History of cholera

704:, a city located in the delta of the Volga River. After quarantine measures were introduced in Astrakhan, rumors spread among the population that living people were being put in coffins, sprinkled with lime, and buried in cholera hospitals. These rumors provoked riots. During the riots, medical workers were killed, the cholera hospital was burned down, and the infected were sent home. The incidence of the disease increased dramatically after the riots. From June 14 to September 20, 1892, more than 3% of Astrakhan's population died of cholera, with 480 cases and 316 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants. This was the demographic maximum of the 1892 cholera epidemic. An estimate of excess mortality showed an increase of 278% in June and 555% in July over the same months in 1888–1894. Of all those admitted to Astrakhan hospitals, about 73% were workers living in hostels (shelters), about 5% were workers on ships, steamships, and barges, and 12% were artisans. The social composition by estates was as follows: 1983 520: 345: 1147:; people first contracted the disease by taking water from this river. In addition, some scientists think the hurricane and weather conditions in Haiti worsened the consequences of the outbreak, and damaged sanitation systems, allowing it to spread. By November 2010, the disease had spread into the neighboring Dominican Republic. As of August 2016, the epidemic has officially sickened at least 790,000 people and killed more than 9,000 in Haiti. The real burden is probably much higher. In the neighboring Dominican Republic, there have been at least 32,000 suspected cases and 500 related deaths. In Haiti, the outbreak was worsened by 1159:

confirmed by the Venezuelan Health Authorities, who quickly set up an 800 number for people to call who wondered whether they were infected. Internationally, Colombia secured its eastern border against immigrants and probable transmission of the disease. Dominican officials started a nationwide study to determine the cause of the outbreak, and warned residents of the imminent danger associated with the consumption of raw fish and shellfish. As of January 29, 2011, none of the cases in Venezuela proved fatal, but two patients were hospitalized. Since the victims had quickly sought help, the outbreak was detected and contained.

948: 556:, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease. 251: 372: 927:, the changed receptor gene expression is due to an alteration in cell-density during its infection cycle, a process called quorum sensing (QS). The stool samples collected from patients contain clumps of bacterial cells, demonstrating the occurrence of cell-cell interaction in the latter stage of the infection cycle. QS is strongly regulated by two auto-inducer molecules, AI-2 and CAI-1. Evidently, these molecules will have a significant effect on the success of phage predation in 193: 660: 1082: 1109:, during the week of 22–28 March 2009, the "Crude Case Fatality Ratio (CFR)" had dropped from 4.2% to 3.7%. The daily updates for the period 29 March 2009 to 7 April 2009, list 1748 cases and 64 fatalities, giving a weekly CFR of 3.66% (see table above). Those for the period 8 April to 16 April list 1375 new cases and 62 deaths (and a resulting CFR of 4.5%). The CFR had remained above 4.7% for most of January and early February 2009. 30: 980:, India, and for a while displaced El Tor in southern Asia. It decreased in prevalence from 1995 to around 10 percent of all cases. It is considered to be an intermediate between El Tor and the classic strain, and occurs in a new serogroup. Scientists warn of evidence of wide-spectrum resistance by cholera bacteria to drugs such as 1143:. As of November 16, the Haitian Health Ministry reported the number of dead to be 1,034, with hospitalizations for cholera symptoms totaling over 16,700. The outbreak was blamed on a camp of Nepalese United Nations peacekeepers; this was disputed, but since acknowledged by the United Nations. The outbreak started on the upper 1151:, which hit the southern portion of Haiti in fall 2016. The UN has acknowledged its role in the epidemic. In August 2016, the UN pledged to fight the disease and provide assistance for victims through a $ 400 million fund; But, as of April 2017, member states had contributed a meagre $ 10 million of the $ 400 million pledged. 3206: 923:

course of epidemics is phage predation. This process is strongly dependent on successful recognition of the bacteria by lytic phages, in which cell surface receptors play a crucial role. Bacteria can reduce their susceptibility by changing their surface receptors and preventing phage adsorption. In the case of

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In September 2022, a cholera outbreak believed to be linked to irrigation of crops using contaminated water broke out in several regions in Syria. The United Nations said it presented a "serious threat to people in Syria and the region". Twenty-nine people died and a total of 338 cases were recorded.

