European Canadians

1884:, the European Canadian population as a percentage of the total Canadian population had a peak of 98.5 percent. Since then, their proportion of the total Canadian population has been decreasing gradually since the mid-20th century to the most recent census in 2021. The actual decrease in the percentage of the population who are of European origins is hard to quantify, because individuals who fill out the census can self-identify under more than one category, based on their personal family history. Statistics Canada advises that the total number of people listed by ethnic origin is actually larger than the total population estimate. It is therefore not possible to express the number of individuals of European origin as a percentage of the total population. 16739:"Virtually all persons who reported "Canadian" in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the "new Canadians" were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children."(Page 2) 305:, 19,062,115 Canadians self-identified as having origins from European countries, forming approximately 52.5% of the total Canadian population. Due to changes in the census format, these totals are not directly comparable with previous censuses. Further, as the census permitted a respondent to enter up to six possible ethnic origins in their census questionnaire, this figure includes individual respondents that reported a mixed ancestry of both European and non-European origins. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population, or a precise change from previous years. 318:

immigration to Canada from the Third World, and their use has been criticised as conflating distinctions between very different European groups and nationalities. Those employing the terms can recognise that most Canadians of European descent do not see that as their collective identity and instead identify with a specific ethnicity or country of ancestral origin, characterising themselves as for example "Anglo" or "Québecois" rather than as part of a larger "Euro-Canadian" group. For most of the history of European settlement in North America, the French and the English were seen as two distinct races, with distinct cultures and national spirits.

8795: 13203:. European settlers brought with them European plants, animals, viruses and bacteria, remaking significant portions of the Canadian ecology and landscape in the image of their homelands. Canadian culture evolved in large part from the culture that the English, French, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers brought with them, long before Canada became a country. Much of English-Canadian culture shows influences from the cultures of the British Isles, with later influence, due to 19th-century immigration from different regions of Europe, such as Eastern Europe. Colonial ties to Great Britain and the cultural presence of the United States spread the 322:

concepts measured in the census." As well, patterns of self-reporting ethnic origins on the census vary with different population groups in Canada, with particular fluidity on self-reporting of the category "Canadian". Use of statistics in this subject area must be approached with these cautions in mind. The sum of the identified ethnic groups is greater than the total population estimate, because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census, therefore, it is not entirely accurate to assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population.

9307: 7629: 5759: 3973: 16709:. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled, and are Anglophones and Francophones that no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to either multiple ethnic origins or the multi-generational distance from their ancestral lineage. 32: 13831: 9211: 7515: 5645: 3859: 7869: 7837: 6035: 4165: 2417: 7773: 5959: 4089: 2341: 1505: 13845: 8091: 8059: 6299: 6261: 4429: 4391: 2643: 2605: 7805: 5997: 4127: 2379: 7901: 6073: 4203: 2455: 8667: 6945: 5075: 3289: 570: 8155: 6375: 4505: 2719: 1018:. The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later. Their numbers were swelled by the arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution. One of the New Brunswick and Canada's most famous regiments was "The King's First American Regiment" founded in 1776. It was composed mostly of Highlanders, many of whom fought with their traditional 1809:

banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West…It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie.

8859: 13304: 8763: 7059: 5189: 3403: 8635: 6907: 5037: 3251: 8603: 6869: 4999: 3213: 8475: 6717: 4847: 3061: 9115: 9019: 7931: 7401: 7287: 6109: 5531: 5417: 4239: 3745: 3631: 2491: 9083: 8923: 7363: 7173: 5493: 5303: 3707: 3517: 8251: 6489: 4619: 2833: 9243: 8731: 8443: 8411: 7995: 7963: 7553: 7021: 6679: 6641: 6185: 6147: 5683: 5151: 4809: 4771: 4315: 4277: 3897: 3365: 3023: 2985: 2529: 8955: 8219: 8123: 7741: 7709: 7211: 6451: 6337: 5921: 5883: 5845: 5341: 4581: 4467: 4051: 3555: 2795: 2681: 2303: 2265: 9051: 8571: 8379: 8027: 7325: 6831: 6223: 5455: 4961: 4353: 3669: 3175: 2567: 8827: 8539: 8347: 7097: 6793: 6603: 5227: 4923: 4733: 3441: 3137: 2947: 1742:, military-aged Serb males who hailed from Serbia or Montenegro were considered allies but those who were born in Austro-Hungarian territories were deemed enemy aliens by Canadian law, even though their sympathies tended to lie with the allied cause. The latter were restricted in their freedom of movements, had to wear special identity cards and had to identify themselves regularly at the police station. Several hundred were interned in 13416: 13059: 9275: 8699: 8315: 7591: 6983: 6565: 5721: 5113: 4695: 3935: 3327: 2909: 8187: 6413: 4543: 2757: 9179: 7477: 5607: 3821: 8891: 7135: 5265: 3479: 8987: 8283: 7249: 6527: 5379: 4657: 3593: 2871: 8507: 6755: 4885: 3099: 13698: 13251: 9147: 7439: 5569: 3783: 19142: 16071: 15977: 15810: 16101: 15884: 16048: 15954: 15831: 15664: 15969: 16075: 15981: 15716: 15802: 16033: 15939: 15635: 16097: 15690: 15876: 15924: 15776: 16007: 15877:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 14510: 15030:

