1034:
439:
354:
797:
1149:
712:
178:
26:
932:
838:. The Ordinary Level Certificate Examination is taken after four years in Form 4 and expects students to pass a minimum of five subjects including Science, English, Mathematics, History and a practical subject like woodwork or agriculture. This examination is ranked on a letter scale and can determine student achievement, selection for "A-Level" schools and employment status.
232:
is collected by the Human Rights
Measurement Initiative. The initiative also breaks down the right to education by calculating Primary and Secondary School Enrolment. Keeping Zimbabwe's income level in mind, Zimbabwe is doing only 61.9% of what should be possible at its income level for secondary school enrolment and 92.4 percent for primary school enrolment.
426:. Dr. Dzingai Mutumbuka was elected the Minister of Education to support Zimbabwe through another education reform and to keep students in school. His leadership changed the climate of the education system because the Ministry of Education focused on fostering self-sufficient students that are productive, motivated and dedicated
430:. The government allocated 17.3% of the total national budget toward education. This was politically considered an "education miracle" as cited by scholar Clayton Mackenzie. Ultimately, Zimbabwe's education system reform was to ensure equal access to education by providing primary and secondary education to all children.
909:
Council for Higher
Education (ZIMCHE) was formed in 2006 as another measure to guarantee quality and accreditation for university education. As of 2012, there were fifteen registered universities (nine public and five private), fifteen teachers' colleges, eight polytechnics and two industrial training colleges.
974:
and vulnerable children from dropping out of primary school due to the expenses. BEAM pays for tuition and other basic fees, but only serves less than half of the target population. As of 2014, only 10 percent of pupils ages 15 to 24 have not completed primary education which can be attributed to the
486:
Communities also rapidly built more infrastructure for education. For example, from 1979-1984, the number of primary schools in operation increased by 73.3% and the number of secondary schools increased by 537.8%. Despite the challenges following the magnitude of students to educate, Zimbabwe claimed
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for a short period of time to fill the teaching gaps. Schools expanded their human resources to serve as many children as possible with limited infrastructure by practicing "hot-seating," also known as double session schooling. "Hot-seating" is the practice of offering class in the morning to half of
231:
Despite education being recognised as a basic human right in
Zimbabwe, in 2017, the Zimbabwean Government did only 77.2% of what was possible at its income level to ensure that the right to education was being fulfilled, categorically, the government's ability to fulfil this right as "bad". This data
927:
in the past decade. UNICEF claims that only a third of schools are considered to be in "good condition." Schools also face capacity challenges, including double session schooling, or "hot seating," and overcrowded classrooms. "Hot seating" means that half of students attend school in the morning and
1115:
and jobs rather than females. The study by
Gudhlanga et al. found that active and productive roles are more commonly held by males in textbooks, while female roles in textbooks are passive and dependent. In addition, the study found that English language textbooks are written from male perspectives
908:
was established in 1990 as a measure of quality insurance of higher education in
Zimbabwe. Increasing access to education in recent decades has increased the number of higher level institutions in the country. For example, eight more universities were established between 1999 and 2005. The Zimbabwe
450:
focused on providing equal and free education for all through the rapid expansion of education resources to keep up with the demand. Within one year, the education system nearly doubled the number of students it served from 885,801 students to 1,310,315 students in primary and secondary education.
374:
that denied housing opportunities for
Africans, reinforcing segregation based on ethnicity and race. Group B schools required a low-fee payment and C schools did not require a fee beyond educational materials. Both were only available for African students. Group B and C schools had less resources,
369:
system based on residency. Before the act, Zimbabwe's education system was divided between
African and European schools. After the shift in policy and leadership the education system split into government schools, community schools and private schools. Government schools were also split into three
349:
of schools based on funding was most extreme in the 1970s because
Europeans only represented a few per cent of Zimbabwe's population, but were allocated around 90% of government spending on education. Funding secondary school was also disproportionally offered to Europeans rather than Africans. In
841:
Students have the option to enroll in A-Level secondary education or can attend teacher training, technical, agricultural, polytechnic and nursing colleges. If a student chooses to enroll in A-Level education, they must take the
Advanced Level Certificate Examination after a total of six years of
674:
Currently, government primary and secondary schools are run by the
Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) and non-government schools are run by local authorities including churches and non-profit organizations. The Minister of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education is Evelyn
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and account for students with disabilities; therefore, most drop out by third grade. Schools are finding alternative ways of performing inclusionary education on an individual basis, but there is still a lack of standardization and quality, especially for rural schools. Researcher Regis Chireshe
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2017 AND THE NEW CURRICULUM Dr Lazarus Dokora, the current Minister of Primary and Secondary Education, has overseen the implementation of a new curriculum which is designed to create a new student totally different from the pre2017 students. This curriculum is focused more on raising heritage
604:
The Education Act of 2006 established School Development Committees. These committees are overseen and established by the School Parents Assembly for parents and guardians of school-going children to participate in the development of Zimbabwe's schools. According to the government's Statutory
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and the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality, Zimbabwe is prioritizing and expanding Early Childhood Development by offering early childhood education at primary schools. These programs are currently available in mostly urban areas and can be owned by the
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Mercy Mehlomakulu, a teacher who has come from Zimbabwe in search of work and who has recently prequalified in South Africa with assistance from AusAid, teaches some of her pupils in St Albert's school which is part of the Methodist Mission, Johannesburg, South Africa on 4 June 2009.