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citizens attended a wedding in the Dominican Republic, where they ate ceviche (raw fish cured in lemon juice) at the celebration. By the time they returned to Caracas and other Venezuelan cities, some of these travelers were suffering from symptoms of cholera. By January 28, almost 111 cases had been

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in the United States. It could possibly be transmitted by shipments of seafood from those areas to other parts of the country. Medical personnel were advised to think of cholera when assessing symptoms for people who had not been traveling. There have been occurrences of this cholera in the South but

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In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 lives; and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria. Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans to other ports along the Mississippi River and its tributaries. None of the cities had adequate sanitation systems, and

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In 1866, twelve years after the event, Dr. Edwin Lankester wrote: 'The Board of Guardians met to consult as to what ought to be done. Of that meeting, the late Dr. Snow demanded an audience. He was admitted and gave it as his opinion that the pump in Broad Street, and that pump alone, was the cause

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September 2015: Ongoing cholera epidemic in Tanzania resulting in 13 deaths and almost 1000 cases so far—mainly in Dar es Salaam, but also in Morogoro and Iringa, caused by the O1 Ogawa strain. There had been an earlier outbreak in the lake Tanganyika area, starting in the refugee population who had

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and 5 clergymen. Natives of Astrakhan and the province accounted for about 11% of the cases, 89% were seasonal migrants. Many children were orphaned due to the high mortality rate. Because cholera is characterized by waterborne transmission, cholera epidemics were observed in large cities along the

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started in India and lasted from 1899 to 1923. These epidemics were less fatal due to a greater understanding of the cholera bacteria. Egypt, the Arabian peninsula, Persia, India, and the Philippines were hit hardest during these epidemics, while other areas, such as Germany in 1892 and Naples from

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In August 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Health announced that 56 cases of cholera were confirmed in the regions of the capital Algiers and surrounding provinces of Tipaza, Blida, Bouira, Medea and Ain Defla, with reports of 2 deaths as a result of this epidemic. A water source in the town of Hamr

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During this pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how it

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as contaminated and convinced officials to remove its handle to prevent people from drawing water there. His study proved contaminated water was the main agent spreading cholera, although he did not identify the contaminant. It would take many years for this message to be believed and fully acted

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or those with an artistic temperament, cholera is a disease that today almost entirely affects the lower-classes living in filth and poverty. This, and the unpleasant course of the disease – which includes voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea, the hemorrhaging of liquids from the mouth, and violent

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has shown to be a very potent pathogenic bacterium causing many pandemics and epidemics over the past three centuries. However, most outbreaks are known to be self-limiting, meaning they come to an end after peaking, without human intervention. One of the mechanisms significantly determining the

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The epidemic of cholera, cause unknown and prognosis dire, had reached its peak. Cholera afflicted Mexico's populations in 1833 and 1850, prompting officials to quarantine some populations and fumigate buildings, particularly in major urban centers, but nonetheless the epidemics were disastrous.

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The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. (The Introduction of Epidemic Cholera Through the Agency of the Mercantile Marine ... By John M. Woodworth. Reports Prepared Under the Direction of the Surgeon-General of the Army:-A. History of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 by Ely McClellan. B.

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Between 1816 and 1923, the first six cholera pandemics occurred consecutively and continuously over time. Increased commerce, migration, and pilgrimage are credited for its transmission. Late in this period (particularly 1879–1883), major scientific breakthroughs toward the treatment of cholera

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A previous study has unravelled the mode of action of auto-inducers on preventing predation on the level of phage entry. The study has shown that the aforementioned auto-inducers downregulate the ten biosynthetic genes of the surface O-antigen, which is primarily used as a phage receptor for

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Somalia, 2017: An ongoing outbreak started in January 2017 in Somalia. By the end of May, there were more than 50,000 cases, associated with 880 deaths; the case fatality rate is 1.7% (2.1% in children). Sixteen of the country's eighteen regions are involved, with the worst affected being

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recorded, "The time the colery broke out in about June and July August and September 1832 it Raged in the City of Washington and every day they wher twelve or 13 carried out to they graves a day." By late July 1832, cholera had spread to Virginia and on 7 August 1832, Commodore

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spread in 1961. The pandemic subsided in the 1970s, but continued on a smaller scale. Outbreaks occur across the developing world to the current day. Epidemics occurred after wars, civil unrest, or natural disasters, when water and food supplies had become contaminated with

939:. This should be kept in mind when developing a treatment for enteric bacterial infections with phages as an intervention tool. Future approaches may include additional quorum regulators that operate as “quorum quenchers” to reduce quorum-mediated phage resistance. 1503:, Mann "presented the disease as emblematic of the final 'bestial degradation' of the sexually transgressive author Gustav von Aschenbach." Contrary to the facts of how violently cholera kills, Mann has his protagonist die peacefully on a beach in a deck chair. 357:

spread. The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from British ports. Lastly, some British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention.

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far enough that the city's water supply was contaminated. But, as cholera was not present in the city, there were no cholera-related deaths. As a result of the pollution, the city made changes to improve its treatment of sewage and avoid similar events.