South Slavic immigration in America, Twayne Publishers. A division of G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, George Prpic, John Carroll University, 1976, Chapter 18, The Bulgarians and Macedonians. p. 212 ..."The smallest of the South Slavic ethnic groups in America are the Bulgarians. One branch of them are

14287:

states: "The Prairie born constituted the largest single element in the population in 1926 and with those from other provinces comprised 62.75 per cent of the total. With respect to "origin," about one-half of those from Central, South, and East Europe and less than one-fourth of those from Northwest

317:

groups, Statistics Canada records ethnic ancestry by employing the term "European origins" under the ethnic origin population section in the census data, but does not specifically use the term "European Canadian". "Euro-Canadians" and "European Canadians" are terms primarily used by those opposed to

13382:

that were played in Europe. Although stick-and-ball games are common to many cultures, including those of the indigenous people of the Americas, European Canadians created a distinctive variation. Although the sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans

1425:

of Ireland (1845–52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded

338:

There are several subgroups of Canadians of European origin. Although approximately defined categories (due to imprecise, or ethnocultural, regionalization of the continent), the subgroups have been utilized widely in ethnic and cultural identification. This is especially relevant in diaspora, as is

1887:

The 2021 census recorded Canadians of European descent in the following categories: British Isles origins; French origins; other Western European origins; other Northern European origins; Southern European origins; Southeast European origins; Eastern European origins; and other European origins.

609:

moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow. After the Scots survived a day without being attacked, by either human or animal, the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore. The expedition was

321:

Statistics Canada has cautioned that "the reporting of ethnicity, and subsequent interpretation of the results, has become increasingly complex due to a number of factors, and poses challenges for historical data comparisons. The concept of ethnicity is fluid and is probably one of the more complex

14971:

Macedonian immigrants have also been subsumed under the heading of Bulgarian immigrants, especially as regards the first wave, because in that period the history and population of the two countries was not as distinct as it is today. Until World War II, most people who today identify themselves as

1495:

The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. By 1871, nearly 55% of the population of

13750:

Substantial numbers of European Canadians of French extraction migrated to New England beginning in the late nineteenth century, taking jobs in the cotton mills there and forming a Catholic French-speaking immigrant community. Notable francophone European-Canadian Americans included Beat novelist

1808:

New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river

14384:

From 1903 to 1914, more than one-quarter of all immigrants came from continental Europe, with a pronounced increase in the migration of Ukrainians, Poles, Italians and other eastern and southern Europeans ... a growing proportion of eastern and southern Europeans were brought in to do the rough,

1347:

One of the first efforts to encourage Welsh emigration to Canada began in 1812, when Welsh native John Mathews endeavoured to bring his family to Canada. Mathews left home at a young age and went on to become a successful businessman in the United States. When he returned to Wales, he found his

1859:

and laborers from Austria and Germany who refused to return to their homeland. They settled in cities such as Toronto, Sudbury and Hamilton. Later, between 1957 and 1971, some 23,000 Yugoslavs arrived in Canada, of whom 10-15% were Serbs. They established organizations, newspapers and cultural

13395:

for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey. According to legend, the first hockey pucks were molded from fresh cow dung that was then allowed to freeze in below-zero outdoor

16003: 622:

in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in present-day Canada was at St. Johns Newfoundland, in 1583. Newfoundland's population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration, much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the

15691:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 15853: 1394:. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal. Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides 16098:"Citizenship (5), Place of Birth (236), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 15717:"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" 14039: 1526:

The French-English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English-speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century. The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of

14225: 1178:, a state in what is now northwestern Germany. Notably, a number of soldiers fighting on what modern historiography terms the pro-British side of the conflict were members of regiments hired from various small German states. These soldiers were collectively known as " 1766:) which resulted in exemption, compensation and the release of many ethnic Serbs. Another advocate for the rights of Serbs of Austro-Hungarian origin was Serbian-born court interpreter Bud Protich, who enlisted in the Canadian Army and was wounded in action in 1917. 1186:. Following the defeat of British forces in the Revolutionary War, about 2,200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity. For example, a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest of 13378:- British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as 1097:

after 1783 came from families that had already been settled for several generations in North America and were from prominent families in Boston, New York and other east coast towns. Although largely of British ancestry, these settlers had also intermarried with

13818:

was born in Canada and his family returned to the United States when he was a child; he became active in American politics as a dual citizen but renounced his Canadian citizenship when competing to be the Republican presidential candidate, effective 2014.

