1434:. Peters adds that Muhammad was possibly emboldened by his military successes and also wanted to push his advantage. Economical motivations according to Peters also existed since the poorness of the Meccan migrants was a source of concern for Muhammad. Peters argues that Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina was "quite extraordinary", "matched by nothing in the Qur'an", and is "quite at odds with Muhammad's treatment of the Jews he encountered outside Medina." According to Welch, Muhammad's treatment of the three major Jewish tribes brought Muhammad closer to his goal of organizing a community strictly on a religious basis. He adds that some Jews from other families were, however, allowed to remain in Medina.
1488:(which restricted their freedom of action) and the paucity of arms carried indicated that the pilgrimage was always intended to be pacific. Most Islamic scholars agree with Andrae's view. Upon hearing of the approaching 1,400 Muslims, the Quraysh sent out a force of 200 cavalry to halt them. Muhammad evaded them by taking a more difficult route, thereby reaching al-Hudaybiyya, just outside Mecca. According to Watt, although Muhammad's decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream, he was at the same time demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam does not threaten the prestige of their sanctuary, and that Islam was an Arabian religion.
68:
56:
1542:(The Victory) assured the Muslims that the expedition from which they were now returning must be considered a victorious one. It was only later that Muhammad's followers would realise the benefit behind this treaty. These benefits, according to Welch, included the inducing of the Meccans to recognise Muhammad as an equal; a cessation of military activity posing well for the future; and gaining the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the incorporation of the pilgrimage rituals.
1410:
1591:
1183:
757:
1482:) to Mecca, saying that God had promised him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision where he was shaving his head after the completion of the Hajj. According to Lewis, Muhammad felt strong enough to attempt an attack on Mecca, but on the way it became clear that the attempt was premature and the expedition was converted into a peaceful pilgrimage. Andrae disagrees, writing that the Muslim state of
1655:, allies of the Muslims. The Treaty had called for a 10-year truce and ceasefire between the Muslims, the Quraysh and their respective allies. Muhammad arrived at Mecca a week from his departure, dividing the army into four regiments, each entering Mecca from one point of entry. The conquest was largely bloodless and the Quraysh eventually surrendered without putting up a fight.
1322:
of its heavily fortified strongholds. Younger
Muslims argued that the Meccans were destroying their crops, and that huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige. Muhammad eventually conceded to the wishes of the latter, and readied the Muslim force for battle. Thus, Muhammad led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud (where the Meccans had camped) and fought the
1244:, had personally attempted to kill Muhammad in Mecca. The raiders had won a lot of treasure, and the battle helped to stabilize the Medinan community. Muhammad and his followers saw in the victory a confirmation of their faith and a prime importance in the affairs of Medina. Those remaining pagans in Medina were very bitter about the advance of Islam. In particular
769:
1232:. In the weeks following the battle, Meccans visited Medina in order to ransom captives from Badr. Many of these had belonged to wealthy families, and were likely ransomed for a considerable sum. Those captives who were not sufficiently influential or wealthy were usually freed without ransom. Muhammad's decision was that those prisoners who refused to end their
1426:
and children were enslaved. In dealing with
Muhammad's treatment of the Jews of Medina, aside from political explanations, Arab historians and biographers have explained it as "the punishment of the Medina Jews, who were invited to convert and refused, perfectly exemplify the Quran's tales of what happened to those who rejected the prophets of old."
