Copper - Knowledge

3929: 3057: 3979: 4738: 2321: 2623: 4175: 5452:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 18 and older, the AIs are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day, respectively. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 1.5 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.7 to 1.3 mg/day. These AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs. The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5 mg/day, which is half the U.S. value. 12339: 12321: 3516: 3778: 2881: 3142: 12330: 2757: 4803: 12312: 2204: 4056: 5437:(AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200 μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220 μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. For both sexes, the RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3 years old, 440 μg of copper for 4–8 years old, 700 μg of copper for 9–13 years old, 890 μg of copper for 14–18 years old and 900 μg of copper for ages 19 years and older. For pregnancy, 1,000 μg. For lactation, 1,300 μg. As for safety, the IOM also sets 4446: 1476: 1420: 4795: 3818: 5228: 4780: 4072: 3802: 3403: 1889: 4274: 4438: 2840: 5363: 4313: 2738: 2313: 53: 2274:) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal. The maximum possible current density of copper in open air is approximately 4289: 2185: 3238: 4577: 3056: 5487:

Severe deficiency can be found by testing for low plasma or serum copper levels, low ceruloplasmin, and low red blood cell superoxide dismutase levels; these are not sensitive to marginal copper status. The "cytochrome c oxidase activity of leucocytes and platelets" has been stated as another factor

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During the rise in demand for copper for the Age of Electricity, from the 1880s until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the United States produced one third to half the world's newly mined copper. Major districts included the Keweenaw district of northern Michigan, primarily native copper deposits,

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is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil, as well as being called for in the US, and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where

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is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes structural power wiring, power distribution cable, appliance wire, communications cable, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used for electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical

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of the southern Andes was another important center for early copper workings in South America. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did

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in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy because of its lustrous beauty and its ancient use in producing mirrors; Cyprus, the source of copper, was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus

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were also used, with the United States using an alloy of 90% silver and 10% copper until 1965, when circulating silver was removed from all coins with the exception of the half dollar—these were debased to an alloy of 40% silver and 60% copper between 1965 and 1970. The alloy of 90% copper and 10%

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primarily arise from electricity consumed by the company, especially when sourced from fossil fuels, and from engines required for copper extraction and refinement. Companies that mine land often mismanage waste, rendering the area sterile for life. Additionally, nearby rivers and forests are also

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For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For copper labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 0.9 mg to bring it into agreement with the

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When choosing electrical conductors, facility planners and engineers factor capital investment costs of materials against operational savings due to their electrical energy efficiencies over their useful lives, plus maintenance costs. Copper often fares well in these calculations. A factor called

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Aside from sulfides, another family of ores are oxides. Approximately 15% of the world's copper supply derives from these oxides. The beneficiation process for oxides involves extraction with sulfuric acid solutions followed by electrolysis. In parallel with the above method for "concentrated"

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period (copper-stone), when copper tools were used with stone tools. The term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world, the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the

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has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast, with around 10 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is

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Imai, Sadako; Fujisawa, Kiyoshi; Kobayashi, Takako; Shirasawa, Nobuhiko; Fujii, Hiroshi; Yoshimura, Tetsuhiko; Kitajima, Nobumasa; Moro-oka, Yoshihiko (1998). "Cu NMR Study of Copper(I) Carbonyl Complexes with Various Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borates: Correlation between 63Cu Chemical Shifts and CO

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has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts,

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Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC. Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after

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Copper mining waste in Valea Şesei, Romania, has significantly altered nearby water properties. The water in the affected areas is highly acidic, with a pH range of 2.1–4.9, and shows elevated electrical conductivity levels between 280 and 1561 mS/cm. These changes in water chemistry make the

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process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage. An alternative source of copper for

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materials with public health benefits"; that approval allows manufacturers to make legal claims to the public health benefits of products made of registered alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails,

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nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a golden color and are used in decorations.

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was substituted in many applications, but improper design resulted in fire hazards. The safety issues have since been solved by use of larger sizes of aluminium wire (#8AWG and up), and properly designed aluminium wiring is still being installed in place of copper. For example, the

5355:. The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Several copper proteins, such as the "blue copper proteins", do not interact directly with substrates; hence they are not enzymes. These proteins relay electrons by the process called 5028:). Indians have been using copper vessels since ancient times for storing water, even before modern science realized its antimicrobial properties. Some copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The 10369:

Edding, Mario E., Flores, Hector, and Miranda, Claudio, (1995), Experimental Usage of Copper-Nickel Alloy Mesh in Mariculture. Part 1: Feasibility of usage in a temperate zone; Part 2: Demonstration of usage in a cold zone; Final report to the International Copper Association

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Karan, A., Darder, M., Kansakar, U., Norcross, Z. and DeCoster, M.A., 2018. Integration of a Copper-Containing Biohybrid (CuHARS) with Cellulose for Subsequent Degradation and Biomedical Control. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), p.844.

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around 3250 BC. The manufacturing process of Egyptian blue was known to the Romans, but by the fourth century AD the pigment fell out of use and the secret to its manufacturing process became lost. The Romans said the blue pigment was made from copper, silica, lime and

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A significant source of copper is from recycling. Recycling is facilitated because copper is usually deployed in its metallic state. In 2001, a typical automobile contained 20–30 kg of copper. Recycling usually begins with some melting process using a blast furnace.

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that have been found in North America in the area around Cahokia dating from this time period (1000–1300 AD). The copper plates were thought to have been manufactured at Cahokia before ending up elsewhere in the Midwest and southeastern United States like the

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was a mine in Falun, Sweden, that operated from the 10th century to 1992. It satisfied two-thirds of Europe's copper consumption in the 17th century and helped fund many of Sweden's wars during that time. It was referred to as the nation's treasury; Sweden had a

3073:, copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the 5166:

symptoms. In one trial for osteoarthritis and one trial for rheumatoid arthritis, no differences were found between copper bracelet and control (non-copper) bracelet. No evidence shows that copper can be absorbed through the skin. If it were, it might lead to

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Berná, José; Goldup, Stephen; Lee, Ai-Lan; Leigh, David; Symes, Mark; Teobaldi, Gilberto; Zerbetto, Fransesco (26 May 2008). "Cadiot–Chodkiewicz Active Template Synthesis of Rotaxanes and Switchable Molecular Shuttles with Weak Intercomponent Interactions".

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A national survey conducted by Franklin Research Institute for CPSC showed that homes built before 1972, and wired with aluminum, are 55 times more likely to have one or more wire connections at outlets reach "Fire Hazard Conditions" than homes wired with

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The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important.

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have increased more than 700% since 1950, from almost 100 million tonnes to 720 million tonnes in 2017, despite the fact that world refined usage has more than tripled in the last 50 years. Copper resources are estimated to exceed 5,000 million tonnes.

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economically viable with present-day prices and technologies. Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world.

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began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, and 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the

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Schneider, Lisa K.; Wüst, Anja; Pomowski, Anja; Zhang, Lin; Einsle, Oliver (2014). "No Laughing Matter: The Unmaking of the Greenhouse Gas Dinitrogen Monoxide by Nitrous Oxide Reductase". In Peter M.H. Kroneck; Martha E. Sosa Torres (eds.).

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Deodhar, S., Huckaby, J., Delahoussaye, M. and DeCoster, M.A., 2014, August. High-aspect ratio bio-metallic nanocomposites for cellular interactions. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 012014).

4462:(5% of total use). For more than two centuries, copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish. A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. 3848:

and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. The history of copper use dates to 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. Evidence suggests that gold and

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Kelly, K.C., Wasserman, J.R., Deodhar, S., Huckaby, J. and DeCoster, M.A., 2015. Generation of scalable, metallic high-aspect ratio nanocomposites in a biological liquid medium. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (101), p.e52901.

3964:. Evidence suggests that utilitarian copper objects fell increasingly out of use in the Old Copper Complex of North America during the Bronze Age and a shift towards an increased production of ornamental copper objects occurred. 4453:

The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as

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was assigned to copper, both because of the connection to the goddess and because Venus was the brightest heavenly body after the Sun and Moon and so corresponded to the most lustrous and desirable metal after gold and silver.

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Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion. Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins can disable these systems, leading to

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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was found growing from gold mining solution and was found to contain cyano complexes of such metals as gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

3358: 4639:. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43–46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a 3081:, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita). 3944:

in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6500 and 3000 BC. A copper spearpoint found in Wisconsin has been dated to 6500 BC. Copper usage by the indigenous peoples of the Old Copper Complex from the

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Rich sources of copper include oysters, beef and lamb liver, Brazil nuts, blackstrap molasses, cocoa, and black pepper. Good sources include lobster, nuts and sunflower seeds, green olives, avocados, and wheat

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Kharasch, M.S.; Tawney, P.O. (1941). "Factors Determining the Course and Mechanisms of Grignard Reactions. II. The Effect of Metallic Compounds on the Reaction between Isophorone and Methylmagnesium Bromide".

3214:) consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel in homogeneous composition. Prior to the introduction of cupronickel, which was widely adopted by countries in the latter half of the 20th century, alloys of copper and 11124:

While it's never been proven that copper can be absorbed through the skin by wearing a bracelet, research has shown that excessive copper can result in poisoning, causing vomiting and, in severe cases, liver

5433:(IOM) updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated 3898:

was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia Smelting was probably discovered in China before 2800 BC, in Central America around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD.

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This roasting gives matte copper, roughly 50% Cu by weight, which is purified by electrolysis. Depending on the ore, sometimes other metals are obtained during the electrolysis including platinum and gold.

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Energy‐efficiency policy opportunities for electric motor‐driven systems, International Energy Agency, 2011 Working Paper in the Energy Efficiency Series, by Paul Waide and Conrad U. Brunner, OECD/IEA 2011

5413:, carrying the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes 4718:

Copper plays an important role in these renewable energy systems. Copper usage averages up to five times more in renewable energy systems than in traditional power generation, such as fossil fuel and

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Denoyer, Delphine; Clatworthy, Sharnel A.S.; Cater, Michael A. (2018). "Chapter 16. Copper Complexes in Cancer Therapy". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K.O. (eds.).

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In South America a copper mask dated to 1000 BC found in the Argentinian Andes is the oldest known copper artifact discovered in the Andes. Peru has been considered the origin for early copper

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García-Olivares, Antonio, Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy, Emili García-Ladona, and Antonio Turiel. A global renewable mix with proven technologies and common materials, Energy Policy, 41 (2012): 561-57,

9893: 5138:. Others store physical copper in the form of copper bars or rounds although these tend to carry a higher premium in comparison to precious metals. Those who want to avoid the premiums of copper 7222:

Rzymski, Piotr; Klimaszyk, Piotr; Marszelewski, Włodzimierz; Borowiak, Dariusz; Mleczek, Mirosław; Nowiński, Kamil; Pius, Bożena; Niedzielski, Przemysław; Poniedziałek, Barbara (25 July 2017).

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Okazawad, Hidehiko; Yonekura, Yoshiharu; Fujibayashi, Yasuhisa; Nishizawa, Sadahiko; Magata, Yasuhiro; Ishizu, Koichi; Tanaka, Fumiko; Tsuchida, Tatsuro; Tamaki, Nagara; Konishi, Junji (1994).

4379:. Introduction of open pit steam shovel mining and innovations in smelting, refining, flotation concentration and other processing steps led to mass production. Early in the twentieth century, 10446:

Montero, David A.; Arellano, Carolina; Pardo, Mirka; Vera, Rosa; Gálvez, Ricardo; Cifuentes, Marcela; Berasain, María A.; Gómez, Marisol; Ramírez, Claudio; Vidal, Roberto M. (5 January 2019).

5480:, bone abnormalities, hypopigmentation, impaired growth, increased incidence of infections, osteoporosis, hyperthyroidism, and abnormalities in glucose and cholesterol metabolism. Conversely, 10130: 6255:

Rickett, B. I.; Payer, J. H. (1995). "Composition of Copper Tarnish Products Formed in Moist Air with Trace Levels of Pollutant Gas: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide/Hydrogen Sulfide".

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Fuchsloch, J. and E.F. Brush, (2007), "Systematic Design Approach for a New Series of Ultra‐NEMA Premium Copper Rotor Motors", in EEMODS 2007 Conference Proceedings, 10–15 June, Beijing.

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in his hair suggest an involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting likely led to the discovery of

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have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation, processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Copper is essential in the aerobic

2798:, in 2005, Chile was the top producer of copper with at least one-third of the world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the 3928: 11834:

Li, Yunbo; Trush, Michael; Yager, James (1994). "DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species originating from a copper-dependent oxidation of the 2-hydroxy catechol of estradiol".

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Saalwächter, Kay; Burchard, Walther; Klüfers, Peter; Kettenbach, G.; Mayer, Peter; Klemm, Dieter; Dugarmaa, Saran (2000). "Cellulose Solutions in Water Containing Metal Complexes".

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Ralph L. Shriner, Christine K.F. Hermann, Terence C. Morrill, David Y. Curtin, Reynold C. Fuson "The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds" 8th edition, J. Wiley, Hoboken.

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and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include low

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Richmond, Stewart J.; Brown, Sally R.; Campion, Peter D.; Porter, Amanda J.L.; Moffett, Jennifer A. Klaber; Jackson, David A.; Featherstone, Valerie A.; Taylor, Andrew J. (2009).

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among engineering metals (second only to silver), electrical systems that utilize copper generate and transmit energy with high efficiency and with minimum environmental impacts.

10208: 5441:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of copper, the UL is set at 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as 7993:

Schwesinger, Reinhard; Link, Reinhard; Wenzl, Peter; Kossek, Sebastian (2006). "Anhydrous phosphazenium fluorides as sources for extremely reactive fluoride ions in solution".

5580:, such as copper from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are readily absorbed into the user's body following smoke inhalation. The health implications are not clear. 2235:, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through 5502:

Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of

2255:, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained 15529: 11011:"Copper bracelets and magnetic wrist straps for rheumatoid arthritis – analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial" 9190:

Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-P.; Patterson, C.C.; Boutron, C.F. (1996). "History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice".

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does in oil, though it never achieved the same influence, particularly because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member; it was dissolved in 1988.

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in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones.

5510:. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 5074:

copper–zinc alloy handrails were installed in some 30 stations between 2011 and 2014. Textile fibers can be blended with copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics.

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As with other elements, the simplest compounds of copper are binary compounds, i.e. those containing only two elements, the principal examples being oxides, sulfides, and

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Timberlake, Simon (11 June 2017). "New ideas on the exploitation of copper, tin, gold, and lead ores in Bronze Age Britain: The mining, smelting, and movement of metal".

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Walker, W.R.; Keats, D.M. (1976). "An investigation of the therapeutic value of the 'copper bracelet'-dermal assimilation of copper in arthritic/rheumatoid conditions".

5417:(about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via 10598: 9950: 3120:

per kg of copper in 2019. Codelco, a major producer in Chile, reported that in 2020 the company emitted 2.8t CO2eq per ton (2.8 kg CO2eq per kg) of fine copper.

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Copper may be used as a speculative investment due to the predicted increase in use from worldwide infrastructure growth, and the important role it has in producing

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Pops, Horace, 1995. Physical Metallurgy of Electrical Conductors, in Nonferrous Wire Handbook, Volume 3: Principles and Practice, The Wire Association International

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Joseph, Günter, 1999, Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status, edited by Kundig, Konrad J.A., ASM International, pp. 141–192 and pp. 331–375.

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Copper

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Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH- not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25 °C.

2129:. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone. The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight. 9988: 12120: 12101: 10319: 5554: 4846:

have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior

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When planning for a new renewable power facility, engineers and product specifiers seek to avoid supply shortages of selected materials. According to the

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Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have

14443: 12502:– official website of the Copper Development Association, a North American industry association with an extensive site of properties and uses of copper 8110:

McDonald, M.R.; Fredericks, F.C.; Margerum, D.W. (1997). "Characterization of Copper(III)–Tetrapeptide Complexes with Histidine as the Third Residue".

5797: 10134: 3853:(but not smelted iron) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to follow this sequence: first, 12537: 4923:, meaning bacteria and many other forms of life will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against 4703:

have become significant sectors of the energy market. The rapid growth of these sources in the 21st century has been prompted by increasing costs of

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the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with

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in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence

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The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. High-purity scrap copper is melted in a

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Copper does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide which, unlike the

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in many housing construction projects in America. The new wiring was implicated in a number of house fires and the industry returned to copper.

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Pompeani, David P; Steinman, Byron A; Abbott, Mark B; Pompeani, Katherine M; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H (April 2021).

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in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass.

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and heaps. A variety of methods are used including leaching with sulfuric acid, ammonia, ferric chloride. Biological methods are also used.

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Joseph, Günter, 1999, Copper: Its Trade, Manufacture, Use, and Environmental Status, edited by Kundig, Konrad J.A., ASM International, p.348

1373: 10703: 9721: 7526:"Copper-Promoted Functionalization of Organic Molecules: from Biologically Relevant Cu/O2 Model Systems to Organometallic Transformations" 2285:

Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish

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Hunt, Charles E. & William W. Carlton (1965). "Cardiovascular Lesions Associated with Experimental Copper Deficiency in the Rabbit".

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S.S. Percival; Harris, E.D. (1 January 1990). "Copper transport from ceruloplasmin: Characterization of the cellular uptake mechanism".

10219: 13840: 11711:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 9782: 8454: 8351: 7224:"The chemistry and toxicity of discharge waters from copper mine tailing impoundment in the valley of the Apuseni Mountains in Romania" 7173: 10534:"Treatment of a Legionella pneumophila-Colonized Water Distribution System Using Copper-Silver Ionization and Continuous Chlorination" 9921: 7208: 6339: 9661:"Copper, Chemical Element – Overview, Discovery and naming, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Occurrence in nature, Isotopes" 4973: 4968: 4859: 4734:"copper usage intensity,” is a measure of the quantity of copper necessary to install one megawatt of new power-generating capacity. 3957:

in the world. There is evidence from prehistoric lead pollution from lakes in Michigan that people in the region began mining copper

3644: 8555:"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts" 8516: 8277: 7366: 6823: 4347:

were widely used to protect the under-water hulls of ships, a technique pioneered by the British Admiralty in the 18th century. The

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gold solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys. Some lead-free

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of the metal, which lies in the red part of the visible spectrum, causing it to absorb the higher-frequency green and blue colors.

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Vest, Katherine E.; Hashemi, Hayaa F.; Cobine, Paul A. (2013). "The Copper Metallome in Eukaryotic Cells". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).

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Karen A. Mingst (1976). "Cooperation or illusion: an examination of the intergovernmental council of copper exporting countries".

9269: 7132: 4647:, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose 8234:

Liu, He; Shen, Qilong (2021). "Well-defined organometallic Copper(III) complexes: Preparation, characterization and reactivity".

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Rafael Chinchilla & Carmen Nájera (2007). "The Sonogashira Reaction: A Booming Methodology in Synthetic Organic Chemistry".