15832:

Statistics Canada: 2001 Census Topic-based tabulations: Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample

1082:, who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden. The name Macdonald still dominates on the island, which received a large influx of settlers, predominantly Catholics from the Highlands, in the late 18th century. 1774:

German immigration and settlement to Canada accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the

1301:. The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania. 1891:"Canadian" was the single largest ethnic origin reported in the 2021 census, reported by 5,677,205 individuals, although the grouping from the British Isles was collectively larger, at 10,712,280. The British category included 5,322,830 15845: 1106:

colonists and were accompanied by Loyalists of African descent. Dispossessed of their property at the end of the Revolutionary War, the Loyalists arrived as refugees to settle primarily along the shores of southern Nova Scotia, the

14974:

The Bulgarian Diaspora in Canada: Stories of Immigration, Glavanakova, Alexandra; Andreev, Andrey, 2010, CEACS, Brno, Czech Republic; Migrating Memories: Central Europe in Canada, Volume 2 – Oral Histories. (ed.) Rodica Albu, 2010;

15911: 1823:

to Canada. More than 30,000 Yugoslavs came to Canada between 1919 and 1939, including an estimated 10,000 Serbs. Many of these immigrants were single, working men who settled in the northern region of the province of Ontario.

15803:"1996 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)" 15777:"1991 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1991 Census (20% Sample Data)" 1496:

Waterloo County had German origins. Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.

13396:

temperatures. Whether or not this was how the first puck was made, the use of horse or cow droppings was common thereafter, a distinctively Euro-Canadian aspect of the game made possible by the country's Northern climate.

325:

The phrase "Euro-Canadian" can sometimes be a term used by members of the far right who express racist ideology, as for example in the name "Euro-Canadian Freedom Front", a telephone hotline maintained by the neo-Nazi

14972:

Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group (Magocsi, p. 287). Hence the Bulgarian community in Canada is deeply linked to the Macedonian Canadians.

14265:"Rowlands derails racists' plan (Mayor alerts other mayors across Canada of neo-Nazi organizations, the Nationalist Party and the Euro-Canadian Freedom Front's proposals for European Heritage Week, October 9–15)". 15636:"Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)" 1539:

that was to create provinces that identified generally with English Canada in culture and outlook, although immigration included large numbers of people from non English-speaking European backgrounds, especially

1123:

was created from western part of Nova Scotia at the instigation of these new English-speaking settlers. The Loyalist settlements in southwestern Quebec formed the nucleus of what would become the province of

1277:

English, Scottish, and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal throughout the 1800s. Montreal became Canada's largest city and commercial hub until surpassed by Toronto the following century.

15665:"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data" 911:, a strategic British military and naval outpost and an important east coast cultural centre. To offset the Catholic presence of Acadians, foreign Protestants (mainly German) were given land and founded 13218:, without eradicating specific regional or cultural identities such as Aboriginal or Québecois. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the 16133: 16064:

Topic-based tabulations|Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data

14601: 14344:

Indeed, the 1969 Canadian Scout Handbook section on "Canada's National Origins," which purported to outline Canada's contemporary ethnic and racial composition, continued to emphasize the

1285:) fled the United States. Many of their families' ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland. They began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around the 16882:

Mandres, Marinel (2020). "An Unprecedented Dichotomy: Impacts and Consequences of Serbian Internment in Canada during the Great War". In Hinther, Rhonda L.; Mochoruk, Jim (eds.).

1719:, most people who today identify themselves as Yugoslav-Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group. The term 16063: 8863: 15607:"1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin" 16286: 14907: 9370:(197,905). English and French are not included in this table because most Canadians have one of those languages as their mother tongue, regardless of their ethnic origin. 16034:

Immigrant Population by Selected Places of Birth (84) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1986-1996 Censuses (20% Sample Data)

1660:. In Alberta, coal mining and road construction was a source of employment. Many Serbs worked on the construction of railway lines that now extend from Edmonton to the 8799: 8383: 159: 1085:

The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America, and particularly New England, because of the resettlement of many

15189: 14521:(translation) No less than 3,555,591 individuals spread over 15 generations are descendants of one of these women sent by King Louis XIV to populate New France. 1983: 1947: 1221:

in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and is often called "Canada's Greatest Geographer". He covered 130,000 kilometres on foot and surveyed most of the

1418:, were arrival points. Not all remained; many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Few returned to Ireland. 18398: 8735: 7025: 5155: 3369: 2571: 14742: 8543: 8031: 6797: 6227: 4927: 4357: 3141: 1743: 16660: 1802:

settled across the Prairies beginning in earnest during the late 19th century, with large scale immigration flows lasting through the mid-20th century.

1348:

family living in poverty and became convinced they should emigrate to Canada. In 1817 his family settled in the township of Southwald, near what is now

16992:

Allen, Willow Samara. "Learning to become white girls in a settler colonial context: Exploring the racial socialization of white Euro-Canadian women."

16123: 15581:"1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic Groups" 15555:"1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups" 13347:. The lyrics have also been translated into many other languages spoken by different Canadian minority populations, including other European languages. 13363:

in 1867. It was in consideration for official national anthem, however, as no French version was ever written, it was never popular with Francophones.

1845:

and their descendants were encouraged to cut off ties with their countries and cultures of origin so as to assimilate into the American way of life.

17121: 9347: 1274:, and, together with Montreal, formed the country's industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for English Canada. 16782:

All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (10,647,625), "French origins" (5,628,815), and "European origins" (8,472,015).

16572:. Vol. 2: Games of Skill. London and Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press / Bison Books (published 1992). pp. 561, 562, 665, 666, 670. 14609: 16791:

All European-origin responses, including: "British Isles origins" (9,971,615), "French origins" (4,710,580), and "European origins" (8,731,955).