1425:
who were located at the south of Medina were charged with treachery. After the retreat of the coalition, Muslims besieged Banu
Qurayza, the remaining major Jewish tribe in Medina. The Banu Qurayza surrendered and all the men, apart from a few who converted to Islam, were beheaded, while all the women
1329:
Although the Muslim army had the best of the early encounters, indiscipline on the part of tactically placed archers led to a tactical defeat for the Muslim army, with 75 Muslims killed. However, the
Meccans failed to achieve their goal of destroying the Muslims completely. The Meccans did not occupy
1218:
In March 624, Muhammad led some three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The
Muslims set an ambush for the Meccans at Badr. Aware of the plan, the Meccan caravan eluded the Muslims. Meanwhile, a force from Mecca was sent to protect the caravan. The force did not return home upon
1334:
leading a group of
Muslims in Medina could be won over by diplomacy. Following the defeat, Muhammad's detractors in Medina said that if the victory at Badr was proof of the genuineness of his mission, then the defeat at Uhud was proof that his mission was not genuine. Muhammad subsequently delivered
1256:
to which they belonged. These two were assassinated and
Muhammad did not disapprove of it. No one dared to take vengeance on them, and some of the members of the clan of Asma bint Marwan who had previously converted to Islam in secret, now professed openly. This marked an end to the overt opposition
1397:
Abu Sufyan, the military leader of the
Quraysh, with the help of Banu Nadir, had mustered a force numbering 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3,000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug trenches wherever Medina lay
1321:
A scout alerted
Muhammad of the Meccan army's presence and numbers a day later. The next morning, at the Muslim conference of war, there was dispute over how best to repel the Meccans. Muhammad and many of the senior figures suggested that it would be safer to fight within Medina and take advantage
1309:
The attack at Badr committed
Muhammad to total war with Meccans, who were now eager to avenge their defeat. To maintain their economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige, which had been lost at Badr. The Meccans sent out a small party for a raid on Medina to restore confidence
1362:
Muhammad's policy in the next two years after the battle of Uhud was to prevent as best he could the formation of alliances against him. Whenever alliances of tribesmen against Medina were formed, he sent out an expedition to break it up. When Muhammad heard of men massing with hostile intentions
1553:
ranges from the presence of the Banu Nadir in Khaybar, who were inciting hostilities along with neighboring Arab tribes against Muhammad, to deflecting from what appeared to some Muslims as the inconclusive result of the truce of Hudaybiyya, increasing Muhammad's prestige among his followers and
939:
During this fateful time, fraught with tension after the Hijra [migration to Medina], when Muhammad encountered contradiction, ridicule and rejection from the Jewish scholars in Medina, he came to adopt a radically more negative view of the people of the Book who had received earlier
1402:. The siege of Medina began on 31 March 627 and lasted for two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to go home. The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses 9-27 of sura 33,
930:
The Jewish clans however did not obey these treaties because of a feud with the Muslims though in the course of time there were a few converts from them. After his migration to Medina, Muhammad's attitude towards Christians and Jews changed "because of experience of treachery".
1495:, had been killed by the Quraysh. Muhammad responded by calling upon the pilgrims to make a pledge not to flee (or to stick with Muhammad, whatever decision he made) if the situation descended into war with Mecca. This pledge became known as the "Pledge of Good Pleasure" (
1223:
began in March 624. Though outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. They had also succeeded in killing many of the Meccan leaders, including
1375:
who had gone to Mecca and written poems that had helped rouse the Meccans' grief, anger and desire for revenge after the battle of Badr (see the main article for other reasons for killing of Ka'b given in the historiographical sources). Around a year later, Muhammad
1310:
and reconnoitre. The party retreated immediately after a surprise and speedy attack but with minor damages; there was no combat. In the ensuing months, Muhammad led expeditions on tribes allied with Mecca and sent out a raid on a Meccan caravan.
828:
A delegation from Yathrib, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the community. There had been conflict in Yathrib between its
1441:
was gone. Following the battle of trench, Muhammad made two expeditions to the north which ended without any fighting. While returning from one of these two expeditions (or some years earlier according to other early accounts), an
1214:
39-40). These attacks provoked and pressured Mecca by interfering with trade, and allowed the Muslims to acquire wealth, power and prestige while working toward their ultimate goal of inducing Mecca's submission to the new faith.
940:
scriptures. This attitude was already evolving in the third Meccan period as the Prophet became more aware of the antipathy between Jews and Christians and the disagreements and strife amongst members of the same religion. The
857:
to sleep in his bed to trick the assassins that he had stayed (and to fight them off in his stead) and secretly slipped away from the town. By 622, Muhammad had emigrated to Medina, then known as Yathrib, a large agricultural
845:
justice unworkable without a neutral authority to adjudicate in disputed cases. The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow-citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and to protect him as one of own.
873:, which specified the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina (including that of the Muslim community to other communities specifically the Jews and other "
899:
converts to Islam in Medina were the clans who had not produced great leaders for themselves but had suffered from warlike leaders from other clans. This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the
1330:
the town and withdrew to Mecca, since they were unable to attack Muhammad's position again, owing to military losses, low morale and the possibility of Muslim resistance in the town. There was also hope that
1430:, a western scholar of Islam, states that Muhammad's treatment of Jews of Medina was essentially political being prompted by what Muhammad read as treasonous and not some transgression of the law of
927:, like Jews, were at that time praying towards Jerusalem. In the Constitution of Medina, Muhammad demanded the Jews' political loyalty in return for religious and cultural autonomy in many treaties.
