159:
31:
359:
227:, issued the Berlin Decree forbidding his allies and conquests from trading with the British. Britain responded with further Orders in Council issued on 10 January and 11 November 1807. These forbade French trade with Britain, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade all French and allied ports, and to prevent all shipping whether neutral or not. Napoleon responded again with the
192:, Napoleon made no attempt to rebuild his navy. He turned instead to economic warfare, planning to ruin the British economy. It was thought that Britain depended completely upon trade with Europe for its prosperity, so cutting off trade with continental Europe would ruin the British economy and force it to sue for peace. A blockade was impossible because the
235:
wishing to do business in Europe must first stop at a French port in order to ensure that there could be no trade with
Britain. He also ordered all European nations and French allies to stop trading with Britain, and he threatened Russia with an invasion if they did not comply as well. His orders backfired in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in
234:
Napoleon's plan to defeat
Britain was to destroy its ability to trade. As an island nation, trade was its most vital lifeline. Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain economically, he would be able to invade the nation after its economic collapse. Napoleon decreed that all commercial ships
268:
In response to the
Continental System, British Orders in Councils prohibited other countries (that is, its trade partners) from trading with France. If they chose to trade with France or otherwise comply with the Continental System, the Orders in Council threatened to respond with punitive measures.
313:
The episode seriously hurt France itself. Shipbuilding, and its trades such as rope-making, declined, as did many other industries that relied on overseas markets, such as the linen industries. With few exports and lost profits, many industries were closed down. Southern France, especially the port
292:
The blockade did not cause significant economic damage to the
British, although British exports to the continent as a proportion of the country's total trade dropped from 55% to 25% between 1802 and 1806. On the other hand, the British economy suffered greatly from 1810 to 1812, especially in terms
117:
The Berlin Decree forbade the import of
British goods into any European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and it installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections with Britain were to be cut, even mail. However there was extensive smuggling, which made the Continental System
260:
The
Continental System had mixed effects on British trade. The embargo encouraged British merchants to seek out new markets aggressively and to engage in smuggling with continental Europe. Napoleon's exclusively land-based customs enforcers could not stop British smugglers, especially as these
329:
Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree in July 1810 opened the southwest of France and the
Spanish frontier to limited British trade, and reopened French trade to the United States. It was an admission that his blockade had hurt his own economy more than the British. It had also failed to reduce British
443:
in the south of Sweden in 1810. These two bases were used to support convoys from
Britain to Gothenburg, then through the Danish straits to Hanö. From Hanö the goods were smuggled to the many ports around the Baltic Sea. To further support the convoys, the small Danish island of
137:
The loss of
Britain as a trading partner also hit the economies of France and its allies. Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System, which led to the weakening of Napoleon's coalition. As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through
451:
Russia also chafed under the embargo, and in 1810 reopened trade with
Britain. Russia's withdrawal from the system was a motivating factor behind Napoleon's decision to invade Russia in 1812, which proved the turning point of the war and his regime.
114:, the newly acquired territories and client states were subordinate to France itself, as there was a unified market within France (no internal barriers or tariffs) while economic distortions were maintained on the borders of the new territories.
187:
alliances against France. Napoleon was frustrated in his repeated attempts to defeat Britain. Attacks that involved naval power had all failed, with the systematic defeats of the combined French and Spanish navies. After the decisive defeat at
204:. Napoleon believed it would be easy to take advantage of an embargo on trade with the European nations under his control, causing inflation and great debt to undermine British strength. His position was strengthened by the
98:
on 21 November 1806 in response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806. The embargo was applied intermittently, ending on 11 April 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication.
199:
On 16 May 1806, the Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts. In turn, Napoleon resorted to economic warfare. Britain was Europe's manufacturing and business center as a result of the
341:
In Italy, the agricultural sector flourished; but the Dutch economy, predicated on trade, suffered greatly as a result of the embargo. Napoleon's economic warfare was much to the chagrin of his own brother,
265:, and other German states. British exports to the continent fell between 25% and 55% compared to pre-1806 levels. However, trade sharply increased with the rest of the world, covering much of the decline.
374:. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In the
600:
394:
off the west coast of Denmark was occupied in September 1807. This base made it easier for Britain to control trade to North Sea ports and to facilitate smuggling. The attacks against
562:
293:
of high unemployment and inflation. This led to widespread protest and violence, but the middle classes and upper classes strongly supported the government, which used the
118:
an ineffective weapon of economic war. There was some damage to British trade, especially in 1808 and 1812, but British control of the oceans led to replacement trade with
3355:
239:(being allied to Britain), setting off the Peninsular War. He pushed Russia too hard, both in terms of the Continental System, and in his demands for control over part of
338:) saw significantly increased profits due to the lack of competition from British goods (particularly textiles, which were produced much more cheaply in Britain).
281:. This embargo was designed as an economic counterattack to hurt Britain, but it proved even more damaging to American merchants. Together with the issues of the
1444:
3001:
3325:
3298:
420:
in March 1808. At the same time, a French force threatened to invade southern Sweden, but the plan was stopped as the Royal Navy controlled the
215:
In November 1806, having recently conquered or allied with every major power on the European continent, Napoleon, in retaliation to the British
942:
Supplemeto å Collecção dos tratados, convençÔes, contratos e actos publicos celebrados entre a corÎa de Portugal e as mais potencias desde 1640
53:
285:
of American seamen, and British support for Indian resistance in U.S. colonization, tensions led to a declaration of war by the U.S. in the
2996:
1313:
103:
477:
460:
Portugal openly refused to join the Continental System. In 1793, Portugal signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Britain. After the
44:
1241:
231:
of 1807, declaring that all neutral shipping using British ports or paying British tariffs were to be regarded as British and seized.
1261:
1121:
3395:
2906:
489:
370:
Britain's first response to the Continental System was to launch a major naval attack on the weakest link in Napoleon's coalition,
3268:
2926:
1303:
158:
3126:
3026:
2946:
621:
583:
528:
432:
363:
2831:
17:
3380:
2921:
1363:
747:
236:
2559:
3202:
1803:
1221:
436:
3121:
3116:
3101:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
2941:
2916:
2544:
1373:
1029:
661:
484:
with a Royal Navy escort. The Portuguese population rose in revolt against the French invaders, with the help of the
417:
196:
controlled the seas, but if Napoleon controlled the ports of Europe, he could prevent British products from landing.
729:
435:. In November 1810 France demanded that Sweden should declare war upon Britain and stop all trade. The result was a
3375:
3131:
2986:
2966:
1475:
1089:
1048:
59.suppl 1 (2007): i8âi30, uses econometrics to argue Britain fared better than either France or the United States.
139:
2991:
1246:
3350:
3207:
3036:
2911:
2267:
1672:
366:
was the commander of the Royal Navy in the Baltic campaign of 1808â1814 that secured British trade to the region.
326:, suffered from the reduction in trade. Moreover, the prices of staple foods rose in most of continental Europe.
3247:
2931:
2876:
2871:
2227:
2105:
1748:
1626:
1449:
3313:
3365:
3303:
3273:
1934:
1226:
1114:
163:
2881:
2614:
2513:
2181:
3293:
3031:
2206:
1954:
1869:
1581:
1293:
822:
François Crouzet, "A serious cause of social and economic dislocation", Frank Kafter and James Laux, eds.,
759:
2332:
2034:
1768:
1722:
1717:
1490:
1434:
1149:
694:
379:
375:
184:
131:
1646:
3278:
3089:
2971:
2705:
2110:
1994:
1697:
1429:
1251:
1177:
1163:
1142:
448:
was occupied in May 1809. A lighthouse on the island simplified navigation through the Danish straits.
409:
3011:
2836:
2403:
445:
3370:
3172:
2841:
2634:
2413:
2357:
2307:
2186:
1939:
1919:
1763:
1712:
1687:
1616:
1596:
1515:
1416:
1170:
429:
244:
2428:
2059:
2039:
1849:
1535:
1271:
3390:
3167:
2951:
2791:
2609:
2408:
2352:
2347:
2282:
2211:
2079:
1979:
1818:
1758:
1606:
1107:
896:
Alexander Grab and Charles F. Delzell, "The Kingdom of Italy and Napoleon's Continental Blockade,"
298:
278:
216:
2866:
2539:
1874:
150:
occurred simultaneously, and suffered severely in, and ultimately retreated from, Russia in 1812.