13931: 13908:"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 1855:, Serbian political émigrés who were opposed to the newly established Yugoslav communist government sought refuge in Canada. Many of these were 18356:

refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.

1551:

The history of Yugoslav-Bosnian arrivals to Canada dates back to as far as the 19th century. Around the same time, many thousands of Yugoslav-

1047:, beginning a new stream of Highland emigration — the town's slogan is "The Birthplace of New Scotland". At the end of the 18th century, 19020: 14996:

Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History, pp. 287–292, University of Toronto Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8020-2938-8

1563:. Many early Aegean Macedonian immigrants found industrial work in Toronto. Later migrants found work as factory in abattoirs and foundries. 1426:

docks in Liverpool and Cork. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were

946:, the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of Catholic 823:, several hundred women who immigrated over a decade under the sponsorship of Louis XIV). A few also are the descendants of mixed French and 14352:

as the two founding nations, while detailing the myriad different national origins of northwestern, Eastern and Southern European Canadians.

1848:

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, displaced Jews emigrated to Canada from Europe, rejuvenating Canada's Yiddish-language European culture.

581:

site in Newfoundland, Canada. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that iron working, carpentry, and boat repair were conducted at the site.

19168: 16260: 16156:"Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions" 1352:. By 1812 he had brought over more relatives who built homes on the 100-acre (0.40 km) lots granted to them by Colonel Thomas Talbot. 1304:

Another large group of Scottish Gaels immigrated to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island in 1803. This migration, primarily from the

19178: 19146: 17092: 16635: 13762:

Notable Canadians of European descent who settled in the United States or lived in the United States for extended periods have included

8063: 6265: 4395: 2609: 1641:

near Bangor, Saskatchewan, where they once again took up farming. A community of Welsh farmers was also established at Wood River near

1015: 17213: 16332: 13324: 1194:. In this, they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly-founded 9306: 7628: 5758: 3972: 1162:

In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the

16904: 16583: 15044:

Raska, Jan (2014). "Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996 by Chris Kostov (review)".

1324:

as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) in what would later be the province of

18616: 14334:

Kevin Woodger (2017), "Whiteness and Ambiguous Canadianization: The Boy Scouts Association and the Canadian Cadet Organization",

14322:

and northwestern Europeans over central and southern Europeans, let alone Africans, Asians, and North American indigenous people.

1637:

in 1881. Compulsory military service and a series of floods that ruined Welsh farmers' crops led to some emigrants resettling at

18590: 16716: 14181: 18333: 17246: 15088: 14900: 14121: 18508: 17131: 17102: 17053: 16961: 16893: 16872: 16758: 16235: 15252: 15217: 14980: 14835: 14715: 14164: 14014: 13210:

Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the

7772: 5958: 4088: 2340: 1594: 1515: 151: 1360:

A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843 there were over 30,000 Scots in New Brunswick.

346:

asked individuals to self-identify their ethnic origins, within seven general categories (subcategories shown for clarity):

19173: 17562: 14537: 610:

abandoned three years later; the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later.

19097: 18818: 18375: 16690:

1996-present census populations are potentially inaccurate, due to the creation of the "Canadian" ethnic origin category.

16049:

Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada

15745: 13437: 13076: 1313: 707: 18566: 17222: 14377: 13868: 1720: 1262:. The province also received immigrants from non English-speaking sources such as Germans, many of whom settled around 1116: 904: 1093:

in areas that would form part of Canada. Many of the fifty thousand Loyalists who were resettled to the north of the

18035: 17152: 17084: 17074: 17032: 17011: 16940: 16914: 16842: 15302: 15186: 15004: 13737: 13463: 13290: 13098: 1728: 1461:

which had similar climates as their destinations. The majority of these migrants came from territories controlled by

1382:

After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from

967: 18561: 13445: 1210:, obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities, as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada. 934:

when France colonized the area, but large-scale migration from Germany began only under British rule, when Governor

19092: 14448: 13521: 1364: 1112: 14298:

James Muir (2016). "Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan by James M. Pitsula (review)".

1867:

immigrants, primarily from the Azores Islands, came to settle in Canada beginning in significant numbers in 1953.

966:

in Halifax, is on land which was set aside for the German-speaking community in 1756. The church was designated a

18706: 16362: 14424: 14339: 14300: 1519: 1485: 1222: 18536: 16498: 18939: 18908: 18656: 18637: 18585: 18295: 15338: 15098: 13500:) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in 13441: 13080: 1841:. Gibbon clearly disapproved of the American melting-pot concept. He saw the melting pot as a process by which 630:

The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from

167: 17066:

Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada: A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity, Racism, and Systemic Inequality

14749: 19082: 18689: 18579: 17912: 17206: 14554:, edited by Wilson McLeod, James Fraser and Anja Gunderloch, 203-14. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, 2006. 14532: 14094: 13384: 1391: 1206:. In traditional Canadian historiography, these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label of 1079: 963: 18546: 14040:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] Ethnic origin population" 13340:

wrote the lyrics and Calixa Lavallée composed the music in 1880. The English lyrics were written in 1908 by