1272:
prophet, and also had concerns about possible incompatibilities between the Qur'an and their own scriptures. The Qur'an's response regarding the possibility of a non-Jew being a prophet was that
1437:
In the siege of Medina, the Meccans had exerted their utmost strength towards the destruction of the Muslim community. Their failure resulted in a significant loss of prestige; their trade with
1268:, one of the three main Jewish tribes. Jewish opposition "may well have been for political as well as religious reasons". On religious grounds, the Jews were skeptical of the possibility of a
1383:
Muhammad's attempts to prevent formation of confederation against him were not successful, although he was able to augment his own forces and keep many tribes from joining the confederation.
1355:
and the neighboring tribes friendly to them but had not succeeded in destroying the Muslim community. In order to raise a more powerful army, Abu Sufyan attracted the support of the great
55:
423:(migration to Medina) in 622. He had been invited to Medina by city leaders to adjudicate disputes between clans from which the city suffered. He left Medina to return to and
1692:. Although Muhammad did not make contact with hostile forces at Tabuk, he received the submission of some of the local chiefs of the region. Following this expedition, the
982:
1578:
and to some others. Most critical scholars doubt this tradition, however. In the years following the truce of Hudaybiyya, Muhammad sent his forces against the Arabs of
1318:, Abu Sufyan's wife, who had lost family members at Badr. These women provided encouragement in keeping with Bedouin custom, calling out the names of the dead at Badr.
348:
323:
309:
295:
1359:
tribes to the north and east of Medina, using propaganda about Muhammad's weakness, promises of treasure, memories of the prestige of Quraysh and straight bribes.
853:. Being alarmed at the departure of Muslims, according to the tradition, the Meccans plotted to assassinate him. He instructed his cousin and future son-in-law
1558:
to many rulers of the world, asking them to convert to Islam (the exact date are given variously in the sources). Hence he sent messengers (with letters) to
1314:
subsequently gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina. They were accompanied by some prominent women of Mecca, such as
1194:
to respond to their persecution and to provide sustenance for their Muslim families, thus initiating armed conflict between the Muslims and the pagan
975:
1582:
on Byzantine soil in Transjordania since according to the tradition, they had murdered Muhammad's envoy." Muslims were defeated in this battle.
1555:
865:
Among the things Muhammad did in order to settle the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was drafting a document known as the
1491:
Negotiations commenced with emissaries going to and from Mecca. While these continued, rumors spread that one of the Muslim negotiators,
1517:, scheduled to last ten years was eventually signed between the Muslims and the Quraysh. The main points of treaty were the following:
1450:, Muhammad's wife. Aisha was exonerated from the accusations when Muhammad announced that he had received a revelation, verse 4 in the
1008:
968:
837:
tribes for around a hundred years prior. The recurring disagreements, fighting and killing over competing claims, especially after the
67:
1524:
Muhammad, should not perform Hajj this year but in the next year, Mecca will be evacuated for three days for Muslims to perform Hajj.
883:, had a religious outlook but was also shaped by the practical considerations and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old
1676:
who had adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans. Both tribes were subsequently defeated in the
1628:
475:
2638:
619:
1527:
Muhammad should send back any Meccan who had gone to Medina without the permission of his or her protector (according to
17:
1882:
Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism, Yale University Press, p. 5
799:
1339:
sura indicating that the loss, however, was partly a punishment for disobedience and partly a test for steadfastness.
1696:
and other Bedouins submitted to Muhammad in order to be safe from attack and to benefit from the bounty of the wars.
584:
499:
2413:
Watt, M. "Aisha bint Abi Bakr". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1737:
1128:
134:
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and were wealthy but did not ransom themselves should be killed. Muhammad ordered the immediate execution of two
1078:
992:
612:
546:
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of Abraham which had been corrupted in various, clearly specified, ways by Jews and Christians". According to
1476:
628, Muhammad ordered his followers to obtain sacrificial animals and to make preparations for a pilgrimage (
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sura, confirming Aisha's innocence and directing that charges of adultery be supported by four eyewitnesses.