3217:
2886:
2740:
2312:
2232:
2120:
1989:
1974:
1909:
1904:
1677:
1611:
1505:
1388:
428:
in 1808 to simplify operations into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic campaign was under the command of
3192:
2478:
2443:
1530:
3252:
3212:
3197:
3177:
3152:
3006:
2750:
2665:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2599:
2589:
2493:
2448:
2433:
1964:
1682:
1586:
1561:
1520:
1470:
1454:
3157:
1844:
2956:
2856:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2660:
2549:
2473:
2463:
2297:
2237:
2166:
1999:
1949:
1884:
1879:
1556:
1383:
1266:
940:
518:
262:
205:
201:
176:
1889:
1485:
289:. This war, not Napoleon's blockade, sharply reduced British trade with the United States.
3237:
3187:
2801:
2690:
2680:
2655:
2554:
2488:
2302:
2292:
2272:
2252:
2161:
2141:
2019:
1813:
1738:
1540:
493:
106:, the blockade was also intended to establish French industrial and commercial hegemony in
2861:
2115:
1984:
1924:
1823:
1753:
8:
3242:
3021:
3016:
2745:
2695:
2579:
2564:
2468:
2362:
2262:
2176:
2064:
2024:
1944:
1914:
1894:
1828:
1793:
1743:
1707:
1702:
1662:
1525:
1510:
1495:
1480:
1439:
1216:
473:
469:
274:
189:
111:
35:
2483:
1778:
1773:
1621:
689:
3360:
3283:
3227:
3182:
3111:
2981:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2730:
2670:
2518:
2438:
2398:
2382:
2372:
2342:
2327:
2317:
2277:
2247:
2201:
2054:
2049:
2044:
1929:
1864:
1636:
1601:
1576:
1378:
1328:
1278:
1256:
1236:
1231:
1015:
699:
461:
371:
347:
209:
127:
2074:
2004:
1969:
1959:
1044:
O'Rourke, Kevin H. "War and welfare: Britain, France, and the United States 1807â14."
1039:
927:
Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807
568:
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 3: Experience, Culture and Memory
492:. Napoleon intervened, and the Peninsular War began in 1808. Napoleon also forced the
3385:
2639:
2604:
2574:
2534:
2508:
2498:
2453:
2423:
2377:
2322:
2242:
2191:
2171:
2156:
2146:
2125:
2069:
2029:
1854:
1788:
1783:
1641:
1571:
1424:
1343:
1338:
1025:
1005:
657:
617:
579:
524:
465:
2095:
391:
3162:
3046:
2846:
2685:
2584:
2569:
2418:
2367:
2287:
2196:
2151:
2100:
2014:
1899:
1808:
1798:
1692:
1631:
1393:
883:
Eric A. Arnold, Jr. "Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree, 3 July 1810: Text and Analysis,"
609:
571:
497:
330:
financial support for its allies. The industrialised north and east of France, and
294:
146:, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain, in which the
2936:
1094:
961:
Revisiting Napoleon's Continental System: Local, Regional and European Experiences
3041:
2976:
2961:
2851:
2735:
2725:
2700:
2675:
2503:
2337:
1859:
1667:
1591:
1566:
1318:
1206:
1130:
964:
481:
343:
240:
168:
91:
71:
3308:
3320:
3232:
3222:
2755:
2594:
2458:
2257:
2009:
1353:
1333:
1323:
1283:
1156:
983:
Crouzet, François. "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792â1815."
421:
147:
143:
87:
1368:
651:
613:
606:
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 1: Politics and Diplomacy
575:
358:
30:
3344:
2796:
1500:
1358:
1288:
270:
220:
172:
123:
119:
95:
1077:
1348:
1184:
748:
The Acts, Orders in Council, &c. of Great Britain (on Trade), 1793â1812
485:
228:
3136:
3106:
3094:
3051:
2806:
543:
464:
in July 1807, Napoleon attempted to capture the Portuguese fleet and the
413:
399:
323:
286:
282:
269:
This double threat created a difficult time for neutral nations like the
909:
A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807."