1246:(WHO) estimated that, by 24 June 2017, the total cases in the country exceeded 200,000, with 1,300 deaths. UNICEF and WHO attributed the outbreak to malnutrition, disrupted sanitation, and interrupted access to clean water due to the country's ongoing 599:. In its first year, the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 Mecca pilgrims. Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to Russia, Europe, Africa and North America, in each case spreading from port cities and along inland waterways. 691:

killed 8,600 people. Although the city government was generally held responsible for the virulence of the epidemic, it was not changed. This was the last serious European cholera outbreak, as cities improved their sanitation and water systems.

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was reaching epidemic proportions after widespread confirmation of the disease outbreaks in 12 of its 36 states. 6400 cases were reported with 352 reported deaths. The health ministry blamed the outbreak on heavy seasonal rainfall and poor

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between 1817 and 1860 in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the

3234:, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the 290:. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims and came to be known as "King Cholera"; in Paris, 20,000 died (of a population of 650,000), and total deaths in France amounted to 100,000. In 1833, a cholera epidemic killed many 2117: 1250:. The effects of the outbreak were exacerbated by the collapse of Yemeni health services; many health workers have remained unpaid for months. The outbreak occurred ten days after the sewerage systems in the Yemeni capital of 771:. A 1905 governmental report mentioned he reappearance of asiatic cholera, characterized that as noteworthy, and described a "very strict marine quarentine" and other measures being imposed in the archipelago to control it. 563:, a large municipality of Puerto Rico, the number of people dying in the streets was so great that the city could not keep up. A man named Ulanga made it his responsibility to collect and carry the dead to the provisional 935:

Vibriophages. This mechanism results in an increased phage resistance. It can be stated that the loss of the ability to produce the receptor, reduces the possibility of a phage-dependent limitation or even elimination of

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in 1892. The authorities of the city, despite the mortality of the population from cholera for a long time did not recognize the outbreak of the epidemic. The residents of Baku left the city, including traveling to

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of all the pestilence. He was not believed – not a member of his own profession, not an individual in the parish believed that Snow was right. But the pump was closed nevertheless and the plague was stayed.'

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Luquero FJ, Rondy M, Boncy J, Munger A, Mekaoui H, Rymshaw E, Page AL, Toure B, Degail MA, Nicolas S, Grandesso F, Ginsbourger M, Polonsky J, Alberti KP, Terzian M, Olson D, Porten K, Ciglenecki I (2016).

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particularly suffered a high rate of cholera deaths. More than 500,000 people died of cholera in Russia from 1900 to 1925, which was a time of extreme social disruption because of revolution and warfare.

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lasted from 1826 to 1837 and particularly affected North America and Europe, due to the result of advancements in transportation and global trade, and increased human migration, including soldiers. The

4822: 3273:. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the 1012:

no major outbreaks because of good sanitation and warning systems. There were more cases in two years from the Latin American epidemic, the El Tor strain, than in 20 years from the Gulf Coast strain.

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During the outbreak, due to cholera frequently being spread by immigrants and tourists, the disease became associated with either outsiders or marginalized groups in societies. In Italy, some blamed

3669: 6840: 552:, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–1855. The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, residents of 4555: 401:

In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in France. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit

614:, including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium and 20,000 in the Netherlands. Other deaths from cholera at the time included 115,000 in Germany, 90,000 in Russia, and 30,000 in Belgium. 4947: 905:, then an impoverished slum, claiming more than 50 lives. Because this incident was notorious, the district was renamed as Bayrampaşa. Also in August 1970, a few cases were reported in 2113: 4257: 2576: 559:

From November 10, 1855, to December 1856, the disease spread through Puerto Rico, claiming 25,820 victims. Cemeteries were expanded to allow for the burial of victims of cholera. In

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In London in June 1866, a localized epidemic in the East End claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems (see

1269:. The Government declared a state of emergency on September 11, 2018. The outbreak has so far killed 48 people, and there are at least 98 confirmed cases as of September 27, 2018. 972:, there were 1.04 million identified cases and almost 10,000 deaths. The causative agent was an O1, El Tor strain, with small differences from the seventh pandemic strain. 671:

According to A. J. Wall, the 1883–1887 part of the epidemic cost 250,000 lives in Europe and at least 50,000 in the Americas. Cholera claimed 267,890 lives in Russia (1892);

535:, suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera." In 1853–1854, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. The 61:

factsheet in March 2022. Additionally, there have been many documented major local cholera outbreaks, such as a 1991–1994 outbreak in South America and, more recently, the

4202: 1536:(1925), explores a British couple's marriage against the work of the husband as a doctor in China during a 20th-century cholera epidemic. It was most recently adapted as a 3496:

Higgins DA, Pomianek ME, Kraml CM, Taylor RK, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL (2007-11-14). "The major Vibrio cholerae autoinducer and its role in virulence factor production".

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confirmed over 381 new cases of cholera, bringing the total number of cases treated since November 2008 to 2276. Nineteen people died in the province since the outbreak.