1088:
522:
1658:
Following the Conquest of Mecca, Muhammad was informed of a military threat from the confederate tribes of
1103:
60:
Green and light green areas redirects the Muslim conquests under the lead of Muhammad from Islamic Medina.
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517:
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Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until virtually all of his followers had left
2763:
1664:
1635:
1023:
661:
328:
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and weakness. He died on Monday, June 8, 632, in the city, being buried where the home of his wife
1098:
1048:
1013:
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Economically uprooted by their Meccan persecutors, the Muslim migrants turned to raiding Meccan
862:. Following the emigration, the Meccans seized the properties of the Muslim emigrants in Mecca.
2520:
2415:
1633:
In Ramadan 8 AH (around October 629), Muhammad left for Mecca with approximately 10,000 of his
1284:, "The Jews also began secretly to connive with Muhammad's enemies in Mecca to overthrow him."
1253:
1241:
1233:
1073:
866:
792:
644:
607:
385:
244:
192:
923:, sharing the core principles of his teachings, and anticipated their acceptance and support.
919:
and Jews (both of whom he referred to as "People of the Book") as natural allies, part of the
402:(632–661), which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the
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1937:
1644:
1514:
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1427:
1377:
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218:
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came to the city of Medina following the migration of his followers in what is known as the
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1392:
1093:
535:
205:
8:
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1720:
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Many Muslims were not satisfied with the terms of the treaty. However, the Qur'anic sura
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717:
482:
451:
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in which all the clans were involved, rendered the tribal conceptions of blood-feud and
2735:
2727:
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Following the battle of Badr, Muhammad also made mutual-aid alliances with a number of
1058:
874:
729:
554:
468:
399:
341:
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869:(date debated), establishing a kind of brotherhood among the eight Medinan tribes and
394:(nation). After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (
2739:
2719:
2644:
2634:
2421:
1794:
1624:
1571:
1550:
1472:, the Muslims had not performed it due to the enmity of the Quraysh. In the month of
1261:
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901:
785:
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458:
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231:
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It was allowed for both Muhammad and the Quraysh to enter into alliance with others.
1443:
1225:
2711:
1732:
1689:
1681:
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The two parties and their allies should desist from hostilities against each other.
1513:." News of Uthman's safety, however, allowed for negotiations to continue, and the
1492:
1245:
1228:. Muhammad himself did not fight, directing the battle from a nearby hut alongside
1143:
1038:
1028:
884:
773:
741:
734:
91:
2778:
2702:
1929:
1715:
had been. It has since been modified several times and is now enclosed under the
1545:
After signing the truce, Muhammad made an expedition against the Jewish oasis of
1496:
1352:
1315:
1153:
1018:
932:
486:
37:
2361:
Tariq Ramadan, In the Footsteps of the Prophet, Oxford University Press, p. 141
1348:
1323:
1304:
1220:
1063:
1033:
842:
314:
105:
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Watt, W. Montgomery. "al- Hudaybiya or al-Hudaybiyya." Encyclopaedia of Islam.
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against Medina, he reacted with severity. One example is the assassination of
2752:
2723:
2425:
1798:
1699:
Following the Conquest of Mecca and these events, Muhammad would perform the
1237:
1195:
838:
373:
127:
1398:
open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam,
1240:
men without entertaining offers for their release. Both men, which included
2628:
1422:
1409:
1265:
1252:
had composed verses insulting some of the Muslims and thereby violated the
1249:
761:
656:
114:
1982:
1693:
1669:
1191:
830:
671:
2439:
2245:
2241:
1971:
1782:
1585:
960:
949:
2731:
2532:
2401:
2332:
1716:
1685:
1567:
1372:
1336:
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tribes to protect his community from attacks from the northern part of
1277:
945:
916:
124:
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was not a Jew. The Qur'an also stated that it was "restoring the pure
1198:
of Mecca. Muhammad delivered Qur'anic verses permitting the Muslims, "
1673:
1648:
1559:
941:
905:
890:
870:
1590:
2715:
1708:
1468:
Although Qur'anic verses had been received from God commanding the
1403:
1229:
996:
896:
442:
395:
377:
154:
1659:
1640:
1612:
1604:
1546:
1539:
1473:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1207:
1202:", to fight the Meccans in opposition to persecution (see Qur'an
689:
651:
110:
1783:"Foundation of the Islamic State at Medina and Its Constitution"
1182:
944:
at this time states that it will "relate [correctly] to
1704:
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1596:
1451:
924:
823:
699:
494:
463:
419:
381:
266:
179:
81:
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who were readying an army twice as strong as Muhammad and the
1554:
capturing booty. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad also
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of Medina, apart from some exceptions. This was, according to
1712:
1601:
1575:
1484:
1478:
1447:
1438:
1356:
1292:
879:
859:
850:
542:
390:
262:
101:
2700:
Leila Ahmed (Summer 1986). "Women and the Advent of Islam".