2821:
1067:
988:
703:
516:
425:
395:
387:
382:, seized the Danish fleet, and assured control of the sea lanes in the
193:
914:
1056:
383:
315:
2786:
331:
319:
273:. In response to this prohibition, the U.S. government adopted the
261:
operated with the connivance of Napoleon's chosen rulers of Spain,
83:
1099:
598:
Marzagalli, Silvia (2022), Broers, Michael; Dwyer, Philip (eds.),
468:, and to occupy the Portuguese ports. He failed, as Prince-Regent
1090:"Documents upon the Continental System", from napoleon-series.org
560:
Aaslestad, Katherine (2022), Forrest, Alan; Hicks, Peter (eds.),
335:
302:
440:
796:
Gavin Daly, "Napoleon and the 'City of Smugglers', 1810â1814".
405:
126:, as well as large scale smuggling in Europe particularly from
107:
938:
692:, "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792â1815."
130:
which was used by the British to sell their goods to southern
608:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 232â252,
570:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117â141,
537:
963:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Wide-ranging essays by experts
652:
Alfred Fierro; André Palluel-Guillard; Jean Tulard (1995).
224:
1062:
Ruppenthal, Roland. "Denmark and the Continental System."
1014:(1922), the only global survey of the Continental System;
496:
to abdicate their throne in favour of Napoleon's brother,
898:
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750â1850: Proceedings
1072:
Sloane, William M."The Continental System of Napoleon"
90:
from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the
885:
Proceedings of the Western Society for French History
301:
to suppress the working class unrest, especially the
247:
was a disaster which set the stage for his downfall.
353:
3356:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
654:
Histoire et dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire
424:. The Royal Navy set up a base outside the port of
1012:The continental system: an economic interpretation
872:The continental system: an economic interpretation
647:
645:
599:
561:
517:David Stephen Heidler; Jteanne T. Heidler (2004).
637:The Transformation of European Politics 1763â1858
510:
439:. A second navy base was set up on the island of
3342:
412:, refused to comply with French demands and was
308:
183:The British government was the central force in
3299:England expects that every man will do his duty
642:
959:Aaslestad, Katherine B., and Johan Joor, eds.
390:for the British merchant fleet. The island of
82:, was a large-scale embargo by French Emperor
1115:
1051:Rose, J. H. "Napoleon and English Commerce."
1002:The Era of the French Revolution. (1715â1815)
971:The Age of Revolution and Reaction 1789â1850
730:"Documents upon the ContinentaI System 1806"
717:The Era of the French Revolution (1715â1815)
27:1806â1814 embargo of Europe against Britain
1122:
1108:
601:"Napoleonic Wars and Economic Imperialism"
597:
402:against Denmark, which lasted until 1814.
678:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
559:
378:in AugustâSeptember 1807, the Royal Navy
219:of 17 May 1806 blockading all ports from
357:
157:
29:
939:José Ferreira Borges de Castro (1857).
14:
3343:
1445:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
3127:Spanish American wars of independence
1103:
811:Napoleon Bonaparte: His rise and fall
523:. Naval Institute Press. p. 48.
455:
208:in October 1806, bringing swathes of
945:. Imprensa nacional. pp. 19â25.
437:phony war between Sweden and Britain
3112:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
1129:
24:
953:
488:under Arthur Wellesley, later the
25:
3407:
1083:
354:Scandinavia and the Baltic region
255:
2987:Frederick William III of Prussia
2967:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
478:transferred the Portuguese court
3396:Blockades by the United Kingdom
3107:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
3037:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
997:(1971) pp. 126â39, 156â59.
932:
919:
903:
890:
877:
864:
851:
842:
829:
816:
803:
790:
783:On smuggling see Roger Knight,
777:
752:
740:
722:
563:"Blockade and Economic Warfare"
520:Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
472:, acting for his mother, Queen
3022:Prince Regent John of Portugal
2932:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
2877:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
2872:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
709:
683:
670:
629:
591:
553:
13:
1:
3047:Prince Charles John of Sweden
900:(1988), Vol. 18, pp. 587â604.
503:
309:France and Continental Europe
164:Entry of Napoleon into Berlin
153:
995:The Napoleonic era in Europe
7:
1095:Napoleon Continental System
1074:Political Science Quarterly
985:Journal of Economic History
764:National Geographic Society
695:Journal of Economic History
398:and Heligoland started the
376:Second Battle of Copenhagen
148:Spanish War of Independence
10:
3412:
3381:Military history of France
2882:Frederick I of WĂŒrttemberg
1252:Confederation of the Rhine
993:Godechot, Jacques, et al.