18868: 18603: 17236: 13233:

and an equality of cultures, as a distinctive feature of Canadian culture, one that sets it apart from the

14136: 13715: 13268: 1363:

Broader English, Scottish, and Irish settlement of British Columbia began in earnest with the founding of

1320:(tenant farmers in the Highlands), brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1811, he founded the 19130: 18610: 14453: 14305: 13577: 13535: 12607: 15451:"Sixth census of Canada,1921. v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions" 1618:

Nearly one million European immigrants, primarily from non-British and non-French origins, came through

18673: 18531: 18521: 18326: 13719: 13708: 13272: 13261: 13230: 1799: 1372: 1368: 1163: 235: 155: 16546: 14398: 18913: 18862: 18834: 17789: 17043: 16811: 16310: 1723:

rather than an ethnic one. At that time the political organization by the Slavic immigrants from the

1597:

in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (now

1478: 1415: 1214: 1175: 1039: 982: 955: 924: 915:. Nova Scotia itself saw considerable immigration from Scotland, particularly to communities such as 163: 143: 63: 16806: 15762: 14515: 18393: 17420: 17199: 16706: 16155: 15367: 15090:

The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Page 87 by Loring M. Danforth

14053: 13983: 13907: 13477: 13426: 12719: 11806: 10417: 1482: 1298: 1167: 756: 748: 16971: 14467:

Marquis, G. E.; Allen, Louis (January 1, 1923). "The French Canadians in the Province of Quebec".

13863: 13111:

The various cultures of the Canadians of European descent have had a predominant influence on the

19135: 18944: 18742: 18268: 17774: 17441: 17241: 13430: 13337: 13069: 12751: 11874: 10485: 8639: 6911: 5041: 3255: 1815:

After 1921, all immigrants from Yugoslavia, including Serbs, were designated as "Yugoslavs". The

1692:, Serbs were drawn to work in the industry sector. By 1914, the Serbian community of the city of 1677: 1329: 1207: 413: 215: 147: 17181: 15606: 15580: 15554: 15528: 15502: 15476: 15450: 1078:(PEI) was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers. One prominent settler in PEI was 18828: 18736: 18597: 18497: 18438: 18219: 17745: 17557: 14994: 13883: 13351: 7868: 7836: 6034: 4164: 2416: 1697: 1638: 1422: 1086: 1023: 959: 912: 772: 699: 624: 203: 137: 17022: 17001: 16748: 16287:"Early Political and Public Responses to Canada's Official Multiculturalism Policy, 1971-1972" 14154: 13944:

Menzies, Charles (1994). "Stories from Home: First Nations, Land Claims, and Euro-Canadians".

19052: 18647: 18403: 18319: 18300: 18256: 18123: 17902: 17870: 17822: 17735: 17727: 17280: 16305: 14385:

unskilled work in Canada's flourishing railway, mining, lumbering, and manufacturing sectors.

8767: 7063: 5193: 3407: 1286: 729: 619: 598: 578: 501: 16609: 14888: 14081:"Preface", Canada in Decay: Mass Immigration, Diversity, and the Ethnocide of Euro-Canadians 13115:. Over time, many people of European Canadian origins have brought with them or contributed 1758:, advocated for the rights of the classified aliens and internees through diplomacy via the 1386:, increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the 18903: 18725: 18716: 18700: 18428: 18290: 18164: 18118: 18077: 18009: 17842: 17832: 17807: 17779: 17677: 17618: 17608: 17598: 17446: 17319: 16524: 16067: 16052: 16037: 15958: 15928: 14863: 14655: 12157: 10768: 9413: 9396: 9343: 8927: 8671: 8607: 7967: 7695: 7685: 7675: 7177: 6949: 6873: 6151: 5831: 5821: 5811: 5307: 5079: 5003: 4281: 4031: 3521: 3293: 3217: 2233: 1881: 1665: 1623: 1571:

attracted many Macedonian immigrants who worked along the railroads. Many later settled in

1407: 1152: 1075: 1034: 1027: 939: 865: 775:. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the 586: 542: 522: 497: 463: 343: 302: 211: 16366: 16340: 14443: 1581:

started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly from

880:) to Great Britain, efforts to colonize the province were limited to small settlements in 8: 19070: 19065: 19057: 18898: 18823: 18630: 18459: 18364: 18103: 18055: 18050: 18019: 17973: 17860: 17817: 17797: 17762: 17712: 17707: 17690: 17613: 17593: 17583: 17578: 17537: 17527: 17349: 16434:

O Canada: Spanish/Espagnol (Amanda Martinez / Peter Oundjian, Toronto Symphony Orchestra)