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in the same year, and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834. In the center of the country, it spread through the cities linked by the rivers and steamboat traffic.

4918: 137:(now Kolkata), starting in 1817 through 1824. The disease dispersed from India to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Eastern Africa through trade routes. The 6711: 2497: 4844: 421:, England. In Vietnam and Cambodia, cholera hit in summer 1849, killing approximately 589,000 to 800,000 people within one year, along with its consequential famine. 5175: 4380: 7080: 3623: 6876: 4759:"Statement from UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake and WHO Director-General Margaret Chan on the cholera outbreak in Yemen as suspected cases exceed 200,000" 4175: 2024: 4814: 178:

for most of the 20th century after the early 1900s in New York City. It reappeared in the Caribbean toward the end of that century and seems likely to persist.

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muscle contractions which continue even after death – has discouraged the disease being romanticized. It is seldom presented at all in popular culture.

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in July 1994 claimed 12,000 lives by mid-August. During the worst period, it is estimated that as many as 3,000 people were dying per day from cholera.

4792: 4341: 512:, and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in 3886: 3040: 4662: 4559: 2807: 2432: 1767: 146:

erupted in 1846, persisted until 1860, extended to North Africa, and reached South America, for the first time specifically affecting Brazil. The

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By 12 February 2009, the number of cases of infection by cholera in sub-Saharan Africa had reached 128,548 and the number of fatalities, 4,053.

637:. Quick action prevented further deaths. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at 4939: 4485: 1329:, the United Nations warned of a possible outbreak in the affected areas. In August 2022, over 400 cases were reported, and eight people died. 4634: 4451: 1561:, cholera is "a looming background presence rather than a central figure requiring vile description." The novel was adapted in 2007 for the 323: 1058:

August–October 2008: As of 29 October 2008, a total of 644 laboratory-confirmed cholera cases, including eight deaths, had been verified in

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in many countries. In 2017, WHO announced a global strategy aimed at this pandemic with the goal of reducing cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.

72:, this has not led to a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen in some places and not others. Lack of treatment of human 7073: 4250: 2580: 3808: 3727: 3653: 889:, it spread into Italy by 1973. In the late 1970s, there were small outbreaks in Japan and in the South Pacific. There was an outbreak in 6674: 6566: 5361: 3357: 3014: 6846: 6517: 5657: 4580: 2174:

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/d/diary-of-michael-shiner/introduction.html

1548:. It did show people suffering the physical effects of the disease. Earlier adaptations in 1934 and 1957 kept the disease out of sight. 1357: 976:

In 1992 a new strain appeared in Asia, a non-O1, nonagglutinable vibrio (NAG), which was named O139 Bengal. It was first identified in

425: 5066: 4605: 2872: 6870: 2558: 2444:(New citation needed—citation (#15) "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic – Part 2" does not mention the 1870s outbreak briefly mentioned here). 1927: 6810: 6718: 6638: 6470: 4110: 2147: 482:

in the cholera years of 1849–1855. It is believed more than 150,000 Americans died during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849.

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History of the Travels of Asiatic Cholera. By John C. Peters and Ely McClellan. C. Bibliography of Cholera. By John S. Billings.)

2516: 1266: 37:, 1832. The outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its actual causative factors. 4199: 519: 7267: 6780: 6164: 5888: 5774: 5734: 5719: 3838: 2925: 1648: 1181:

Cholera outbreak in 2011 and 2012 in multiple African nations, in all regions except North Africa; among the affected nations,

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stopped working on 17 April. Approximately half of the cases, and a quarter of the deaths, were among children. On 14 August,

1207:, has claimed some 100 lives and over 11,000 cases by September. It did not gain much notice because of being overshadowed by 6505: 6410: 6338: 6283: 5764: 5298: 5230: 4910: 4085: 2843: 2675: 2400: 2362: 2332: 2307: 2097: 1867: 5329: 3269:, who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, 2958:

The ghost map : the story of London's most terrifying epidemic—and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world

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stated that about 500,000 people in Yemen were affected by cholera. WHO called it "the worst cholera outbreak in the world".

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In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on

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HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY

1048:. The outbreak affected Rayagada, Koraput and Kalahandi districts, where more than 2,000 people were admitted to hospitals. 62: 6535: 2639: 6644: 6440: 6434: 6416: 6314: 6234: 6035: 5688: 4364: 3631: 1262:

El-Ain, Tipaza was found to have been the origin of cholera contamination. The access to the water source was restricted.

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news in nearby countries. In 2011 and 2012 Ghana had cholera epidemics combined that totaled 16,000 cases and 130 deaths.

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brought infected people from Naples to New York City. Vigilant health authorities isolated the infected in quarantine on

739:, which was due to the classical strain of O1, had little effect in western Europe because of advances in sanitation and 5693: 5090: 3254: 344: 6698: 6458: 6344: 5979: 5796: 5749: 5672: 5642: 2967: 1562: 1407: 634: 536: 380: 4167: 2021: 6881: 6852: 6742: 6686: 6602: 5442: 5268: 3663: 2935: 1694: 76:

and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread. Bodies of water have been found to serve as a

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survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever. In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of

6994: 6798: 6668: 6632: 6620: 6523: 6446: 5754: 5714: 5662: 4022: 3951: 3940: 1829: 1394: 1326: 1319: 1301: 1178:, associated with the refugee camps, limited sanitation, and severe drought, causing famine and lowered resistance. 1098: 1070: 3095: 2159:

On a Sunday in July 1832, a fearful and somber crowd of New Yorker's gathered in City Hall Park for more bad news.

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From the Russian Empire, cholera most likely spread to European countries. In Russia, cholera vibrio was found in

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Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series)

489:. It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer, out of a population of 58,000. 6976: 6964: 6958: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6822: 6766: 6736: 6724: 5769: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5008: 1393:

said that two people had died from a cholera outbreak in the northwestern region of the country, following the

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in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to

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World Health Organization. Cholera in Zimbabwe: Epidemiological Bulletin Number 16 Week 13 (22–28 March 2009)

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in 1972, but information about it was suppressed in the Soviet Union. In 1970, a cholera outbreak struck the

4784: 2744: 6662: 6482: 6368: 6362: 6271: 5958: 5953: 5724: 2114:"Browsing Vol. 14 (1935) by Subject "Epidemic of cholera in Halifax, Nova Scotia....1834 [Title],"" 1537: 1167: 997: 805: 606:

in 1869–1870. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866. The epidemic of cholera that spread with the

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stopped, several deaths by cholera occurred and fifteen or sixteen cases (of less violence) were reported."

34: 4333: 7298: 7046: 7040: 6834: 6804: 6614: 6584: 6464: 6240: 5973: 5647: 5122: 3878: 3161: 2089: 1557: 1441:("consumption"), which in literature and the arts was often romanticized as a disease of denizens of the 1347:

Between 14 September 2022 and 19 February 2023, there were 5,237 cases and 37 cholera deaths reported in

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Between January 2022 and 8 February 2023, there were 21,885 cases and 301 cholera deaths reported in the

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in South Wales. Workers associated with the company and their families were most affected, and 119 died.

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Gabriela Soto Laveaga and Claudia Agostoni, "Science and Public Health in the Century of Revolution" in

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issued a security message warning U.S. citizens in or traveling to Cuba about an outbreak of cholera in

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were hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Of those hospitalized, 377 patients tested positive for cholera.

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pandemic was from 1881 to 1896 and started in India and spread to Europe, Asia, and South America. The

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In the first quarter of 2023, South Africa announced 21 cholera deaths, with 170 people admitted to a

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Between March 2022 and 13 February 2023, there were 42,957 cases and 1,399 cholera deaths reported in

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of cholera. As of 2 December 2007, the UN had reported 22 deaths and 4,569 laboratory-confirmed cases.

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but was referred to in writings by Hensel as her "Cholerakantate" and "Choleramusik" interchangeably.

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Between January 2022 and 5 February 2022, there were 24,263 cases and 612 cholera deaths reported in

1255: 1243: 1106: 847: 58: 3774: 3295:"A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913" 1552: 7240: 7149: 7018: 7000: 5987: 5947: 5862: 5626: 5502: 4630: 4482: 4443: 3018:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 262–267, see page 265, para 3. 2609: 2390: 1578:(Le Hussard sur Le toit) by Jean-Paul Rappeneau is about a cholera epidemic in the south of France. 1574: 1532: 1105:

were infected with cholera and, by 16 April 2009, 4,201 deaths had been reported. According to the

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A persistent strain of Gulf Coast cholera, 01, has been found in the brackish waters of marshes in

862: 841: 532: 164: 101: 54: 4584: 3431:"Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage" 3326:"Epidemiile în istorie | O epidemie uitată. Holera, România și al Doilea Război Balcanic din 1913" 492:

In 1852, cholera spread east to the Dutch East Indies and later was carried to Japan in 1854. The

7154: 7144: 7024: 6928: 6922: 6289: 6222: 6204: 6028: 5939: 5176:"UNFOLDING CRISIS: Cholera toll in SA rises amid calls for swift action and less finger-pointing" 3329: 2951: 2421:"The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)" 1756:"The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 1)" 1512: 1455: 602:

The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in

584: 263: 3800: 6970: 6916: 6730: 6321: 6307: 6124: 5934: 5259: 3724: 1859: 1566: 1508: 736: 618: 406: 387: 366: 201: 4968: 3162:"Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms" 3063:"The Demographic, Social, and Economic Aftermath of the Cholera Epidemic in Astrakhan in 1892" 2983: 2833: 2665: 2537: 2533: 2352: 6952: 6910: 6488: 5921: 5435: 4483:

Jeffrey Gettleman / New York Times News Service, "U.N.: Cholera scourge now ravaging Somalia"

630: 540: 390:

deeply affected Russia, with over one million deaths. Over 15,000 people died of cholera in

4609: 3141: 1851: 947: 7272: 7210: 6559: 6356: 6301: 6216: 4471: 3568: 3505: 3442: 2869: 2081: 1619: 1283:

in August 2021. As of August 23, there were 1,770 cases of cholera reported with 68 deaths.

560: 471: 318: 232:

in Europe, before receding. In 1821, it is estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in

4220:"WHO, "Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti"" 2553: 1919: 1462:, whose sister passed in the pandemic. The work was published posthumously in 1986 as the 1420:

in 1885, but this story has no factual basis. In 1885, a torrential rainstorm flushed the

435:. Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ships from England, spread throughout the 167:

originated in 1961 in Indonesia and is marked by the emergence of a new strain, nicknamed

8: 7139: 7134: 7109: 6792: 6422: 6187: 6140: 6134: 5914: 5255: 5200:"Twenty-two people died in cholera outbreak post-quake in northwest Syria -civil defence" 4102: 3429:

Faruque SM, Islam MJ, Ahmad QS, Faruque AS, Sack DA, Nair GB, Mekalanos JJ (2005-04-13).

3211: 2218: 2139: 1471: 1364:

Between October 2022 and 14 February 2023, there were 4,821 reported cases of cholera in

1286:

Between October 2021 and 30 January 2023, there were 15,220 reported cases of cholera in

817: 790: 607: 303: 113: 4695: 3572: 3509: 3446: 1729: 633:

and others pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an

7119: 7114: 6773: 6680: 6428: 6259: 6228: 6021: 5392: 5355: 4309: 4284: 3599: 3556: 3537: 3473: 3430: 3411: 3008: 2477: 2253: 2223: 2183:

Naval History and Heritage Command 2015, 49 editor John G. Sharp Retrieved 7 March 2019

2045: 1705: 1666: 1511:

also hid from the audience the graphic course of the disease. Mann's novella was also

1458:

in Berlin. The work was premiered in December at a birthday celebration for her father

1371:

Between January 2023 and 13 February 2023, there were 122 reported cases of cholera in

1332:

Between August 2022 and 10 February 2023 there were 1,131 cases of cholera reported in

1132: 829: 774:

The last outbreak of cholera in the United States was in 1910–1911, when the steamship

418: 271: 3703: 3399: 2513: 1896: 1686: 7246: 7170: 7124: 7030: 6511: 6176: 6113: 5994: 5878: 5837: 5400: 5294: 5264: 5098: 4410: 4372: 4314: 4065: 3707: 3659: 3604: 3586: 3557:"Quorum Regulated Resistance of Vibrio cholerae against Environmental Bacteriophages" 3529: 3521: 3478: 3460: 3415: 3403: 3306: 3294: 3229: 3185: 3062: 2963: 2956: 2931: 2906: 2839: 2671: 2456:"Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California" 2396: 2358: 2328: 2303: 2171:

Diary of Michael Shiner Relating to the History of the Washington Navy Yard 1813–1869

2093: 1900: 1863: 1852: 1710: 1690: 1583: 1390: 1148: 794: 768: 544: 509: 436: 395: 334:, "Between noon of that day, and the morning of Friday , when all work on board her 331: 77: 5379:

Evans RJ (1988). "Epidemics and Revolutions: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe".

4444:"UN News – Haiti: UN's new approach on cholera puts people at heart of the response" 3830: 2481: 2004: 1645: 782:. Eleven people died, including a health care worker at the hospital on the island. 88:, the development of the first cholera vaccine, and identification of the bacterium 7303: 7200: 7175: 7129: 7012: 6146: 6101: 6052: 5806: 5428: 5384: 4304: 4296: 4141: 4082: 4055: 3979: 3699: 3594: 3576: 3541: 3513: 3468: 3450: 3395: 3266: 3239: 3191: 2898: 2467: 1892: 1700: 1682: 1516: 1504: 1144: 985: 779: 459: 448: 307: 5226: 2889:

Smallman-Raynor MR, Cliff AD (June 2004). "Impact of infectious diseases on war".

7058: 6596: 6152: 6107: 6080: 5964: 5928: 5832: 5543: 5507: 5470: 4507: 4489: 4206: 4089: 4029: 4010: 3958: 3947: 3925: 3865: 3731: 3135: 3122: 2876: 2562: 2520: 2501: 2392:

The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60

2260: 2204: 2180: 2028: 1652: 1495: 965: 918: 611: 299: 250: 57:

is officially a current pandemic and has been ongoing since 1961, according to a

4758: 3228:

A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner

1375:, with two deaths. During the same time period there were 122 cases reported in 6088: 5893: 5852: 2631: 1524: 1476: 1341: 744: 451:, a major destination for Irish immigrants. Cholera claimed 200,000 victims in 314: 295: 213: 118: 93: 3655:

Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present

2902: 2472: 2455: 1170:

have had outbreaks; the latter has suffered years of disruption from warfare.

759:

from the 19th century to 1930. The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in

7292: 7190: 7180: 7006: 6158: 6001: 5816: 5528: 5388: 5350: 5102: 4969:"Niger – Flooding Reported in All Regions, Over 60 Dead and 100,000 Affected" 4414: 4376: 3590: 3525: 3464: 3353: 3003: 1965: 1541: 1520: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1045: 961: 886: 874: 825: 809: 786: 740: 432: 379:

for his study of contaminated water as a likely source of cholera during the

371: 335: 327: 267: 85: 5365:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 262–267. 3455: 3281:, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes. 898: 5801: 5548: 5533: 5523: 5404: 5250: 5091:"Syria's cholera outbreak spreads across country, hits neighboring Lebanon" 4318: 4300: 4251:"Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP): Rapport de Cas" 4069: 3608: 3555:

Hoque MM, Naser IB, Bari SM, Zhu J, Mekalanos JJ, Faruque SM (2016-11-28).

3533: 3482: 3407: 3310: 2910: 1714: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1413: 1383: 1220: 1186: 1091: 989: 981: 882: 622: 588: 486: 467: 463: 4556:"State Department Warns U.S. Citizens of Cholera Outbreak in Havana, Cuba" 3711: 2197:

http://www.usgwarchives.net/va/portsmouth/shipyard/sharptoc/nnysharp5.html

1904: 893:

in July 1970, and there were also many reports of a cholera outbreak near

7234: 7228: 7185: 6982: 6170: 5847: 5811: 5569: 5538: 5042: 4060: 4044:"A Lion in Our Village — The Unconscionable Tragedy of Cholera in Africa" 4043: 1821: 1545: 1487: 813: 764: 709: 659: 493: 444: 229: 192: 97: 5227:"Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?" 3690:

P.A. Blake (September 1993). "Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas".

3517: 2667:

Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: from Ancient Times to the Present

7195: 6547: 6395: 5883: 1348: 1203:

An ongoing cholera outbreak in Ghana in 2014, hitting hard the capital

977: 878: 638: 6043: 5396: 5372:

Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910

4815:"Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says" 4508:"Ghana: Attitudinal Change Is the Key to Eradicating Cholera – Bagbin" 3581: 3115: 2300:

Epidemic Politics in Contemporary Vietnam: Public Health and the State

1215:

fled from Burundi. 30 deaths and 4400 cases were reported in May 2015.

1081: 531:

took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people).

7205: 5857: 5553: 4145: 1251: 1200:. It may be linked to a reported outbreak of cholera in eastern Cuba. 1155: 1004: 906: 866: 701: 440: 417:, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in 410: 376: 348:

221: 6902: 6048: 6044: 5293:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 239–240. 4136: 1733: 1333: 1287: 1224: 1102: 902: 851: 821: 717: 713: 629:

as the source of the contamination. Farr made use of prior work by

603: 216:

died during this pandemic. The cholera outbreak extended as far as

175: 134: 46: 3386:

Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK (January 2004). "Cholera".

721:

Volga River. Much of the empire was infested with cholera vibrio.

5451: 5204: 3180:

The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from

2538:

Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives

2241:, ed. William H. Beezley. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2011, p. 562. 1491: 1376: 1294: 1171: 1163: 1120: 1077:. Some 45 cases were reportedly treated between November 7 and 9. 1052: 855: 705: 688: 664: 553: 528: 470:

as 6,000 to 12,000 are believed to have died on their way to the

414: 402: 275: 255: 109:, and also due to crowded living conditions and poor sanitation. 69: 68:

Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of

42: 4981:

As of 23 August there were 1,770 cases of cholera and 68 deaths.