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to take on a particular look, feel, or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.

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of North America has been radiometrically dated to as far back as 7500 BC. Indigenous peoples of North America around the

2765: 10903: 9344: 12530: 12420: 12379: 11918: 11591: 11425: 11384: 11248: 11228: 11195: 10354: 9910:

http://imedea.uib-csic.es/master/cambioglobal/Modulo_I_cod101601/Ballabrera_Diciembre_2011/Articulos/Garcia-Olivares.2011.pdf

9547: 9328: 8940: 8365: 8312: 8161: 7794: 7738: 7646: 7614: 7582: 7508: 7116: 7089: 6901: 6869: 6772: 6703: 6582: 6548: 6486: 6214: 6128: 6101: 6076: 6044: 6012: 5907: 5741: 5351:. Instead of reversibly binding oxygen, these proteins hydroxylate substrates, illustrated by their role in the formation of 4878:

depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be

7880: 5385:

Chemical compounds which were developed for treatment of Wilson's disease have been investigated for use in cancer therapy.

4154:

with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600 AD. Copper annealing was being performed in the North American city of

3387:. This complex exhibits the fastest water exchange rate (speed of water ligands attaching and detaching) for any transition 15514: 14737: 10753: 8554: 8388:

Thoury, M.; Mille, B.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Robbiola, L.; Réfrégiers, M.; Jarrige, J.-F.; Bertrand, L. (15 November 2016).

7157: 6371:"Clinical Application and Quantitative Evaluation of Generator-Produced Copper-62-PTSM as a Brain Perfusion Tracer for PET" 4306: 11763: 10956: 14491: 12403:

Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, May 2005, pp. 1161–1208(48) Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress

11070:"Therapeutic effects of magnetic and copper bracelets in osteoarthritis: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial" 9482: 7279: 7191: 4186: 4093:(χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as 3706:

and is known to stabilize metal ions in high oxidation states. Both copper(III) and even copper(IV) fluorides are known,

15534: 14175: 10068:

Will the Transition to Renewable Energy Be Paved in Copper?, Renewable Energy World; Jan 15, 2016; by Zolaikha Strong;

9268:

Savenije, Tom J.; Warman, John M.; Barentsen, Helma M.; van Dijk, Marinus; Zuilhof, Han; Sudhölter, Ernst J.R. (2000).

4964: 3592: 2328:, showing the contrast between the refurbished copper installed in 2010 and the green color of the original 1894 copper 11710: 5898: 5409:. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase, which involves the protein 2990: 115: 11312: 10070:

https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/01/will-the-transition-to-renewable-energy-be-paved-in-copper.html

9891:

https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/01/will-the-transition-to-renewable-energy-be-paved-in-copper.html

9589: 9455: 9365: 8975: 8902: 8633: 8497: 7666: 6939: 5842: 5810: 5604: 4632: 1137: 10448:"Antimicrobial properties of a novel copper-based composite coating with potential for use in healthcare facilities" 10157: 3746:

Complexes of copper(III) are also found as intermediates in reactions of organocopper compounds, for example in the

15519: 14420: 14168: 12523: 10611: 9985: 5008: 3707: 3523: 2344:(copper carbonate) can often be seen on old copper structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings and the 1717: 1488: 10323: 9062: 8648:"Refining the chronology of North America's copper using traditions: A macroscalar approach via Bayesian modeling" 4371:, in the late 1880s, which itself was eclipsed by porphyry deposits of the Southwest United States, especially at 4015:, or cuprorivaite (calcium copper silicate) is a synthetic pigment that contains copper and started being used in 3978: 11747:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR p. 33982" 4750: 4746: 3747: 3640: 3632: 2059:

Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as

11307:

S.J. Lippard, J.M. Berg "Principles of bioinorganic chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994.

10580: 7423: 7384: 6206:

Cultural Heritage Conservation and Environmental Impact Assessment by Non-Destructive Testing and Micro-Analysis

2686:, respectively. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the 15504: 13833: 11476: 10677: 10630: 9091:

Chastain, Matthew L.; Deymier-Black, Alix C.; Kelly, John E.; Brown, James A.; Dunand, David C. (1 July 2011).

8236: 5940: 5449: 3093: 3078: 1615: 12211:"Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues" 10877: 9233:

de Callataÿ, François (2005). "The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super Long-Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks".

7311: 4131:

Copper was first mined in ancient Britain as early as 2100 BC. Mining at the largest of these mines, the

3917:, a male dated from 3300 to 3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of 3651:

of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with

14451: 11119: 10194:

Peters, Larry E. (2004). Preventing corrosion on copper roofing systems; Professional Roofing, October 2004,

8607:

Pleger, Thomas C. "A Brief Introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes: 4000–1000 BC",

8390:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object" 4847: 3718: 3362: 3210:, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US five-cent coin (currently called a 12150:

Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011).

10662: 10317:

Finishes – natural weathering; Copper in Architecture Design Handbook, Copper Development Association Inc.,

5816: 3145:

Copper alloys are widely used in the production of coinage; seen here are two examples – post-1964 American

14057: 12487: 12476: 10100:

Copper roofing in detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch

7006:"Thermodynamic and Experimental Study on Efficient Extraction of Valuable Metals from Polymetallic Nodules" 5438: 4936: 4910: 4525:

devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high

4265:) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later to treat headaches, burns, and itching. 3758:

A timeline of copper illustrates how this metal has advanced human civilization for the past 11,000 years.

3225:

is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4–10%, that can be

3074: 2875: 2771: 2605: 2325: 1907: 12505: 10821: 10051:

http://copperalliance.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ICA-long-term-availability-201802-A4-HR.pdf

9946:

Copper at the core of renewable energies; European Copper Institute; European Copper Institute; 18 pages;

4423:

In 2008, China became the world's largest importer of copper and has continued to be as of at least 2023.

15524: 14097: 11687:

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2018.

9984:

The Rise Of Solar: A Unique Opportunity For Copper; Solar Industry Magazine; April 2017; Zolaika Strong;

7342: 6607: 6175: 4737: 4489: 4178: 4159: 3680: 2904:

S). These ores occur at the level of <1% Cu. Concentration of the ore is required, which begins with

7724: 4879: 4760:

is the more than 30 percent of copper installed from 2007 to 2017 that came from recycled sources. Its

15494: 15489: 5589: 5558: 5550: 5430: 5339:). Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based 5151: 4823: 4669: 4432: 2207:

Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange

1097: 12436:

Kim BE; Nevitt T; Thiele DJ (2008). "Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation".

9092: 8761:"Lake Sediments Record Prehistoric Lead Pollution Related to Early Copper Production in North America" 6987: 5553:(PEL) for copper dust and fumes in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 1 mg/m. The 2320: 15499: 14948: 13826: 12018:

Brewer GJ (March 2012). "Copper excess, zinc deficiency, and cognition loss in Alzheimer's disease".

10518: 10379: 10013: 9699: 5414: 5261: 5180: 4174: 3146: 2795: 2622: 12348:

in pure water, or acidic or alkali conditions. Copper in neutral water is more noble than hydrogen.

11629: 11455: 9536:

China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets

7700: 6858:

China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets

5693: 5190:

can both mobilize solid copper as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with

2815:

approximately 3000–6500 meters below sea level. These nodules contain other valuable metals such as

2630:

Copper is produced in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust in a proportion of about 50

1777: 14784: 14606: 11578:. Advances in Enzymology – and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. Vol. 44. pp. 187–236. 10398: 9267: 8816:"Toward a functional understanding of the North American Old Copper Culture "technomic devolution"" 5442: 5070: 4595:

increasingly feature copper in place of aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity;

3133:

environment inhospitable for fish, essentially rendering the water uninhabitable for aquatic life.

3121: 1216: 10678:"Global copper supply in 2023 will be supported by increased output from the DRC, Peru, and Chile" 9632: 8482:

The Archaeology of Alderley Edge: Survey, excavation and experiment in an ancient mining landscape

6230: 4206:'s coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, 3357: 2974:

A potential source of copper is polymetallic nodules, which have an estimated concentration 1.3%.

2912:. The remaining concentrate is the smelted, which can be described with two simplified equations: 15509: 15415: 14508: 14484: 11746: 9922:"Energy saving - A kilo more of copper increases environmental performance by 100 to 1,000 times" 9539: 7211:[Philippines: attention, mined land] (in French). Amnesty International. 9 November 2016. 6861: 6788:

Schmitz, Christopher (1986). "The Rise of Big Business in the World, Copper Industry 1870–1930".

6231:"Copper.org: Education: Statue of Liberty: Reclothing the First Lady of Metals – Repair Concerns" 5503: 5379: 5186: 4526: 4409:

in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

3953:

may have also been mining copper during this time, making it one of the oldest known examples of

3570: 3361:

Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration in the presence of ammonia ligands. The one used here is

3266:, respectively. Copper compounds promote or catalyse numerous chemical and biological processes. 2831:

Copper has been in use for at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and

2337: 1966: 1900: 1538: 1077: 28: 17: 14789: 12338: 11871:"Endothelial cell injury due to copper-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide generation from homocysteine" 11263: 11255: 10599:

As hospitals look to prevent infections, a chorus of researchers make a case for copper surfaces

10279: 9807:

NEMA Premium Motors, The Association of Electrical Equipment and Medical Imaging Manufacturers;

9729: 7992: 6764: 6695:

Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental and technical review

6478: 3421:

results in the same precipitate. Upon adding excess ammonia, the precipitate dissolves, forming

2888:

The great majority of copper ores are sulfides. Common ores are the sulfides chalcopyrite (CuFeS

14315: 14199: 14137: 9143:"Ancient metalworking in South America: a 3000-year-old copper mask from the Argentinian Andes" 8610:

Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Forest History Association of Wisconsin

7695: 5534: 5457: 4774: 4348: 3858: 3676: 3604: 3574: 3422: 1807: 1104: 1089: 1065: 77: 11976: 11185: 10704:"Copper is critical to energy transition. The world is falling way behind on producing enough" 8624: 7634: 2086:, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as 1136: 15315: 13983: 11140: 10184:

http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/fundamentals/arch_considerations.htm

9752:

http://www.engineerlive.com/Design-Engineer/Motors_and_Drives/IE3_energy-saving_motors/22687/

9660: 9318: 8153: 7606: 6893: 5515: 5162:

Copper is commonly used in jewelry, and according to some folklore, copper bracelets relieve

4992: 4898: 4784: 4761: 4712: 4592: 4479: 4340: 4301: 4211: 3612: 3586: 3546: 3542: 3162: 3085: 3004: 2012:

Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (

1635: 1625: 12320: 10025: 9948:

http://www.eurocopper.org/files/presskit/press_kit_copper_in_renewables_final_29_10_2008.pdf

9786: 8458: 5796:

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".

5126:

contain an average of 3.6 times as much copper as conventional cars, although the effect of

15152: 14809: 14396: 14302: 14231: 14129: 12566: 12389: 11022: 10253: 9284: 9199: 9104: 8827: 8772: 8659: 8566: 8401: 8190: 7817: 7687: 7235: 7017: 6971: 6646: 6426: 6347: 6314: 6298: 6264: 5962: 5421:, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine. 5273: 5257: 5245: 5131: 4815: 4727: 4708: 4550: 4517: 4485: 4372: 3991: 3636: 3519: 3493: 3396: 3370: 3154: 2848: 2808: 2296:

As with other metals, if copper is put in contact with another metal in the presence of an

2227:

of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-

2106: 2087: 1974: 1962: 1505: 1456: 1408: 9564: 9422: 7739:

https://www.jove.com/t/52901/generation-scalable-metallic-high-aspect-ratio-nanocomposites

5902:. Vol. 3 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. p. 612. 3936:

of North America, which may have existed from approximately 9500–5400 years before present

3873:, all four of these techniques appear more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the 3141: 8: 15147: 14380: 14331: 14211: 14187: 14161: 13965: 13952: 13915: 12329: 10038: 8524: 8281: 7363: 7316: 5594: 5523: 5481: 4952: 4692: 4538: 4226: 4147:

mining in the region, for reasons likely social and political rather than technological.

4136: 3904: 3886:

Copper smelting was independently invented in different places. The earliest evidence of

3777: 3628: 3334: 3330: 2787: 2617: 1645: 1226: 11283: 11069: 11026: 10257: 10110: 9288: 9203: 9108: 8831: 8776: 8759:

Pompeani, David P.; Abbott, Mark B.; Steinman, Byron A.; Bain, Daniel J. (14 May 2013).

8663: 8570: 8405: 8194: 7821: 7691: 7239: 7021: 6975: 6650: 6430: 6370: 6318: 6268: 5130:

on copper demand is debated. Some people invest in copper through copper mining stocks,

4564:

For a short period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, copper wiring was replaced by

2626:

Native copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) long

14556: 14536: 14477: 14401: 14347: 14323: 14310: 14219: 14109: 14085: 14069: 14026: 13899: 13893: 12409: 12281: 12227: 12210: 12186: 12151: 12053: 11793:

Bonham, Maxine; O'Connor, Jacqueline M.; Hannigan, Bernadette M.; Strain, J.J. (2002).

11617: 11597: 11533:

M.C. Linder; Wooten, L.; Cerveza, P.; Cotton, S.; Shulze, R.; Lomeli, N. (1 May 1998).

11443: 11045: 11010: 10572: 10556: 10482: 10447: 10296: 10087:

Seale, Wayne (2007). The role of copper, brass, and bronze in architecture and design;

9978: 9516: 9403: 9300: 9250: 9215: 9172: 9043: 9008: 8853: 8738: 8690: 8647: 8590: 8430: 8389: 8211: 8178: 7550: 7525: 7256: 7223: 7136: 6805: 6801: 6757: 6669: 6634: 6537: 6471: 6444: 6416: 5859: 5367: 5281: 5069:

handles. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and

5058: 4656: 4588: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4323:

at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.

4277: 3946: 3941: 3933: 3895: 3537:, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for 3515: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3388: 3338: 3318: 3314: 3303: 2687: 2659: 2601: 2369: 2336:

that forms on iron in moist air, protects the underlying metal from further corrosion (

2301: 2193: 2189: 1710: 1605: 1555: 1443: 1208: 1202: 11895: 11870: 10265: 10244:

Fitzgerald, K.P.; Nairn, J.; Atrens, A. (1998). "The chemistry of copper patination".

9966: 9860: 9448:

Copper for America, the United States Copper Industry from Colonial Times to the 1990s

7463:"Japanese Shakudō: its history, properties and production from gold-containing alloys" 4190: 4135:, continued into the late Bronze Age. Mining seems to have been largely restricted to 3914: 15003: 14586: 14247: 13974: 13957: 13888: 13883: 13417: 12453: 12416: 12375: 12273: 12232: 12191: 12173: 12045: 11957: 11900: 11851: 11816: 11660: 11605: 11587: 11556: 11515: 11431: 11421: 11390: 11380: 11348: 11308: 11259: 11251: 11244: 11234: 11224: 11191: 11166: 11097: 11089: 11050: 10991: 10564: 10487: 10469: 10350: 9813: 9593: 9543: 9520: 9451: 9407: 9324: 9254: 9219: 9164: 9120: 9047: 8971: 8956:

Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (17 June 2013).

8936: 8857: 8845: 8796: 8788: 8742: 8730: 8695: 8677: 8629: 8594: 8582: 8493: 8435: 8417: 8361: 8329: 8308: 8262: 8216: 8157: 8127: 8092: 8057: 8049: 8010: 7888: 7862: 7790: 7662: 7642: 7610: 7578: 7555: 7504: 7261: 7112: 7085: 6935: 6897: 6865: 6831: 6768: 6699: 6693: 6674: 6588: 6578: 6544: 6482: 6439: 6404: 6385: 6210: 6124: 6097: 6072: 6066: 6040: 6008: 5939:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Archived from 5913: 5903: 5838: 5806: 5778: 5737: 5709: 5511: 5469: 5356: 5285: 5222: 5208: 5013: 4863: 4757: 4723: 4700: 4546: 4521: 4360: 4336: 4234: 4230: 3954: 3624: 3620: 3596: 3322: 3291: 2880: 2631: 2503: 2345: 2095: 1757: 1748: 1450: 1355: 1345: 726: 12285: 12057: 11656: 11144: 10576: 9176: 7524:

Trammell, Rachel; Rajabimoghadam, Khashayar; Garcia-Bosch, Isaac (30 January 2019).

7053: 6448: 6326: 5976: 4416:, formed in 1967 by Chile, Peru, Zaire and Zambia, operated in the copper market as 3735:, which, in extensively studied synthetic analog systems, feature copper(III). With 14913: 14742: 14696: 14616: 14289: 14263: 13910: 13849: 13481: 13186: 13015: 12844: 12763: 12682: 12655: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12445: 12311: 12302: 12263: 12222: 12181: 12163: 12071: 12035: 12027: 11998: 11988: 11949: 11890: 11882: 11843: 11806: 11771: 11652: 11579: 11546: 11507: 11413: 11372: 11338: 11216: 11156: 11081: 11040: 11030: 10548: 10532:

Biurrun, Amaya; Caballero, Luis; Pelaz, Carmen; León, Elena; Gago, Alberto (1999).

10477: 10459: 10261: 9508: 9395: 9386:

Stelter, M.; Bombach, H. (2004). "Process Optimization in Copper Electrorefining".

9292: 9242: 9207: 9154: 9112: 9035: 9000: 8963: 8835: 8780: 8722: 8685: 8667: 8574: 8485: 8425: 8409: 8244: 8206: 8198: 8145: 8119: 8084: 8041: 8002: 7960: 7932: 7897: 7854: 7845: 7825: 7705: 7598: 7545: 7537: 7474: 7251: 7243: 7025: 6983: 6979: 6957:"The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides – A review" 6927: 6885: 6797: 6664: 6654: 6434: 6322: 6272: 5874: 5770: 5701: 5621: 5135: 5119: 4982: 4914: 4819: 4802: 4676: 4612: 4565: 4530: 4497: 4376: 4344: 4207: 3987: 3887: 3866: 3700: 3534: 3509: 3418: 3392: 3326: 3283: 3249: 3188: 2863: 2859: 2699: 2290: 2224: 2203: 1935: 1832: 1597: 1468: 1337: 1082: 1070: 10209:"Oxidation reaction: Why is the Statue of Liberty blue-green? How does rust work?" 9039: 7081:

The Role of Ecological Chemistry in Pollution Research and Sustainable Development

6510: 4327:

Copper is used in roofing, currency, and for photographic technology known as the

4158:

around 1000–1300 AD. There are several exquisite copper plates, known as the

4000: 2756: 15484: 15008: 14943: 14754: 14727: 14294: 13943: 13927: 13863: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 11977:"Copper-Protein Nutrition of New Zealand White Rabbits under Egyptian Conditions" 11684: 11534: 11220: 11035: 10794: 10649: 10618: 10405: 10386: 10117: 10076: 10057: 9992: 9973: 9954: 9897: 9639: 9211: 8672: 8609: 8355: 7905: 7445: 7370: 6294: 6204: 6118: 6002: 5893: 5633: 5628: 5497: 5434: 5241: 5168: 5087: 4851: 4648: 4644: 4445: 4356: 4124: 3675:, a blue-black solid. The most extensively studied copper(III) compounds are the 3656: 3648: 3600: 3566: 3550: 3538: 3279: 3255: 3242: 2909: 2855: 2804: 2779: 2745: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2239:. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a 2102: 1982: 1939: 1893: 1818: 1398: 1319: 12429: 11511: 11376: 10764: 9986:

https://issues.solarindustrymag.com/article/rise-solar-unique-opportunity-copper

8906: 8646:

Bebber, Michelle R.; Buchanan, Briggs; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob (26 April 2022).