887:(1998), Vol. 25, pp. 49â54
250:
3261:
3145:
3060:
3042:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
3032:William, Prince of Orange
2895:
2842:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
2775:
2768:
2648:
2527:
2391:
2220:
2134:
2088:
1837:
1731:
1655:
1549:
1463:
1415:
1406:
1302:
1203:
1194:
1171:French Invasion of Russia
1137:
1064:Journal of Modern History
1053:English Historical Review
1036:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
911:English Historical Review
760:"Napoleon Invades Russia"
614:10.1017/9781108334846.013
576:10.1017/9781108278119.007
322:, as well as the city of
185:encouraging and financing
2952:Archduke John of Austria
2947:Prince von Schwarzenberg
2792:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1038:(1924) pp. 190â206
1024:(2013) pp. 386â416.
1022:Britain against Napoleon
1004:(1929) pp. 373â99.
837:Britain against Napoleon
785:Britain against Napoleon
550:, Hachette, 2008, p. 207
408:, Britain's ally in the
61: Continental System
3376:War of 1812 legislation
2887:Frederick VI of Denmark
2837:Jean-Baptiste BessiĂšres
1627:Greater Poland uprising
1450:Duc d'Enghien Execution
925:Thomas Munch-Petersen,
734:www.napoleon-series.org
698:(1964) 24#4 pp. 567â88
3351:19th century in France
3007:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1455:Coronation of Napoleon
1046:Oxford Economic Papers
824:Napoleon and his times
367:
334:(the south of today's
180:
171:. Napoleon issued the
94:. Napoleon issued the
75:
63:
3294:Conference of Dresden
3203:Paris (February 1812)
3132:SwedishâNorwegian War
2957:Alexander I of Russia
1055:8#32 (1893): 704â25.
1000:Gottschalk, Louis R.
987:24#4 (1964): 567â88.
978:Europe Under Napoleon
715:Louis R. Gottschalk,
476:, took the fleet and
361:
279:Macon's Bill Number 2
202:Industrial Revolution
161:
45:Directly administered
33:
3366:Economic nationalism
3248:Fontainebleau (1814)
2802:Louis-Nicolas Davout
1723:Invasion of Portugal
848:Knight, pp. 410â12.
800:50.2 (2007): 333â52.
494:Spanish royal family
380:bombarded Copenhagen
102:Aside from subduing
68:Continental Blockade
18:Continental Blockade
3274:Bourbon Restoration
3017:Maria I of Portugal
3002:Prince of Hohenlohe
2992:Gebhard von BlĂŒcher
1935:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
1242:Swiss Confederation
1076:(1898) 12#2 213â31.
1066:15.1 (1943): 7â23.
826:(1989) pp. 179â92.
635:Paul W. Schroeder,
474:Maria I of Portugal
275:Embargo Act of 1807
212:under his control.
3289:Continental System
3284:Congress of Erfurt
3208:Paris (March 1812)
2982:Peter Wittgenstein
2907:Duke of Wellington
2862:Prince Poniatowski
2827:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2812:Auguste de Marmont
2207:Arroyo dos Molinos
2055:Walcheren Campaign
2045:Armistice of Znaim
1940:Dalmatian Campaign
1865:Tyrolean Rebellion
980:(IB Tauris, 2014).
969:Breunig, Charles.
874:(1922) pp. 266â94.
861:(1990) pp. 277â79.
857:François Crouzet,
839:(2013) pp. 433â36.
798:Historical Journal
787:(2013) pp. 402â03.
656:. Robert Laffont.
490:Duke of Wellington
456:Portugal and Spain
414:attacked by Russia
368:
245:invasion of Russia
243:. Napoleon's 1812
181:
80:Continental System
76:Blocus continental
64:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3326:Types of military
3122:Russo-Turkish War
3117:Russo-Persian War
3085:Anglo-Turkish War
3080:Anglo-Swedish War
3075:Anglo-Spanish War
3070:Anglo-Russian War
2997:Duke of Brunswick
2900:political leaders
2780:political leaders
2764:
2763:
1769:Medina de Rioseco
1491:Haslach-Jungingen
1425:French Revolution
1402:
1401:
1185:Seventh Coalition
976:Broers, Michael.
