6412: 6403: 6375: 6365: 6353:. Retrieved 6349:the original 6342: 6332: 6320:. Retrieved 6315: 6306: 6294:. Retrieved 6290: 6281: 6269:. Retrieved 6264: 6255: 6242: 6234: 6226:the original 6217: 6207: 6199:the original 6190: 6181: 6173:the original 6164: 6155: 6147:the original 6137: 6128: 6119: 6107:. Retrieved 6100: 6091: 6078: 6061: 6048: 6043: 6023: 5999:. Retrieved 5992: 5969: 5965: 5947: 5933: 5913: 5900: 5893: 5862: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5838:(in Cornish) 5835: 5826: 5795: 5788: 5776:. Retrieved 5767: 5743:. Retrieved 5734: 5725: 5693: 5679: 5647: 5637: 5627:11 September 5625:. Retrieved 5599: 5589: 5576: 5572: 5559: 5379:Translation 5365: 5276:Translation 5258: 5193:Translation 5179: 5166: 5092:'Beautiful' 5031:'New house' 4966:'The Smith' 4947:'The White' 4926:Translation 4843:Saint Ostel 4717:Three Roads 4700:Translation 4680: 4675: 4649: 4633:Porth Kernow 4627:Early Modern 4615: 4578: 4572:Delkiow Sivy 4551: 4544: 4534: 4524:Kegin Esther 4514: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4474: 4443: 4398: 4383: 4376: 4352: 4340: 4339:titles, two 4334: 4330: 4316: 4312:Ple'ma Spot? 4298: 4290: 4278: 4277:(2014), and 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4203: 4180: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4096:Edward Lhuyd 4088:John Keigwin 4081: 4055: 4010: 3990: 3988: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3942: 3940: 3917: 3908: 3888: 3886: 3872:, hosted in 3867: 3847: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3692:' evil man.' 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3590: 3582: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3536: 3526: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3474: 3464: 3445: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3404: 3394: 3384: 3376: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3266: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3205: 3195: 3180: 3170: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3109: 3099: 3089: 3069: 3036:prepositions 3025: 3022:Prepositions 2958: 2918: 2916: 2897:Suppletion: 2839:'hole' > 2818: 2776: 2756:'hand' > 2582: 2566:word order, 2556: 2541:periphrastic 2489: 2466:onderstondya 2453: 2450: 2430:'net' (from 2415:'arm' (from 2407: 2399:'pigs', and 2371:'fort', and 2358: 2342: 2243:Proto-Celtic 2240: 2231:Edward Lhuyd 2216: 2093:assibilation 2089: 2032: 2030: 2021:circumflexes 2011: 1999: 1959: 1940: 1933: 1923: 1913: 1903: 1876:Crows-an-Wra 1841: 1837: 1825: 1814: 1804: 1796: 1781: 1752: 1742: 1693: 1688: 1685:Henry Jenner 1682: 1441:of Cornwall 1418: 1406: 1392: 1388: 1377: 1361: 1341:philologists 1322: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1284: 1273: 1263: 1253: 1242:Late Cornish 1205: 1164: 1150:in his 1542 1125: 1113: 1111: 1088:The Life of 1087: 1073:The Life of 1072: 1014: 956:dental stops 952:assibilation 939:Edward Lhuyd 907:Saints' List 906: 898:ud rocashaas 871: 836: 815:modern Welsh 791:Roman period 776: 744: 689: 657: 626: 563: 562: 516: 505: 481:Linguasphere 452: 247: 25: 16423:Isle of Man 16358:recognition 16305:Switzerland 16240:Netherlands 15990:Old Kentish 15917:Angloromani 15867:Guernésiais 15680:Trimarcisia 15665:Gallóglaigh 15494:Celtiberian 15218:Isle of Man 15177:Nationalism 15066:Bataireacht 14985:Calan Gaeaf 14944:Isle of Man 14788:Leaf-crowns 14778:Insular art 14751:Dragonesque 14713:Isle of Man 14567:Nova Scotia 14520:Isle of Man 14444:Neopaganism 14193:Monasticism 13704:Caledonians 13191:(Brythonic) 13145:Celtiberian 12655:Lostwithiel 12401:Key figures 11791:28 November 11735:28 November 11710:28 November 11686:George 2009 11674:George 2009 11662:George 2009 11650:George 2009 11638:George 2009 11626:George 2009 11614:George 2009 11602:George 2009 11590:George 2009 11578:George 2009 10820:Kas ha Dial 10790:11 November 10657:Wmffre 1998 10434:11 December 10371:George 2009 10145:30 November 10117:11 November 10087:11 November 9984:28 November 9933:4 September 9899:4 September 9836:Norris 1859 9580:George, Ken 8716:Die Sprache 8434:: 107–130. 8245:WalesOnline 8145:: 199–227. 8118:11 November 8090:11 November 7490:13 February 7381:: 189–206. 6955:"Ordinalia" 6906:George, Ken 6507:George 2009 6355:11 November 6271:11 November 6109:11 November 6001:11 November 5121:Goldsworthy 5071:'Cornwall' 4738:Mouth Fal 4671:Lann Stefan 4658:Ince Castle 4556:An Awhesyth 4495:Hwerow Hweg 4416:An Nowodhow 4345:titles and 3953:and run at 3738:Hwerow Hweg 3076: 1500 3050:'with me', 2981:verbal noun 2905:'man' > 2693:'see' > 2666:'my father' 2627:'cat' > 2599:and one in 2481:'boot' and 2463:'to read', 2421:bracc(h)ium 2350:'beer' and 2298:'hand' and 2114: 1100 2056: 1500 2047:, a mainly 1980:(Ð, ð) for 1976:(Þ, þ) and 1945:Orthography 1897:Porthkornow 1811:Bert Biscoe 1739: 1500 1652:"Very few" 1389:monolingual 1373:rememberers 1236:Mark Stoyle 1036:Origo Mundi 988:magnum opus 973:Origo Mundi 915:manumittors 833:Old Cornish 785:during the 746:Joseph Loth 531:instead of 447:Old Cornish 16475:Categories 16275:San Marino 16235:Montenegro 16215:Luxembourg 16195:Kazakhstan 16098:Azerbaijan 15877:Sercquiais 15743:– in Italy 15645:Ceathairne 15509:Gallaecian 15139:Road bowls 15044:Eisteddfod 15012:Calan Awst 15008:Lughnasadh 14614:Literature 14477:definition 14300:Clan chief 14092:Roman Gaul 14083:Hen Ogledd 13809:including 13791:including 13517:(Scotland) 13493:(Brittany) 13446:Tartessian 13422:Lusitanian 13152:Gallaecian 12987:Demography 12882:St Austell 12872:Port Navas 12747:Wadebridge 12700:St Austell 12690:Porthleven 12640:Launceston 12600:Callington 12418:Ken George 12408:John Davey 12357:Agan Tavas 12285:Bewnans Ke 12250:Literature 11976:1850584621 11951:0907064612 11854:1902917235 11765:0198605617 11556:0198691033 11521:0192827456 11411:2 December 11210:0415010357 11160:3 December 11103:3 December 11042:3 December 11017:3 December 10992:3 December 10967:3 December 10942:3 December 10917:3 December 10892:3 December 10867:3 December 10842:21 January 10784:Preder.net 10595:required.) 10356:24 January 10220:1 December 10173:1 December 9635:1075291123 9421:1004563249 9403:De Gruyter 9358:. Leiden: 9259:0710079281 9248:. 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