13858: 13493: 13344: 13310: 12655: 12559: 12527: 11704: 11568: 11534: 10315: 10179: 10145: 9363: 9247: 8831: 8474: 8447: 8415: 7935: 7557: 7101: 6716: 6683: 6645: 6113: 5687: 5231: 4846: 4813: 4775: 4243: 3901: 3445: 3060: 3027: 2989: 2495: 1920: 1784: 1724: 1247: 1090: 997: 943: 857: 816: 760: 558: 534: 513: 489: 438: 434: 104: 16591: 16501:. L'Association Canadienne De L'Infanterie/Canadian Infantry Association. Archived from 15400: 31: 19042: 19037: 18813: 18433: 18413: 18282: 18224: 18138: 18128: 18108: 18093: 18067: 17958: 17897: 17892: 17865: 17802: 17757: 17697: 17603: 17552: 17542: 17506: 17467: 17462: 17425: 17402: 17390: 17385: 17375: 17344: 17297: 17265: 15973: 15943: 15343:(Justice Canada, 2000), p. 2: "Table 1: Population by Ethnic Origin, Canada 1921-1971". 15069: 14492: 14484: 13961: 13878: 12847: 12591: 12463: 12447: 12255: 12223: 12044: 11636: 11432: 11398: 10990: 10922: 10802: 10785: 10655: 10247: 10043: 10009: 9601: 9533: 9311: 9023: 8959: 8223: 7999: 7745: 7713: 7633: 7291: 7215: 6455: 6189: 5925: 5887: 5849: 5763: 5421: 5345: 4585: 4319: 4055: 3977: 3635: 3559: 2799: 2533: 2307: 2269: 1896: 1832: 1593:

of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the

1590: 1552: 1545: 1508: 1453:, while others directly emigrated from the Balkans. They primarily originated from the 1333: 1294: 1263: 1218: 1179: 1136: 1048: 1005: 920: 908: 896: 881: 824: 691: 602: 530: 505: 493: 481: 397: 366: 207: 123: 109: 100: 17258: 16853: 618:

English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in

19107: 19047: 19012: 18893: 18803: 18684: 18624: 18443: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18197: 18192: 18169: 18159: 18154: 18133: 18098: 18072: 18060: 18045: 18014: 17988: 17929: 17924: 17917: 17907: 17812: 17767: 17717: 17685: 17588: 17547: 17511: 17292: 17287: 17191: 17148: 17127: 17098: 17070: 17049: 17028: 17007: 16957: 16936: 16910: 16889: 16868: 16838: 16832: 16754: 16723: 16241: 16231: 16206: 16160: 16128: 15308: 15298: 15258: 15248: 15223: 15213: 15094: 15073: 15061: 15000: 14976: 14831: 14711: 14496: 14373: 14226:"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada: "Ethnic Origin Population — European origins"" 14188: 14160: 13609: 13591: 13514: 13388: 13341: 13307: 13215: 13211: 13112: 12671: 12351: 12287: 12207: 12191: 11738: 11194: 11058: 10888: 10854: 10349: 9805: 9669: 9499: 9465: 9355: 9183: 9151: 9119: 9055: 8991: 8703: 8575: 8511: 8255: 8191: 7873: 7841: 7809: 7481: 7443: 7405: 7329: 7253: 6987: 6835: 6759: 6493: 6417: 6039: 6001: 5611: 5573: 5535: 5459: 5383: 5117: 4965: 4889: 4623: 4547: 4169: 4131: 3825: 3787: 3749: 3673: 3597: 3331: 3179: 3103: 2837: 2761: 2421: 2383: 1916: 1892: 1864: 1795: 1693: 1649: 1602: 1466: 986: 935: 892: 869: 799: 723: 550: 538: 509: 485: 467: 459: 455: 442: 430: 401: 362: 358: 354: 271: 199: 179: 16390:

TSO presents "O Canada" in 12 languages / Le TSO présente " Ô Canada " en 12 langues

1504: 18986: 18694: 18679: 18667: 18526: 18502: 18485: 18480: 18251: 18241: 18174: 18040: 17983: 17978: 17968: 17885: 17880: 17702: 17652: 17647: 17477: 17397: 17380: 17370: 17354: 17270: 16816: 16196: 15846:"Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census" 15053: 14476: 14315: 14311: 13953: 13602: 13542: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13044: 12879: 12815: 12799: 12783: 12735: 12687: 12575: 12511: 12479: 12399: 12383: 12367: 12271: 12239: 12112: 12010: 11976: 11942: 11840: 11772: 11602: 11500: 11466: 11296: 11262: 11228: 11024: 10956: 10723: 10621: 10587: 10553: 10451: 10383: 10213: 10111: 10077: 9907: 9873: 9839: 9635: 9567: 9367: 9351: 9087: 8895: 8794: 8319: 8287: 8127: 7777: 7367: 7139: 6569: 6531: 6341: 5963: 5497: 5269: 4699: 4661: 4471: 4093: 3711: 3483: 2913: 2875: 2685: 2345: 1928: 1912: 1908: 1852: 1716: 1705: 1568: 1564: 1442: 1383: 1321: 1156: 1060: 706:, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (see 667: 646:

were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now Canada.