973:(1970), Chapter 2
859:Britain Ascendant
813:(1951) pp. 235â40
639:(1999) pp. 305â10
623:978-1-108-42437-0
585:978-1-108-41767-9
530:978-1-59114-362-8
466:House of Braganza
418:by Denmark/Norway
16:(Redirected from
3403:
3371:Economic warfare
3102:Dano-Swedish War
3090:Anglo-Danish War
2942:Archduke Charles
2857:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
2773:
2772:
2706:Castel di Sangro
2615:FĂšre-Champenoise
2268:GarcĂa HernĂĄndez
2182:Fuentes de Oñoro
1698:Guttstadt-Deppen
1435:Second Coalition
1413:
1412:
1394:French Royalists
1201:
1200:
1150:Fourth Coalition
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1010:Heckscher, Eli.
947:
946:
936:
930:
923:
917:
907:
901:
894:
888:
881:
875:
868:
862:
855:
849:
846:
840:
833:
827:
820:
814:
807:
801:
794:
788:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
756:
750:
744:
738:
737:
726:
720:
713:
707:
690:François Crouzet
687:
681:
680:(2003) pp. 29â33
676:Alexander Grab,
674:
668:
667:
649:
640:
633:
627:
626:
603:
595:
589:
588:
565:
557:
551:
541:
535:
534:
514:
462:Treaty of Tilsit
416:in February and
217:Order in Council
60:
51:
42:
21:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3391:Napoleonic Wars
3341:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3257:
3141:
3062:
3056:
3012:Miguel de Ălava
2977:Pyotr Bagration
2972:Count Bennigsen
2962:Mikhail Kutuzov
2927:Thomas Cochrane
2899:
2897:
2891:
2852:Louis Bonaparte
2779:
2777:
2776:French and ally
2760:
2644:
2560:ChĂąteau-Thierry
2523:
2387:
2358:Maloyaroslavets
2216:
2130:
2084:
1875:Yevenes/YĂ©benes
1833:
1749:Rosily Squadron
1727:
1651:
1617:Waren-Nossentin
1545:
1476:Cape Finisterre
1459:
1430:First Coalition
1408:
1398:
1305:
1298:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1178:Sixth Coalition
1164:Fifth Coalition
1143:Third Coalition
1133:
1131:Napoleonic Wars
1128:
1086:
1020:Knight, Roger.
956:
954:Further reading
951:
950:
937:
933:
924:
920:
913:(1953): 37â55.
908:
904:
895:
891:
882:
878:
870:Eli Heckscher,
869:
865:
856:
852:
847:
843:
834:
830:
821:
817:
809:J. M. Thompson,
808:
804:
795:
791:
782:
778:
769:
767:
758:
757:
753:
745:
741:
728:
727:
723:
714:
710:
688:
684:
675:
671:
664:
650:
643:
634:
630:
624:
596:
592:
586:
558:
554:
542:
538:
531:
515:
511:
506:
458:
410:Third Coalition
356:
311:
277:and eventually
258:
253:
169:Charles Meynier
156:
92:Napoleonic Wars
62:
58:
56:
49:
47:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:Longwood House
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
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3235:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Count of Feira
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Horatio Nelson
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Marshal Victor
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
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2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
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2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Arcis-sur-Aube
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
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2529:
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2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Venta del Pozo
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2228:Ciudad Rodrigo
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Ciudad Rodrigo
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2080:Alba de Tormes
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Aspern-Essling
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
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1826:
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1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
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1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
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1735:
1733:
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1720:
1715:
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1705:
1700:
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1589:
1584:
1582:JenaâAuerstedt
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
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1538:
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1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Ottoman Empire
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:United Kingdom
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Ottoman Empire
1281:
1279:DenmarkâNorway
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Polish Legions
1219:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1157:Peninsular War
1153:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1084:External links
1082:
1081:
1080:
1070:
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1008:
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828:
815:
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776:
751:
746:Holberg, Tom.
739:
721:
719:(1929) p. 373.