915:
In the course of Muhammad proselytizing in Mecca, he viewed
1680:. Muhammad subsequently launched an expedition against the
1469:
1351:, the Meccans had collected all the available men from the
1211:
1203:
834:
694:
2471:
Andrae; Menzel (1960) p. 156; See also: Watt (1964) p. 183
1651:, who were allies of the Quraysh, after they attacked the
1549:. The explanation given by western scholars of Islam for
1431:
877:"). The community defined in the Constitution of Medina,
854:
1914:
1749:
2552:
Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar", Encyclopaedia of Islam
1985:, Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics, p. 21
1586:
Conquest of Mecca and subsequent military expeditions
1421:
During the Battle of the Trench, the Jewish tribe of
2458:
2456:
388:. It represented the political unity of the Muslim
1707:, where he would fall ill for several days with a
891:Relationship with followers of Abrahamic religions
2630:The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet
2511:
2509:
2507:
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2264:
2262:
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2061:
72:The State of Medina at its greatest peak, 632 AD.
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2169:
2167:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2343:Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
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1863:
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2352:Peterson, Muhammad: the prophet of God, p. 126
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2164:
2097:
1816:
1814:
1812:
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1531:, this presumably refers to minors or women).
1335:Qur'anic verses 133-135 and 160-162 from the
1298:
1200:those who have been expelled from their homes
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793:
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2495:
2479:
2477:
2130:
2128:
2126:
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2592:(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), p. 49.
1948:Lewis, "The Arabs in History," 2003, p. 44.
1838:
908:, influenced by the conversion to Islam of
2567:
2555:
1998:Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 105, 107
1805:
1643:following a violation of the terms of the
983:
969:
912:, one of the prominent leaders in Medina.
800:
786:
66:
54:
2633:(2nd rev. ed.). Riyadh: Darussalam.
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2123:
990:
2376:
2364:
1589:
1408:
1257:to Muhammad among the pagans in Medina.
1181:
2051:
2049:
1219:hearing that the caravan was safe. The
14:
2751:
2001:
1961:Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 105.
1942:
1629:Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca
1457:
948:most of that about which they differ"
2483:"al-Hudaybiya", Encyclopedia of Islam
2337:
2134:Francis Edward Peters (2003), p. 194.
2114:
2076:Lewis, "The Arabs in History," p. 44.
2025:The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 45
1831:
1829:
964:
2627:Mubarakpuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (2008).
2046:
1780:
1639:aiming to capture the city from the
956:
2412:
2406:
1781:Khel, Muhammad Nazeer Kaka (1982).
1500:
1380:the Jewish Banu Nadir from Medina.
41:
24:
1826:
1386:
25:
2790:
2674:, Oxford University Press, p.207
1996:Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman,
1959:Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman,
1738:Timeline of the history of Islam
767:
755:
346:
321:
307:
293:
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1988:
1976:
1964:
1951:
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376:established by Islamic prophet
2517:al- Ḥudaybiya or al-Hudaybiyya
2182:Rodinson (2002), pp. 177, 180.
2109:The Cambridge History of Islam
1897:
1885:
1876:
1821:The Cambridge History of Islam
1774:
180:Muhammad's migration to Medina
13:
1:
2420:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2322:Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–211.
817:
2382:F.E.Peters (2003), pp. 76–8.
2007:Bernard Lewis (1993), p. 41.
1920:Watt (1956), p. 175, p. 177.
1743:
1566:(the eastern Roman Empire),
7:
1757:"Muhammad completes Hegira"
1726:
1688:allies in the north in the
1619:, are also in the painting.
1505:
1186:A map of the Badr campaign.
1172:Military career of Muhammad
871:Muslim emigrants from Mecca
667:Hadith of the pen and paper
10:
2795:
2067:Rodinson(2002), pp. 168–9.
2034:Glubb (2002), pp. 179–186.