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by requiring that "all students, regardless of race, religion, gender, creed, and disability, have access to basic or primary education (up to Grade 7)." These nondiscrimination provisions expanded the right to education in Zimbabwe for all students, including students with
948:
and low compensation. Many teachers in rural areas lack training due to the high demand for labor and less concern for quality. Not only are teachers under compensated, but teaching materials are also allocated less than one percent of the federal budget for education.
313:
schools perpetuated social and economic repression of the indigenous population by reducing their chances of earning well-paying jobs or positions of power. Rugare Mapako claims education to Africans offered limited academic and foundational skills in order to promote
999:. Inclusionary schools involve "identification and minimization or elimination of barriers to students’ participation in traditional settings (i.e., schools, homes, communities, and workplaces) and the maximization of resources to support learning and participation."
2334:
1220:. The GNU also allocated every civil servant, including teachers, the equivalent of $ 100 US dollars. Teachers were encouraged to reenter the profession and move back to Zimbabwe, but thousands never returned and found higher paying positions elsewhere.
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Zimbabwe claims in 2009, 85 percent of females, compared to 80 percent of males, completed primary school. As of 2010, 48.8 percent of females achieved secondary education or higher, while 62 percent of males achieved secondary education or higher.
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was to achieve universal education for all students; however, the goal was not achieved as of 2015 due to a public health crisis, economic downturn and inability to afford costs associated with education. The country is currently working toward the
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of Zimbabwe claims that thousands of teachers are unmotivated due to low salaries, limited resources, pressure, political harassment and the shortage of teachers. Researchers Regis Chireshe and Almon Shumba assert that teachers believe their
1144:
including the Progressive Teacher's Union of Zimbabwe organize strikes to catalyze salary negotiations and better working conditions. In the first decade of the 21st century, 45,000 out of 100,000 teachers in the country left the profession.
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the students and in the afternoon to the other half. "Hot-seating" was still not enough to meet the demands of the population; therefore, the Ministry of Education expanded teacher education colleges rapidly by providing "on-the-spot"
1273:
awareness and creating employers rather than employees. However, the success of this move is hovering on dark waters because of the present melting economy. It has been affected by intense resource shortage in terms of books and IT.
957:
Zimbabwe's education reform in 1980 aspired to provide free and universal education to all children through the Zimbabwe Education Act; however, tuition fees and education costs have accumulated over time. Many families pay for
922:
Despite the initiative during independence to rapidly expand education opportunities, the demand for education was still greater than the supply. Education quality was hindered by teacher shortages, infrastructural pressure and
1165:
for every three months of teaching. Their salaries in 2009 were as low as one US dollar for every month of teaching with grocery vouchers worth $ 100 USD per month. Thousands of teachers protested, left public education and
962:, even if it is a small fee at public government schools. Families that do not pay for tuition due to education subsidies are still required to pay additional fees including building fees, transportation costs, exam fees,
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associated with people experiencing disabilities. The government has recently expanded the Schools Psychological Services and Special Needs Education Division to better serve students experiencing disabilities in school.
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government, organizations or individuals. In fact, 98 percent of primary schools have ECD centers for ages four to five and 60 percent of primary schools have ECD centers for ages three to four with trained teachers.
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and encouraged private donations. Accumulation and distribution of textbooks has been the focus of ETF in recent years. In 2008, The National Education Advisory Board states that 20 percent of students did not have
2119:
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in Zimbabwe are for primary education training, leaving less opportunity to meet the demand of trained secondary school teachers. Teacher shortages surge is rural areas more than urban areas due to unfavorable
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by keeping students with disabilities in classrooms with all other students and teaching them the same curriculum without documentation of their specific disability. Teachers and schools are not equipped to
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comparable to other Africa countries at 51% from ages 15 to 24. As of 2014, 3,120,000 students were enrolled in primary and secondary education and 76% of these students were enrolled in primary education.
333:
Due to large investments in education by the Southern Rhodesian government prior to 1960, Europeans were disproportionately funded more for education than the majority African population because the
3036:
1201:
at the time. Teachers would use their off time during the year to hoard goods from other country and resell them in Zimbabwe to earn a livable living that their teaching salaries did not satisfy.
675:
Ndlovu as of 2021. The Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development (MoHTES&TD) oversees public and private universities and technical and teacher education.
1003:, including the Education Act of 1996 and the Disabled Persons Act of 1996, neither catalyze inclusive education for schools in Zimbabwe nor protect students experiencing disability from
513:
by 40% from 2000-2008 marked a period of economic downturn in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Social expenditures on health and education also decreased by more than half.
370:
divisions called Group A, B and C. White students historically attended Group A schools that offered highly trained teachers and a quality education. These schools were located in white
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the second half attends school in the afternoon. These methods enable more students to attend school, but quality declines because students are given less attention and time to learn.
204:
encompasses 13 years of primary and secondary school and runs from January to December. The school year is a total of 40 weeks with three terms and a month break in-between each term.
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and stationery for their children. Education is not completely free in Zimbabwe due to historical government expenditures focusing on infrastructure for education and recent years of
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and roles in Zimbabwe's curriculum based on the research of Gudhlanga et al. Gudhlanga et al. claims that gender stereotyping is prevalent in textbooks as males are used to describe
3594:
2032:
414:. The ZANU party democratised education by promising free and compulsory primary and secondary education to all children in Zimbabwe. The party's claims were backed by the national
1020:
claims inclusionary education needs legislative and policy support, more quality inclusionary education training for teachers and inclusionary education campaigns to improve the
3637:
1623:
774:. Zimbabwe's government system requires education for all, but this examination can determine the type of secondary school students can attend based on the school's criteria.
2951:
Emina, Jacques B.O.; Chirwa, Tobias; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin (August 2014). "Trend in the use of modern contraception in sub-Saharan Africa: does women's education matter?".
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took over Zimbabwe and formed an independent country in 1980. The newly formed government created free and compulsory primary and secondary education, valuing education as a
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and families are more likely to educate their sons to increase their earning potential. A lack of education for females correlates with developmental risks including
2056:
3624:
2409:
2618:
2548:
3620:
3611:
3602:
2451:
Mutepfa, Magen; Mpofu, Elias; Chataika, Tsitsi (2007). "Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe: Policy, Curriculum, Practice, Family, and Teacher Education Issues".
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emigrated to Zimbabwe, increasing the number of children attending public schools and demand for teachers. The Minister of Education brought in teachers from
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In 2009, the Educational Transition Fund (ETF) was launched to improve the quality of education by distributing education materials. The ETF partnered with
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873:
189:
43:
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668:
648:
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723:, encompassing Grades 1 to 7. Urban primary schools teach in English. Rural primary schools teach students in their local native language, typically in
1407:
Chikoko, Vitallis (2008). "The Role Of Parent Governors In School Governance In Zimbabwe: Perceptions Of School Heads, Teachers And Parent Governors."
309:
education system was a structural institution that reinforced the superiority of White settlers even though, they were the minority of the population.
516:
By the end of 2008, most schools and hospitals were shut down due to thousands of teachers leaving the profession, an economic crisis, an increase in
3338:
573:
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called for an education reform that created a three-tier school system. The Education Act of 1979 regulated access to each type of school through a
2293:
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At the end of Grade 7, students take a national examination in Mathematics,*Agriculture* English, Shona or Ndebele and the General Paper covering
2549:"An Evaluation of the Mushrooming of new 'Independent Colleges' in Zimbabwe with Special Emphasis on the Education of the Urban Child, 2000-2009"
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820:
2992:
2057:"Negotiating Roles and Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralised School Governance: A Case Study of One Cluster of Schools in Zimbabwe"
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by the end of the 1980s. By the 1990s, primary schooling was nearly universal and over half the population had completed secondary education.
442:
Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015)
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1205:
537:
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typically have performance requirements, but many rural public schools allow "mass admission" regardless of performance on the examination.
897:
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2029:
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the education system by enabling parents to elect five other parents to lead a school. The decentralization of schools combats the highly
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Training of Royal Air Force Aircrew in Rhodesia, 1943. This is an example of the focus on White education during colonial rule until 1980.
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Zimbabwe's focus on expanding education opportunities for the past 25 years has led to national accomplishments including achieving a
3323:
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and educational development in primary and secondary schools. The Minister of the Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture was
403:
1178:. This strike led to nearly 94 percent of all rural schools closing and school attendance rates fell from 80 percent to 20 percent.
735:
by Grade 3. Student to teacher ratios are typically from 30 to 50 students per teacher; however, this varies based on location, the
1326:
751:. Based on the Education Secretary's Policy Circular No. 12 in 1987, "the minimum expected educational outcome for all students is
2881:
2854:
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in education still exist. Gender differences are less predominant in primary education than they are in secondary education. The
2787:
Nhundu, Tichatonga J. (1992). "A Decade of Educational Expansion in Zimbabwe: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Contradictions".
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asserted that 94 percent of rural schools, serving the majority of the population, closed in 2009. During this period of time
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2193:
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Preschools are directed by the Early Childhood Development (ECD) system under the Ministry of Primary and Second Education.
843:
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Exponential increases in the number of students attending school heightened the need for more infrastructure and teachers.
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the 1970s, only 43.5% of African children attended school, while only 3.9% of these children enrolled in secondary school.
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2067:
1462:
1354:
588:
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School Development Committees have many functions to control the quality of the school system. Their powers include the
2627:
2514:
1990:
Matereke, Kudzai (2012). "Whipping into Line': The dual crisis of education and citizenship in postcolonial Zimbabwe".
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of providing universal and free education to all students by 2030. Zimbabwe had an adult literacy rate of 88% in 2014.
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under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education for primary and secondary education, and the
1847:
1762:
1081:. In times of economic hardship, resources for education are allocated to males more than females due to labor roles,
904:. The nation's independency in 1980 expanded the University of Zimbabwe's enrollment from 2,240 to 9,017 by 1990. The
3253:
2899:"The State of Inclusive Education in Zimbabwe: Bachelor of Education (Special Needs Education) Students' Perceptions"
1887:
1609:
580:. This fundamental right was clearly articulated in the Education Act of 1987. The act also abolished all methods of
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also claimed that attendance rates plummeted from over 80% to 20%. The economy regained momentum after 2009 once the
2332:
1302:
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promote the welfare of the school for the benefit of its present and future students and their parents and teachers
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and left the profession in recent years over low salaries, poor working conditions, political victimization and
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353:
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1504:
225:
2264:
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2333:
The Legal Framework Governing Parental Involvement with Education in Zimbabwe, S.G.; Ngwenya, V.C. (2013).
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991:. There is a current push for inclusionary schools in order to provide quality education for students with
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fired Langa in September 2015. Langa was replaced by Makhosini Hlongwan and the ministry's name changed to
262:
220:
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Quality of education is also impacted by the lack of trained teachers in secondary schools. A majority of
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and dismissal of teachers, the preservation of facilities and the act of borrowing money and applying for
1880:
Southern African Political History: A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997
1287:
1004:
791:
706:
521:
488:
338:
2584:
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Mapako, and Mareva (2013). "The Concept of Free Primary School Education in Zimbabwe: Myth or Reality".
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School children in Zimbabwe digging a shallow pit for an Arborloo toilet (a variation of a pit latrine).
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1903:
1792:
Towards the Elimination of Disparities in Educational Provision: A Look Into Zimbabwe and South Africa"
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party, which changed the constitution to recognize primary and secondary public education as free and
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3508:
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3303:
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728:
689:
83:
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2993:"Towards a Gender Inclusive Curriculum in Zimbabwe's Education System: Opportunities and Challenges"
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3403:
3333:
2101:
1161:, teachers were one of the lowest paid professions in the 2000s, receiving the equivalence of $ 10
415:
407:
323:
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256:
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Females are increasingly more likely to drop out than their male peers in secondary school due to
501:, although the system continues to suffer from a contemporary decline in public funding linked to
3573:
3493:
3458:
3443:
3428:
3383:
3318:
1171:
924:
885:
881:
808:
1662:
Kanyongo, Gibbs (2005). "Zimbabwe's public education system reforms: Successes and challenges".
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1432:
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for core subjects and the student to textbook ratio was 10:1. Thousands of textbooks have been
1204:
In 2009, the national economy stabilized because of the actions taken by the newly established
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510:
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1953:
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structure of the government in hopes to assist the operation and development of education.
517:
319:
216:
2379:
1944:
MacKenzie, C.G. (1988). "Zimbabwe's educational miracle and the problems it has created".
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8:
3543:
3538:
3478:
3433:
3393:
3288:
3269:
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Garwe, Evelyn Chiyevo (April 2014). "Quality assurance in higher education in Zimbabwe".
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Challenges in financing education, health, and social protection expenditures in Zimbabwe
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1174:. During a year-long strike from 2008 to 2009, teachers demanded higher salaries paid in
996:
992:
804:
771:
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developed to resolve national challenges. The Government of National Unity suspended the
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241:
193:
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2408:
Colclough, C.; Ltifstedt, J.I; Manduvi-Moyo, J; Maravanyika, O.E.; Ngwata, W.S. (1990).
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1957:
796:
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2007:
1969:
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1000:
970:. Programs like the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) have developed to prevent
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869:
577:
384:
346:
315:
290:
1527:"UNICEF Zimbabwe - Media centre - Sustainable development goals: all you need to know"
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and building. N.J. Atkinson claims that in order to control the local population, the
3528:
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2011:
2003:
1973:
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is offered for children from the ages of three to five through the ECD. According to
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As of early 2020s, the education system has been reported to be grossly underfunded.
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498:
480:
388:
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limited education and censored knowledge in schools. Furthermore, he argues that the
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schools to serve local communities. Missionary schools provided an education for the
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3235:, Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ)
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2030:
Moving forward in Zimbabwe: Reducing poverty and promoting growth, Ch. 6: Education
1999:
1961:
1820:
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1236:. The researchers also believe that teachers will continue to threaten or actually
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976:
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763:
652:
3037:"Teaching as a Profession in Zimbabwe: Are Teachers Facing a Motivation Crisis?"
1849:
Education and Development in Zimbabwe: A Social, Political and Economic Analysis
815:, all with an enrollment fee. Secondary education is made up of two cycles, the
3124:
2591:. The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
2335:"The Legal Framework Governing Parental Involvement with Education in Zimbabwe"
1705:
Parker, Franklin (October 1959). "Education of Africans in Southern Rhodesia".
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1224:
1158:
1066:
1058:
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and yearly budget for education. The curriculum in primary schools encompasses
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693:
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claims that the country's education system was once the most developed on the
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The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
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1824:
1726:
1237:
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1185:, during the economic crisis. They participated in cross-border trading with
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545:
208:
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Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development
2884:| Inter Press Service." Inter Press Service News. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
605:
Instrument 87 of 1992, the purpose of School Development Committees is to:
483:. In 1986, 8,000 additional teachers were trained to meet national demands.
3206:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27
3178:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27
3150:. Rio: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. pp. 21–27
2972:
1832:
1627:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1355:"Adult and Youth Literacy: National, regional and global trends, 1985-2015"
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currently reports that the student to textbook ratio is now 1:1 because of
1190:
1182:
660:
423:
419:
342:
47:
2991:
Gudhlanga, Enna; Chirimuuta, Chipo & Bhukuvhani, Crispen (June 2012).
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2102:
Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition 2010 Report Evaluation
987:
It is estimated that over 300,000 school-aged children in Zimbabwe have a
830:
Students take classes in Mathematics, English, Science, Shona or Ndebele,
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in the future unless their needs are better addressed by the government.
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1133:
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The Education Act of 1996 and the Disabled Persons Act of 1996 furthered
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395:
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3085:'Progress' in Zimbabwe?: The Past and Present of a Concept and a Country
2040:. Brooks World Poverty Institute 2009, p.73. Retrieved 13 September 2011
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in secondary schools. Females are considered a source of income through
823:, or Advanced Level, for two years. This structure was adopted from the
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2417:. Sweden: Swedish International Development Authority. pp. 151–152
1965:
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A student works on a school project at Gateway High School in Zimbabwe.
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provide and assist in the operation and development of public schools
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298:
2800:
1811:
Gordon, Rosemary (1994). "Education Policy and Gender in Zimbabwe".
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and leave out important female leaders and perspectives in history.
2380:"A Study on Children and Adolescents with Disabilities in Zimbabwe"
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Tertiary education was first introduced to Zimbabwe in 1957 by the
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2855:"Inter Press Service | News and Views from the Global South"
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835:
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392:
2882:
For Zimbabweans, Universal Education May be an Unattainable Goal
1855:. Canada: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–24.
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Teaching Rhodesians: A History of Educational Policy in Rhodesia
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in the past few years along with additional learning materials.
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war, catalysed the shift in power from British colonial rule to
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subordinate and inferior to White colonists in order to advance
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1624:
Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902
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548:, reducing hyperinflation and increasing social expenditures.
2990:
1041:
Although education is accepted as a fundamental right by the
3200:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe
3172:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe
3144:"The Future We Want" A Report by the Government of Zimbabwe
375:
funding and qualified faculty compared to Group A schools.
3233:
Education Statistics and Quality of Education in Zimbabwe
1327:"Is Zimbabwe's education sector on the road to recovery?"
1266:
744:
807:
is not funded by the government and students can attend
3083:
Moore, David; Kriger, Norma; Raftopoulos, Brian (2013).
2616:
2294:"Why Zimbabwe's schools have taken to selling chickens"
612:
advance the moral, cultural, physical and intellectual
422:. All primary school tuition fees were abolished after
207:
In 1980, education was declared a basic human right by
3106:
Is Zimbabwe's education sector on the road to recovery
2411:
Education in Zimbabwe: Issues of Quality and Quantity
850:. The "A-Level" examination is required for entry to
800:
School children outside of Chisungu secondary school.
572:
After nearly a century of British colonial rule, the
181:
Zimbabwe is located in the southern region of Africa.
2450:
1212:
of the national economy which curved the effects of
719:
Zimbabwe's education system mandates seven years of
378:
3196:
3168:
3140:
2839:. Inter Press Service. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
2064:
International Studies in Educational Administration
2027:Brooks World Poverty Institute (11 December 2009).
1298:
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Zimbabwe
1232:did not prepare them for the classroom or to teach
1085:and gender expectations. However, reports from the
454:Teachers were in high demand immediately following
2950:
2487:"Ministry of Sport Arts and Culture - About MoSAC"
1575:Human Rights Measurement Initiative Rights Tracker
715:Primary school classroom and lecture in Zimbabwe.
3659:
917:
599:
562:
297:production and industrial development including
192:for higher education. Both are regulated by the
3134:
1303:National Council for Higher Education, Zimbabwe
821:General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
2737:"Zimsec boss speaks on Cambridge Examinations"
2645:
1910:. South African History Outline. 16 March 2011
1181:Many teachers joined the informal economy, or
913:Recent factors affecting education in Zimbabwe
649:Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture
567:
337:controlled access to quality schools based on
246:
3254:
2674:"Zimbabwe Education spending, percent of GDP"
1381:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016"
982:
322:. Limited access to a quality education kept
3131:. September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
2620:Millennium Development Goals Progress Report
2227:"How Zimbabwe and the Dollar Beat Inflation"
2163:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 29.
1845:
1760:Edward Shizha and Michael T. Kariwo (2011).
1353:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (May 2013).
898:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
848:Cambridge Assessment International Education
819:, or Ordinary Level, for four years and the
38:Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education
2712:. Embassy of Zimbabwe. 2007. Archived from
3261:
3247:
2117:
24:
3228:Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education
3162:
2159:Besada, Hany (2011). Besada, Hany (ed.).
1943:
1798:. 11(1): 43-51. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
1375:
1373:
1371:
874:Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education
40:Ministry of Tertiary and Higher Education
3034:
2896:
2546:
1989:
1846:Kariwo, Michael; Shizha, Edward (2012).
1661:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1147:
1093:in education is smaller than many other
1032:
930:
842:secondary education administered by the
795:
710:
524:in 2008 leading to a national epidemic.
437:
418:, which recognises education as a basic
352:
176:
3268:
2734:
2054:
1796:Journal of Social Development in Africa
1766:. Boston: Sense Publishers. pp. 20–30.
642:
3660:
3120:
3118:
3030:
3028:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2892:
2890:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2752:
2750:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2579:
2577:
2556:Zimbabwe Journal of Education Research
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2509:
2507:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2158:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2023:
2021:
1985:
1983:
1898:
1896:
1874:
1872:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1704:
1685:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1368:
1170:to other countries in response to the
785:
3242:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2756:
2194:"Dollarization: The Case of Zimbabwe"
2139:
2137:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1763:Education and Development in Zimbabwe
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1403:
1401:
1341:
1028:
906:National Council for Higher Education
857:
2515:"Sports minister Andrew Langa fired"
2272:National Education Profile: Zimbabwe
2191:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
844:Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council
700:
647:In 2013, the government created the
3125:"Zimbabwe education crisis worsens"
3115:
3077:
3025:
2979:
2965:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.02.001
2939:
2887:
2880:Moyo, Jeffrey (24 December 2014). "
2826:Stanley Kwenda (18 November 2008).
2777:
2747:
2691:
2661:
2603:
2574:
2533:
2504:
2429:
2367:
2319:
2252:
2149:. UNICEF. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
2122:(Report). World Bank. pp. 1–78
2043:
2018:
1980:
1893:
1869:
1801:
1638:
1061:, cost of continuing education and
1010:Most schools perform "unplanned or
678:
406:in 1980 and took over the historic
13:
2815:
2652:"Education in Zimbabwe | UsapGloba
2265:"Education Policy and Data Center"
2134:
2085:
1922:
1878:Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999).
1777:
1741:
1674:
1581:
1482:
1398:
683:
433:
283:Company administration of Rhodesia
62:$ 750 million (public, all levels)
14:
3679:
3221:
2850:Zimbabwe’s School System Crumbles
2829:Zimbabwe’s School System Crumbles
2735:Zhakata, Ivan (24 January 2024).
2706:"Zimbabwe Health & Education"
2146:Zimbabwe education crisis worsens
1992:Educational Philosophy and Theory
1946:International Review of Education
1418:
1409:International Review Of Education
669:Ministry of Sports and Recreation
458:. In the mid-1980s, thousands of
379:National education reform in 1980
3569:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3339:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2626:. pp. 25–28. Archived from
2617:United Nations Zimbabwe (2012).
2055:Chikoko, Vitallis (March 2007).
2004:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2011.00799.x
1688:Education Research International
1463:"Education in Zimbabwe - SACMEQ"
1293:List of Universities in Zimbabwe
872:of education is operated by the
864:List of universities in Zimbabwe
817:General Certificate of Education
811:, government boarding school or
584:from the Education Act of 1979.
54:National education budget (2013)
3190:
3098:
2874:
2842:
2728:
2479:
2401:
2286:
2219:
2185:
2161:Zimbabwe: Picking Up the Pieces
2152:
2111:
1904:"South African History Outline"
1839:
1698:
1664:International Education Journal
1615:
1563:
1497:"Millennium Development Goal 2"
1362:UNESCO Institute for Statistics
759:by the end of primary school."
574:Zimbabwe African National Union
400:Zimbabwe African National Union
387:from 1964-1979, a fifteen-year
361:In 1979, the new government of
3056:10.1080/09718923.2011.11892935
2918:10.1080/09718923.2013.11893133
2871:). Retrieved 13 September 2011
2789:The Journal of Negro Education
2585:"Education Fact Sheet: SACMEQ"
2465:10.1080/00094056.2007.10522947
2100:UNICEF Zimbabwe (June 2011). "
1549:
1519:
1479:). Retrieved 13 September 2011
1450:
1319:
1109:scientific or technical fields
330:political and economic gains.
1:
1621:Keepel-Jones, Arthur (1983).
1313:
918:Access to a quality education
600:Decentralization of authority
563:Governance after independence
3197:Zimbabwe Government (2012).
3169:Zimbabwe Government (2012).
3141:Zimbabwe Government (2012).
3006:(1 ed.). Archived from
2759:Research in Higher Education
2348:(2): 135–144. Archived from
2108:. Retrieved 15 November 2015
1890:. Retrieved 20 November 2015
1707:Comparative Education Review
1604:. London: Longman. pp 5-14.
1386:. World Economic Forum. 2015
1329:. IRIN News. 24 January 2013
1243:
1206:Government of National Unity
894:vocational training centers.
534:Government of National Unity
263:British South Africa Company
226:Sustainable Development Goal
221:Millennium Development Goals
7:
3112:. Retrieved 19 October 2015
1774:. Retrieved 10 October 2015
1635:. Retrieved 10 October 2015
1433:"Zimbabwe Education System"
1288:List of Schools in Zimbabwe
1276:
1208:(GNU). The GNU enacted the
1157:Marked by a time period of
1119:
825:British system of education
792:List of schools in Zimbabwe
707:List of schools in Zimbabwe
568:Non-discriminatory policies
489:universal primary education
247:Colonial government to 1980
10:
3684:
3044:Journal of Social Sciences
2906:Journal of Social Sciences
2658:Retrieved 10 October 2015.
2547:Tichagwa, K (March 2012).
2342:The Social Science Journal
1612:Retrieved 19 October 2015.
1415:. Retrieved November 2015.
1197:were not required to have
1103:are a method to analyzing
983:Students with disabilities
952:
861:
789:
704:
250:
239:
235:
3582:
3557:
3276:
3104:IRIN (24 January 2013). "
1908:Zimbabwe Independence Day
690:Early childhood education
398:in 1980. The ZANU party,
167:
159:
151:
143:
138:
130:
122:
114:
109:
97:
89:
71:
66:
58:
53:
37:
32:
23:
3324:Central African Republic
3087:. Routledge. pp. 87–91.
3035:Chireshe, Regis (2011).
2897:Chireshe, Regis (2013).
1825:10.1080/0954025940060203
1533:. UNICEF. Archived from
1413:Academic Search Complete
1124:Thousands of Zimbabwean
809:private boarding schools
737:country's economic state
631:. These committees also
589:nondiscriminatory policy
446:Since independence, the
269:, the area now known as
265:arrived in the 1890s to
257:Company rule in Rhodesia
1600:Atkinson, N.D. (1972).
538:inclusionary government
536:was formed. This is an
456:Zimbabwe's independence
1503:. UNDP. Archived from
1176:international currency
1154:
1089:claim that Zimbabwe's
1038:
1001:Nondiscriminatory laws
968:global economic crisis
936:
902:University of Zimbabwe
801:
716:
507:economic mismanagement
443:
358:
182:
3668:Education in Zimbabwe
3484:São Tomé and Príncipe
3344:Republic of the Congo
2192:Noko, Joseph (2011).
2169:10.1057/9780230116436
2035:29 March 2014 at the
1790:Zindi, Fred (1996). "
1458:Education in Zimbabwe
1151:
1063:gender-based violence
1036:
934:
892:colleges and various
799:
768:Environmental Science
731:, then transition to
714:
441:
356:
291:indigenous population
186:Education in Zimbabwe
180:
33:Educational oversight
19:Education in Zimbabwe
1813:Gender and Education
1537:on 25 September 2018
1113:leadership positions
1071:adolescent pregnancy
657:economic empowerment
643:Education ministries
335:Rhodesian government
320:indentured servitude
219:. One of Zimbabwe's
211:, the leader of the
3559:States with limited
3270:Education in Africa
3000:Gender and Behavior
2834:15 May 2009 at the
2710:Embassy of Zimbabwe
2633:on 19 November 2015
2521:. 17 September 2015
2453:Childhood Education
2231:Wall Street Journal
2118:World Bank (2011).
2073:on 20 November 2015
1958:1988IREdu..34..337M
1559:. 27 November 2016.
1507:on 21 November 2015
1283:Education in Africa
1012:de facto inclusion"
997:mental disabilities
900:, now known as the
805:Secondary education
786:Secondary education
772:Religious Education
753:functional literacy
522:outbreak of cholera
242:History of Zimbabwe
194:Cabinet of Zimbabwe
20:
2716:on 15 October 2015
2678:The Global Economy
1966:10.1007/BF00598220
1155:
1087:UN Children's Fund
1077:, poor health and
1047:gender disparities
1039:
1029:Gender differences
946:working conditions
937:
858:Tertiary education
802:
717:
544:to implement full
444:
385:Rhodesian Bush War
359:
316:labor exploitation
285:created Christian
183:
44:Dr. Tonderayi Moyo
18:
3655:
3654:
3586:other territories
3359:Equatorial Guinea
2355:on 13 August 2017
2233:. 29 March 2011.
2178:978-0-230-11019-9
1862:978-94-6091-604-5
1772:978-94-6091-606-9
1633:978-0-7735-0534-6
1557:"Zimbabwe-UNESCO"
1411:54 (2): 243-263.
1267:international aid
1234:special education
1095:African countries
977:cost of education
941:teaching colleges
780:religious schools
701:Primary education
578:fundamental right
542:Zimbabwe currency
404:national election
363:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
253:Southern Rhodesia
175:
174:
139:Enrollment (2023)
72:Primary languages
3675:
3647:
3646:(United Kingdom)
3642:Tristan da Cunha
3638:Ascension Island
3630:
3617:
3608:
3584:Dependencies and
3277:Sovereign states
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3012:
2997:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:. Archived from
2848:Stanley Kwenda.
2846:
2840:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2670:
2659:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2553:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:MOSAC Government
2483:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2339:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2098:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:. Archived from
2061:
2052:
2041:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1941:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1891:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1799:
1788:
1775:
1758:
1739:
1738:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1636:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1501:UNDP in Zimbabwe
1493:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:on 23 March 2009
1465:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1230:teacher training
1218:informal economy
1105:gender relations
1007:in high school.
890:teacher training
679:Education stages
665:President Mugabe
509:. A decrease in
481:teacher training
460:refugee children
341:, prejudice and
293:that focused on
198:education system
103:17 October 1982
28:
21:
17:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3628:
3615:
3606:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3272:
3267:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3123:
3116:
3103:
3099:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3013:on 4 March 2016
3010:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2949:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2836:Wayback Machine
2825:
2816:
2801:10.2307/2295630
2785:
2778:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2449:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2157:
2153:
2143:UNICEF (2009).
2142:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2037:Wayback Machine
2026:
2019:
1988:
1981:
1942:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1809:
1802:
1789:
1778:
1759:
1742:
1703:
1699:
1684:
1675:
1660:
1639:
1620:
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1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
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1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:. SACMEQ 2010 (
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1279:
1246:
1172:economic crisis
1122:
1059:early marriages
1031:
985:
955:
925:economic crisis
920:
915:
876:which includes
870:tertiary sector
866:
860:
794:
788:
764:Social Sciences
747:, Contents and
709:
703:
686:
684:Early education
681:
653:social cohesion
645:
602:
570:
565:
436:
434:1980s and 1990s
381:
259:
249:
244:
238:
110:Literacy (2023)
104:
99:
67:General details
46:
39:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
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3618:
3609:
3595:Canary Islands
3591:
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3579:
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3576:
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3536:
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3526:
3521:
3516:
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3506:
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3426:
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1214:hyperinflation
1195:civil servants
1159:hyperinflation
1142:Teacher unions
1134:teacher unions
1121:
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1051:United Nations
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1005:discrimination
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36:
31:
27:
22:
16:
3634:Saint Helena
3605:
3548:
3509:South Africa
3499:Sierra Leone
3304:Burkina Faso
3208:. Retrieved
3199:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3171:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3143:
3136:
3128:
3109:
3100:
3084:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3047:
3043:
3015:. Retrieved
3008:the original
3003:
2999:
2956:
2952:
2929:. Retrieved
2909:
2905:
2876:
2865:13 September
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2852:. IPS 2008 (
2849:
2844:
2827:
2795:(1): 78–98.
2792:
2788:
2762:
2758:
2740:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2709:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:
2656:USAP Global.
2655:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2619:
2593:. Retrieved
2588:
2564:. Retrieved
2559:
2555:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:New Zimbabwe
2518:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2456:
2452:
2419:. Retrieved
2410:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2386:
2357:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2345:
2341:
2309:. Retrieved
2297:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2242:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2207:(2): 339–343
2204:
2201:Cato Journal
2200:
2187:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2124:. Retrieved
2113:
2105:
2075:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2063:
2028:
1998:(2): 84–99.
1995:
1991:
1949:
1945:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1879:
1848:
1841:
1816:
1812:
1795:
1761:
1713:(2): 27–32.
1710:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1667:
1663:
1622:
1617:
1601:
1574:
1565:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1500:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1457:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1412:
1408:
1388:. Retrieved
1331:. Retrieved
1321:
1271:
1247:
1222:
1203:
1191:South Africa
1183:black sector
1180:
1156:
1123:
1099:
1075:HIV and AIDs
1056:
1043:constitution
1040:
1009:
986:
956:
938:
921:
878:universities
867:
852:universities
840:
829:
803:
761:
718:
687:
673:
671:as of 2015.
661:Andrew Langa
646:
622:
603:
594:disabilities
586:
571:
558:
550:
518:HIV and AIDS
515:
493:
485:
453:
445:
424:independence
416:constitution
382:
360:
332:
295:agricultural
260:
230:
206:
185:
184:
98:Established
48:Amon Murwira
15:
3561:recognition
3514:South Sudan
3404:Ivory Coast
3210:15 November
3182:15 November
3154:15 November
3069:20 November
2931:17 November
2595:20 November
2421:20 November
2393:20 November
2244:20 November
2211:20 November
1914:20 November
1670:(1): 65–74.
1541:20 November
1511:20 November
1390:19 November
1333:10 November
1223:Today, the
886:polytechnic
637:centralized
625:recruitment
616:of students
487:to achieve
420:human right
396:sovereignty
347:Segregation
307:eurocentric
90:System type
3616:(Portugal)
3574:Somaliland
3494:Seychelles
3459:Mozambique
3444:Mauritania
3429:Madagascar
3384:The Gambia
3319:Cape Verde
3093:1317983092
3017:2 November
2771:1535263267
2741:The Herald
2720:21 October
2683:21 October
2637:10 October
2562:(1): 36–46
2525:2 November
2496:2 November
2359:1 November
2278:21 October
2126:21 October
2077:1 November
1571:"Zimbabwe"
1442:19 October
1437:Class Base
1314:References
1163:US dollars
1091:gender gap
989:disability
862:See also:
813:day school
790:See also:
705:See also:
651:to foster
464:Mozambique
448:government
402:, won the
311:Missionary
287:missionary
251:See also:
217:compulsory
105:4 May 1980
3449:Mauritius
3110:IRIN News
2566:1 October
2473:154684666
2311:23 August
2306:0013-0613
2239:0099-9660
2012:143982358
1974:144125858
1735:144102459
1727:0010-4086
1360:. UNESCO
1255:textbooks
1244:Textbooks
1132:, joined
1101:Textbooks
882:technical
832:Geography
520:, and an
499:continent
468:Australia
389:guerrilla
343:ethnicity
299:carpentry
171:10 %
160:Secondary
147:4 659,993
100:Initiated
3662:Category
3640: /
3636: /
3629:(France)
3623: /
3601: /
3597: /
3549:Zimbabwe
3524:Tanzania
3374:Ethiopia
3369:Eswatini
3349:Djibouti
3314:Cameroon
3299:Botswana
3064:67843180
2973:24835827
2926:43643835
2832:Archived
2767:ProQuest
2765:: 1–10.
2389:. UNICEF
2104:"(PDF).
2033:Archived
1833:12290971
1473:23 March
1456:SACMEQ.
1308:Zimbabwe
1277:See also
1216:and the
1193:because
1187:Botswana
1168:migrated
1138:violence
1126:teachers
1120:Teachers
1067:marriage
993:physical
964:uniforms
757:numeracy
741:Language
428:citizens
412:Rhodesia
324:Africans
271:Zimbabwe
267:Rhodesia
202:Zimbabwe
3625:Réunion
3621:Mayotte
3612:Madeira
3607:(Spain)
3603:Melilla
3534:Tunisia
3504:Somalia
3489:Senegal
3474:Nigeria
3464:Namibia
3454:Morocco
3419:Liberia
3414:Lesotho
3364:Eritrea
3334:Comoros
3309:Burundi
3284:Algeria
2809:2295630
1954:Bibcode
1794:(PDF).
1259:donated
1130:strikes
1079:poverty
1017:educate
972:orphans
960:tuition
953:Funding
836:History
776:Private
733:English
729:Ndebele
614:welfare
472:Britain
393:de jure
372:suburbs
328:British
303:Company
236:History
152:Primary
84:Ndebele
76:English
3644:
3627:
3614:
3544:Zambia
3539:Uganda
3479:Rwanda
3434:Malawi
3394:Guinea
3289:Angola
3129:UNICEF
3091:
3062:
2971:
2924:
2807:
2769:
2471:
2387:UNICEF
2304:
2237:
2175:
2106:UNICEF
2010:
1972:
1886:
1859:
1831:
1770:
1733:
1725:
1631:
1608:
1531:UNICEF
1263:UNICEF
1250:UNICEF
1238:strike
1022:stigma
834:, and
663:until
629:grants
530:UNICEF
526:UNICEF
495:UNICEF
476:Canada
367:zoning
281:. The
279:Zambia
275:Malawi
196:. The
131:Female
59:Budget
3599:Ceuta
3519:Sudan
3469:Niger
3424:Libya
3409:Kenya
3389:Ghana
3379:Gabon
3354:Egypt
3294:Benin
3204:(PDF)
3176:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3060:S2CID
3040:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2996:(PDF)
2922:S2CID
2902:(PDF)
2805:JSTOR
2631:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
2415:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
2353:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2268:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2008:S2CID
1970:S2CID
1853:(PDF)
1731:S2CID
1384:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1199:visas
725:Shona
462:from
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