708:
682:
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641:
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536:
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507:
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502:
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454:
433:James Saumarez
422:Danish straits
364:James Saumarez
355:
352:
310:
307:
257:
256:British Empire
254:
252:
249:
206:Fall of Berlin
177:Fall of Berlin
175:following the
155:
152:
88:British Empire
57:
48:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3408:
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3287:
3285:
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3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:Miscellaneous
3260:
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3251:
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3229:
3226:
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2940:
2938:
2937:Manuel Lapeña
2935:
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2870:
2868:
2867:Prince EugĂšne
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
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2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
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2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:André Masséna
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Joachim Murat
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Rocheserviere
2739:
2737:
2734:
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2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
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2429:San SebastiĂĄn
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2016:
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1990:Sankt Michael
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1905:Teugen-Hausen
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3309:Grande Armée
3288:
3269:Bibliography
3253:Paris (1815)
3213:Paris (1814)
3198:Paris (1810)
3178:Finckenstein
3153:Campo Formio
2912:Rowland Hill
2898:military and
2778:military and
2751:Rocquencourt
2620:Saint-Dizier
2590:Bar-sur-Aube
2545:Mincio River
2040:Schöngrabern
1819:2nd Zaragoza
1759:1st Zaragoza
1713:Stralsund II
1562:Campo Tenese
1536:Schöngrabern
1521:Cape Ortegal
1471:Diamond Rock
1349:Papal States
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3137:War of 1812
3095:Gunboat War
3052:Louis XVIII
2807:Jean Lannes
2721:Quatre Bras
2711:San Germano
2661:Occhiobello
2550:Champaubert
2540:La RothiĂšre
2464:San Marcial
2348:2nd Polotsk
2313:1st Polotsk
2298:Majadahonda
2238:Villagarcia
2167:Campo Maior
1955:Piave River
1880:Ciudad Real
1870:Villafranca
1739:Dos de Mayo
1688:Stralsund I
1440:18 Brumaire
1374:Netherlands
1272:WĂŒrttemberg
544:Jean Tulard
400:Gunboat War
324:La Rochelle
287:War of 1812
283:impressment
3345:Categories
3279:Casualties
3193:Schönbrunn
3168:Artlenburg
2917:John Moore
2822:Michel Ney
2691:Scapezzano
2681:Cesenatico
2625:Montmartre
2555:Montmirail
2489:Wartenburg
2444:GroĂbeeren
2303:Gorodechno
2293:Klyastitsy
2273:Saltanovka
2162:Casal Novo
2035:Hollabrunn
2020:Korneuburg
1814:Somosierra
1718:Copenhagen
1541:Austerlitz
1531:DĂŒrenstein
1267:Westphalia
1210:and allies
770:2021-08-19
504:References
426:Gothenburg
396:Copenhagen
392:Heligoland
388:Baltic Sea
314:cities of
305:movement.
263:Westphalia
194:Royal Navy
154:Background
84:Napoleon I
3361:Diplomacy
3243:Casalanza
3218:Tauroggen
3173:Pressburg
3158:Lunéville
3063:conflicts
2896:Coalition
2746:La Suffel
2696:Tolentino
2580:Montereau
2565:Vauchamps
2514:Bornhöved
2469:Dennewitz
2414:Tarragona
2363:Chashniki
2263:Salamanca
2187:Tarragona
2111:Barquilla
2065:Almonacid
2025:Stockerau
1995:Stralsund
1965:2nd Porto
1945:Ebelsberg
1915:Abensberg
1885:1st Porto
1845:CastellĂłn
1829:Benavente
1794:Valmaseda
1708:Friedland
1703:Heilsberg
1673:OstroĆÄka
1663:Mohrungen
1597:Magdeburg
1526:Amstetten
1511:Trafalgar
1496:Elchingen
1481:Wertingen
1379:Brunswick
1304:Coalition
384:North Sea
316:Marseille
190:Trafalgar
3386:Napoleon
3314:Uniforms
3228:Chaumont
3146:Treaties
2847:Joseph I
2787:Napoleon
2731:Waterloo
2671:Casaglia
2635:Toulouse
2519:Sehested
2494:Bidassoa
2474:2nd Kulm
2459:1st Kulm
2449:Katzbach
2439:Sorauren
2434:Pyrenees
2399:Castalla
2383:Berezina
2373:Smoliani
2343:Tarutino
2328:Borodino
2318:Valutino
2308:Smolensk
2278:Ostrovno
2248:Maguilla
2212:Valencia
2202:Saguntum
2050:Talavera
1930:Ratisbon
1920:Landshut
1895:Bergisel
1890:MedellĂn
1804:Espinosa
1764:Valencia
1637:Czarnowo
1607:Pasewalk
1602:Prenzlau
1577:Saalfeld
1516:Caldiero
1486:GĂŒnzburg
1364:Sardinia
1339:Portugal
1068:in JSTOR
989:in JSTOR
915:in JSTOR
835:Knight,
548:Napoléon
332:Wallonia
320:Bordeaux
295:Yeomanry
237:Portugal
179:in 1806.