1672:inhabiting in the city of
1668:. They were joined by the
1622:
1461:
1390:
1302:
1299:Conflicts with the Quraish
1169:
821:
812:
1343:The rousing of the nomads
1167:
1004:
329:Mazun (Sasanian province)
272:
258:
254:
241:
228:
215:
202:
189:
176:
172:
164:
160:
148:
144:
133:
120:
97:
87:
77:
65:
53:
48:
32:
2576:Khan (1998), pp. 250–251
2295:Watt (1956), pp. 220–221
2231:Rodinson (2002), p. 183.
2152:Watt (1964), pp. 124–125
2016:Rodinson (2002), p. 164.
1600:advancing on Mecca. The
2617:Khan (1998), pp. 274–5.
2043:Watt (1961), pp. 122–3.
1873:, Encyclopedia of Islam
1835:Esposito (1998), p. 17.
1529:William Montgomery Watt
476:After Conquest of Mecca
2774:630s disestablishments
2590:The Emergence of Islam
2521:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2416:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2313:Watt (1956), p. 36, 37
1620:
1444:accusation of adultery
1418:
1254:Constitution of Medina
1234:persecution of Muslims
1187:
954:
946:the Children of Israel
867:Constitution of Medina
662:Companions of Muhammad
500:Milestones and records
386:Constitution of Medina
245:Succession to Muhammad
193:Constitution of Medina
2689:Encyclopedia of Islam
2607:Encyclopedia of Islam
2586:Gabriel Said Reynolds
2371:Francis Edward Peters
2193:Encyclopedia of Islam
2094:Endress (2003), p. 29
1938:Encyclopedia of Islam
1909:Neusner (2003), p.153
1906:Esposito (1998), p.17
1645:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1593:
1515:treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1464:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1412:
1282:Francis Edward Peters
1185:
1170:Further information:
937:
562:Splitting of the Moon
219:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
88:Common languages
2564:Lings (1987), p. 260
2543:Lings (1987), p. 255
2501:Lings (1987), p. 253
2462:Lewis (2002), p. 42.
2450:Lings (1987), p. 249
2173:Lewis (1960), p. 45.
2143:Watt (1961), p. 132.
2085:Watt (1956), p. 179.
2055:Watt (1961), p. 123.
1415:Battle of the Trench
1393:Battle of the Trench
1089:1st Daumat al-Jandal
774:Biography portal
413:The Islamic prophet
384:in 622 CE under the
206:Battle of the Trench
27:Event in early Islam
2710:(4): 665–91 (686).
2661:Watt (1956), p. 66.
2268:Watt (1956), p. 30.
2256:Watt (1964) p. 144.
2161:Watt (1961), p. 134
2120:Cohen (1995), p. 23
1721:Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
1701:Farewell Pilgrimage
1690:Expedition of Tabuk
1458:Truce of Hudaybiyya
1413:Battle of Khandaq (
1332:Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy
1312:Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
1242:Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt
921:Abrahamic religions
895:The first group of
875:Peoples of the Book
718:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
483:Farewell Pilgrimage
366:first Islamic State
18:First Islamic State
2769:622 establishments
2759:Muhammad in Medina
2391:Watt (1956), p. 39
2304:Watt (1956), p. 35
2286:Watt (1956), p. 18
2277:Watt (1956), p. 34
2222:Watt (1974) p. 141
2213:Watt (1974) p. 137
2204:Watt (1964) p. 137
1621:
1511:Pledge of the Tree
1419:
1367:, a member of the
1365:Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
1188:
1129:3rd Wadi al-Qurra'
620:Medieval Christian
400:Rashidun Caliphate
342:Rashidun Caliphate
301:Pre-Islamic Arabia
2640:978-1-59144-070-3
2111:(1977), pp. 43–44
1957:Montgomery Watt,
1625:Conquest of Mecca
1594:Muhammad and the
1506:bay'at al-ridhwān
1446:was made against
1179:
1178:
957:Internal disputes
810:
809:
427:in December 629.