554: 546: 471: 426: 409: 387: 383: 92: 81: 13957: 13651: 19117: 18923: 18888: 18808: 18662: 18572: 18551: 18418: 18408: 18236: 18229: 18113: 17993: 17963: 17875: 17855: 17750: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17632: 17532: 17329: 17314: 17302: 17142: 17064: 16975: 16951: 16883: 15765:

Distribution of the population, by ethnic group, census years 1941, 1951 and 1961

15193: 13873: 13811: 13783: 13756: 13556: 13489: 13226: 13048: 12767: 12639: 12415: 12319: 11908: 11670: 11330: 11126: 10519: 10281: 9941: 9737: 9359: 9279: 9215: 8666: 8479: 8351: 8159: 8095: 7595: 7519: 6944: 6721: 6607: 6379: 6303: 5725: 5649: 5074: 4851: 4737: 4509: 4433: 3939: 3863: 3288: 3065: 2951: 2723: 2647: 1924: 1904: 1900: 1837: 1816: 1701: 1642: 1511: 1462: 1349: 1309: 1290: 1266:(formerly called Berlin). Ontario would become the most populous province in the 1243: 1144: 1140: 1052: 1030:. When it disbanded after the War, most of its members settled in New Brunswick. 885: 526: 451: 417: 405: 374: 370: 227: 115: 96: 87: 68: 17112:

McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada."

16261:"Building a Mosaic: The Evolution of Canada's Approach to Immigrant Integration" 13984:"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories" 1250:

settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century, and was on the front lines in the

1026:. The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington's forces at the 779:, and came mostly from northwestern France. The early inhabitants of Acadia, or 585:

The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the

19102: 18954: 18918: 18873: 18795: 18774: 18556: 18541: 18475: 18388: 18263: 17850: 17827: 17740: 17472: 17309: 17170: 17045:

With Good Intentions: Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada

14480: 14345: 14319: 13803: 13779: 13775: 13767: 13672: 13665: 13637: 13616: 13570: 13549: 13485: 13481: 13360: 12863: 12703: 12495: 12431: 12335: 12303: 12078: 11364: 11160: 11092: 10689: 9975: 9771: 9703: 8090: 8058: 7900: 6298: 6260: 6072: 4428: 4390: 4202: 2642: 2604: 2454: 1582: 1578: 1465:

for political and economic reasons, and only a small number came directly from

1427: 1376: 1255: 1239: 832: 671: 659: 327: 223: 219: 16476: 16454: 16432: 16410: 16388: 16201: 16184: 15262: 15227: 597:(literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of 569: 19162: 19025: 18996: 18991: 18981: 16953:

Canadian Serbs: A History of Their Social and Cultural Traditions (1856-2002)

16245: 16210: 15312: 15065: 14349: 13850: 13836: 13799: 13787: 13763: 13584: 13563: 13219: 1751: 1747: 1681: 1661: 1450: 1411: 1271: 1259: 1195: 1120: 1094: 1011: 1001: 907:, would become the provincial capital, the primary commercial centre for the 877: 647: 643: 267: 243: 15341:

Cultural Diversity in Canada: The Social Construction of Racial Differences

19087: 19001: 18878: 18858: 18788: 18342: 15111: 15017: 14830:(Third, reprint ed.). Corpus Information Services. 1979. p. 198. 14710:. Vol. II. Celtic Arts of Canada. Celtic Arts of Canada. p. 711. 14550:

Jonathan Dembling. "Gaelic in Canada: new evidence from an old census." In

14366:

Guarding the Gates: The Canadian Labour Movement and Immigration, 1872-1934

13752: 13644: 13497: 13379: 13303: 13192: 13124: 12831: 12623: 8858: 1974:

Vertical bar chart demographic of European Canadians between 1871 and 2021

1938:

Vertical bar chart demographic of European Canadians between 1871 and 2021

1653: 1586: 1532: 1454: 1399: 1395: 1305: 1203: 1199: 1125: 1108: 1103: 828: 314: 295: 255: 239: 231: 36:

Map of Canadians reporting only European ancestry by census division (2021)

17186:. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE. 17144:

Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada: Adaptation and Preservation

16478:

O Canada: Mandarin (Xin Wang / Peter Oundjian, Toronto Symphony Orchestra)

16227:

Ecological imperialism : the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900

15433: 15196:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Dominion. Retrieved on: 2011-09-22. 15057: 1159:

in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.

19112: 18974: 18883: 18383: 16661:"When an Influx of French-Canadian Immigrants Struck Fear Into Americans" 14513:[Millions of Quebecers are descendants of the King's Daughters]. 13807: 13658: 13630: 13528: 13392: 13234: 13148: 9210: 8154: 7514: 6374: 5644: 4504: 3858: 2718: 1820: 1776: 1541: 1434: 1403: 1387: 1251: 1191: 1148: 1147:

was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as

1059:

to the British crown, who had fled the United States in 1783, arrived in

978: 977:

to the British in 1759, a colonial governing class established itself in

873: 849: 768: 752: 631: 18515: 16636:"This Day in Hockey History – March 3, 1875 – Montreal Brings In Hockey" 1798:

as a "mosaic" in the 1920s, as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from

1014:

became the home for many Scots. In 1761, a Highland regiment garrisoned

19075: 18959: 18840: 18768: 14488: 14015:"Ethnic or Cultural Origin Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021" 13791: 13771: 13374: 13164: 13140: 13116: 13083: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8762: 8634: 7058: 6906: 5188: 5036: 3402: 3250: 1995: 1959: 1842: 1732: 1669: 1446: 1337: 1282: 1171: 974: 931: 861: 809:, while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as 733: 711: 263: 173: 16977:

History of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America and Canada 1891–1941

16834:

Waterloo County to 1972: an annotated bibliography of regional history

15242: 15207: 14844: 14284: 13965: 1779:

from moving to Canada. Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas of

1754:

during the war, and Antun Seferović, the honorary consul of Serbia in

19032: 18949: 18763: 18423: 16865:

The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture

16502: 16225: 15292: 14369: 14250:

Saunders, Doug (March 28, 1998). "Postcard from a hate-filled past".