7881:"An Addition of an Ethylcopper Complex to 1-Octyne: (E)-5-Ethyl-1,4-Undecadiene" 7789:"Modern Organocopper Chemistry" Norbert Krause, Ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. 7541: 6730: 3341:. Attempts to prepare copper(II) iodide yield only copper(I) iodide and iodine. 15361: 15305: 15293: 15222: 14866: 14804: 14276: 14014: 13905: 12546: 12471: 11847: 11473:"Amount of copper in the normal human body, and other nutritional copper facts" 11085: 10904:"Impact of electric cars in medium-term copper demand 'overrated', experts say" 8028:

Mirica, Liviu M.; Ottenwaelder, Xavier; Stack, T. Daniel P. (1 February 2004).

7289: 5878: 5332: 5094: 5002: 4977: 4696: 4636: 4600: 4398: 4368: 4352: 4281: 4215: 4047:

Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

3608: 3287: 3101: 2473: 2433: 2357: 2269: 2228: 2083: 1970: 1946: 1795: 1585: 1460: 1236: 1131: 131: 14581: 12268: 12251: 12116: 12097: 11583: 11417: 10464: 9835: 9512: 9246: 9116: 8840: 8815: 8248: 7247: 5272:

molecule to reduce it to two molecules of water. Copper is also found in many

5202:

can grow in metalliferous soils containing copper. The ectomycorrhizal fungus

5102:

uses aluminum wire in place of copper wire for electrical power transmission.

4150:

In North America, native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on

1702: 15478: 15436: 15366: 15325: 14993: 14747: 14732: 14681: 13640: 12177: 11551: 11118:. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. 6 January 2014. Archived from 11093: 10799: 10473: 9168: 9124: 8849: 8792: 8734: 8714: 8681: 8586: 8421: 8053: 8029: 7901: 6931: 6835: 6592: 6145: 5758: 5713: 5648: 5573: 5569: 5410: 5406: 5394: 5366:

Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the

5147: 5127: 5066: 5033: 4944: 4867: 4807: 4719: 4604: 4467: 4328: 4258: 4199: 4168: 4164: 4055: 4016: 4012: 4008: 3983: 3900: 3850: 3845: 3616: 3196: 3105: 2812: 2799: 2791: 2775: 2635: 2447: 2251:

of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the

2240: 2236: 2208: 1954: 1782: 1565: 1426: 1384: 1190: 1165: 1151: 1047: 896: 11343: 11326: 8726: 6659: 5917: 4794: 4181:

from North America were produced in this style from around 800–1600 AD.

15461: 15456: 15451: 15403: 15356: 15186: 15132: 14918: 14799: 14759: 14651: 13989: 13694: 13523: 13228: 12628: 12561: 12457: 12277: 12236: 12195: 12049: 11820: 11795:"The immune system as a physiological indicator of marginal copper status?" 11697: 11576:

Ceruloplasmin: The copper transport protein with essential oxidase activity

11519: 11435: 11394: 11352: 11238: 11170: 11161: 11101: 11054: 10568: 10491: 10128:

Kronborg completed; Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties, København,

9399: 8957: 8800: 8699: 8489: 8439: 8220: 8131: 8096: 8075:

Lewis, E.A.; Tolman, W.B. (2004). "Reactivity of Dioxygen-Copper Systems".

8061: 8014: 8006: 7866: 7829: 7559: 7265: 6678: 6096:(4th ed.). Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance. pp. 18–12. 5782: 5577: 5371: 5253: 5123: 5111: 5017: 4855: 4680: 4558: 4316: 4080: 4076: 4043: 3854: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3806: 3794: 3736: 3199:

consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

3157:, which is composed of an alloy of 80 percent silver and 20 percent copper. 3129:

is an example of a region where land is overexploited by mining companies.

2783: 2741: 2663: 2639: 2138: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1575: 1530: 938: 805: 579: 12168: 11961: 11953: 11904: 11855: 11664: 11560: 9597: 8967: 7752: 6572: 6389: 5837:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 5705: 3739:, purple-colored copper(III) complexes are stabilized by the deprotonated 3631:

is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the

1419: 15409: 15398: 15288: 15127: 15077: 15072: 14988: 14830: 14706: 14656: 14531: 14526: 13748: 13712: 13703: 13613: 13595: 13586: 12623: 12075: 12040: 11993: 11609: 11371:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 177–210. 10995: 10161: 9159: 9142: 6421: 6091: 5653: 5616: 5477: 5143: 5115: 5099: 5062: 4987: 4940: 4932: 4827: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4608: 4513: 4332: 4262: 4151: 3950: 3822: 3732: 3667:

Copper(III) is most often found in oxides. A simple example is potassium

3207: 3150: 3126: 2905: 2691: 2495: 2312: 2297: 2262:

The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (

2197: 2164: 1990: 1683: 980: 952: 945: 875: 861: 854: 12449: 12137: 11601: 11369:

The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment

11327:"COPs and Robbers: Putative evolution of copper oxygen-binding proteins" 11215:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 451–78. 10560: 8903:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago" 8413: 8202: 7936: 7030: 7005: 6759:

Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble

5268:

between a copper and an iron; the protein transfers 8 electrons to the O

5227: 4779: 4071: 3801: 2432:

comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; both have a

2074:

Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green

1170:

2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F)

15232: 15177: 15052: 14965: 14923: 14825: 14774: 14711: 14686: 14561: 13757: 13685: 13658: 13631: 13291: 13273: 13246: 13077: 13068: 12807: 12509: 12003: 11811: 11794: 11764:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)" 10795:"Manufacturing Mayday: Production glitches send Airbus into a tailspin" 9618:

Pops, Horace, 2008, "Processing of wire from antiquity to the future",

9074: 9012: 8873:

Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

8760: 8578: 7479: 7462: 6809: 6153: 5694:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5488:

in deficiency, but the results have not been confirmed by replication.

5348: 5340: 5320: 5277: 5249: 5206:

protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus

5083: 5050: 5021: 4948: 4484:

Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred

4406: 4273: 4238: 4132: 4034: 3973: 3772: 3562: 3504:, the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used in a 2655: 2499: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 1998: 987: 931: 910: 889: 628: 614: 593: 465: 458: 259: 14933: 12031: 11886: 10182:

Architectural considerations; Copper in Architecture Design Handbook,

9296: 8784: 8357:

Before civilization: the radiocarbon revolution and prehistoric Europe

8123: 8088: 8045: 7964: 7858: 7709: 6276: 5774: 5533:

Elevated copper levels have also been linked to worsening symptoms of

5405:

Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to

4437: 3999:"natural bronze" had come into general use. Bronze artifacts from the 3573:(MOBs). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving 3402: 3221: 2494:

is the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a

1475: 15378: 15371: 15242: 15237: 15217: 15142: 15067: 15061: 15042: 14938: 14879: 14794: 14691: 14626: 14601: 14591: 14521: 14500: 13766: 13739: 13730: 13577: 13559: 13550: 13541: 13327: 13237: 13210: 13158: 13104: 13086: 13050: 13030: 12969: 12906: 12850: 12789: 12778: 12697: 12648: 12638: 12633: 10195: 9478: 9345:"Gold: prices, facts, figures and research: A brief history of money" 7725:

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/64/1/012014/meta

5527: 5362: 5328: 5163: 5038: 4920: 4890: 4831: 4620: 4616: 4596: 4542: 4534: 4493: 4463: 4402: 4120: 4088: 4063:

the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the goddess and planet

4039: 3874: 3558: 3505: 3116:

The environmental cost of copper mining was estimated at 3.7 kg

3070: 2675: 2651: 2507: 2469: 2341: 2243:

character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low

2232: 2091: 2079: 2068: 2064: 1958: 1824: 1802: 1762: 1525: 1390: 994: 973: 966: 847: 833: 826: 819: 656: 586: 565: 528: 486: 472: 444: 426: 382: 333: 289: 245: 236: 176: 11498:

Adelstein, S. J.; Vallee, B. L. (1961). "Copper metabolism in man".

10729:"China drives copper to 4-month low, raising global economic alarms" 10419:"EPA Registers Copper Surfaces for Residual Use Against Coronavirus" 10049:

Long-Term Availability of Copper; International Copper Association;

9063:"The State of Our Knowledge About Ancient Copper Mining in Michigan" 9004: 8888:

Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theory of Disease Transmission

8715:"Ancient Native Americans were among the world's first coppersmiths" 8455:"Essays on Geology, History, and People: Chapter 3: Fire and Metals" 7677: 7221: 6368: 5122:

sources. Another reason predicted demand increases is the fact that

2634:(ppm). In nature, copper occurs in a variety of minerals, including 15446: 15420: 15346: 15273: 15212: 15202: 15197: 15157: 15097: 15087: 15047: 15029: 15018: 15013: 14928: 14884: 14769: 14764: 14701: 14641: 14631: 14596: 14571: 14546: 14541: 13818: 13721: 13622: 13505: 13487: 13462: 13453: 13426: 13399: 13363: 13354: 13336: 13264: 13255: 13149: 13021: 12987: 12897: 12888: 12879: 12870: 12825: 12744: 12726: 12661: 11145:"Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation" 10631:

Codelco to provide antimicrobial copper for new metro lines (Chile)

10612:

Chilean subway protected with Antimicrobial Copper – Rail News from

10552: 8991:

Rickard, T.A. (1932). "The Nomenclature of Copper and its Alloys".

8625:

Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across the Midcontinent

8261:

A Timeline of Copper Technologies, Copper Development Association,

5858:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

5673: 5643: 5565:(immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 100 mg/m. 5082:

Total world production in 2023 is expected to be almost 23 million

4924: 4640: 4392: 4312: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4219: 4203: 4140: 4026: 3922: 3908: 3891: 3870: 3862: 3826: 3696: 3481: 3192: 3042: 2997: 2839: 2832: 2737: 2683: 2667: 2647: 2244: 2171:

were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.

2110: 2024: 1160: (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) 959: 882: 791: 777: 761: 754: 733: 712: 684: 677: 663: 607: 600: 521: 419: 396: 326: 319: 312: 305: 273: 213: 199: 151: 12114: 12095: 11939: 10822:"Global copper market under supplied, demand on the rise – report" 10014:

http://www.icsg.org/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/170/2462

9926:

Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism

8387: 7523: 6007:. Vol. 4: Combustion to Diamagnetism. VCH. pp. 267–272. 5456:

RDA. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at

2105:

because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex

2041:; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, 15441: 15351: 15263: 15172: 15137: 15122: 15107: 15092: 15082: 14955: 14889: 14840: 14779: 14636: 14611: 14576: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13676: 13667: 13649: 13604: 13532: 13514: 13444: 13390: 13372: 13345: 13318: 13300: 13282: 13192: 13122: 13095: 13059: 13041: 13005: 12996: 12978: 12960: 12859: 12798: 12688: 12643: 12515: 12156:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

11974: 11135: 11133: 10131:"Kronborg completed – Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties" 7284: 6123:. Vol. L (5th ed.). W. & R. Chambers. p. 312. 5638: 5352: 5344: 5324: 5139: 5046: 4886: 4384: 4380: 4155: 4060: 3918: 3668: 3501: 3191:. Copper is one of the most important constituents of silver and 2679: 2671: 2643: 2375: 2349: 2286: 2060: 1986: 1872: 1838: 1688: 1175: 924: 917: 903: 868: 812: 798: 747: 705: 691: 670: 649: 635: 621: 551: 500: 479: 451: 437: 410: 403: 389: 375: 296: 252: 169: 11792: 9450:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. passim. 5530:

of the liver in persons who have inherited two defective genes.

5032:(EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as " 4931:. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by 4603:

use copper because of its superior heat dissipation properties.

4339:; copper continues to be used in construction of various types. 3810: 2157: 15341: 15247: 15207: 15182: 15117: 15102: 14998: 14978: 14894: 14845: 14835: 14551: 14516: 13568: 13496: 13381: 13309: 13219: 13201: 13167: 13131: 13113: 12933: 12924: 12816: 12769: 12735: 12717: 12672: 11678:

Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA and AI for Vitamins and Elements

11008: 10652:. (PDF). antimicrobialcopper.com. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 10380:

Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys used in Marine Aquaculture

10290:

Glossary of copper terms, Copper Development Association (UK):

9965:

Copper in energy systems; Copper Development Association Inc.;

9633:

http://www.litz-wire.com/pdf%20files/Metallurgy_Copper_Wire.pdf

9090: 7982:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). NY: Academic Press. p. 1015. 5690: 5473: 5054: 5025: 4939:, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the 4928: 4894: 4874: 4788: 4581: 4554: 4459: 4320: 4293: 4108: 4021: 3838: 3786: 3652: 3530: 3374: 3275: 3237: 3226: 3215: 3203: 3180: 2820: 2816: 2749: 2353: 2216: 2142: 2075: 2046: 1664: 1157: 1023: 1016: 840: 784: 698: 642: 572: 558: 535: 507: 493: 354: 347: 266: 229: 206: 192: 160: 12493: 12149: 11532: 11130: 8645: 8552: 8179:"High-valent organometallic copper and palladium in catalysis" 7949: 7842: 6405:"Contrasting copper evolution in ω Centauri and the Milky Way" 5734:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

4488:

in nearly all categories of electrical wiring except overhead

4466:

of copper is possible, although alloys are preferred for good

4139:

ores, which were easier to smelt. The rich copper deposits of

2316:

Unoxidized copper wire (left) and oxidized copper wire (right)

1973:. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a 15320: 15310: 15300: 15283: 15278: 15268: 15227: 15057: 15037: 14973: 14905: 14646: 14621: 14566: 13782: 13471: 13176: 12834: 12708: 12133: 10848:"Will the Transition to Renewable Energy Be Paved in Copper?" 10280:

http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/finishes.html

9885:

Will the Transition to Renewable Energy Be Paved in Copper?,

9189: 9141:

Cortés, Leticia Inés; Scattolin, María Cristina (June 2017).

8959:

Pigment Compendium: Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments

7577:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1142–1145. 5042: 4839: 4455: 4355:

plant, starting its production in 1876. The German scientist

4288: 4242: 4064: 4004: 3790: 3782: 3740: 3703: 3577:, which gives a red-brown precipitate with copper(II) salts. 3554: 3172: 3168: 3117: 3097: 3089: 3020: 2900:) and, to a lesser extent, covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu 2259:

form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

2184: 2016:). This led to very early human use in several regions, from 1978: 1144: 1110: 768: 542: 280: 185: 14469: 9780:

Copper motor rotor project; Copper Development Association;

7004:

Su, Kun; Ma, Xiaodong; Parianos, John; Zhao, Baojun (2020).

5757:

Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013).

4951:, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and 4111:, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to 4011:

artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC.

3595:. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with 52: 15192: 15167: 15162: 15112: 14874: 13435: 13408: 12951: 12915: 12753: 11412:. Vol. 18. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 469–506. 8955: 8479: 6292: 5562: 5418: 4843: 4835: 4417: 4388: 4143:

seem to have been largely untouched, in spite of extensive

3695:) consists of both Cu(II) and Cu(III) centres. Like oxide, 3176: 3011: 2707: 2703: 2694:, with the largest single crystal ever described measuring 2333: 2220: 1994: 1031: 740: 719: 368: 340: 220: 12499: 11410:

Metallo-Drugs: Development and Action of Anticancer Agents

11365: 11067: 8758: 8109: 7228:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

7044: 6409:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

4576: 3809:

Era included copper, such as the blade of this replica of

2713:

Typical background concentrations of copper do not exceed

2071:, and have been used widely and historically as pigments. 13140: 12555: 11324: 10531: 10026:

https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/

9093:"Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia" 8030:"Structure and Spectroscopy of Copper−Dioxygen Complexes" 7176:[Opportunities for recycling high purity copper] 7174:"Les opportunités du recyclage du cuivre de haute pureté" 6577:. London and New York: Earthscan Routledge. p. 207. 5507: 4144: 3184: 2702:, representing 50 ppm compared with 75 ppm for 2526:, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways. 2042: 2023:. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be 514: 12494:

International Copper Association and the Copper Alliance

10445: 9582: 6543:. Oxford University Press. pp. 124, 231, 449, 503. 3607:; in particular, the last reaction described produces a 2935:

Cuprous oxide reacts with cuprous sulfide to convert to

2782:

deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Sites include

12435: 12250:

Bernhard, David; Rossmann, Andrea; Wick, Georg (2005).

11729:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

11009:

Richmond SJ, Gunadasa S, Bland M, Macpherson H (2013).

8027: 7373:. (PDF) . balverzinn.com. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 6698:. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. pp. 7–18. 4814:

Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable,

4414:

Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries

4189:, but the copper mask from Argentina suggests that the 3254:

Copper forms a rich variety of compounds, usually with

2101:

Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace

12208: 11407: 10408:. Copper Touch Surfaces. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 10392: 9692:"Aluminum Wiring Hazards and Pre-Purchase Inspections" 8814:

Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. (1 October 2018).

6539:

Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements

6473:

Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements

5378:

A unique tetranuclear copper center has been found in

5264:. Cytochrome c oxidase is the protein that binds the O 12121:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

12102:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

11139: 10878:"Copper and cars: Boom goes beyond electric vehicles" 10278:

Application Areas: Architecture – Finishes – patina;

10243: 10111:

http://eurocopper.org/copper/copper-architecture.html

10039:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3004/pdf/fs2014-3004.pdf

8901:

Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo (December 2013).

6692:

Beaudoin, Yannick C.; Baker, Elaine (December 2013).