408:Abbasid caliphate
404:Umayyad Caliphate
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
334:
333:
232:Conquest of Mecca
16:(Redirected from
2786:
2764:Life of Muhammad
2744:
2743:
2697:
2691:
2683:M.A. al-Bakhit,
2681:
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1767:
1753:
1733:History of Islam
1682:Byzantine Empire
1678:Battle of Hunayn
1564:Byzantine Empire
1508:
1502:
1493:Uthman ibn Affan
1264:from Medina the
1246:Asma bint Marwan
1024:Dhu al-'Ushairah
999:
985:
978:
971:
962:
961:
902:pagan population
839:Battle of Bu'ath
802:
795:
788:
772:
771:
770:
762:Islam portal
760:
759:
758:
742:History of Islam
547:First revelation
430:
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368:, also known as
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311:
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297:
296:
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92:Classical Arabic
70:
58:
43:
30:
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21:
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1930:Norman Stillman
1928:
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1787:Islamic Studies
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1729:
1631:
1623:Main articles:
1588:
1574:, the chief of
1466:
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1395:
1389:
1387:Siege of Medina
1345:
1316:Hind bint Utbah
1307:
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933:Norman Stillman
910:Sa'd ibn Mua'dh
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487:Farewell Sermon
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370:State of Medina
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150:• 622–632
135:Islamic Prophet
113:
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34:State of Medina
28:
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22:
15:
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2716:10.1086/494271
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2113:
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2018:
2009:
2000:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1950:
1941:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1884:
1875:
1869:Alford Welch,
1837:
1825:
1804:
1773:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1703:and return to
1587:
1584:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1349:battle of Uhud
1344:
1341:
1324:Battle of Uhud
1305:Battle of Uhud
1300:
1297:
1221:battle of Badr
1177:
1176:
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1079:Badr al-Maw'id
1076:
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1069:Hamra' al-Asad
1066:
1061:
1056:
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973:
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892:
889:
843:eye for an eye
822:Main article:
819:
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406:(661–750) and
398:) founded the
372:was the first
360:
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2423:
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2409:
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2397:
2388:
2379:
2373:(2003), p. 77
2372:
2367:
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2194:
2188:
2179:
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2158:
2149:
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2127:
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2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1894:(1979), p. 21
1893:
1892:Fazlur Rahman
1888:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1823:(1977), p. 39
1822:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1792:
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1784:
1777:
1762:
1758:
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1739:
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1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1653:Banū Khuzaʽah
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
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1379:
1374:
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1366:
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1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:on March 23.
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1087:
1085:
1084:Dhat ar-Riqa'
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Banu Qaynuqa'
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
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618:
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614:
611:
609:
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593:
586:
583:
581:
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422:
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387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Islamic state
371:
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345:
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128:Islamic state
126:
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119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
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86:
83:
80:
76:
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
39:
31:
19:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2657:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2548:
2539:
2527:
2516:
2497:
2488:
2467:
2446:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2396:
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2366:
2357:
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2339:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2252:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2116:
2108:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1933:
1925:
1916:
1899:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1820:
1793:(3): 61–88.
1790:
1786:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1698:
1663:
1657:
1634:
1632:
1595:
1556:sent letters
1544:
1537:
1501:بيعة الرضوان
1490:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1436:
1423:Banu Qurayza
1420:
1396:
1382:
1369:Jewish tribe
1361:
1346:
1328:
1320:
1308:
1286:
1266:Banu Qaynuqa
1259:
1217:
1199:
1189:
1099:Banu Qurayza
938:
929:
914:
894:
878:
864:
848:
827:
657:Ghadir Khumm
597:Perspectives
418:
412:
410:(750–1258).
389:
369:
365:
363:
283:Succeeded by
282:
277:
115:Christianity
42:دولة المدينة
1983:John Kelsay
1766:13 December
1761:History.com
1723:in Medina.