38:in 1812
3061:Related
2640:Bayonne
2605:Craonne
2575:Mormant
2535:Brienne
2509:Nivelle
2499:Leipzig
2454:Dresden
2424:Vitoria
2409:Bautzen
2378:Krasnoi
2323:Mesoten
2283:Vitebsk
2243:Almaraz
2233:Badajoz
2192:Albuera
2177:Almeida
2172:Sabugal
2157:Redinha
2147:Barrosa
2126:Bussaco
2121:Almeida
2101:Astorga
2070:Tamames
2030:Gefrees
1985:Alcañiz
1925:EckmĂŒhl
1855:Corunna
1824:SahagĂșn
1789:Zornoza
1784:Vimeiro
1754:CabezĂłn
1678:Kolberg
1647:PuĆtusk
1642:Golymin
1632:Hamelin
1612:Stettin
1572:Schleiz
1417:Prelude
1409:battles
1384:Hanover
1329:Prussia
1319:Austria
1257:Bavaria
1237:Etruria
1232:Holland
1204:France,
1197:gerents
965:excerpt
704:2115762
470:John VI
372:Denmark
348:Holland
336:Belgium
303:Luddite
299:militia
251:Effects
223:to the
210:Prussia
104:Britain
3238:Mantua
3188:Cintra
3183:Tilsit
3163:Amiens
2701:Ancona
2686:Pesaro
2656:Panaro
2585:Orthez
2570:Garris
2484:RoĂlau
2479:Göhrde
2419:Luckau
2404:LĂŒtzen
2368:Vyazma
2338:Burgos
2333:Moscow
2288:Kobryn
2197:Usagre
2152:Pombal
2142:Gebora
2015:Wagram
1975:Tarvis
1950:Girona
1910:Raszyn
1900:Sacile
1809:Tudela
1799:Burgos
1779:Roliça
1774:Bailén
1693:Mileto
1683:Danzig
1622:LĂŒbeck
1587:Erfurt
1506:Verona
1389:Nassau
1369:Sweden
1359:Persia
1344:Sicily
1324:Russia
1306:forces
1289:Persia
1262:Saxony
1247:Naples
1217:France
1195:Belli-
1078:online
1057:online
1040:online
1028:
1016:online
1006:online
929:(2007)
702:
660:
620:
582:
527:
498:Joseph
482:Brazil
446:Anholt
406:Sweden
241:Poland
144:Russia
108:Europe
78:), or
72:French
59:
52:
50:
43:
41:
3304:Films
2736:Wavre
2726:Ligny
2716:Gaeta
2676:Ronco
2666:Carpi
2630:Paris
2600:Reims
2504:Hanau
2096:CĂĄdiz
2075:Ocaña
2060:Ălper
2005:MarĂa
1970:Wörgl
1960:GrijĂł
1860:Valls
1850:Uclés
1744:Bruch
1668:Eylau
1592:Halle
1567:Maida
1557:Gaeta
1407:Major
1334:Spain
1294:Spain
1227:Italy
700:JSTOR
221:Brest
140:Spain
132:Italy
128:Malta
120:North
3233:Kiel
3223:Ried
2769:Info
2756:Issy
2649:1815
2595:Laon
2528:1814
2392:1813
2258:Ekau
2221:1812
2135:1811
2089:1810
2010:Graz
2000:Raab
1838:1809
1732:1808
1656:1807
1550:1806
1464:1805
1026:ISBN
658:ISBN
618:ISBN
580:ISBN
525:ISBN
441:Hanö
386:and
318:and
297:and
225:Elbe
142:and
122:and
66:The
34:The
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2116:CĂŽa
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572:doi
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