5555:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4976:

have natural properties that destroy a wide range of

4241:, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient 3187:

alloys, but can refer to any alloy of copper such as

2502:, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by 2034:; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, 15530:

Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure

12415:(6th ed.). Wiley, New York. Table 6.1, p. 137. 12406: 12249: 10792: 10633:. Construpages.com.ve. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 10320:"Copper.org: Architecture Design Handbook: Finishes" 6632: 5857: 4367:

which was eclipsed by the vast sulphide deposits of

2851:. After a peak in 2022 the price unexpectedly fell. 11642: 10643:

PR 811 Chilean Subway Installs Antimicrobial Copper

10389:. (PDF) . copper.org. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 9967:

http://www.copper.org/environment/green/energy.html

8935:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 13, 48–66. 8517:"CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper" 8278:"CSA – Discovery Guides, A Brief History of Copper" 7806: 4935:and copper-based paint. Similarly, as discussed in 4103:being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and 12411:Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction 12408: 12392:Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) 12369: 12143: 11919:"Pesticide Information Profile for Copper Sulfate" 11869:Gordon, Starkebaum; John, M. Harlan (April 1986). 11061: 10363: 9385: 9270:"Corinthian Bronze and the Gold of the Alchemists" 8484:. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. p. 396. 8263:https://www.copper.org/education/history/timeline/ 7978:G. Brauer, ed. (1963). "Potassium Cuprate (III)". 6756: 6536: 6470: 6293:Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; 6092:Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance (2003). 6068:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5518:, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages. 5484:causes an accumulation of copper in body tissues. 4571: 4210:reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the 4042:period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the 11210: 9086: 9084: 8900: 8144: 7597: 7163:. (25 August 2010). Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 6884: 6633:Gordon, R.B.; Bertram, M.; Graedel, T.E. (2006). 5860:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 5561:(REL) of 1 mg/m, time-weighted average. The 5468:Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake, 5086:. Copper demand is increasing due to the ongoing 2963:sulfide and oxide ores, copper is recovered from 2794:, in New Mexico, United States. According to the 1969:. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a 15476: 10957:"Penny Hoarders Hope for the Day The Penny Dies" 10509:"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products" 10344: 10037:Global Mineral Resource Assessment (USGS, 2014) 9060: 8754: 8752: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 7765:"Characteristic Reactions of Copper Ions (Cu²⁺)" 7052:. International Seabed Authority. Archived from 7003: 6403:Romano, Donatella; Matteucci, Fransesca (2007). 6116: 6037:Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering 5756: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5093:For some purposes, other metals can substitute, 3171:have been formulated, many with important uses. 2854:The global market for copper is one of the most 2678:, and as copper(I) or copper(II) oxides such as 2356:compounds, with which it reacts to form various 1483: = 361.50 pm (at 20 °C) 11786: 11645:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 11497: 11183: 10503: 10501: 9498: 9140: 9136: 9134: 8613:, Oconto, Wisconsin, 5 October 2002, pp. 10–18. 8302: 6639:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6402: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6035:Smith, William F. & Hashemi, Javad (2003). 5930: 3659:, especially in the presence of amine ligands. 2117:, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment 1520:16.78 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 12372:Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology 11975:Ayyat M.S.; Marai I.F.M.; Alazab A.M. (1995). 11467: 11465: 10930:"Why are Premiums for Copper Bullion So High?" 10452:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 10024:Copper Mineral Commodity Summary (USGS, 2017) 9081: 8993:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8894: 8305:Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia 8176: 7921: 7498: 6924:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 6724: 6722: 6001:Trigg, George L.; Immergut, Edmund H. (1992). 5315:(oxidation of copper; reduction of superoxide) 5300:(reduction of copper; oxidation of superoxide) 5276:, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of 4662: 4280:affecting the stream running from the disused 3623:; as such, they are important in the field of 2698:. Copper is the 26th most abundant element in 14485: 13834: 12531: 10514:United States Environmental Protection Agency 10439: 10424:United States Environmental Protection Agency 9316: 8990: 8749: 8539: 6754: 6691: 6000: 5805:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 5720: 5547:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 5343:. Structurally related to hemocyanin are the 5030:United States Environmental Protection Agency 4798:Old copper utensils in a Jerusalem restaurant 4653:National Electrical Manufacturers Association 4050: 3662: 3533:, compounds containing more than one alcohol 3395:causes the precipitation of light blue solid 2725:in vegetation; 2 μg/L in freshwater and 2282:, above which it begins to heat excessively. 1908: 1094: 11833: 11700:. National Academy Press. 2001, PP. 224–257. 11573: 10498: 9131: 8905:. Antiquity Publications Ltd. Archived from 8272: 8270: 6534: 6468: 6254: 6193: 6143: 6117:Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (1884). 6034: 4441:Copper fittings for soldered plumbing joints 3982:Copper was used in blue pigments like this " 3377:. In aqueous solution, copper(II) exists as 2289:when exposed to air. This is due to the low 2145:, the origin of the name of the metal, from 1418: 11462: 11303: 11301: 10981: 10541:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 9232: 8930: 8639: 8480:Timberlake, S. & Prag A.J.N.W. (2005). 8344: 8074: 7980:Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry 7494: 7492: 7490: 7078:Bahadir, Ali Mufit; Duca, Gheorghe (2009). 7077: 6719: 6303:evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" 6144:Ramachandran, Harishankar (14 March 2007). 5795: 5736:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 5090:. China accounts for over half the demand. 4818:, and weatherproof architectural material. 4722:power plants. Since copper is an excellent 4496:is often preferred. Copper wire is used in 4208:Roman copper mining and smelting activities 4098: 2150: 1668: 36:Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu) 14492: 14478: 13841: 13827: 12538: 12524: 11868: 11539:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 10675: 9538:. New York, NY, United States of America: 9427:. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Bureau of Mines 9025: 8933:Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology 8813: 8307:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56. 7331: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6860:. New York, NY, United States of America: 6203:Grieken, Rene van; Janssens, Koen (2005). 5759:"A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond" 5424: 3894:, Pakistan, and is dated to 4000 BC. 3055: 2744:, in Chile, is one of the world's largest 1915: 1901: 1725: 1718: 1474: 51: 12267: 12226: 12215:Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 12209:Pourkhabbaz, A.; Pourkhabbaz, H. (2012). 12185: 12167: 12039: 12017: 12002: 11992: 11894: 11810: 11550: 11342: 11325:Decker, H. & Terwilliger, N. (2000). 11160: 11044: 11034: 10481: 10463: 10109:Architecture, European Copper Institute; 9750:IE3 energy-saving motors, Engineer Live, 9562: 9158: 8839: 8689: 8671: 8622:Emerson, Thomas E. and McElrath, Dale L. 8429: 8267: 8210: 7977: 7699: 7632: 7549: 7478: 7255: 7029: 6668: 6658: 6570: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6438: 6420: 6288: 6286: 6039:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 223. 5851: 5731: 4969:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces 4335:sculpture, and was used to construct the 4257:instruments and other medical equipment. 4202:had his own coins made from brass, while 3580: 3569:with copper(II) including in the form of 3352: 2811:, which are located at the depths of the 12432:, MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse. 12399:. Office of Technology Assessment. 2005. 12394:Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology" 12115:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 12096:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. 11768:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) 11298: 11282:. University of Delaware. Archived from 10621:. rail.co. Retrieved on 8 November 2011. 10349:. ASM International. pp. 3–6, 266. 9783:"Copper.org: Copper Motor Rotor Project" 8926: 8924: 8712: 8319:No primary source is given in that book. 7925:Journal of the American Chemical Society 7487: 7450:. ASTM International. 2005. p. 368. 6824:"Copper is unexpectedly getting cheaper" 6605: 6508: 5684: 5361: 5226: 5105: 4801: 4793: 4778: 4736: 4575: 4444: 4436: 4311: 4287: 4272: 4194:not start until the early 20th century. 4173: 4087:In Greece, copper was known by the name 4070: 4054: 3977: 3927: 3816: 3800: 3793:, shaped in the form of an animal skin ( 3776: 3514: 3401: 3356: 3236: 3140: 3111: 2879: 2838: 2755: 2736: 2621: 2319: 2311: 2202: 2183: 1977:, and as a constituent of various metal 13638: 11739: 10793:Hellemans, Alexander (1 January 2007). 10761:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 9861:"REN21 Renewables Global Status Report" 9420: 8350: 8233: 7753:https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/5/844 7628: 7626: 7454: 6954: 6910: 6787: 6728: 6574:The Elements of Environmental Pollution 6064: 5931:Johnson, MD PhD, Larry E., ed. (2008). 5600:Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes 4643:increases the efficiency of the motor. 2985:(Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed) 1667:, principal mining place in Roman era ( 14: 15477: 13692: 13521: 13226: 12152:"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke" 11735:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 11190:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 509. 11187:Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation 10158:"Why did we paint the library's roof?" 9533: 8765:Environmental Science & Technology 8511: 8509: 8322: 7460: 7209:"Philippines: attention, terrain miné" 7180:(in French). WeeeCycling. 17 May 2021. 6921: 6855: 6455: 6283: 6257:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 6060: 6058: 6056: 5885: 5835:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5612:List of countries by copper production 4873:The metal's distinctive natural green 4635:enhances the efficiency of electrical 4584:distributing power to a large building 3990:saucer and stand from the Bronze Age, 3329:are known, as are cupric halides with 2826: 2766:List of countries by copper production 2149:(metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to 14473: 13822: 13746: 13710: 13701: 13611: 13593: 13584: 12519: 11268: 11116:"Find the Truth Behind Medical Myths" 10701: 9028:Materials and Manufacturing Processes 8921: 8452: 7572: 7566: 7104: 6120:Chambers's Information for the People 5996: 5994: 5832: 5799:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4897:; the best results are obtained with 4619:in microwave ovens use copper, as do 3890:copper comes from an amulet found in 1861: 1858: 1850: 1847: 1811: 1806: 1794: 1791: 13848: 13755: 13683: 13656: 13629: 13289: 13271: 13244: 13075: 13066: 10218:. Engage Engineering. Archived from 9722:"Accelerator: Waveguides (SLAC VVC)" 9445: 9421:Gardner, E. D.; et al. (1938). 7635:"Nonsystematic (Contact) Fungicides" 7623: 7341:. World Gold Council. Archived from 7312:"Pride and skill – the 10-cent coin" 6849: 6477:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5891: 4296:from Norway made from Swedish copper 4237:. The process was most prevalent in 2690:in Michigan, US. Native copper is a 2188:A copper disc (99.95% pure) made by 13764: 13737: 13728: 13575: 13557: 13548: 13539: 13325: 13235: 13208: 13156: 13102: 13084: 13048: 13028: 12967: 12904: 12805: 12787: 12776: 12695: 11074:Complementary Therapies in Medicine 9527: 8885: 8870: 8601: 8506: 7499:Holleman, A.F.; Wiberg, N. (2001). 6922:Lossin, Adalbert (2001). "Copper". 6053: 4955:properties in marine environments. 4218:most intensely mined were those of 4187:metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 3269: 3100:; lower-purity scrap is refined by 1278: 24: 13719: 13620: 13503: 13485: 13460: 13451: 13424: 13397: 13352: 13334: 13262: 13253: 13147: 13019: 12985: 12895: 12877: 12868: 12848: 12823: 12545: 12363: 12337: 12328: 12319: 12310: 10196:http://www.professionalroofing.net 7133:"International Copper Association" 6802:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb00411.x 5991: 5979:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2018 5370:. A central link in this chain is 5216: 4965:Antimicrobial properties of copper 4626: 4516:circuitry, and countless types of 3522:of the complex , illustrating the 3258:+1 and +2, which are often called 3149:, which are composed of the alloy 2174: 2141:, copper was mined principally on 1366:2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol 25: 15546: 13674: 13665: 13647: 13602: 13512: 13442: 13415: 13388: 13370: 13361: 13343: 13316: 13298: 13280: 13190: 13120: 13093: 13057: 13003: 12994: 12976: 12958: 12886: 12857: 12796: 12742: 12724: 12686: 12659: 12465: 11574:Frieden, E.; Hsieh, H.S. (1976). 10954: 10854:. 15 January 2015. Archived from 10012:The World Copper Factbook, 2017; 9565:"Is Copper Bottom Paint Sinking?" 9097:Journal of Archaeological Science 8820:Journal of Archaeological Science 8713:Malakoff, David (19 March 2021). 8177:Hickman, A.; Sanford, M. (2012). 7418:American Precious Metals Exchange 7382: 6763:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 6635:"Metal stocks and sustainability" 5937:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 5674:"Standard Atomic Weights: Copper" 5605:Cold water pitting of copper tube 5540: 4904: 4473: 3565:such as cystine form very stable 2121:, replaced by the iron-complexed 1993:used to make marine hardware and 1957:29. It is a soft, malleable, and 1363:1st: 745.5 kJ/mol 13566: 13530: 13494: 13379: 13307: 13217: 13199: 13129: 13111: 13039: 12940: 12931: 12922: 12767: 12670: 12370:Massaro, Edward J., ed. (2002). 12243: 12202: 12127: 12108: 12089: 12064: 12011: 11968: 11933: 11911: 11862: 11827: 11756: 11720: 11703: 11690: 11671: 11636: 11567: 11526: 11491: 11401: 11359: 11318: 11204: 11177: 11108: 11002: 10975: 10948: 10922: 10896: 10870: 10840: 10814: 10786: 10746: 10721: 10702:Woods, Bob (27 September 2023). 10695: 10669: 10655: 10636: 10624: 10605: 10590: 10525: 10411: 10373: 10338: 10311: 10284: 10272: 10237: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10155: 10149: 10122: 10103: 10094: 10081: 10062: 10043: 10031: 10018: 10006: 9997: 9959: 9940: 9914: 9902: 9879: 9853: 9828: 9801: 9774: 9765: 9756: 9744: 9714: 9684: 9675: 9653: 9644: 9625: 9612: 9556: 9492: 9464: 9439: 9414: 9379: 9358: 9337: 9310: 9261: 9226: 9183: 9054: 9019: 8984: 8949: 8879: 8864: 7045:International Seabed Authority. 6729:Leonard, Andrew (3 March 2006). 6608:"A new method to harvest copper" 6440:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00320.x 5576:readily absorbs and accumulates 5157: 5088:energy transition to electricity 5077: 4958: 4668:This section is an excerpt from 4449:A very large copper seal end cap 4405:in Finland and first applied at 4351:in Hamburg was the first modern 4222:, Cyprus and in Central Europe. 3524:octahedral coordination geometry 3049:Transportation to the tank house 2884:Scheme of flash smelting process 1888: 1887: 1369:3rd: 3555 kJ/mol 1246: 13469: 13174: 13165: 12832: 12814: 12733: 12715: 12484:Copper and compounds fact sheet 11657:10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.1.c140 11500:New England Journal of Medicine 11331:Journal of Experimental Biology 10676:GlobalData (17 November 2023). 9631:The Metallurgy of Copper Wire, 8807: 8706: 8616: 8473: 8446: 8381: 8296: 8255: 8227: 8170: 8138: 8103: 8068: 8021: 7986: 7971: 7943: 7915: 7873: 7836: 7800: 7783: 7757: 7744: 7730: 7716: 7671: 7655: 7591: 7517: 7438: 7405: 7376: 7357: 7304: 7272: 7215: 7201: 7184: 7166: 7151: 7125: 7098: 7071: 7038: 6997: 6948: 6878: 6816: 6781: 6748: 6685: 6626: 6610:. Azcentral.com. Archived from 6606:Randazzo, Ryan (19 June 2011). 6599: 6564: 6528: 6502: 6396: 6362: 6340:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides" 6332: 6327:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 6248: 6223: 6168: 6137: 6110: 6085: 6028: 6004:Encyclopedia of Applied Physics 5969: 5955: 5899:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 5260:, which is the last protein in 5236: 4768: 4764:is higher than any other metal. 4747:United States Geological Survey 4572:Electronics and related devices 4426: 3911:, UK, at 2280 to 1890 BC. 3229:to a dark blue or black color. 2866:, and has been so for decades. 2807:currently being researched are 2564:have significant applications. 13433: 13406: 12949: 12913: 12751: 12706: 10206: 9424:Copper Mining in North America 9388:Advanced Engineering Materials 9323:. Reaktion Books. p. 60. 7575:Structural Inorganic Chemistry 7158:"Overview of Recycled Copper" 6984:10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.05.001 5924: 5826: 5789: 5750: 5666: 5450:European Food Safety Authority 5323:is the oxygen carrier in most 5174: 3761: 3500:forms a blue crystalline penta 3484:form complexes; these include 3286:are known. Among the numerous 3079:Metal Stocks in Society report 2790:, in Utah, United States, and 2774:as copper sulfides from large 2231:and are characterized by high 2082:. Copper is sometimes used in 1350:Pauling scale: 1.90 13: 1: 14499: 13138: 12407:William D. Callister (2003). 12072:"Copper: Alzheimer's Disease" 10266:10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00093-6 9040:10.1080/10426914.2016.1221113 7995:Chemistry: A European Journal 7503:. San Diego: Academic Press. 7447:Corrosion Tests and Standards 7108:The Periodic Table in Minutes 5659: 5526:with copper accumulation and 5463: 5439:tolerable upper intake levels 5400: 4470:in creating intricate parts. 3967: 3958: 3877: 3766: 3363:tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate 3290:, important examples include 2732: 2611: 2450:, with the most stable being 2050: 2035: 2028: 2017: 2009:for temperature measurement. 1539:Molar magnetic susceptibility 12488:National Pollutant Inventory 12477:The Periodic Table of Videos 12351:in water containing sulfide 11799:British Journal of Nutrition 11221:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_13 11036:10.1371/journal.pone.0071529 10852:www.renewableenergyworld.com 9836:"Renewables 2022 – Analysis" 9810:"NEMA – NEMA Premium Motors" 9235:Journal of Roman Archaeology 9212:10.1126/science.272.5259.246 8673:10.1371/journal.pone.0266908 6344:National Nuclear Data Center 6071:(81st ed.). CRC Press. 