13623: 13188: 12543: 12175: 10820: 9431: 8602: 6868: 4998: 3212: 1788: 1739: 1634: 1630: 1056: 811: 805: 788: 715: 687: 287: 14552:

Cànan & Cultar/Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3

13415: 13058: 1469:. Those who settled were typically young single men and employed in 923:, beginning with the arrival of 189 Highlanders on the sailing ship 18731: 18246: 17275: 16705:

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by

15154: 14279:

A. S. Whiteley, “The Peopling of the Prairie Provinces of Canada.”

13815: 13795: 13332: 13315: 13184: 13180: 13172: 13156: 13136: 9114: 9082: 9018: 8922: 7930: 7400: 7362: 7286: 7172: 6108: 5530: 5492: 5416: 5302: 4238: 3744: 3706: 3630: 3516: 2490: 1780: 1755: 1528: 1489: 1474: 1458: 1379:

and long self-identified as being "more English than the English".

1341: 1325: 1267: 1187: 1099: 990: 951: 947: 780: 741: 732:

is considered the first child with European ancestry to be born in

675: 663: 651: 606: 291: 259: 251: 184: 15746:

Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader

14511:"Des millions de Québécois sont des descendants des Filles du roi" 14469:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1696:

numbered around 1,000. Further Serb settlement was established in

1316:. The Earl, who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed 714:(also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the 18969: 16717:"Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" 16185:"A Broken Frontier: Ecological Imperialism in the Canadian North" 14182:"Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" 13168: 13160: 13132: 9242: 8954: 8730: 8442: 8410: 8314: 8250: 8218: 8186: 8122: 7994: 7962: 7804: 7740: 7708: 7552: 7210: 7020: 6678: 6640: 6564: 6488: 6450: 6412: 6336: 6184: 6146: 5996: 5920: 5882: 5844: 5682: 5340: 5150: 4808: 4770: 4694: 4618: 4580: 4542: 4466: 4314: 4276: 4126: 4050: 3896: 3554: 3364: 3022: 2984: 2908: 2832: 2794: 2756: 2680: 2528: 2378: 2302: 2264: 1709: 1685: 1673: 1657: 1619: 1598: 1572: 1560: 1556: 1536: 1317: 1129: 1064: 900: 737: 719: 695: 594: 342:

Statistics Canada does not use the term "European Canadian". The

247: 15406:. Census and Statistics Office of Canada. 1921. pp. 158–59. 1170:

and its overseas empire were ruled by the German-descended King

18964: 18311: 15529:"Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada" 15503:"Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada" 14137:"Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: National picture." 13501: 13144: 9178: 9050: 8986: 8890: 8826: 8570: 8538: 8378: 8346: 8282: 8026: 7476: 7324: 7248: 7134: 7096: 6830: 6792: 6602: 6526: 6222: 5606: 5454: 5378: 5264: 5226: 4960: 4922: 4732: 4656: 4352: 3820: 3668: 3592: 3478: 3440: 3174: 3136: 2946: 2870: 2566: 1689: 1470: 1336:. This formed the earliest English and Scottish settlements in 1044: 916: 853: 764: 703: 679: 655: 590: 574: 14533:

Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church National Historic Site of Canada

7666:

European Canadian population by country of origin (2011–2021)

5796:

European Canadian population by country of origin (1991–2006)

4010:

European Canadian population by country of origin (1921–1961)

2224:

European Canadian population by country of origin (1871–1911)

1981: 1945: 1139:

had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only

1051:

had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only

18781: 17253: 16750:

The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population

15801:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 17, 1998).

15663:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013).

14748:. Archives of the Government of Ontario. 1972. Archived from 14156:

The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population

13176: 9274: 9146: 8698: 8506: 7590: 7438: 6982: 6754: 5720: 5568: 5112: 4884: 3934: 3782: 3326: 3098: 1601:) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the 1438: 1183: 683: 15689:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (January 23, 2019).

14674: 14224:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017).

13982:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).

13906:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022).

1746:

throughout the country under terrible conditions. Physicist

1648:

In the early 20th century, Yugoslavs (Serbs) arrived in the

1555:

emigrated to Canada in the 1890s. They settled primarily in

16831:

Bloomfield, Elizabeth; Foster, Linda; Forgay, Jane (1993).

16361: 13152: 13128: 1856: 1019: 747:

The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at

17020: 16999: 15142: 15130: 15118: 14937: 14013:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (March 30, 2022).

1911:

at 4,011,665. Other large groups included individuals of

17109:; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group 17087:- A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census," 15970:

Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)

15955:

Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)

15940:

Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)

15925:

Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)

15844:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (April 2, 2008).

15715:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 17, 2019).

15605: