Millennium Development Goals

792:. Paid work could increase women's access to health care and better nutrition, reducing child mortality. Increasing female education and workforce participation increased these effects. Improved economic opportunities for women also decreased participation in the sex market, which decreased the spread of AIDS, MDG 6A. Another way in which women can be empowered is through access to paid work. Kabeer states that this access increases women's agency in their households, it does so in the economic and political spheres as well. A study of women in rural Mexico found that those of them engaged in industrial work were able to negotiate and obtain a greater degree of respect in their households. Additionally, another study from Tanzania found that increased access to paid work led to a long-term reduction in domestic violence. Lastly, Women's employment and access to financial resources increased their political participation. Data from Bangladesh indicates that longer membership in microfinance organizations have many positive effects including higher levels of political participation and improved access to government programs. 323: 699:(IHP+) aimed to accelerate MDG progress by applying international principles for effective aid and development in the health sector. In developing countries, significant funding for health came from external sources requiring governments to coordinate with international development partners. As partner numbers increased variations in funding streams and bureaucratic demands followed. By encouraging support for a single national health strategy, a single monitoring and evaluation framework, and mutual accountability, IHP+ attempted to build confidence between government, civil society, development partners and other health stakeholders. 761: 5375: 673:

MDGs include gender and reproductive rights, environmental sustainability, and spread of technology. Prioritizing interventions helps developing countries with limited resources make decisions about allocating their resources. MDGs also strengthen the commitment of developed countries and encourage aid and information sharing. The global commitment to the goals likely increases the likelihood of their success. They note that MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty reduction targets in world history.

36: 818: 227:, framed the questions of UN reform within the larger challenges facing the world, the chief of which was identified as "to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world's people, instead of leaving billions of them behind in squalor". In the report Annan urged the forthcoming Millennium Summit to adopt certain key goals and objectives on many of the issues raised in the Copenhagen summit, other conferences of the 1990s, and the recently published 215:, turned some of the Copenhagen commitments into six monitorable "International Development Goals", which had similar content and form to the eventual MDGs: halving poverty by 2015; universal primary education by 2015; eliminating gender disparity in schools by 2005; reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality by 2015, universal access to reproductive health services by 2015 and adequate national strategies for sustainable development in place everywhere by 2015. 297:) and education. Infrastructure objectives include access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; increased farm outputs using sustainable practices; transportation; and environment. Human rights objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services and increasing security of property rights. The goals were intended to increase an individual's 1403: 1393: 1383: 169:

sanitation, (3) increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone, (4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation (5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone (Hutton, G. Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, 2004 WHO-Geneva)

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common set of constraints in scaling up international health, including the lack of absorptive capacity, weak health systems, human resource limitations, and high costs. The study argued that the emphasis on coverage obscures the measures required for expanding health care. These measures include political, organizational, and functional dimensions of scaling up, and the need to nurture local organizations.

989:, which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. The recommendations for rural Africa are currently being implemented and documented in the Millennium Villages, and in several national scale-up efforts such as in Nigeria. 908:(NERICA), a high-yielding and well adapted strain, was developed and introduced in areas including Congo Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda. Some 18 varieties of this strain became available, enabling African farmers to produce enough rice to feed their families and have extra to sell. 4472: 241:

continued for some time. A crucial moment here was unification between discussions under the auspices of the United Nations and approaches being followed by the OECD based on "Shaping the 21st Century"; this unification was agreed at a meeting convened by the World Bank in March 2001. In September 2001, Annan presented to the General Assembly a

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while the opposite is true in Latin America and the Caribbean – boys are at a disadvantage." Similarly in tertiary education there are disparities "at the expense of men in Northern Africa, Eastern Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean" while conversely they are "at the expense of women in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa."

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The UN's Commission on the Status of Women electing to have created a goal dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women further demonstrated how the United Nations's Millennium Development Goals did not make much progress on gender equality. The goal of achieving gender equity is still a

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reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets, noting that "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union". Further, the UN "believe that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by

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immunization. Still, government expenditure in many countries is not enough to meet the agreed spending targets. Research on health systems suggests that a "one size fits all" model will not sufficiently respond to the individual healthcare profiles of developing countries; however, the study found a

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As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women's

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Between 1990 and 2010 the population living on less than $ 1.25 a day in developing countries halved to 21%, or 1.2 billion people, achieving MDG1A before the target date, although the biggest decline was in China, which took no notice of the goal. However, the child mortality and maternal mortality

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Interventions evaluated include (1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water), (2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate

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education programs. As a result, MDG goals for poverty, healthcare, and education fall short. High rates of HIV/AIDS, and escalating child and maternal mortality are the direct result of poverty and substandard medical care. Limited instruction in information access and exchange contributes to this

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However MDG monitor points out that while parity has been achieved across the developing world, there are regional and national differences favouring girls in some cases and boys in others. In secondary education in "Western Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa, girls are still at a disadvantage,

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to eliminate such fees, increasing enrollment. For instance, in Ghana, public school enrollment in the most deprived districts rose from 4.2 million to 5.4 million between 2004 and 2005. In Kenya, primary school enrollment added 1.2 million in 2003 and by 2004, the number had climbed

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The attention to well being other than income helps bring funding to achieving MDGs. Further MDGs prioritize interventions, establish obtainable objectives with useful measurements of progress despite measurement issues and increased the developed world's involvement in worldwide poverty reduction.

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as a result of failure to include, often, the voices of the very participants that the MDGs seek to assist. The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty, in its post 2015 thematic consultation document on MDG 69 states "The major limitation of the MDGs by 2015 was the lack of political

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Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half

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was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs. He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01), which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5, and 6. He worked

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Although the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through improving gender equality, the political will is often missing. If donor and developing countries focused on seven "priority areas", great progress could be made towards the MDG. These seven priority areas include:

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MDG proponents such as McArthur and Sachs countered that setting goals is still valid despite measurement difficulties, as they provide a political and operational framework to efforts. With an increase in the quantity and quality of healthcare systems in developing countries, more data could be

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with a long and complex list of commitments by global leaders, including many adapted from the outcomes of previous conferences. But international aid levels were falling and, in that same year, the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD set up a reflection process to review the future of

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The MDGs may under-emphasize local participation and empowerment (other than women's empowerment). FIAN International, a human rights organization focusing on the right to adequate food, contributed to the Post 2015 process by pointing out a lack of: "primacy of human rights; qualifying policy

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Although there have been major advancements and improvements achieving some of the MDGs even before the deadline of 2015, the progress has been uneven between the countries. In 2012 the UN Secretary-General established the "UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda", bringing

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It is thought by some women's rights' advocatess that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education, and political representation. Feminist writers such as

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in Washington, D.C., is considered the best numerical indicator for MDG 8. It is a more comprehensive measure of donor progress than official development assistance, as it takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as trade, migration and

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echoing the agenda that Annan had set out. This declaration did not specifically mention "Millennium Development Goals", but it does contain the substance – and much of the same wording – as the eventual goals. A process of selecting and refining the Goals from the content of the Declaration

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reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact." Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the Projects methods were

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are impossible to measure and that current UN estimates lack scientific validity or are missing. Household surveys are the primary measure for the health MDGs but may be poor and duplicative measurements that consume limited resources. Furthermore, countries with the highest levels of these

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agreed on a document that called for the acceleration of progress towards achieving the millennium development goals, and confirmed the need for a stand-alone goal on gender equality and women's empowerment in post-2015 goals, and for gender equality to underpin all of the post-2015 goals.

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While the World Bank and AfDB limited MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's eligibility criteria were slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with

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Following the end of the Cold War, a series of UN‑led conferences in the 1990s had focused on issues such as children, nutrition, human rights and women, producing commitments for combined international action on those matters. The 1995 World Summit on Social Development produced a

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In late 1997, the UN General Assembly envisaged a special Millennium Assembly and forum as a focus for efforts to reform the UN system. A year later, it specifically resolved to hold not only the Millennium Assembly but also a Millennium Summit, and mandated the Secretary-General,

314:, debt relief, increasing aid, access to affordable essential medicines and encouraging technology transfer. Thus developing nations ostensibly became partners with developed nations in the struggle to reduce world poverty.(GOAL 8 TO DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT) 1122:

in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to accelerate progress towards the eight anti-poverty goals. Major new commitments on women's and children's health, poverty, hunger and disease ensued.

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General criticisms include a perceived lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives. Some of the indicator definitions, baselines and targets were changed after their first adoption, to suggest that progress had been better than was really the case.

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MDG 2 focuses on primary education and emphasizes enrollment and completion. In some countries, primary enrollment increased at the expense of achievement levels. In some cases, the emphasis on primary education has negatively affected secondary and post-secondary education.

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increasing girls' completion of secondary school, guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health rights, improving infrastructure to ease women's and girl's time burdens, guaranteeing women's property rights, reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by

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Albright, K., & Kawooya, D. (2007). Libraries in the time of AIDS: African perspectives and recommendations for a revised model of LIS education. International Information And Library Review, 39 (Library and Information Science Education in Developing Countries),

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and James Scott note that the process of creating the MDGs was diffuse, having no single architect and "no clear start or end". They also comment that the process was driven by rich states rather than the countries that would be more the subject of MDG interventions.

996:, which Sachs directs, operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. The MVP has engendered considerable controversy associated as critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012 911:

The region also showed progress towards MDG 2. School fees that included Parent-Teacher Association and community contributions, textbook fees, compulsory uniforms and other charges took up nearly a quarter of a poor family's income and led countries including

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The World We Want 2015 was a platform and joint venture between the United Nations and Civil Society Organizations that supported citizen participation in defining a new global development framework to replace the Millennium Development Goals.

223:, to come up with proposals for "a number of forward-looking and widely relevant topics", thus opening the possibility of going beyond the institutional questions of UN reform. Annan's report, when published in April 2000 under the title 5283: 4507: 5081: 665:

conditions typically have the least reliable data collection. The study also argued that without accurate measures, it is impossible to determine the amount of progress, leaving MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.

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MDGs emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight, which sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership for development" by supporting

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thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.

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Although developed countries' financial aid rose during the Millennium Challenge, more than half went towards debt relief. Much of the remainder aid money went towards disaster relief and military aid. According to the

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The Gleaneagles plan became the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Countries became eligible once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms they had implemented.

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One success was to strengthen rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa. By the mid‑1990s, rice imports reached nearly $ 1 billion annually. Farmers had not found suitable rice varieties that produce high yields.

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have argued that in order to encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.

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aim to increase MDG awareness and public support by engaging teacher training institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local teaching resources that promote the MDGs with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

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where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's development and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability. Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as

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which did contain a section specifically about "the Millennium Development Goals", enunciating some of them in their eventual wording, and indicating the remaining issues in formulating a definitive set.

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was launched to increase support for the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at global and regional levels.

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was one of the world's poorest countries and remains South Asia's poorest country. Doubling health spending and concentrating on its poorest areas halved maternal mortality between 1998 and 2006. Its

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Fundamental issues such as gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, according to researchers at the

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paper claiming a 3-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology, and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".

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and UNDP; it aimed to demonstrate MDG feasibility through an integrated, community-led approach. The project ran from 2005 to 2015, operating in 15 sites across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars a day (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) from 1981 to 2008 based on data from The World Bank

2123: 1149:, itself a developing country, played a significant role in providing medical personnel to other developing nations; it has trained more than 14,500 medical students from 30 countries at its 1157:

since 1999. Moreover, some 36,000 Cuban physicians worked in 72 countries, from Europe to Southeast Asia, including 31 African countries, and 29 countries in the Americas. Countries such as

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and initiated a process of consultations. Civil society organizations also engaged in the post-2015 process, along with academia and other research institutions, including think tanks.

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and "advance the means to a productive life". The MDGs emphasize that each nation's policies should be tailored to that country's needs; therefore most policy suggestions are general.

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United Nations. 2006. "The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006." United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf (accessed 2 January 2008).

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estimated that MDG 1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $ 1 a day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.

4551: 4139: 2998: 2831: 2124:"Posición Comite Internacional de Planificacion por la Soberania Alimentaria Consultación Informal Temática sobre Hambre, Alimentación y Nutrición Post 2015, con actores del" 1131:

According to MDG Monitor, the target under MDG 3 "To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015" was met.

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Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

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that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as ODA to developing countries".

5029: 4055: 4006: 4969: 4817: 4024: 2866: 3652:"(2012). The Humanist Quantum Interference: Towards the "Homo Conscienciatus". Javier Collado Ruano, October 17th: International Day for the Eradication of Poverty" 883:(AfDB) to cancel the remaining HIPC multilateral debt ($ 40 to $ 55 billion). Recipients would theoretically re-channel debt payments to health and education. 4541: 4477: 4430: 4194: 1028: 4879: 4695: 3236: 1143:

Improving living conditions in developing countries may encourage healthy workers not to move to other places that offer a better lifestyle for their countries.

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is an initiative launched by the teaching team that formulated the proposal most voted in the group "Sustainable Development for the Eradication of Poverty in

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The Youth in Action EU Programme "Cartoons in Action" project created animated videos about MDGs, and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64 videogames.

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Iterations of proven local successes should be scaled up to address the larger need through human energy and existing resources using methodologies such as

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and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.

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Increased focus on gender issues could accelerate MDG progress, e.g. empowering women through access to paid work could help reduce child mortality. In

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Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.

228: 5304: 4447: 4164: 1254: 4722: 4502: 3994: 3960: 3881: 1341: 70:. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the "Shaping the 21st Century Strategy". The 1398: 5278: 4922: 4917: 4773: 4271: 3507: 3815: 2468: 1639: 145:

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The eight goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the

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of $ 380 or less qualified for debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $ 380 threshold because it closely approximated the HIPC threshold.

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The MDGs lack strong objectives and indicators for within-country equality, despite significant disparities in many developing nations.

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have shown that it is possible to reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive yet effective interventions, such as

1378: 715:. Researchers at the ODI argued that progress could be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a 669:

collected. They asserted that non-health related MDGs were often well measured, and that not all MDGs were made moot by lack of data.

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Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders

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Gender disparity has reduced dramatically at all levels of education in the developing regions since 2000, hitting the MDG target.

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Kabeer, Naila (2005). "Gender equality and women's empowerment: a critical analysis of the third millennium development goal".

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Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

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assisting were the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., the Global Poverty Project, the

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Singer, M (2008). "Drugs and Development: The Global Impact of Drug Use and Trafficking on Social and Economic Development".

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and aims to create a common place to disseminate transcultural, transpolitical, transnational and transhumanist knowledge.

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to support the Millennium Development Goals. Their aim was to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015".

1220: 716: 165:(HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty. 3234: 402:

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

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has made some of the greatest improvements in infant and maternal mortality ever seen, despite modest income growth.

736:'s dual-track approach to liberalization (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the 676:

Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone. In the case of MDG 4, developing countries such as

583: 277:), with the intent of increasing living standards. Human capital objectives include nutrition, healthcare (including 192:, The Youth in Action EU Programme, "Cartoons in Action" video project and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project. 5251: 4420: 2225: 1669:"Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration: Report of the Secretary-General" 1110:

The Australian government committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015–2016.

917: 696: 2736:. 2005. "Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals". 1031:(2006), the 50 least developed countries received about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries. 5007: 4425: 4410: 3979: 3955: 1351: 1310: 1092: 1044: 595: 512:

Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers

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together more than 60 UN agencies and international organizations to focus and work on sustainable development.

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Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially

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Grown, Caren (2005). "Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals".

2534: 2505: 2476: 849: 741: 708: 689: 3163: 640:. Without such accountability, no substantial change in national and international policies can be expected." 5299: 5217: 5138: 5096: 5056: 4984: 4665: 4590: 4575: 3904: 3255: 2109: 1413: 1189: 974: 611:. Thus, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration. 600: 579: 185: 71: 27: 3797:

Gillian Sorensen, Senior Advisor to the United Nations Foundation, discusses UN Millennium Development Goals

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Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system

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Rosenfield, Allan; Maine, Deborah; Freedman, Lynn (September 2006). "Meeting MDG-5: an impossible dream?".

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Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the

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Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the

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Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States

4281: 4100: 2419:"Do We Have the Right Models for Scaling Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals?" 2247:"An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured" 1362: 993: 614:

Agriculture was not specifically mentioned in the MDGs even though most of the world's poor are farmers.

327: 154: 100: 82: 4440: 3391: 2185:"The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015" 181:

and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.

5076: 5039: 5034: 4620: 4368: 4040: 3928: 274: 3210: 1107:(OECD) nations, did not donate 0.7% of their GNI. Some nations' contributions fell far short of 0.7%. 732:'s eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in visits from the very poorest or else 4809: 4795: 4683: 4326: 4231: 4214: 3885: 1346: 1285: 772:

in New York, addressing gender roles and issues in film such as her organisation's work in combating

56: 3804:– YouTube channel on the work in progress for the achievement of the MDGs connected to the Wikibook 3182: 5101: 5086: 4671: 1309:

Albright and Kwooya (2007) write that cultural and financial barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa impede

880: 737: 427: 249: 158: 3140: 1610: 1231:. (or simply the "Millennium Promise") is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2005 by 364:

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $ 1.25 a day

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Huish, Robert (2009). "Canadian Foreign Aid for Global Health: Human Security Opportunity Lost".

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will to implement due to the lack of ownership of the MDGs by the most affected constituencies".

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Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

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The Political Economy of the MDGs : Retrospect and Prospect for the World's Biggest Promise

5133: 4595: 4316: 2780: 2754: 721: 623: 343: 3024: 2974: 2897: 2589: 1553:"Renewing the United Nations: a programme for reform (Resolution 52/12 B of 19 December 1997)" 346:, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable 5360: 5332: 5324: 5121: 5019: 4732: 4174: 3895: 1211:

prominent issue and factor to in global development due to its ties to the rest of the SDGs.

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curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University

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curated by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Michigan State University

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International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

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Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. "Can The Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?"

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MDG 8 uniquely focuses on donor achievements, rather than development successes. The

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Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to

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Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change

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Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

5183: 3751: 3482: 2716: 2678: 2445: 2418: 2326: 2299: 2275: 2246: 2209: 2184: 1581:"The Millennium Assembly of the United Nations (Resolution 53/202 of 17 December 1998)" 1408: 1357: 1228: 1059: 833:, are not on track to realize any. The major successful countries include China (whose 712: 653: 189: 3739: 3369: 3306: 3281: 2416: 2200: 1552: 1493:. Manchester: University of Manchester. Brooks World Poverty Institute. pp. 3–5. 1276:

The Teach MDGs, and Accessing Development Education European projects, coordinated by

414:

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

5193: 5148: 5128: 5013: 4783: 4677: 4615: 4415: 3876: 3743: 3659: 3311: 2978: 2967: 2625: 2450: 2331: 2280: 2214: 2103: 2006: 1791: 1504: 1494: 1239:. Millennium Promise coordinated the Millennium Villages Project in partnership with 892: 492: 387: 347: 63: 3755: 3141:"United Nations Report of the International Conference on Financing for Development" 2802: 2720: 2682: 2560: 1668: 4749: 4689: 4659: 4341: 4035: 3735: 3508:"At Global Citizen Festival, Ban tells crowd 'a better world is around the corner'" 3301: 3293: 2827: 2708: 2670: 2617: 2440: 2430: 2321: 2311: 2270: 2260: 2204: 2196: 2090:. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 2003:

An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency

1702: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1250:

The Global Poverty Project, later rebranded as Global Citizen, supported the MDGs.

1039:

Over the past 35 years, UN members have repeatedly "commit 0.7% of rich-countries'

834: 785: 335: 174: 3068: 860:

are down by less than half. Sanitation and education targets will also be missed.

243:"Road map towards the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration" 4112: 3240: 3169: 2905: 2674: 2621: 2395: 2376: 2316: 2265: 1119: 769: 278: 119: 113: 106: 90: 5374: 3392:"UN Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Panel on Post-2015 Development Agenda" 1440: 85:, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 3852: 3344: 2740:, Vol. 13, No. 1, Millennium Development Goals (March 2005), pp. 9–12 2733: 1072: 876: 725: 637: 608: 266: 44: 3585: 3211:"Poverty Can Be Halved If Efforts Are Coupled with Better Governance, says TI" 2417:

Subramanian, Savitha; Joseph Naimoli; Toru Matsubayashi; David Peters (2011).

1508: 1199:

appointed 26 public and private leaders to advise him on the post-MDG agenda.

5393: 3785:

Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal

3663: 3297: 2943: 2921: 2435: 2251: 1640:"United Nations Millennium Declaration (Resolution 52/2 of 8 September 2000)" 1324: 1232: 998: 953: 331: 262: 35: 16:

Eight international development goals for the year 2015 by the United Nations

3791:

Ensure Environmental Sustainability by 2015 | UN Millennium Development Goal

952:

Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in 2000,

817: 5379: 5256: 5116: 4117: 3816:

The Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific: 12 Things to Know

3747: 3420: 3315: 2900:

University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book

2629: 2454: 2335: 2284: 2242: 2218: 1488: 1236: 1091:

The US consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the

805: 789: 661: 501: 486:

into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources

286: 1023:

Malaria deaths declined by more than one-third, saving millions of lives.

879:

in July and agreed to provide enough funds to the World Bank, IMF and the

234:

The Millennium Summit and the General Assembly in September 2000 issued a

161:(AfDB) to cancel $ 40 to $ 55 billion in debt owed by members of the 5345: 5159:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

1336: 1196: 765: 3417:"Campaigners Welcome 'Milestone' Agreement at UN Gender Equality Talks." 1523:"Shaping the 21st century: The contribution of development co-operation" 5246: 4311: 3801: 3726: 3629: 1522: 1443:", United Nations Millennium Development Goals, retrieved 16 June 2009. 1258: 966: 937: 853: 838: 781: 677: 587: 517: 505: 442: 311: 220: 150: 1965: 1943: 1921: 1899: 1877: 1855: 1833: 1811: 825:

Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven across countries.

1580: 1166: 1162: 733: 466:

Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of

369:

Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People

149:

finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the

3772: 3559: 3533: 1611:"We the peoples: The role of the United Nations in the 21st century" 788:

and high mortality due to limited access to healthcare and maternal

395: 342:

The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the

225:"We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century" 4236: 4224: 3460: 1158: 1003:

responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012

978: 941: 921: 282: 125: 607:

The MDGs were attacked for insufficient emphasis on environmental

449:

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of

5154:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

3821: 3806: 1290: 1084:

However, the United States as well as other nations disputed the

982: 913: 681: 657: 495:, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss 467: 290: 256: 129: 3435:"Kofi Annan and the Transition to Sustainable Development Goals" 426:

Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the

4301: 4219: 4189: 4154: 3345:"Millennium Development Goals and post-2015 Development Agenda" 1294: 1154: 945: 933: 872: 826: 729: 386:

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of

357: 94: 475: 379: 26:

This article is about the 2015 goals. For the 2030 goals, see

4199: 2896:

E. Carrasco, C. McClellan, & J. Ro (2007)

1298: 929: 925: 845: 830: 173:

went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards

2999:"Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs" 1724: 3687:. Globaleducationmagazine.com. 16 June 2012. Archived from 2389:"The Feasibility of Financing Sectoral Development Targets" 1966:"Goal :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development" 1146: 454: 59: 3583: 3088: 3086: 2958: 2297: 1922:"Goal :: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases" 1328:(2008), a series of eight short films about the eight MDGs 177:

relief and military aid, rather than further development.

3630:"Welcome to the Development Education online Depository!" 2298:

McArthur, J. W.; Sachs, J. D.; Schmidt-Traub, G. (2005).

1331: 837:

declined from 452 million to 278 million) and India. The

450: 338:, United States, showing the Millennium Development Goals 2918:"Goal :: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 2837:. Development Research Group, World Bank. Archived from 1856:"Goal :: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women" 1029:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

1012:

Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010

3337: 3083: 985:. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the 971:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

868: 852:

has seen the largest decreases of any tracked country.

407: 146: 1454:"Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development Annex I" 1105:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2643: 2641: 2639: 748:

The effects of increasing drug use were noted by the

652:

A publication from 2005 argued that goals related to

39:

The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.

5112:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5062:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3279: 2694: 2692: 2237: 2235: 2070:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) pp. 25–33. 636:

coherence; and of human rights based monitoring and

518:

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

443:

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

3424:. Retrieved from TheGuardian.com, 8 February 2019. 3282:"Can the Millennium Development Goals Be Attained?" 2066:Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, 1812:"Goal :: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger" 1637: 1550: 1214: 622:The entire MDG process has been accused of lacking 5169:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 3256:"MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women" 3116:"External Relations Council, Brussels 24 May 2005" 2966: 2636: 2352:, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (14 August 2004), pp. 394–397 1944:"Goal :: Ensure Environmental Sustainability" 1834:"Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education" 1181:At the MDG Summit, UN Member States discussed the 829:achieved many of the goals, while others, such as 419: 5305:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 2944:"Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 2689: 2232: 1666: 434:Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to 396:Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 5391: 3780:One page chart of the status of the MDGs at 2013 3723: 2291: 1342:Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities 1047:". The commitment was first made in 1970 by the 5279:World Federation of United Nations Associations 4774:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1997: 1172: 141:To develop a global partnership for development 2920:. Mdg Monitor. 1 November 2007. Archived from 2795: 2498:"MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide" 2183:Waage, Jeff; et al. (18 September 2010). 2155: 1257:was an international campaign that encourages 973:. He also worked with senior officials of the 863: 768:in a speech at the MDG Countdown event at the 257:Human capital, infrastructure and human rights 3837: 3370:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals" 2825: 2053: 2051: 1703:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals" 617: 5174:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3280:Haines, Andy; Andrew Cassels (August 2004). 2898:"Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation" 2031:"Exposing the great 'poverty reduction' lie" 529:Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the 358:Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 211:development aid. The resulting 1996 report, 208:Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development 3579: 3577: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2861: 2859: 2561:"IHP+ The International Health Partnership" 1725:"Tracking the Millennium Development Goals" 1487:Hulme, David; Scott, James (January 2010). 476:Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 380:Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education 5267:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 5179:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities 3844: 3830: 3250: 3248: 2590:Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 2048: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1667:Secretary-General, Un (6 September 2001). 1486: 19:"MDG" redirects here. For other uses, see 3305: 2603: 2601: 2444: 2434: 2325: 2315: 2274: 2264: 2208: 1692:"The Millennium Development Goals Report" 1638:UN General Assembly (18 September 2000). 4696:Conference on International Organization 3574: 3180: 2885: 2856: 2355: 1747:"List of goals, targets, and indicators" 816: 800:, and combating violence against women. 759: 752:as a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs. 321: 62:for the year 2015 created following the 34: 4611:Office international d'hygiène publique 3245: 3096:. UN Millennium Project. 1 January 2007 3067:. UN Millennium Project. Archived from 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2241: 1980: 977:to develop the PEPFAR program to fight 482:Target 7A: Integrate the principles of 5392: 4406:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 2964: 2660: 2607: 2598: 2342: 1900:"Goal :: Improve Maternal Health" 1796:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1551:UN General Assembly (9 January 1998). 1435: 1433: 1095:first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970. 724:. Examples abound, including Brazil's 5320:UN television film series (1964–1966) 5072:International Narcotics Control Board 5003:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 4791:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants 4762:Convention on the Rights of the Child 4740:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3825: 3328: 3183:"Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty" 2698: 2182: 2028: 2024: 2022: 1878:"Goal :: Reduce Child Mortality" 1113: 1034: 898: 784:countries babies often suffered from 231:on international peace and security. 68:United Nations Millennium Declaration 5144:United Nations Postal Administration 4779:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 4498:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2713:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100170 2610:International Journal of Drug Policy 2575: 2563:. Internationalhealthpartnership.net 1604: 1602: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1399:Development Cooperation Testimonials 1368:United Nations Development Programme 875:in June 2005 in preparation for the 750:International Journal of Drug Policy 408:Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates 4547:Permanent representatives to the UN 4436:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs 3181:Engardio, Pete (2 September 2005). 1430: 1195:On 31 July 2012, Secretary-General 388:Primary education/primary schooling 74:(SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016. 13: 5356:Withdrawal from the United Nations 4542:Security Council Permanent members 3851: 3622: 3558:. Socialab.wix.com. Archived from 3039:"Free exchange: The next frontier" 3031: 2973:. New York: Random House. p. 2019: 1221:United Nations Millennium Campaign 969:in 2000–2001 to design and launch 14: 5416: 5341:United Nations in popular culture 5025:Expulsion from the United Nations 4970:General Assembly President (2016) 3764: 3536:. Micah Challenge. 9 October 2012 2669:(Gender and Development): 13–24. 2158:"Post 2015 Thematic Consultation" 1608: 1599: 1560:World Legal Information Institute 1475: 1204:Commission on the Status of Women 1169:benefited from Cuban assistance. 1151:Latin American School of Medicine 1066: 755: 584:asset-based community development 261:The MDGs emphasized three areas: 5373: 3811:Development Cooperation Handbook 3805: 3584:R.I.P. giovane e dolce Melissa. 2867:"Poverty: Growth or safety net?" 1401: 1391: 1381: 1229:Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc 1215:Related activities/organisations 1079: 1054:The text of the commitment was: 918:Democratic Republic of the Congo 697:International Health Partnership 643: 66:, following the adoption of the 4929:International Court of Justice 4478:Sport for Development and Peace 3716: 3703: 3677: 3644: 3600: 3548: 3526: 3500: 3475: 3453: 3427: 3409: 3384: 3362: 3322: 3273: 3228: 3203: 3174: 3157: 3133: 3108: 3057: 3017: 2991: 2936: 2910: 2819: 2769: 2743: 2727: 2654: 2588:MDGs Targets for 2005 and 2015 2553: 2519: 2490: 2461: 2410: 2381: 2364: 2176: 2149: 2116: 2081:"Human Development Report 2003" 2073: 2060: 2029:Hikel, Jason (21 August 2014). 1958: 1936: 1914: 1892: 1870: 1848: 1826: 1804: 1764: 1739: 1717: 1695: 1686: 1389:Development Cooperation Stories 1352:Official development assistance 1311:library and information science 1138: 1118:A major conference was held at 1045:Official Development Assistance 630: 596:Commitment to Development Index 420:Goal 5: Improve maternal health 163:heavily indebted poor countries 5405:Librarianship and human rights 4606:Permanent Court of Arbitration 4601:International Peace Conference 3968:International Court of Justice 3685:"NGO Educar para Vivir (2012)" 2946:. MDG Monitor. 1 November 2007 2535:Overseas Development Institute 2527:"Economic Growth and the MDGs" 2506:Overseas Development Institute 2477:Overseas Development Institute 1660: 1631: 1573: 1544: 1515: 1446: 1379:Development Cooperation Issues 850:Multidimensional Poverty Index 709:Overseas Development Institute 690:Overseas Development Institute 555:information and communications 304: 186:non-governmental organizations 1: 5139:Sustainable Development Goals 4666:Declaration by United Nations 4591:International Telegraph Union 3740:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69386-0 2779:. MDG Monitor. Archived from 2753:. MDG Monitor. Archived from 2201:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8 1752:. Siteresources.worldbank.org 1424: 1414:Sustainable Development Goals 1190:Sustainable Development Goals 975:George W. Bush administration 601:Center for Global Development 580:participatory rural appraisal 195: 72:Sustainable Development Goals 28:Sustainable Development Goals 5400:Millennium Development Goals 5067:International Criminal Court 4503:UN organizations by location 3415:Ford, Liz (23 March 2014). 2675:10.1080/13552070512331332273 2622:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.007 2423:BMC Health Services Research 2350:BMJ: British Medical Journal 2317:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379 2266:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318 1858:. Mdg Monitor. 30 April 2011 1419:Declaration of Sexual Rights 1374:Post-2015 Development Agenda 1304: 1271: 1183:Post-2015 Development Agenda 1173:Post 2015 development agenda 599:, published annually by the 561: 137:environmental sustainability 79:United Nations member states 49:Millennium Development Goals 7: 5201:Security Council veto power 4508:Sexual Violence in Conflict 4431:Economic and Social Affairs 4002:Economic and Social Council 3632:. Developmenteducation.info 3487:Millennium Promise Alliance 2651:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1363:Seoul Development Consensus 1317: 994:Millennium Villages Project 864:Multilateral debt reduction 812: 328:United Nations Headquarters 155:International Monetary Fund 101:universal primary education 83:international organizations 10: 5421: 5252:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea 5077:International Day of Peace 4559:General Assembly Observers 3882:General Assembly President 2969:Mountains Beyond Mountains 2300:"Response to Amir Attaran" 1880:. Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011 1836:. Mdg Monitor. 15 May 2011 1727:. Mdg Monitor. 16 May 2011 965:with UN Secretary-General 618:Alleged lack of legitimacy 566: 213:"Shaping the 21st Century" 200: 25: 18: 5369: 5292: 4983: 4905: 4808: 4796:World Heritage Convention 4705: 4684:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 4646: 4583: 4574: 4520: 4394:General Assembly Building 4367: 4250: 4022: 3921: 3903: 3894: 3859: 3656:Global Education Magazine 3121:. Unmillenniumproject.org 3025:"Does It Take a Village?" 2108:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1347:International development 1286:Global Education Magazine 871:Finance Ministers met in 702: 531:Least Developed Countries 57:international development 5102:Military Staff Committee 4441:Dag Hammarskjöld Library 3944:Deputy Secretary-General 3873:Deputy Secretary-General 3298:10.1136/bmj.329.7462.394 2803:"Halving Global Poverty" 2436:10.1186/1472-6963-11-336 2375:2 September 2010 at the 2001:; Shahani, Lila (2009). 881:African Development Bank 738:World Trade Organization 470:and other major diseases 428:maternal mortality ratio 317: 159:African Development Bank 5273:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 5235:UN International School 5230:UN Federal Credit Union 5211:Security Council reform 5047:Four Nations Initiative 4975:Security Council (2016) 4818:Security Council vetoes 3949:Under-Secretary-General 3818:Asian Development Bank. 3286:British Medical Journal 3216:. UN Millennium Project 1126: 1098: 981:, and the PMI to fight 774:inequality in Hollywood 484:sustainable development 5223:Security Council mural 5189:Millennium Declaration 5134:SDG Publishers Compact 4596:Universal Postal Union 2965:Kidder, Tracy (2003). 2738:Gender and Development 2663:Gender and Development 2088:The Millennium Project 1293:". It is supported by 1064: 822: 777: 764:The Hollywood actress 344:Millennium Declaration 339: 237:Millennium Declaration 40: 5361:Women in peacekeeping 5020:Drug control treaties 3483:"Millennium villages" 2751:"Brazil: Quick Facts" 2647:Kabeer, Naila. 2003. 2469:"Gender and the MDGs" 2226:registration required 1705:. Un.org. 20 May 2008 1056: 1041:gross national income 987:UN Millennium Project 949:to 7.2 million. 820: 763: 740:. Researchers at the 325: 38: 5315:United Nations Radio 5310:United Nations Medal 5262:University for Peace 4993:Bretton Woods system 4728:governed territories 4473:Developing Countries 4384:Secretariat Building 4253:Specialized agencies 3802:"The Vrinda Project" 3691:on 24 September 2015 3463:. Millennium Promise 3239:1 April 2012 at the 2904:31 July 2008 at the 2830:(29 February 2012). 2777:"Benin: Quick Facts" 2156:FIAN International. 1278:Future Worlds Center 1060:developing countries 132:, and other diseases 21:MDG (disambiguation) 5087:International Years 5052:Genocide Convention 4488:Outer Space Affairs 4483:Disarmament Affairs 4448:Safety and Security 4389:Conference Building 4369:Secretariat offices 4014:Trusteeship Council 3734:(9542): 1133–1135. 3658:. 17 October 2012. 3586:"Cartoons inAction" 3514:. 28 September 2014 3190:BusinessWeek online 3071:on 18 February 2015 3045:. 21 September 2013 2873:. 21 September 2013 2844:on 4 September 2012 2783:on 16 December 2012 1093:UN General Assembly 1086:Monterrey Consensus 1049:UN General Assembly 962:Columbia University 958:The Earth Institute 906:New Rice for Africa 844:In the early 1990s 798:women in government 776:(24 September 2013) 502:safe drinking water 436:reproductive health 352:economic indicators 295:reproductive health 5107:Official languages 4654:London Declaration 4463:Internal Oversight 4453:Palestinian Rights 4025:Funds, programmes, 3562:on 2 November 2013 3349:The United Nations 3331:Can Foreign Policy 3258:. 15 November 2016 3168:8 May 2009 at the 2924:on 30 January 2012 2531:ODI Briefing Paper 2502:ODI Briefing Paper 2473:ODI Briefing Paper 2195:(9745): 991–1023. 2164:on 2 November 2013 1999:Deneulin, Séverine 1587:. 12 February 1999 1409:Sports for Sharing 1358:Precaria (country) 1202:In 2014, the UN's 1114:Review Summit 2010 1035:Funding commitment 899:Sub-Saharan Africa 835:poverty population 823: 778: 654:maternal mortality 491:Target 7B: Reduce 340: 299:human capabilities 269:and human rights ( 81:, and at least 22 41: 5387: 5386: 5218:UN Art Collection 5194:Millennium Summit 5149:UN Block By Block 5129:Ralph Bunche Park 5097:UN laissez-passer 5057:UN Global Compact 5014:Delivering as One 4913:Secretary-General 4804: 4803: 4784:Indigenous Caucus 4678:Tehran Conference 4672:Moscow Conference 4647:Preparatory years 4616:League of Nations 4516: 4515: 4416:Palace of Nations 4118:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 3934:Secretary-General 3877:Amina J. Mohammed 3864:Secretary-General 3441:. 6 December 2018 2828:Ravallion, Martin 2398:on 5 October 2012 1500:978-1-907247-09-5 1314:ongoing dilemma. 893:per capita income 877:Gleneagles Summit 711:into the role of 493:biodiversity loss 354:for each target. 348:health indicators 109:and empower women 64:Millennium Summit 5412: 5380:World portal 5378: 5377: 5284:Biopiracy treaty 4870:Nagorno-Karabakh 4840:Security Council 4823:General Assembly 4750:Human Rights Day 4690:Yalta Conference 4660:Atlantic Charter 4581: 4580: 4537:Founding members 4458:Peace Operations 4342:World Bank Group 4036:Culture of Peace 4027:and other bodies 3980:Security Council 3956:General Assembly 3922:Principal organs 3901: 3900: 3868:António Guterres 3846: 3839: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3809: 3776: 3775: 3773:Official website 3759: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3333:(1192–6422): 60. 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3252: 3243: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2914: 2908: 2894: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2605: 2596: 2586: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2537:. 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2732: 2728: 2697: 2690: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2606: 2599: 2587: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2541:on 17 July 2011 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2377:Wayback Machine 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2296: 2292: 2240: 2233: 2223: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2137:on 29 June 2013 2134: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2027: 2020: 2013: 1996: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1772:"Archived copy" 1770: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1609:Annan, Kofi A. 1607: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1501: 1485: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1463:. 14 March 1995 1456: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1320: 1307: 1274: 1255:Micah Challenge 1245:Earth Institute 1217: 1175: 1141: 1129: 1120:UN headquarters 1116: 1101: 1082: 1069: 1037: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 901: 866: 815: 770:Ford Foundation 758: 717:virtuous circle 705: 646: 633: 620: 569: 564: 520: 478: 445: 422: 410: 398: 382: 360: 320: 307: 279:child mortality 259: 203: 198: 190:Micah Challenge 120:maternal health 114:child mortality 107:gender equality 91:extreme poverty 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5418: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5385: 5384: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5213: 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3834: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3766: 3765:External links 3763: 3761: 3760: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3676: 3643: 3621: 3599: 3573: 3547: 3525: 3512:United Nations 3499: 3474: 3452: 3426: 3408: 3383: 3361: 3336: 3321: 3272: 3244: 3227: 3202: 3173: 3156: 3132: 3107: 3094:"Publications" 3082: 3056: 3030: 3016: 2990: 2983: 2957: 2935: 2909: 2884: 2855: 2818: 2794: 2768: 2757:on 3 June 2013 2742: 2734:Noeleen Heyzer 2726: 2688: 2653: 2635: 2616:(6): 467–478. 2597: 2574: 2552: 2518: 2489: 2460: 2409: 2380: 2363: 2354: 2341: 2290: 2231: 2175: 2148: 2115: 2072: 2059: 2047: 2018: 2012:978-1844078066 2011: 1979: 1957: 1935: 1913: 1891: 1869: 1847: 1825: 1803: 1763: 1738: 1716: 1694: 1685: 1673:United Nations 1659: 1647:United Nations 1630: 1618:United Nations 1598: 1585:United Nations 1572: 1543: 1514: 1499: 1474: 1461:United Nations 1445: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 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2262: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2252:PLOS Medicine 2248: 2244: 2243:Attaran, Amir 2238: 2236: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1968:. 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