5892:Robert McHenry, ed. (1992). 5388: 4937:copper alloys in aquaculture 4911:Copper alloys in aquaculture 4561:, and ease of installation. 4089: 4075:Chalcolithic copper mine in 3399:. A simplified equation is: 3232: 3075:International Resource Panel 3064: 2983:Flowchart of copper refining 2876:Copper extraction techniques 2670:, copper carbonates such as 2606:positron emission tomography 2326:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh 2132: 1596:3810 m/s (at 7: 15515:Crystals in space group 225 12496:, a business interest group 12430:Material: Copper (Cu), bulk 12252:"Metals in cigarette smoke" 11512:10.1056/NEJM196111022651806 11377:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_8 10763:. p. 1. Archived from 10754:"Repairing aluminum wiring" 9726:SLAC Virtual Visitor Center 9481:. p. 2. Archived from 9366:"Copper and Brass in Ships" 7542:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00368 6378:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 5732:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 5583: 5568:Copper is a constituent of 5491: 4974:Copper-alloy touch surfaces 4756:Bolstering the supply from 4663:Renewable energy production 4490:electric power transmission 4179:Mississippian copper plates 4160:Mississippian copper plates 3844:Copper occurs naturally as 3748:Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction 3681:Yttrium barium copper oxide 3633:Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling 2472:of 61.83 hours. Seven 2363: 2307: 2179: 1231:24.440 J/(mol·K) 10: 15551: 13037: 12866: 12785: 12704: 12668: 12570: 12480:(University of Nottingham) 11086:10.1016/j.ctim.2009.07.002 10517:. May 2008. Archived from 10293:"Glossary of copper terms" 9620:Wire Journal International 9501:International Organization 9472:"Outokumpu Flash Smelting" 9073:(2–3): 119. Archived from 9067:The Michigan Archaeologist 8332:. Elements.vanderkrogt.net 7633:Wiley-Vch (2 April 2007). 7392:British Numismatic Society 7364:Balver Zinn Solder Sn97Cu3 6209:. CRC Press. p. 197. 5698:Pure and Applied Chemistry 5590:Copper in renewable energy 5559:recommended exposure limit 5551:permissible exposure limit 5516:feed conversion efficiency 5495: 5431:U.S. Institute of Medicine 5220: 4962: 4943:industry because they are 4908: 4772: 4741:Copper wires for recycling 4670:Copper in renewable energy 4667: 4477: 4433:Copper in renewable energy 4430: 4383:ranked first, followed by 4204:Octavianus Augustus Caesar 4051:Ancient and post-classical 3971: 3932:Copper artifacts from the 3903:has established mining at 3770: 3753: 3731:Some copper proteins form 3663:Copper(III) and copper(IV) 3584: 3247: 3175:is an alloy of copper and 3160: 2873: 2869: 2763: 2638:, copper sulfides such as 2615: 2367: 1189:when liquid (at 434: 302: 242: 182: 157: 68:Red-orange metallic luster 26: 15535:Coinage metals and alloys 15429: 15391: 15334: 15256: 15027: 14964: 14903: 14865: 14858: 14818: 14720: 14674: 14667: 14507: 14436: 14413: 14050: 14007: 13876: 13856: 13780: 13480: 13185: 13014: 12843: 12762: 12681: 12654: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12565: 12560: 12553: 12354:in 10 M ammonia solution 12269:10.1080/15216540500459667 11584:10.1002/9780470122891.ch6 11418:10.1515/9783110470734-016 10602:, STAT, 24 September 2020 10465:10.1186/s13756-018-0456-4 10385:24 September 2013 at the 10345:Davis, Joseph R. (2001). 9513:10.1017/S0020818300018270 9247:10.1017/S104775940000742X 9198:(5259): 246–249 (247f.). 9117:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.004 9061:Martin, Susan R. (1995). 8841:10.1016/j.jas.2018.08.001 8280:. Csa.com. Archived from 8249:10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213923 8150:Chemistry of the Elements 8148:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 7603:Chemistry of the Elements 7601:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 7248:10.1007/s11356-017-9782-y 6890:Chemistry of the Elements 6888:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 6094:Resistance Welding Manual 5443:Dietary Reference Intakes 5415:enterohepatic circulation 5262:oxidative phosphorylation 5181:Chromobacterium violaceum 4856:radio frequency shielding 4623:for microwave radiation. 4268: 4245:, copper was used in the 4024:and was known to them as 3183:usually refers to copper- 3136: 3125:negatively impacted. The 2843:Price of Copper 1959–2022 2796:British Geological Survey 2476:have been characterized; 2446:. The other isotopes are 1886: 1882: 1855: 1844: 1801: 1788: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1709: 1696: 1677: 1659: 1654: 1644: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1604: 1584: 1574: 1564: 1554: 1537: 1524: 1514: 1504: 1487: 1467: 1449: 1439: 1434: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1389:empirical: 128 1383: 1354: 1344: 1318: 1313: 1235: 1225: 1215: 1201: 1187: 1174: 1164: 1150: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1103: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1045: 1022: 137: 129: 125: 92: 76: 72: 64: 59: 50: 12296: 11848:10.1093/carcin/15.7.1421 11683:13 November 2018 at the 11213:Metallomics and the Cell 11184:Harbhajan Singh (2006). 10648:23 November 2011 at the 10347:Copper and Copper Alloys 10216:wepanknowledgecenter.org 9663:. Chemistryexplained.com 9638:1 September 2013 at the 9534:Massot, Pascale (2024). 8303:Rayner W. Hesse (2007). 7951:Stretching Vibrations". 7902:10.15227/orgsyn.064.0001 7461:Oguchi, Hachiro (1983). 7385:"Modern Coinage Systems" 6932:10.1002/14356007.a07_471 6856:Massot, Pascale (2024). 6571:Rieuwerts, John (2015). 6509:Rickwood, P. C. (1981). 6295:Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik 5963:"Copper in human health" 5879:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 5549:(OSHA) has designated a 5374:, a blue copper protein. 5152:pennies made before 1982 5142:alternatively store old 3571:metal-organic biohybrids 3202:The alloy of copper and 3122:Greenhouse gas emissions 2770:Most copper is mined or 1336:, +3, +4 (a mildly 15520:Native element minerals 14994:Nickel silver (alpacca) 12357:in a chloride solution 11344:10.1242/jeb.203.12.1777 9540:Oxford University Press 9320:Mining in World History 8727:10.1126/science.abi6135 7639:Ullmann's Agrochemicals 7339:"Gold Jewellery Alloys" 7197:. Codelco. p. 109. 6862:Oxford University Press 6790:Economic History Review 6660:10.1073/pnas.0509498103 6065:Hammond, C. R. (2004). 5504:reactive oxygen species 5425:Dietary recommendations 5393:Copper is an essential 5380:nitrous-oxide reductase 5187:Pseudomonas fluorescens 4527:electrical conductivity 3857:of native copper, then 3677:cuprate superconductors 2847:The price of copper is 2158: 1967:electrical conductivity 1500:/K (at 20 °C) 1221:300.4 kJ/mol 29:Copper (disambiguation) 12512:, according to the IMF 12342: 12333: 12324: 12315: 11552:10.1093/ajcn/67.5.965S 11162:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0 10116:9 October 2012 at the 9887:Renewable Energy World 9596:. 2008. Archived from 9446:Hyde, Charles (1998). 9400:10.1002/adem.200400403 9317:Lynch, Martin (2004). 8490:10.30861/9781841717159 8007:10.1002/chem.200500838 7830:10.1002/ange.200800891 7641:. Wiley. p. 623. 7047:"Polymetallic Nodules" 6955:Watling, H.R. (2006). 6896:. pp. 1174–1175. 6755:Brown, Lester (2006). 6511:"The largest crystals" 5833:Weast, Robert (1984). 5458:Reference Daily Intake 5375: 5233: 4893:properties and can be 4811: 4799: 4791: 4775:Copper in architecture 4742: 4593:printed circuit boards 4585: 4450: 4442: 4349:Norddeutsche Affinerie 4324: 4307:copper backed currency 4297: 4285: 4182: 4099: 4084: 4068: 4003:date to 4500 BC. 3995: 3937: 3846:native metallic copper 3841: 3814: 3805:Many tools during the 3798: 3605:organolithium reagents 3593:many uses in chemistry 3581:Organocopper chemistry 3575:potassium ferricyanide 3541:. Specifically, using 3527: 3407: 3371:coordination complexes 3366: 3353:Coordination chemistry 3345:2 Cu + 4 I → 2 CuI + I 3245: 3158: 3032:Anodes removal machine 2885: 2844: 2761: 2760:World production trend 2753: 2706:, and 14 ppm for 2664:tetrahedite-tennantite 2627: 2329: 2324:The East Tower of the 2317: 2247:and high ductility of 2212: 2200: 2151: 1669: 1640:235–878 MPa 1630:343–369 MPa 1560:110–128 GPa 1516:Electrical resistivity 1510:401 W/(m⋅K) 1423: 1183:8.935 g/cm 1105:Electron configuration 78:Standard atomic weight 15505:Electrical conductors 15335:Other natural objects 12341: 12332: 12323: 12314: 12169:10.3390/ijerph8020613 11141:Geoffrey Michael Gadd 10521:on 29 September 2015. 10399:Copper Touch Surfaces 9306:on 29 September 2007. 9241:: 361–372 (366–369). 8968:10.4324/9780080454573 8394:Nature Communications 8154:Butterworth-Heinemann 8146:Greenwood, Norman N. 7607:Butterworth-Heinemann 7599:Greenwood, Norman N. 7573:Wells, A. F. (1984). 7413:"What is 90% Silver?" 6894:Butterworth-Heinemann 6886:Greenwood, Norman N. 6535:Emsley, John (2003). 6518:American Mineralogist 6469:Emsley, John (2003). 5706:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5365: 5280:by converting it (by 5274:superoxide dismutases 5230: 5106:Speculative investing 5071:Legionnaires' disease 5009:Clostridium difficile 4993:Staphylococcus aureus 4899:gas metal arc welding 4885:Copper has excellent 4870:, and recyclability. 4805: 4797: 4785:Minneapolis City Hall 4782: 4740: 4713:significantly lowered 4579: 4480:Copper wire and cable 4448: 4440: 4331:. Copper was used in 4315: 4302:Great Copper Mountain 4291: 4276: 4212:Industrial Revolution 4177: 4074: 4058: 3981: 3931: 3820: 3804: 3797:) typical in that era 3780: 3587:Organocopper compound 3526:common for copper(II) 3518: 3423:tetraamminecopper(II) 3405: 3360: 3313:Cuprous halides with 3240: 3163:List of copper alloys 3144: 3112:Environmental impacts 3005:Reverberatory furnace 2883: 2842: 2759: 2740: 2625: 2352:when exposed to some 2323: 2315: 2206: 2187: 2088:bacteriostatic agents 1961:metal with very high 1422: 14810:Wire wrapped jewelry 14790:Repoussé and chasing 11994:10.4995/wrs.1995.249 11981:World Rabbit Science 11942:Journal of Nutrition 11921:. Cornell University 11337:(Pt 12): 1777–1782. 10617:24 July 2012 at the 10586:on 17 February 2019. 10404:23 July 2012 at the 9160:10.15184/aqy.2017.28 8931:McNeil, Ian (2002). 8521:CSA Discovery Guides 7769:Chemistry LibreTexts 7192:"Annual Memory 2020" 6176:"Galvanic Corrosion" 6146:"Why is Copper Red?" 5258:cytochrome c oxidase 4868:lightning protection 4728:electrical conductor 4709:environmental impact 4551:thermal conductivity 4518:electrical equipment 4486:electrical conductor 4373:Bingham Canyon, Utah 4292:18th-century copper 4115:, hence the English 3994:(1400–1325 BC). 3992:New Kingdom of Egypt 3637:Sonogashira coupling 3611:. These can undergo 3520:Ball-and-stick model 3494:copper(II) carbonate 3397:copper(II) hydroxide 2939:copper upon heating 2809:polymetallic nodules 2340:). A green layer of 2107:cytochrome c oxidase 2078:of compounds called 1971:pinkish-orange color 1506:Thermal conductivity 1409:Van der Waals radius 1217:Heat of vaporization 1197:8.02 g/cm 1179:(at 20° C) 27:For other uses, see 15352:Ebonite (vulcanite) 12450:10.1038/nchembio.72 12306: 11954:10.1093/jn/87.4.385 11122:on 6 January 2014. 11027:2013PLoSO...871529R 10770:on 25 December 2016 10663:"Copper and Cupron" 10258:1998Corro..40.2029F 9289:2000MaMol..33...60S 9204:1996Sci...272..246H 9109:2011JArSc..38.1727C 9077:on 7 February 2016. 8832:2018JArSc..98...34B 8777:2013EnST...47.5545P 8664:2022PLoSO..1766908B 8628:, SUNY Press, 2009 8571:2021Radcb..63..513P 8414:10.1038/ncomms13356 8406:2016NatCo...713356T 8203:10.1038/nature11008 8195:2012Natur.484..177H 8112:Inorganic Chemistry 7953:Inorganic Chemistry 7937:10.1021/ja01854a005 7822:2008AngCh.120.4464B 7692:2000MaMol..33.4094S 7501:Inorganic Chemistry 7369:7 July 2011 at the 7317:Royal Canadian Mint 7240:2017ESPR...2421445R 7234:(26): 21445–21458. 7105:Green, Dan (2016). 7031:10.3390/min10040360 7022:2020Mine...10..360S 6976:2006HydMe..84...81W 6651:2006PNAS..103.1209G 6614:on 21 February 2023 6431:2007MNRAS.378L..59R 6319:2003NuPhA.729....3A 6269:1995JElS..142.3723R 5595:Copper nanoparticle 5535:Alzheimer's disease 5041:, over-bed tables, 4953:corrosion-resistant 4816:corrosion resistant 4806:Large copper bowl. 4783:Copper roof on the 4749:, in-ground copper 4651:to meet and exceed 4645:Copper motor rotors 4589:Integrated circuits 4539:creep (deformation) 4227:Temple of Jerusalem 3629:Copper(I) acetylide 2827:Reserves and prices 2788:Bingham Canyon Mine 2717:in the atmosphere; 2618:List of copper ores 2027:from sulfide ores, 1457:face-centered cubic 1403:132±4 pm 1356:Ionization energies 1238:Vapor pressure 1227:Molar heat capacity 1126:Physical properties 1118:Electrons per shell 47: 15525:Symbols of Arizona 14697:Jewellery designer 12343: 12334: 12325: 12316: 12301: 11812:10.1079/BJN2002558 11535:"Copper transport" 11286:on 22 October 2008 10984:Agents and Actions 10427:. 10 February 2021 10326:on 16 October 2012 10225:on 25 October 2013 10137:on 24 October 2012 10089:Metal Architecture 10075:2018-06-22 at the 10056:2018-06-29 at the 10028:mcs-2017-coppe.pdf 9991:2022-10-30 at the 9972:2020-08-01 at the 9953:2012-05-23 at the 9896:2018-06-22 at the 9732:on 7 February 2006 8909:on 5 February 2014 8579:10.1017/RDC.2021.7 8527:on 3 February 2015 8284:on 3 February 2015 7480:10.1007/BF03214636 7059:on 23 October 2021 6993:on 18 August 2011. 5557:(NIOSH) has set a 5376: 5368:thylakoid membrane 5337:Limulus polyphemus 5282:disproportionation 5234: 5059:computer keyboards 4812: 4800: 4792: 4743: 4657:premium efficiency 4631:Copper's superior 4586: 4580:Copper electrical 4510:telecommunications 4506:power distribution 4502:power transmission 4451: 4443: 4325: 4298: 4286: 4278:Acid mine drainage 4183: 4085: 4069: 3996: 3947:Great Lakes region 3942:Old Copper Complex 3940:Production in the 3938: 3934:Old Copper Complex 3896:Investment casting 3869:. In southeastern 3842: 3815: 3799: 3781:A corroded copper 3641:Conjugate addition 3547:Fehling's solution 3543:Benedict's reagent 3528: 3498:Copper(II) sulfate 3490:copper(II) nitrate 3486:copper(II) acetate 3411:Cu + 2 OH → Cu(OH) 3408: 3389:metal aquo complex 3367: 3304:copper monosulfide 3246: 3159: 3019:Copper casting of 2886: 2845: 2762: 2754: 2696:4.4 × 3.2 × 3.2 cm 2688:Keweenaw Peninsula 2628: 2602:radioactive tracer 2498:above 64 decay by 2474:metastable isomers 2370:Isotopes of copper 2330: 2318: 2302:galvanic corrosion 2213: 2201: 2190:continuous casting 2125:in fish and other 2096:wood preservatives 1711:Isotopes of copper 1580:140 GPa 1440:Natural occurrence 1430: 1424: 1029: 1012: 39: 15495:Transition metals 15490:Chemical elements 15470: 15469: 15387: 15386: 15257:Organic gemstones 14854: 14853: 14467: 14466: 13816: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13775: 13774: 12422:978-0-471-73696-7 12381:978-0-89603-943-8 12361: 12360: 12303:Pourbaix diagrams 12032:10.1002/biof.1005 11887:10.1172/JCI112442 11593:978-0-470-12289-1 11427:978-3-11-047073-4 11386:978-94-017-9268-4 11249:978-94-007-5561-1 11230:978-94-007-5560-4 11197:978-0-470-05058-3 10682:Mining Technology 10596:Zaleski, Andrew, 10356:978-0-87170-726-0 10299:on 20 August 2012 10246:Corrosion Science 9622:, June, pp. 58–66 9594:American Elements 9549:978-0-19-777140-2 9330:978-1-86189-173-0 9297:10.1021/ma9904870 8942:978-0-203-19211-5 8785:10.1021/es304499c 8771:(11): 5545–5552. 8367:978-0-14-013642-5 8314:978-0-313-33507-5 8237:Coord. Chem. Rev. 8189:(7393): 177–185. 8163:978-0-08-037941-8 8124:10.1021/ic9608713 8118:(14): 3119–3124. 8089:10.1021/cr020633r 8046:10.1021/cr020632z 7965:10.1021/ic970138r 7959:(12): 3066–3070. 7889:Organic Syntheses 7859:10.1021/cr050992x 7816:(23): 4464–4468. 7810:Angewandte Chemie 7795:978-3-527-29773-3 7710:10.1021/ma991893m 7686:(11): 4094–4107. 7648:978-3-527-31604-5 7616:978-0-08-037941-8 7584:978-0-19-965763-6 7510:978-0-12-352651-9 7292:on 4 October 2014 7118:978-1-68144-329-4 7091:978-90-481-2903-4 6903:978-0-08-037941-8 6871:978-0-19-777140-2 6774:978-0-393-32831-8 6705:978-82-7701-119-6 6584:978-0-415-85919-6 6550:978-0-19-850340-8 6488:978-0-19-850340-8 6384:(12): 1910–1915. 6350:on 25 August 2013 6307:Nuclear Physics A 6302: 6277:10.1149/1.2048404 6263:(11): 3723–3728. 6216:978-0-203-97078-2 6180:Corrosion Doctors 6130:978-0-665-46912-1 6103:978-0-9624382-0-2 6078:978-0-8493-0485-9 6046:978-0-07-292194-6 6014:978-3-527-28126-8 5909:978-0-85229-553-3 5867:Chinese Physics C 5775:10.1021/ja4006578 5769:(10): 3792–3795. 5743:978-1-62708-155-9 5470:copper deficiency 5357:electron transfer 5307:+ 2H → Cu-SOD + H 5286:hydrogen peroxide 5256:, it is found in 5223:Copper in biology 5209:Aspergillus niger 5014:influenza A virus 4758:copper extraction 4707:as well as their 4613:cathode ray tubes 4547:thermal expansion 4522:Electrical wiring 4401:was developed by 4361:powder metallurgy 4337:Statue of Liberty 4259:Ancient Egyptians 4235:depletion gilding 4231:Corinthian bronze 4225:The gates of the 3955:copper extraction 3625:organic synthesis 3621:coupling products 3597:Grignard reagents 3567:chelate complexes 3391:. Adding aqueous 3292:copper(I) sulfide 2864:commodity markets 2632:parts per million 2414:are stable, with 2346:Statue of Liberty 1975:building material 1929: 1928: 1878: 1877: 1700:"Cu": from Latin 1570:48 GPa 1526:Magnetic ordering 1489:Thermal expansion 1451:Crystal structure 1425: 1413:140 pm 1346:Electronegativity 1314:Atomic properties 1308: 1307: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1027: 1010: 1002: 1001: 728:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 15542: 15500:Dietary minerals 14914:Britannia silver 14863: 14862: 14672: 14671: 14494: 14487: 14480: 14471: 14470: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14366: 14365: 14357: 14356: 14286: 14000: 13850:Copper compounds 13843: 13836: 13829: 13820: 13819: 13785: 13784: 13771: 13769: 13762: 13760: 13753: 13751: 13744: 13742: 13735: 13733: 13726: 13724: 13717: 13715: 13708: 13706: 13699: 13697: 13690: 13688: 13681: 13679: 13672: 13670: 13663: 13661: 13654: 13652: 13645: 13643: 13636: 13634: 13627: 13625: 13618: 13616: 13609: 13607: 13600: 13598: 13591: 13589: 13582: 13580: 13573: 13571: 13564: 13562: 13555: 13553: 13546: 13544: 13537: 13535: 13528: 13526: 13519: 13517: 13510: 13508: 13501: 13499: 13492: 13490: 13476: 13474: 13467: 13465: 13458: 13456: 13449: 13447: 13440: 13438: 13431: 13429: 13422: 13420: 13413: 13411: 13404: 13402: 13395: 13393: 13386: 13384: 13377: 13375: 13368: 13366: 13359: 13357: 13350: 13348: 13341: 13339: 13332: 13330: 13323: 13321: 13314: 13312: 13305: 13303: 13296: 13294: 13287: 13285: 13278: 13276: 13269: 13267: 13260: 13258: 13251: 13249: 13242: 13240: 13233: 13231: 13224: 13222: 13215: 13213: 13206: 13204: 13197: 13195: 13181: 13179: 13172: 13170: 13163: 13161: 13154: 13152: 13145: 13143: 13136: 13134: 13127: 13125: 13118: 13116: 13109: 13107: 13100: 13098: 13091: 13089: 13082: 13080: 13073: 13071: 13064: 13062: 13055: 13053: 13046: 13044: 13035: 13033: 13026: 13024: 13010: 13008: 13001: 12999: 12992: 12990: 12983: 12981: 12974: 12972: 12965: 12963: 12956: 12954: 12947: 12945: 12938: 12936: 12929: 12927: 12920: 12918: 12911: 12909: 12902: 12900: 12893: 12891: 12884: 12882: 12875: 12873: 12864: 12862: 12855: 12853: 12839: 12837: 12830: 12828: 12821: 12819: 12812: 12810: 12803: 12801: 12794: 12792: 12783: 12781: 12774: 12772: 12758: 12756: 12749: 12747: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12729: 12722: 12720: 12713: 12711: 12702: 12700: 12693: 12691: 12677: 12675: 12666: 12664: 12556: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12517: 12516: 12461: 12426: 12414: 12400: 12398: 12385: 12374:. Humana Press. 12307: 12300: 12290: 12289: 12271: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12230: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12189: 12171: 12147: 12141: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12043: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 11996: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11898: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11842:(7): 1421–1427. 11831: 11825: 11824: 11814: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11770:. Archived from 11760: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11707: 11701: 11694: 11688: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11651:(1): C140–C146. 11640: 11634: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11621: 11613: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11554: 11545:(5): 965S–971S. 11530: 11524: 11523: 11495: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11479:on 10 April 2009 11475:. Archived from 11469: 11460: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11447: 11439: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11346: 11322: 11316: 11305: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11272: 11266: 11243:electronic-book 11242: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11164: 11137: 11128: 11127: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11080:(5–6): 249–256. 11065: 11059: 11058: 11048: 11038: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10936:. 20 August 2012 10934:Provident Metals 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10828:. 6 January 2019 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10758: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10659: 10653: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10609: 10603: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10579:. Archived from 10538: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10505: 10496: 10495: 10485: 10467: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10415: 10409: 10396: 10390: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10322:. Archived from 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10295:. Archived from 10288: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10224: 10213: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10186: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10160:. Archived from 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10133:. Archived from 10126: 10120: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10092: 10085: 10079: 10066: 10060: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 10001: 9995: 9982: 9976: 9963: 9957: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9889:; Jan 15, 2016; 9883: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9812:. Archived from 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9789:on 13 March 2012 9785:. Archived from 9778: 9772: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9728:. Archived from 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9698:. Archived from 9688: 9682: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9657: 9651: 9648: 9642: 9629: 9623: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9488:on 24 July 2011. 9487: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9299:. Archived from 9274: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9162: 9153:(357): 688–700. 9138: 9129: 9128: 9103:(7): 1727–1736. 9088: 9079: 9078: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9034:(7–8): 709–727. 9023: 9017: 9016: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8928: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8843: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8756: 8747: 8746: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8693: 8675: 8643: 8637: 8620: 8614: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8523:. Archived from 8513: 8504: 8503: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8457:. Archived from 8450: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8326: 8320: 8318: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8274: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8214: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8156:. p. 1187. 8152:(2nd ed.). 8142: 8136: 8135: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8083:(2): 1047–1076. 8077:Chemical Reviews 8072: 8066: 8065: 8040:(2): 1013–1046. 8034:Chemical Reviews 8025: 8019: 8018: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7931:(9): 2308–2316. 7919: 7913: 7912: 7911:on 19 June 2012. 7910: 7904:. Archived from 7885: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7846:Chemical Reviews 7840: 7834: 7833: 7804: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7734: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7675: 7669: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7609:. p. 1181. 7605:(2nd ed.). 7595: 7589: 7588: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7553: 7536:(4): 2954–3031. 7530:Chemical Reviews 7521: 7515: 7514: 7496: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7422:. Archived from 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7389: 7380: 7374: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7345:on 14 April 2009 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7288:. Archived from 7276: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7135:. Archived from 7129: 7123: 7122: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6986:. Archived from 6961: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6919: 6908: 6907: 6892:(2nd ed.). 6882: 6876: 6875: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6762: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6672: 6662: 6645:(5): 1209–1214. 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6476: 6466: 6453: 6452: 6442: 6424: 6422:astro-ph/0703760 6400: 6394: 6393: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6346:. Archived from 6336: 6330: 6329: 6300: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6150: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6062: 6051: 6050: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5864: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5822:on 3 March 2011. 5821: 5815:. Archived from 5804: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5763:J. Am. Chem. Soc 5754: 5748: 5747: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5670: 5622:Operation Tremor 5524:Wilson's disease 5482:Wilson's disease 5476:-like symptoms, 5284:) to oxygen and 5169:copper poisoning 5120:renewable energy 4915:Copper sheathing 4866:, light weight, 4864:thermal movement 4852:expansion joints 4679:sources such as 4677:Renewable energy 4649:induction motors 4566:aluminium wiring 4545:resistance, low 4531:tensile strength 4498:power generation 4377:Morenci, Arizona 4345:copper sheathing 4249:medical science 4102: 4092: 3963: 3960: 3888:lost-wax casting 3882: 3879: 3867:lost-wax casting 3865:, and, finally, 3728:, respectively. 3601:terminal alkynes 3535:functional group 3510:Bordeaux mixture 3471: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3437: 3393:sodium hydroxide 3386: 3385: 3384: 3309: 3301: 3270:Binary compounds 3256:oxidation states 3250:Copper compounds 3189:aluminium bronze 3167:Numerous copper 3059: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2697: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2514: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2483: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2385: 2291:plasma frequency 2281: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2161: 2154: 2055: 2052: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2022: 2019: 1936:chemical element 1917: 1910: 1903: 1894:Category: Copper 1891: 1890: 1869: 1864: 1835: 1821: 1814: 1774: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1692: 1672: 1636:Brinell hardness 1626:Vickers hardness 1591: 1549: 1547: 1499: 1497: 1478: 1469:Lattice constant 1435:Other properties 1335: 1329: 1320:Oxidation states 1286: 1282: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1242: 1194: 1180: 1141: 1140: 1096: 1057: 1056: 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 429: 422: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 299: 292: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 239: 232: 223: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 179: 172: 163: 154: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 113: 111: 104: 102: 88: 55: 48: 46: 38: 21: 15550: 15549: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15539: 15475: 15474: 15471: 15466: 15425: 15383: 15372:Spondylus shell 15330: 15252: 15023: 15009:Stainless steel 14960: 14944:Sterling silver 14904:Precious metal 14899: 14867:Precious metals 14850: 14814: 14716: 14663: 14503: 14498: 14468: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14447: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14409: 14405: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14327: 14319: 14306: 14298: 14284: 14280: 14275: 14271: 14267: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14227: 14223: 14215: 14207: 14203: 14195: 14191: 14183: 14179: 14172: 14165: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14133: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14093: 14089: 14081: 14073: 14065: 14061: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14030: 14022: 14018: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13988: 13978: 13969: 13961: 13947: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13923: 13919: 13872: 13867: 13852: 13847: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13776: 13767: 13765: 13758: 13756: 13749: 13747: 13740: 13738: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13711: 13704: 13702: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13684: 13677: 13675: 13668: 13666: 13659: 13657: 13650: 13648: 13641: 13639: 13632: 13630: 13623: 13621: 13614: 13612: 13605: 13603: 13596: 13594: 13587: 13585: 13578: 13576: 13569: 13567: 13560: 13558: 13551: 13549: 13542: 13540: 13533: 13531: 13524: 13522: 13515: 13513: 13506: 13504: 13497: 13495: 13488: 13486: 13472: 13470: 13463: 13461: 13454: 13452: 13445: 13443: 13436: 13434: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13416: 13409: 13407: 13400: 13398: 13391: 13389: 13382: 13380: 13373: 13371: 13364: 13362: 13355: 13353: 13346: 13344: 13337: 13335: 13328: 13326: 13319: 13317: 13310: 13308: 13301: 13299: 13292: 13290: 13283: 13281: 13274: 13272: 13265: 13263: 13256: 13254: 13247: 13245: 13238: 13236: 13229: 13227: 13220: 13218: 13211: 13209: 13202: 13200: 13193: 13191: 13177: 13175: 13168: 13166: 13159: 13157: 13150: 13148: 13141: 13139: 13132: 13130: 13123: 13121: 13114: 13112: 13105: 13103: 13096: 13094: 13087: 13085: 13078: 13076: 13069: 13067: 13060: 13058: 13051: 13049: 13042: 13040: 13031: 13029: 13022: 13020: 13006: 13004: 12997: 12995: 12988: 12986: 12979: 12977: 12970: 12968: 12961: 12959: 12952: 12950: 12943: 12941: 12934: 12932: 12925: 12923: 12916: 12914: 12907: 12905: 12898: 12896: 12889: 12887: 12880: 12878: 12871: 12869: 12860: 12858: 12851: 12849: 12835: 12833: 12826: 12824: 12817: 12815: 12808: 12806: 12799: 12797: 12790: 12788: 12779: 12777: 12770: 12768: 12754: 12752: 12745: 12743: 12736: 12734: 12727: 12725: 12718: 12716: 12709: 12707: 12698: 12696: 12689: 12687: 12673: 12671: 12662: 12660: 12549: 12544: 12468: 12438:Nat. Chem. Biol 12423: 12396: 12388: 12382: 12366: 12364:Further reading 12299: 12294: 12293: 12262:(12): 805–809. 12248: 12244: 12207: 12203: 12162:(12): 613–628. 12148: 12144: 12132: 12128: 12113: 12109: 12094: 12090: 12080: 12078: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12016: 12012: 11973: 11969: 11938: 11934: 11924: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11912: 11875:J. Clin. Invest 11867: 11863: 11832: 11828: 11791: 11787: 11777: 11775: 11774:on 7 April 2020 11762: 11761: 11757: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11695: 11691: 11685:Wayback Machine 11676: 11672: 11641: 11637: 11625: 11624: 11615: 11614: 11594: 11572: 11568: 11531: 11527: 11506:(18): 892–897. 11496: 11492: 11482: 11480: 11471: 11470: 11463: 11451: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11428: 11406: 11402: 11387: 11364: 11360: 11323: 11319: 11306: 11299: 11289: 11287: 11274: 11273: 11269: 11231: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11182: 11178: 11138: 11131: 11114: 11113: 11109: 11066: 11062: 11007: 11003: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10953: 10949: 10939: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10910:. 12 April 2018 10902: 10901: 10897: 10887: 10885: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10858:on 22 June 2018 10846: 10845: 10841: 10831: 10829: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10791: 10787: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10727: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10700: 10696: 10686: 10684: 10674: 10670: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10650:Wayback Machine 10641: 10637: 10629: 10625: 10619:Wayback Machine 10610: 10606: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10444: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10406:Wayback Machine 10397: 10393: 10387:Wayback Machine 10378: 10374: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10252:(12): 2029–50. 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10211: 10205: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10164:on 25 June 2007 10154: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10118:Wayback Machine 10108: 10104: 10099: 10095: 10086: 10082: 10077:Wayback Machine 10067: 10063: 10058:Wayback Machine 10048: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9993:Wayback Machine 9983: 9979: 9974:Wayback Machine 9964: 9960: 9955:Wayback Machine 9945: 9941: 9931: 9929: 9928:. 14 April 2011 9920: 9919: 9915: 9907: 9903: 9898:Wayback Machine 9884: 9880: 9870: 9868: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9816:on 2 April 2010 9808: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9664: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9640:Wayback Machine 9630: 9626: 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9588: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9569:BoatUS Magazine 9563:Ryck Lydecker. 9561: 9557: 9550: 9532: 9528: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9419: 9415: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9303: 9272: 9266: 9262: 9231: 9227: 9188: 9184: 9139: 9132: 9089: 9082: 9059: 9055: 9024: 9020: 9005:10.2307/2843960 8989: 8985: 8978: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8929: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8899: 8895: 8886:Wallach, Joel. 8884: 8880: 8869: 8865: 8812: 8808: 8757: 8750: 8711: 8707: 8658:(4): e0266908. 8644: 8640: 8621: 8617: 8606: 8602: 8551: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8515: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8451: 8447: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8315: 8301: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8232: 8228: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8143: 8139: 8108: 8104: 8073: 8069: 8026: 8022: 7991: 7987: 7976: 7972: 7948: 7944: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7841: 7837: 7805: 7801: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7717: 7701:10.1.1.951.5219 7676: 7672: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7571: 7567: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7497: 7488: 7459: 7455: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7426:on 28 July 2020 7411: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7371:Wayback Machine 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7139:on 5 March 2012 7131: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7043: 7039: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6964:Hydrometallurgy 6959: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6920: 6911: 6904: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6727: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6604: 6600: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6533: 6529: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6467: 6456: 6401: 6397: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6291: 6284: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6063: 6054: 6047: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5999: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5943:on 7 March 2016 5929: 5925: 5910: 5890: 5886: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5730: 5721: 5689: 5685: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5634:Antofagasta PLC 5629:Anaconda Copper 5586: 5545:In the US, the 5543: 5500: 5498:Copper toxicity 5494: 5466: 5435:Adequate Intake 5427: 5403: 5391: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5295: 5271: 5267: 5242:Copper proteins 5239: 5225: 5219: 5217:Biological role 5177: 5160: 5108: 5080: 5065:equipment, and 4971: 4963:Main articles: 4961: 4917: 4909:Main articles: 4907: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4673: 4665: 4629: 4627:Electric motors 4601:heat exchangers 4574: 4482: 4476: 4435: 4429: 4357:Gottfried Osann 4319:of the city of 4271: 4191:Cajón del Maipo 4053: 3976: 3970: 3961: 3915:Ötzi the Iceman 3880: 3829:sandstone from 3775: 3769: 3764: 3756: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3674: 3665: 3657:carbon monoxide 3589: 3583: 3551:ethylenediamine 3539:reducing sugars 3475: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3419:Aqueous ammonia 3414: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3355: 3348: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3288:copper sulfides 3272: 3252: 3243:copper(I) oxide 3235: 3165: 3153:and a pre-1968 3139: 3114: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3037:Anodes take-off 2986: 2954: 2951:S → 6 Cu + 2 SO 2950: 2946: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2910:froth flotation 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2878: 2872: 2829: 2780:porphyry copper 2768: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2695: 2620: 2614: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2358:copper sulfides 2310: 2277: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2257:polycrystalline 2253:crystal lattice 2249:single crystals 2182: 2177: 2175:Characteristics 2135: 2103:dietary mineral 2053: 2038: 2031: 2020: 1983:sterling silver 1921: 1896: 1867: 1862: 1831: 1817: 1812: 1772: 1765: 1758:abundance 1731: 1713: 1686: 1650:7440-50-8 1595: 1589: 1556:Young's modulus 1545: 1543: 1495: 1493: 1479: 1399:Covalent radius 1379: 1331: 1325: 1309: 1284: 1252: 1188: 1178: 1134: 1050: 1046: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 427: 420: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 297: 290: 281: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 237: 230: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 177: 170: 161: 152: 121: 109: 107: 100: 98: 86: 80: 44: 40: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15548: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15510:Cubic minerals 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15433:Related topics 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15381: 15376: 15375: 15374: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15338: 15336: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15291: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15260: 15258: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15034: 15032: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14970: 14968: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14910: 14908: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14871: 14869: 14860: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14822: 14820: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14812: 14807: 14805:Wire sculpture 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14730: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14678: 14676: 14669: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14513: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14497: 14496: 14489: 14482: 14474: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14438: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14417: 14415: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14394: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14371: 14362: 14353: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14278: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14170: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14011: 14009: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13972: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13846: 13845: 13838: 13831: 13823: 13814: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13763: 13754: 13745: 13736: 13727: 13718: 13709: 13700: 13691: 13682: 13673: 13664: 13655: 13646: 13637: 13628: 13619: 13610: 13601: 13592: 13583: 13574: 13565: 13556: 13547: 13538: 13529: 13520: 13511: 13502: 13493: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13468: 13459: 13450: 13441: 13432: 13423: 13414: 13405: 13396: 13387: 13378: 13369: 13360: 13351: 13342: 13333: 13324: 13315: 13306: 13297: 13288: 13279: 13270: 13261: 13252: 13243: 13234: 13225: 13216: 13207: 13198: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13173: 13164: 13155: 13146: 13137: 13128: 13119: 13110: 13101: 13092: 13083: 13074: 13065: 13056: 13047: 13038: 13036: 13027: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13002: 12993: 12984: 12975: 12966: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12930: 12921: 12912: 12903: 12894: 12885: 12876: 12867: 12865: 12856: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12831: 12822: 12813: 12804: 12795: 12786: 12784: 12775: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12750: 12741: 12732: 12723: 12714: 12705: 12703: 12694: 12685: 12679: 12678: 12669: 12667: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12547:Periodic table 12543: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12481: 12467: 12466:External links 12464: 12463: 12462: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12404: 12401: 12386: 12380: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12335: 12326: 12317: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12242: 12221:(1): 636–644. 12201: 12142: 12126: 12107: 12088: 12063: 12026:(2): 107–113. 12010: 11987:(3): 113–118. 11967: 11948:(4): 385–394. 11932: 11910: 11861: 11836:Carcinogenesis 11826: 11805:(5): 393–403. 11785: 11755: 11738: 11719: 11702: 11689: 11670: 11635: 11626:|journal= 11592: 11566: 11525: 11490: 11461: 11452:|journal= 11426: 11400: 11385: 11358: 11317: 11297: 11280:Horseshoe crab 11267: 11229: 11203: 11196: 11176: 11155:(3): 609–643. 11143:(March 2010). 11129: 11107: 11060: 11001: 10990:(4): 454–459. 10974: 10947: 10921: 10895: 10884:. 18 June 2018 10869: 10839: 10813: 10785: 10745: 10720: 10694: 10668: 10654: 10635: 10623: 10604: 10589: 10553:10.1086/501645 10547:(6): 426–428. 10524: 10497: 10438: 10410: 10391: 10372: 10362: 10355: 10337: 10310: 10283: 10271: 10236: 10199: 10187: 10175: 10148: 10121: 10102: 10093: 10080: 10061: 10042: 10030: 10017: 10005: 9996: 9977: 9958: 9939: 9913: 9901: 9878: 9867:. 14 June 2019 9852: 9827: 9800: 9773: 9764: 9755: 9743: 9713: 9702:on 28 May 2016 9696:www.heimer.com 9683: 9674: 9652: 9643: 9624: 9611: 9600:on 8 June 2008 9581: 9555: 9548: 9526: 9507:(2): 263–287. 9491: 9463: 9456: 9438: 9413: 9394:(7): 558–562. 9378: 9357: 9336: 9329: 9309: 9277:Macromolecules 9260: 9225: 9182: 9130: 9080: 9053: 9018: 8983: 8976: 8948: 8941: 8920: 8893: 8878: 8875:. p. 228. 8871:Dainian, Fan. 8863: 8806: 8748: 8705: 8638: 8615: 8600: 8565:(2): 513–531. 8538: 8505: 8498: 8472: 8461:on 10 May 2008 8445: 8380: 8366: 8352:Renfrew, Colin 8343: 8321: 8313: 8295: 8266: 8254: 8226: 8169: 8162: 8137: 8102: 8067: 8020: 7985: 7970: 7942: 7914: 7872: 7853:(3): 874–922. 7835: 7799: 7782: 7771:. 3 April 2018 7756: 7743: 7729: 7715: 7680:Macromolecules 7670: 7654: 7647: 7622: 7615: 7590: 7583: 7565: 7516: 7509: 7486: 7473:(4): 125–132. 7453: 7437: 7404: 7375: 7356: 7330: 7303: 7271: 7214: 7200: 7183: 7165: 7150: 7124: 7117: 7097: 7090: 7070: 7037: 6996: 6947: 6940: 6909: 6902: 6877: 6870: 6848: 6815: 6796:(3): 392–410. 6780: 6773: 6747: 6731:"Peak copper?" 6718: 6704: 6684: 6625: 6598: 6583: 6563: 6549: 6527: 6501: 6487: 6454: 6415:(1): L59–L63. 6395: 6361: 6331: 6282: 6247: 6222: 6215: 6192: 6167: 6136: 6129: 6109: 6102: 6084: 6077: 6052: 6045: 6027: 6013: 5990: 5968: 5954: 5923: 5908: 5884: 5850: 5843: 5825: 5811: 5788: 5749: 5742: 5719: 5683: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5542: 5541:Human exposure 5539: 5496:Main article: 5493: 5490: 5465: 5462: 5426: 5423: 5402: 5399: 5390: 5387: 5333:horseshoe crab 5317: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5269: 5265: 5238: 5235: 5221:Main article: 5218: 5215: 5204:Suillus luteus 5176: 5173: 5159: 5156: 5107: 5104: 5095:aluminium wire 5079: 5076: 5003:Staphylococcus 4978:microorganisms 4960: 4957: 4906: 4905:Antibiofouling 4903: 4842:, vaults, and 4787:, coated with 4773:Main article: 4770: 4767: 4762:recycling rate 4674: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4628: 4625: 4605:Electromagnets 4573: 4570: 4478:Main article: 4475: 4474:Wire and cable 4472: 4428: 4425: 4399:Flash smelting 4369:Butte, Montana 4353:electroplating 4341:Copper plating 4282:Parys Mountain 4270: 4267: 4052: 4049: 3972:Main article: 3969: 3966: 3962: 6000 BC 3881: 7500 BC 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3649:carbocupration 3609:Gilman reagent 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3382: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3297: 3271: 3268: 3248:Main article: 3234: 3231: 3138: 3135: 3113: 3110: 3102:electroplating 3092:and cast into 3066: 3063: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2991:Blister copper 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:), bornite (Cu 2889: 2874:Main article: 2871: 2868: 2828: 2825: 2776:open pit mines 2734: 2731: 2719:150 mg/kg 2613: 2610: 2595: 2587: 2577: 2569: 2559: 2551: 2541: 2533: 2520: 2512: 2489: 2481: 2463: 2455: 2427: 2419: 2409: 2401: 2391: 2383: 2368:Main article: 2365: 2362: 2309: 2306: 2237:metallic bonds 2229:electron shell 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2134: 2131: 2084:decorative art 2054: 3500 BC 2039: 4000 BC 2032: 5000 BC 2021: 8000 BC 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745:Main isotopes 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1586:Speed of sound 1582: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427:Spectral lines 1415: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1203:Heat of fusion 1199: 1198: 1195: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1020: 1019: 1004: 1000: 999: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 774: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 548: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 433: 431: 424: 416: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 301: 294: 286: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 241: 234: 226: 225: 218: 211: 204: 197: 190: 183: 181: 174: 166: 165: 158: 156: 146: 135: 134: 132:periodic table 130:Copper in the 127: 126: 123: 122: 120: 119: 105: 95: 93: 90: 89: 84: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15547: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15473: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15437:Body piercing 15435: 15432: 15431: 15428: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15411: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15390: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15333: 15327: 15326:Tortoiseshell 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15255: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15026: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14957: 14954: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14909: 14907: 14902: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14682:Bench jeweler 14680: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14490: 14488: 14483: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14472: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14379: 14377: 14346: 14344: 14330: 14328: 14322: 14320: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14285: 14274: 14272: 14262: 14260: 14246: 14244: 14230: 14228: 14218: 14216: 14210: 14208: 14198: 14196: 14186: 14184: 14173: 14166: 14160: 14158: 14152: 14150: 14136: 14134: 14128: 14126: 14108: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14084: 14082: 14076: 14074: 14068: 14066: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14025: 14023: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14006: 13999: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13973: 13971: 13964: 13962: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13942: 13940: 13926: 13924: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13901: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13869: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13832: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13779: 13770: 13761: 13752: 13743: 13734: 13725: 13716: 13707: 13698: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13662: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13626: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13590: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13554: 13545: 13536: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13466: 13457: 13448: 13439: 13430: 13421: 13412: 13403: 13394: 13385: 13376: 13367: 13358: 13349: 13340: 13331: 13322: 13313: 13304: 13295: 13286: 13277: 13268: 13259: 13250: 13241: 13232: 13223: 13214: 13205: 13196: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13171: 13162: 13153: 13144: 13135: 13126: 13117: 13108: 13099: 13090: 13081: 13072: 13063: 13054: 13045: 13034: 13025: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13000: 12991: 12982: 12973: 12964: 12955: 12946: 12937: 12928: 12919: 12910: 12901: 12892: 12883: 12874: 12863: 12854: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12829: 12820: 12811: 12802: 12793: 12782: 12773: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12748: 12739: 12730: 12721: 12712: 12701: 12692: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12665: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12536: 12534: 12529: 12527: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12511: 12507: 12506:Price history 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12444:(3): 176–85. 12443: 12439: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12402: 12395: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12304: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12130: 12122: 12118: 12111: 12103: 12099: 12092: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12041:2027.42/90519 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12014: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11936: 11920: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11881:(4): 1370–6. 11880: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11759: 11748: 11742: 11731: 11730: 11723: 11712: 11706: 11699: 11693: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11674: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11639: 11631: 11619: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11570: 11562: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11478: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11457: 11445: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11321: 11314: 11313:0-935702-73-3 11310: 11304: 11302: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11064: 11056: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11021:(9): e71529. 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10802: 10801: 10800:IEEE Spectrum 10796: 10789: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10749: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10608: 10601: 10600: 10593: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10504: 10502: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10376: 10366: 10358: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10106: 10097: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9952: 9949: 9943: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9678: 9662: 9656: 9647: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9628: 9621: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9467: 9459: 9457:0-8165-1817-3 9453: 9449: 9442: 9426: 9425: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9367: 9361: 9346: 9340: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9321: 9313: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9135: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9085: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8979: 8977:9781136373794 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8634:1-4384-2701-8 8631: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8501: 8499:9781841717159 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8369: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8331: 8325: 8316: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8264: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8001:(2): 438–45. 8000: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7668: 7667:0-471-21503-1 7664: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7467:Gold Bulletin 7464: 7457: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7393: 7386: 7383:Deane, D. V. 7379: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7193: 7187: 7175: 7169: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6970:(1): 81–108. 6969: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6941:9783527303854 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6828:The Economist 6825: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6751: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6289: 6287: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6199: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6156: 6155: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5997: 5995: 5978: 5972: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5873:(3): 030001. 5872: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5844:0-8493-0464-4 5840: 5836: 5829: 5818: 5814: 5812:0-8493-0486-5 5808: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Grasberg mine 5647: 5645: 5644:El Boleo mine 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574:tobacco plant 5571: 5570:tobacco smoke 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5411:ceruloplasmin 5408: 5398: 5396: 5395:trace element 5386: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5302: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5229: 5224: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5158:Folk medicine 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148:copper tubing 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128:electric cars 5125: 5124:electric cars 5121: 5117: 5113: 5112:wind turbines 5103: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5078:Copper demand 5075: 5072: 5068: 5067:shopping cart 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5034:antimicrobial 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4959:Antimicrobial 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4945:antimicrobial 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860:antimicrobial 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848:wall cladding 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4808:Dhankar Gompa 4804: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4468:machinability 4465: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329:daguerreotype 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4263:~2400 BC 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4233:treated with 4232: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:Julius Caesar 4195: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4169:Etowah plates 4166: 4165:Wulfing cache 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4017:ancient Egypt 4014: 4013:Egyptian Blue 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Vinča culture 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984:Egyptian Blue 3980: 3975: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3923:iron smelting 3920: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905:Alderley Edge 3902: 3901:Carbon dating 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:meteoric iron 3847: 3840: 3836: 3833:mines in the 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3759: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737:tetrapeptides 3734: 3733:oxo complexes 3729: 3727: 3716: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617:alkyl halides 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3376: 3372: 3369:Copper forms 3364: 3359: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284:cupric oxides 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3156: 3155:Canadian dime 3152: 3148: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3106:sulfuric acid 3104:in a bath of 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Casting wheel 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2965:mine tailings 2960: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2860:financialized 2857: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Pacific Ocean 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800:in-situ leach 2797: 2793: 2792:El Chino Mine 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2729:in seawater. 2727:0.5 μg/L 2723:30 mg/kg 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Earth's crust 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:native copper 2633: 2624: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600:Cu-PTSM as a 2527: 2525: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2475: 2471: 2449: 2435: 2377: 2374:There are 29 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2271: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2209:incandescence 2205: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2026: 2015: 2014:native metals 2010: 2008: 2007:thermocouples 2004: 2003:strain gauges 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:atomic number 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1922: | 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1787: 1784: 1783:product 1781: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1616:Mohs hardness 1613: 1609: 1607: 1606:Poisson ratio 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590:thin rod 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1566:Shear modulus 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385:Atomic radius 1382: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166:Boiling point 1163: 1159: 1156:1357.77 1155: 1153: 1152:Melting point 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083:period 4 1081: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071:group 11 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1048:Atomic number 1044: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1005: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 898:Rutherfordium 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 775: 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 604: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 549: 546: 541: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 432: 430: 425: 423: 418: 417: 414: 409: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 304: 300: 295: 293: 288: 287: 284: 279: 277: 272: 270: 265: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 240: 235: 233: 228: 227: 224: 219: 217: 212: 210: 205: 203: 198: 196: 191: 189: 184: 180: 175: 173: 168: 167: 164: 159: 155: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 128: 124: 117: 106: 97: 96: 94: 91: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 41:Copper, 34: 30: 19: 15472: 15462:Wearable art 15457:Phaleristics 15452:Metalworking 15357:Gutta-percha 15133:Lapis lazuli 14983: 14919:Colored gold 14800:Stonesetting 13898: 12942: 12490:of Australia 12475: 12441: 12437: 12410: 12391: 12371: 12259: 12255: 12245: 12218: 12214: 12204: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12136: 12129: 12110: 12091: 12079:. Retrieved 12066: 12023: 12019: 12013: 11984: 11980: 11970: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11923:. Retrieved 11913: 11878: 11874: 11864: 11839: 11835: 11829: 11802: 11798: 11788: 11776:. Retrieved 11772:the original 11767: 11758: 11741: 11728: 11722: 11705: 11696:Copper. IN: 11692: 11673: 11648: 11644: 11638: 11575: 11569: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11481:. Retrieved 11477:the original 11409: 11403: 11368: 11361: 11334: 11330: 11320: 11288:. Retrieved 11284:the original 11279: 11270: 11212: 11206: 11186: 11179: 11152: 11149:Microbiology 11148: 11123: 11120:the original 11110: 11077: 11073: 11063: 11018: 11014: 11004: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10965:. Retrieved 10960: 10955:Chace, Zoe. 10950: 10938:. Retrieved 10933: 10924: 10912:. Retrieved 10907: 10898: 10886:. Retrieved 10881: 10872: 10860:. Retrieved 10856:the original 10851: 10842: 10830:. Retrieved 10825: 10816: 10804:. Retrieved 10798: 10788: 10779: 10772:. Retrieved 10765:the original 10760: 10748: 10736:. 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Retrieved 9700:the original 9695: 9686: 9677: 9665:. Retrieved 9655: 9646: 9627: 9619: 9614: 9602:. Retrieved 9598:the original 9584: 9572:. Retrieved 9568: 9558: 9535: 9529: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9483:the original 9466: 9447: 9441: 9429:. Retrieved 9423: 9416: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9369:. Retrieved 9360: 9348:. Retrieved 9339: 9319: 9312: 9301:the original 9283:(2): 60–66. 9280: 9276: 9263: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9150: 9146: 9100: 9096: 9075:the original 9070: 9066: 9056: 9031: 9027: 9021: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8958: 8951: 8932: 8911:. Retrieved 8907:the original 8896: 8887: 8881: 8872: 8866: 8823: 8819: 8809: 8768: 8764: 8718: 8708: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8623: 8618: 8608: 8603: 8562: 8558: 8529:. Retrieved 8525:the original 8520: 8481: 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8459:the original 8448: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8371:. Retrieved 8356: 8346: 8336:12 September 8334:. Retrieved 8324: 8304: 8298: 8288:12 September 8286:. 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Retrieved 5941:the original 5936: 5926: 5897: 5887: 5870: 5866: 5853: 5834: 5828: 5817:the original 5798: 5791: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5733: 5697: 5686: 5668: 5578:heavy metals 5567: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5506:that damage 5501: 5486: 5472:can produce 5467: 5454: 5447: 5428: 5404: 5392: 5384: 5377: 5372:plastocyanin 5336: 5331:such as the 5319:The protein 5318: 5296:→ Cu-SOD + O 5254:mitochondria 5240: 5237:Biochemistry 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5161: 5150:or American 5118:, and other 5116:solar panels 5109: 5092: 5081: 5007: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4972: 4947:and prevent 4918: 4884: 4872: 4828:rain gutters 4813: 4769:Architecture 4744: 4732: 4717: 4711:issues that 4705:fossil fuels 4675: 4633:conductivity 4630: 4609:vacuum tubes 4587: 4563: 4559:malleability 4541:resistance, 4483: 4452: 4427:Applications 4422: 4411: 4397: 4365: 4326: 4317:Chalcography 4299: 4284:copper mines 4224: 4196: 4184: 4149: 4130: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4094: 4086: 4081:Negev Desert 4077:Timna Valley 4044:Chalcolithic 4032: 4025: 3997: 3939: 3913: 3885: 3855:cold working 3843: 3835:Timna Valley 3831:Chalcolithic 3821:Copper ore ( 3807:Chalcolithic 3757: 3745: 3730: 3699:is a highly 3666: 3613:substitution 3590: 3529: 3479: 3417: 3368: 3312: 3273: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3241:A sample of 3220: 3211: 3201: 3166: 3131: 3115: 3083: 3068: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2936: 2934: 2908:followed by 2887: 2853: 2846: 2830: 2786:, in Chile, 2784:Chuquicamata 2769: 2742:Chuquicamata 2712: 2640:chalcopyrite 2629: 2528: 2373: 2331: 2304:will occur. 2295: 2284: 2261: 2214: 2198:crystallites 2168: 2156: 2146: 2136: 2100: 2073: 2058: 2045:, to create 2011: 1950: 1942: 1931: 1930: 1863:61.83 h 1813:12.70 h 1767: 1701: 1576:Bulk modulus 1550: cm/mol 1480: 1459:(fcc) ( 1332: 1326: 1279: 1247: 1237: 1052: 940:Darmstadtium 807:Protactinium 581:Praseodymium 361: 81: 33: 15399:Art jewelry 15223:Tiger's eye 15128:Labradorite 15078:Chrysocolla 15073:Chrysoberyl 14989:Mokume-gane 14966:Base metals 14738:centrifugal 14707:Silversmith 14582:Ferronnière 14532:Belt buckle 14527:Belly chain 12305:for copper 12076:Examine.com 12004:10251/10503 11276:"Fun facts" 11258:electronic- 10774:23 December 10738:22 December 10733:Nikkei Asia 10713:22 December 10687:22 December 10156:Berg, Jan. 9371:6 September 8999:: 281–290. 8559:Radiocarbon 8373:21 December 8360:. Penguin. 7896:: 1. 1986. 7111:. Quercus. 6841:19 December 6160:27 December 5654:Copper foil 5617:Metal theft 5478:neutropenia 5349:tyrosinases 5278:superoxides 5246:respiration 5175:Degradation 5144:copper wire 5100:Airbus A380 5084:metric tons 5063:health club 4990:-resistant 4988:methicillin 4941:aquaculture 4933:Muntz metal 4850:, building 4715:their use. 4659:standards. 4514:electronics 4333:Renaissance 4152:Isle Royale 4095:aes Cyprium 3951:Great Lakes 3837:, southern 3823:chrysocolla 3762:Prehistoric 3563:Amino acids 3508:called the 3480:Many other 3208:cupronickel 3151:cupronickel 3127:Philippines 2906:comminution 2856:commodified 2715:1 ng/m 2692:polycrystal 2582:is used in 2496:mass number 2448:radioactive 2378:of copper. 2338:passivation 2298:electrolyte 2280:10 A/m 2165:Old English 2147:aes cyprium 2127:vertebrates 2115:crustaceans 1991:cupronickel 1684:Middle East 1531:diamagnetic 1272:100 k 1207:13.26 1121:2, 8, 18, 1 1113:] 3d 4s 982:Livermorium 954:Copernicium 947:Roentgenium 877:Mendelevium 863:Einsteinium 856:Californium 15479:Categories 15233:Tourmaline 15178:Prasiolite 15053:Aventurine 14924:Crown gold 14826:Draw plate 14775:Metal clay 14712:Watchmaker 14702:Lapidarist 14687:Clockmaker 14562:Collar pin 14557:Chatelaine 12510:LME Copper 12500:Copper.org 12256:IUBMB Life 12022:(Review). 12020:BioFactors 10967:23 January 10940:23 January 10914:13 January 10908:MINING.com 10888:13 January 10882:MINING.com 10862:13 January 10832:13 January 10826:Mining.com 10431:11 October 10229:25 October 10207:Wu, Chun. 10091:, May 2007 9820:12 October 9793:7 November 9667:16 October 8913:5 February 8453:Cowen, R. 8243:: 213923. 7160:Copper.org 7063:8 February 7016:(4): 360. 6711:8 February 6235:Copper.org 6154:IIT Madras 5660:References 5464:Deficiency 5401:Absorption 5341:hemoglobin 5329:arthropods 5321:hemocyanin 5303:Cu-SOD + O 5292:Cu-SOD + O 5250:eukaryotes 5057:hardware, 5051:door knobs 5022:SARS-CoV-2 5018:adenovirus 4949:biofouling 4919:Copper is 4880:'finished' 4832:downspouts 4701:geothermal 4621:waveguides 4617:magnetrons 4597:heat sinks 4553:, ease of 4431:See also: 4407:Harjavalta 4239:Alexandria 4133:Great Orme 4035:Bronze Age 3974:Bronze Age 3968:Bronze Age 3773:Copper Age 3767:Copper Age 3553:and other 3161:See also: 2805:collection 2764:See also: 2733:Production 2660:sulfosalts 2656:chalcocite 2616:See also: 2612:Occurrence 2196:to reveal 2123:hemoglobin 2119:hemocyanin 2092:fungicides 1999:constantan 1981:, such as 1945:(from 1924:references 1646:CAS Number 1610:0.34 1594:(annealed) 1444:primordial 1269:10 k 989:Tennessine 933:Meitnerium 912:Seaborgium 891:Lawrencium 630:Dysprosium 616:Gadolinium 595:Promethium 467:Technetium 460:Molybdenum 261:Phosphorus 87:°(Cu) 65:Appearance 15379:Toadstone 15316:Operculum 15243:Variscite 15238:Turquoise 15218:Tanzanite 15153:Moonstone 15148:Marcasite 15143:Malachite 15068:Carnelian 15043:Amazonite 15030:gemstones 15004:Pinchbeck 14949:Argentium 14939:Shibuichi 14880:Palladium 14859:Materials 14795:Soldering 14785:Polishing 14760:Engraving 14755:Enameling 14721:Processes 14692:Goldsmith 14627:Tie chain 14602:Neck ring 14592:Lapel pin 14501:Jewellery 12486:from the 12178:1660-4601 11628:ignored ( 11618:cite book 11454:ignored ( 11444:cite book 11264:1868-0402 11256:1559-0836 11094:0965-2299 10665:. Cupron. 10474:2047-2994 9932:16 August 9871:16 August 9845:16 August 9521:154183817 9479:Outokumpu 9408:138550311 9255:232346123 9220:176767223 9169:0003-598X 9147:Antiquity 9125:0305-4403 9048:138178474 8858:134060339 8850:0305-4403 8826:: 34–44. 8793:0013-936X 8743:233663403 8735:0036-8075 8682:1932-6203 8595:233029733 8587:0033-8222 8422:2041-1723 8400:: 13356. 8054:0009-2665 7696:CiteSeerX 6836:0013-0613 6593:886492996 6313:: 3–128, 5983:22 August 5714:1365-3075 5528:cirrhosis 5389:Nutrition 5327:and some 5200:Vaccinium 5164:arthritis 5039:handrails 4986:O157:H7, 4925:barnacles 4921:biostatic 4891:soldering 4824:flashings 4555:soldering 4543:corrosion 4535:ductility 4494:aluminium 4464:Machining 4403:Outokumpu 4359:invented 4216:provinces 4137:supergene 4121:Aphrodite 4040:Neolithic 4027:caeruleum 3875:Neolithic 3859:annealing 3743:ligands. 3559:cellulose 3557:dissolve 3506:fungicide 3482:oxyanions 3233:Compounds 3227:patinated 3206:, called 3088:and then 3071:aluminium 3065:Recycling 3043:Rail cars 2772:extracted 2721:in soil; 2676:malachite 2658:, copper 2652:covellite 2470:half-life 2350:tarnishes 2348:. Copper 2342:verdigris 2233:ductility 2155:(Latin). 2139:Roman era 2133:Etymology 2080:verdigris 2069:turquoise 2065:malachite 1938:; it has 1763:half-life 1679:Discovery 1620:3.0 1429:of copper 1266:1 k 996:Oganesson 975:Moscovium 968:Flerovium 849:Berkelium 835:Americium 828:Plutonium 821:Neptunium 658:Ytterbium 588:Neodymium 567:Lanthanum 530:Tellurium 488:Palladium 474:Ruthenium 446:Zirconium 428:Strontium 384:Germanium 335:Manganese 291:Potassium 247:Aluminium 238:Magnesium 178:Beryllium 15447:Gemology 15421:Fineness 15412:(purity) 15347:Bog-wood 15294:Precious 15274:Ammolite 15213:Sunstone 15203:Sodalite 15198:Sapphire 15158:Obsidian 15098:Fluorite 15088:Diopside 15048:Amethyst 15028:Mineral 15019:Tungsten 15014:Titanium 14929:Electrum 14885:Platinum 14770:Kazaziye 14765:Filigree 14743:lost-wax 14642:Toe ring 14632:Tie clip 14607:Pectoral 14597:Necklace 14572:Cufflink 14547:Bracelet 14542:Bolo tie 14522:Barrette 14008:Cu(I,II) 12458:18277979 12286:35694266 12278:16393783 12237:23493960 12196:21556207 12123:(NIOSH). 12104:(NIOSH). 12058:16989047 12050:22438177 11821:12010579 11681:Archived 11602:20170553 11520:13859394 11436:29394035 11395:25416395 11353:10821735 11239:23595680 11171:20019082 11102:19942103 11055:24066023 11015:PLOS ONE 10646:Archived 10615:Archived 10577:32388649 10569:10395146 10561:30141645 10492:30627427 10458:(1): 3. 10402:Archived 10383:Archived 10114:Archived 10073:Archived 10054:Archived 9989:Archived 9970:Archived 9951:Archived 9894:Archived 9736:29 April 9636:Archived 9590:"Copper" 9431:19 March 9350:22 April 9177:53068689 8801:23621800 8700:35472064 8652:PLOS ONE 8531:29 April 8440:27843139 8354:(1990). 8330:"Copper" 8221:22498623 8132:11669966 8097:14871149 8062:14871148 8015:16196062 7867:17305399 7560:30698952 7367:Archived 7266:28744684 7010:Minerals 6679:16432205 6618:25 April 6449:14595800 6297:(2003), 6240:11 April 6185:29 April 5977:"Copper" 5933:"Copper" 5918:25228234 5894:"Bronze" 5783:23418750 5584:See also 5492:Toxicity 5353:lacquers 5345:laccases 5325:mollusks 4751:reserves 4393:Michigan 4255:surgical 4251:Ayurveda 4247:holistic 4220:Hispania 4141:Cornwall 4083:, Israel 4009:Egyptian 4005:Sumerian 3909:Cheshire 3892:Mehrgarh 3871:Anatolia 3863:smelting 3827:Cambrian 3697:fluoride 3635:and the 3619:to form 3476:O + 2 OH 3335:chlorine 3331:fluorine 3319:chlorine 3315:fluorine 2998:Smelting 2928:O + 2 SO 2849:volatile 2746:open pit 2684:tenorite 2668:enargite 2662:such as 2648:digenite 2376:isotopes 2364:Isotopes 2308:Chemical 2268:10 2245:hardness 2241:covalent 2225:group 11 2215:Copper, 2180:Physical 2111:molluscs 2001:used in 1985:used in 1277:at 1135:at 961:Nihonium 884:Nobelium 793:Actinium 779:Francium 763:Astatine 756:Polonium 735:Thallium 714:Platinum 686:Tungsten 679:Tantalum 665:Lutetium 609:Europium 602:Samarium 523:Antimony 421:Rubidium 398:Selenium 328:Chromium 321:Vanadium 314:Titanium 307:Scandium 275:Chlorine 215:Fluorine 201:Nitrogen 153:Hydrogen 116:abridged 15442:Fashion 15416:Finding 15264:Abalone 15173:Peridot 15138:Larimar 15123:Kyanite 15108:Howlite 15093:Emerald 15083:Diamond 14956:Tumbaga 14934:Shakudō 14890:Rhodium 14841:Mandrel 14780:Plating 14733:Casting 14728:Carving 14637:Tie pin 14612:Pendant 14587:Genital 14577:Earring 14414:Cu(III) 14316:Cu(SCN) 13857:Cu(0,I) 13804:p-block 13799:d-block 13794:f-block 13789:s-block 12228:3586865 12187:3084482 12117:"#0150" 12098:"#0151" 12081:21 June 11962:5841854 11925:10 July 11905:3514679 11856:8033320 11716:. 2017. 11665:2301561 11561:9587137 11483:3 April 11290:13 July 11125:damage. 11046:3774818 11023:Bibcode 10961:NPR.org 10806:19 June 10781:copper. 10483:6321648 10254:Bibcode 9604:12 July 9285:Bibcode 9200:Bibcode 9192:Science 9105:Bibcode 9013:2843960 8828:Bibcode 8773:Bibcode 8719:Science 8691:9041870 8660:Bibcode 8567:Bibcode 8431:5116070 8402:Bibcode 8212:4384170 8191:Bibcode 7818:Bibcode 7688:Bibcode 7551:6571019 7420:(APMEX) 7285:US Mint 7257:5579155 7236:Bibcode 7143:22 July 7018:Bibcode 6972:Bibcode 6810:2596347 6740:8 March 6670:1360560 6647:Bibcode 6427:Bibcode 6390:7989968 6354:8 April 6315:Bibcode 6265:Bibcode 5947:7 April 5680:. 1969. 5639:Codelco 5407:albumin 5248:of all 5192:Calluna 5140:bullion 5136:futures 5047:faucets 4983:E. coli 4980:(e.g., 4929:mussels 4887:brazing 4724:thermal 4720:nuclear 4697:biomass 4655:(NEMA) 4582:busbars 4549:, high 4387:, then 4385:Montana 4381:Arizona 4156:Cahokia 4105:Cyprium 4090:chalkos 4061:alchemy 3988:faience 3919:arsenic 3813:'s axe. 3754:History 3669:cuprate 3653:alkenes 3531:Polyols 3502:hydrate 3375:ligands 3339:bromine 3323:bromine 3280:cuprous 3278:. Both 3276:halides 3260:cuprous 3222:Shakudō 3197:solders 3094:billets 3090:reduced 3086:furnace 3014:removal 2937:blister 2920:S + 3 O 2870:Methods 2862:of the 2833:smelted 2748:copper 2680:cuprite 2672:azurite 2644:bornite 2468:with a 2441:⁄ 2287:tarnish 2223:are in 2137:In the 2061:azurite 2025:smelted 1987:jewelry 1963:thermal 1959:ductile 1851:stable 1689:9000 BC 1687: ( 1670:Cyprium 1655:History 1600:) 1376:) 1324:−2, 0, 1176:Density 1098:d-block 926:Hassium 919:Bohrium 905:Dubnium 870:Fermium 814:Uranium 800:Thorium 749:Bismuth 707:Iridium 693:Rhenium 672:Hafnium 651:Thulium 637:Holmium 623:Terbium 553:Caesium 502:Cadmium 481:Rhodium 453:Niobium 439:Yttrium 412:Krypton 405:Bromine 391:Arsenic 377:Gallium 298:Calcium 254:Silicon 171:Lithium 114: ( 18:Cuprous 15485:Copper 15406:(mass) 15342:Bezoar 15248:Zircon 15208:Spinel 15183:Quartz 15118:Jasper 15103:Garnet 14999:Pewter 14984:Copper 14979:Bronze 14906:alloys 14895:Silver 14846:Pliers 14836:Hammer 14748:vacuum 14675:People 14668:Making 14652:pocket 14552:Brooch 14517:Anklet 14437:Cu(IV) 14303:Cu(OH) 14200:Cu(ClO 14188:Cu(ClO 14154:Cu(CN) 14051:Cu(II) 12472:Copper 12456: 12419: 12378: 12284: 12276: 12235: 12225: 12194: 12184: 12176: 12138:Copper 12056: 12048: 11960: 11903: 11896:424498 11893: 11854: 11819: 11778:16 May 11663: 11610:775938 11608: 11600: 11590: 11559: 11518: 11434: 11424: 11393: 11383: 11351: 11311: 11262: 11254: 11247: 11237: 11227: 11194: 11169: 11100: 11092: 11053: 11043: 10996:961545 10994: 10575: 10567: 10559: 10490: 10480: 10472: 10353: 9706:3 June 9574:3 June 9546: 9519: 9454: 9406: 9327: 9253: 9218: 9175: 9167: 9123: 9046: 9011: 8974: 8939: 8856: 8848: 8799: 8791: 8741: 8733: 8698: 8688: 8680: 8632: 8593: 8585: 8496: 8465:7 July 8438: 8428: 8420: 8364: 8311: 8219: 8209: 8183:Nature 8160: 8130: 8095: 8060: 8052: 8013: 7865: 7793: 7775:27 May 7698: 7665: 7645: 7613: 7581: 7558: 7548: 7507: 7430:1 July 7397:1 July 7349:6 June 7323:9 July 7296:9 July 7280:"Dime" 7264: 7254: 7115: 7088: 6938: 6900: 6868: 6834: 6808: 6771: 6702: 6677: 6667: 6591: 6581: 6547: 6524:: 885. 6485: 6481:–125. 6447: 6388: 6299:"The N 6213: 6127: 6100: 6075: 6043: 6011: 5916: 5906: 5841: 5809: 5781: 5740: 5712: 5572:. The 5474:anemia 5134:, and 5055:toilet 5024:, and 4895:welded 4875:patina 4858:, and 4840:spires 4789:patina 4699:, and 4637:motors 4615:, and 4492:where 4460:bronze 4375:, and 4321:Vyborg 4294:kettle 4269:Modern 4214:; the 4117:copper 4113:cuprum 4109:Cyprus 4022:natron 3839:Israel 3795:oxhide 3787:Zakros 3671:, KCuO 3645:enones 3555:amines 3492:, and 3458:+ 4 NH 3337:, and 3327:iodine 3325:, and 3302:) and 3264:cupric 3216:silver 3212:nickel 3204:nickel 3181:Bronze 3169:alloys 3137:Alloys 3098:ingots 3021:anodes 2947:O + Cu 2924:→ 2 Cu 2821:nickel 2817:cobalt 2666:, and 2654:, and 2354:sulfur 2219:, and 2217:silver 2211:color. 2194:etched 2169:copper 2167:) and 2152:cuprum 2143:Cyprus 2094:, and 2076:patina 2067:, and 2047:bronze 1997:, and 1979:alloys 1953:) and 1951:cuprum 1940:symbol 1932:Copper 1892: 1859:synth 1848:30.9% 1796:stable 1792:69.2% 1703:cuprum 1697:Symbol 1665:Cyprus 1663:after 1660:Naming 1588: 1533: 1393: 1340:oxide) 1283: 1251: 1211: 1209:kJ/mol 1095: 1078:Period 1028:copper 1024:nickel 842:Curium 786:Radium 700:Osmium 644:Erbium 574:Cerium 560:Barium 537:Iodine 509:Indium 495:Silver 363:Copper 356:Nickel 349:Cobalt 268:Sulfur 231:Sodium 208:Oxygen 194:Carbon 162:Helium 108:63.546 99:63.546 60:Copper 15410:Carat 15404:Carat 15392:Terms 15367:Shell 15321:Pearl 15311:Nacre 15301:Ivory 15289:Black 15284:Coral 15279:Copal 15269:Amber 15228:Topaz 15187:smoky 15058:Beryl 15038:Agate 14974:Brass 14819:Tools 14657:strap 14647:Watch 14622:Tiara 14567:Crown 14537:Bindi 14509:Forms 14220:Cu(NO 14169:KCuCl 14098:Cu(CF 14086:Cu(CH 14058:Cu(BF 13984:CuSCN 13877:Cu(I) 12397:(PDF) 12297:Notes 12282:S2CID 12134:OEHHA 12054:S2CID 11750:(PDF) 11733:(PDF) 11714:(PDF) 11598:JSTOR 10963:. NPR 10768:(PDF) 10757:(PDF) 10584:(PDF) 10573:S2CID 10557:JSTOR 10537:(PDF) 10223:(PDF) 10212:(PDF) 9865:REN21 9517:S2CID 9486:(PDF) 9475:(PDF) 9404:S2CID 9304:(PDF) 9273:(PDF) 9251:S2CID 9216:S2CID 9173:S2CID 9044:S2CID 9009:JSTOR 8854:S2CID 8739:S2CID 8591:S2CID 7909:(PDF) 7884:(PDF) 7388:(PDF) 7195:(PDF) 7178:(PDF) 7057:(PDF) 7050:(PDF) 6991:(PDF) 6960:(PDF) 6806:JSTOR 6792:. 2. 6735:Salon 6556:2 May 6514:(PDF) 6494:2 May 6445:S2CID 6417:arXiv 6374:(PDF) 6301:UBASE 6149:(PDF) 6020:2 May 5863:(PDF) 5820:(PDF) 5803:(PDF) 5678:CIAAW 5252:. In 5232:bran. 5196:Erica 5043:sinks 5026:fungi 4844:doors 4836:domes 4820:Roofs 4693:hydro 4689:tidal 4681:solar 4456:brass 4243:India 4229:used 4125:Venus 4107:from 4065:Venus 3825:) in 3791:Crete 3785:from 3783:ingot 3741:amide 3704:anion 3701:basic 3615:with 3472:+ 2 H 3373:with 3193:karat 3173:Brass 3147:dimes 3118:CO2eq 3069:Like 2750:mines 2159:Coper 2109:. 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