1694:Banu Thaqif
1551:this attack
1428:F.E. Peters
1114:Hudaybiyyah
1109:Banu Lahyan
1104:al-Muraysi'
885:Arab tribes
725:Possessions
672:Ahl al-Bayt
627:Historicity
278:Preceded by
137:, Statesman
2753:Categories
2649:1148803557
1717:Green Dome
1684:and their
1509:) or the "
1373:Banu Nadir
1337:Al-i-Imran
1303:See also:
1278:monotheism
1270:non-Jewish
1074:Banu Nadir
917:Christians
818:Background
645:Succession
585:Christians
523:Diplomatic
125:Theocratic
121:Government
2740:144943406
2724:0097-9740
2601:F. Buhl,
2440:2:196-210
2426:1573-3912
2246:3:160-162
2242:3:133-135
1799:0578-8072
1744:Citations
1686:Ghassanid
1649:Banu Bakr
1560:Heraclius
1260:Muhammad
1250:Abu 'Afak
1054:Dhu 'Amar
993:Campaigns
906:Ibn Ishaq
632:Criticism
98:Religion
2244:, Quran
2191:"Uhud",
1972:22:39-40
1871:Muhammad
1727:See also
1709:headache
1404:Al-Ahzab
1378:expelled
1262:expelled
1230:Abu Bakr
1226:Abu Jahl
1192:caravans
997:Muhammad
935:states:
536:Miracles
518:Military
443:Muhammad
435:a series
433:Part of
415:Muhammad
396:Rashidun
378:Muhammad
259:Currency
155:Muhammad
106:official
2732:3174138
2533:48:1-29
2333:33:9-27
1719:within
1660:Hawazin
1647:by the
1641:Quraysh
1613:Israfil
1609:Michael
1605:Gabriel
1568:Khosrau
1562:of the
1547:Khaybar
1540:Al-Fath
1474:Shawwal
1357:nomadic
1353:Quraysh
1347:In the
1289:Bedouin
1274:Abraham
1238:Quraysh
1208:Al-Hajj
1196:Quraysh
1124:Khaybar
925:Muslims
813:History
712:Related
690:Salawat
652:Saqifah
613:Judaism
243:•
230:•
217:•
204:•
191:•
178:•
165:History
111:Judaism
78:Capital
49:622–632
2779:Hijrah
2738:
2730:
2722:
2670:Watt,
2647:
2637:
2531:Quran
2515:Watt,
2438:Quran
2424:
2418:Online
2400:Quran
2331:Quran
2240:Quran
1994:Watt,
1970:Quran
1797:
1705:Medina
1670:Thaqif
1665:sahaba
1636:sahaba
1617:Azrael
1602:angels
1597:sahaba
1580:Mu'tah
1572:Persia
1497:Arabic
1452:An-Nur
1400:Salman
1144:Hunayn
1134:Mu'tah
1094:Trench
1059:Bahran
1014:Safwan
1009:Al-‘Īṣ
942:Qur'an
835:Jewish
824:Hijrah
730:Relics
700:Mawlid
684:Praise
512:Career
495:Hadith
469:Medina
464:Hijrah
420:Hijrah
382:Medina
267:Dirham
168:
140:
82:Medina
38:Arabic
2736:S2CID
2728:JSTOR
2703:Signs
2685:Tabuk
1934:Yahud
1903:See:
1713:Aisha
1674:Ta’if
1576:Yemen
1485:ihram
1479:umrah
1448:Aisha
1439:Syria
1293:Hejaz
1159:Ta'if
1154:Autas
1149:Tabuk
1139:Mecca
1119:Fidak
1044:Sawiq
1029:Abwa'
1019:Buwat
950:27:76
897:pagan
860:oasis
851:Mecca
608:Bible
603:Islam
574:Views
543:Quran
459:Mecca
391:Ummah
263:Dinar
102:Islam
2720:ISSN
2645:OCLC
2635:ISBN
2603:Muta
2422:ISSN
2402:24:4
1795:ISSN
1768:2021
1627:and
1615:and
1470:Hajj
1248:and
1212:Ayat
1206:22 (
1204:Sura
1064:Uhud
1039:Kudr
1034:Badr
880:umma
833:and
831:Arab
735:Seal
695:Naat
580:Jews
452:Life
364:The
2712:doi
1570:of
1432:God
1371:of
995:of
855:Ali
380:in
250:632
237:630
224:628
211:627
198:622
185:622
2755::
2734:.
2726:.
2718:.
2708:11
2706:.
2687:,
2643:.
2605:,
2588:,
2569:^
2557:^
2519:,
2506:^
2476:^
2455:^
2261:^
2166:^
2125:^
2099:^
2060:^
2048:^
1936:,
1932:,
1840:^
1828:^
1807:^
1791:21
1789:.
1785:.
1759:.
1611:,
1607:,
1503:,
1499::
1406:.
1295:.
1210:)
887:.
437:on
40::
2742:.
2714::
2651:.
2428:.
2195:.
1801:.
1770:.
1417:)
984:e
977:t
970:v
952:.
801:e
794:t
787:v
549:)
545:(
489:)
485:(
108:)
104:(
20:)
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