4331: 1022:

In 2000, some 140,000 cholera cases were officially reported to

286:

and the United Kingdom (where more than 55,000 people died) and

29: 5476: 5038:"Cholera infects over 400 in quake-hit Spera district of Khost" 4911:"Zimbabwe: Cholera outbreak snapshot (as of 27 September 2018)" 3181: 1480: 1479:

presents the course of a cholera epidemic across the island of

1372: 1308: 1279:

An ongoing cholera outbreak was reported in several regions of

1239: 1197: 1101:, which continued into 2009, an estimated 96,591 people in the 1027: 890: 870: 687:, cholera claimed more than 58,000 lives. The 1892 outbreak in 680: 621:); the East End section was not quite complete. Epidemiologist 592: 479: 452: 283: 205: 5354: 3007: 767:, including their revolutionary hero and first prime minister 763:. The 1902–1904 cholera epidemic claimed 200,000 lives in the 150:

lasted from 1863 to 1875, and spread from India to Naples and

45:

pandemics have occurred in the past 200 years, with the first

5067:"Cholera death toll rises to 29 in Syria as outbreak spreads" 4200:

Aubrey Ann Parker, "Cholera in Haiti: the Climate Connection"

2395:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. 408–10. 1587:

is about people dying in Los Angeles from a cholera outbreak.

1365: 1280: 1235: 1208: 1204: 1182: 1140: 1128: 1008: 760: 756: 684: 676: 596: 513: 497: 391: 287: 279: 233: 217: 209: 171:, which still persists (as of 2019) in developing countries. 151: 80:, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease. 73: 50: 1883:

Blake PA (1993). "Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas".

1051:

March–April 2008: 2,490 people from 20 provinces throughout

4852:

Algeria Ministry of Health, Population, and Hospital Reform

4403:"U.N. Apologizes for Role in Haiti's 2010 Cholera Outbreak" 4285:"Mortality Rates during Cholera Epidemic, Haiti, 2010–2011" 3137:

Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War

3073:(4): 1982–1997 – via Cherkas Global University Press. 3060: 2710: 2632:"John Snow and the removal of the Broad Street pump handle" 2577:"My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate" 2086:

The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866

2009:

Dept. of Epidemiology University of California, Los Angeles

1074: 1059: 1034: 969: 894: 752: 696: 505: 501: 475: 291: 225: 224:(where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of 212:

by 1820. Hundreds of thousands of Indians and ten thousand

5420: 5291:

Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present

3495: 294:, which are a Native American tribe. The epidemic reached 4004:

World Health Organization: Zimbabwe Daily Cholera Updates

3346:

Serviciul Sanitar al Armatei Române în perioada 1914-1919

3061:

Ryazantsev S, Smirnov A, Ryazantsev N (1 December 2023).

1667:"Global Transport Networks and Infectious Disease Spread" 1069:

reported an outbreak of cholera in a refugee camp in the

1023: 4132:"Official: Cholera death toll in Haiti has passed 1,000" 3428: 2775:"Crónicas de Arecibo. (Apuntes históricos.) (1850-1930)" 485:

In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to

4281: 3743: 3373:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

3292: 2835:

Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M

2704:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

2354:

Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M

1793:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

1354:

In October 2022, Haiti experienced a cholera outbreak.

1340:

In October, 2022 Lebanon recorded two cholera cases in

610:(1866) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the 254:

Disposal of dead bodies during the cholera epidemic in

1189:, some 21,500 cases, with 290 deaths reported in 2012. 1033:

July–December 2007: A lack of clean drinking water in

964:, apparently initiated when a Chinese ship discharged 121:

during a similar time period exceeded 2 million.

4940:"Cholera crisis signals deeper problems for Zimbabwe" 1822:"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection | Cholera | CDC" 850:(WHO) continues to define this outbreak as a current 645:

cholera spread through the water supply and contact.

5009:"Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies" 3936: 3934: 3385: 2888: 2745:"Cementerios Antiguos de Puerto Rico- San Sebastián" 1786: 1784: 1416:

states 90,000 people died in Chicago of cholera and

4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 3879:"Situation report on diarrhoea and cholera in Iraq" 7088: 4696:"The horrors of Yemen's spiralling cholera crisis" 2955: 2219:"How Epidemics Helped Shape the Modern Metropolis" 2140:"How Epidemics Helped Shape the Modern Metropolis" 955:who died during the cholera epidemic, October 1994 163:1910 to 1911, also suffered severe outbreaks. The 3931: 3621: 3554: 3194:. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old. 3140:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1906. p. 2388: 1781: 1483:, but does not show the suffering of the victims. 1185:has led an intense campaign for handwashing. In 7290: 4680: 4365:"Cholera Deepens Haiti's Misery After Hurricane" 4023:WHO Zimbabwe Daily Cholera Update, 16 April 2009 3952:WHO Zimbabwe Daily Cholera Update, 16 April 2009 3775:"U.N. reports cholera outbreak in northern Iraq" 3734:. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. 2870:Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300–1918 1858:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1795:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 214–219. 4693: 4168:"U.N. Admits Role in Cholera Epidemic in Haiti" 3746:"Cholera Epidemic Infects 7,000 People in Iraq" 3744:James Glanz, Denise Grady (12 September 2007). 3435:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2534:Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa, 2346: 2344: 4845:"Situation Epidemiologique des Cas de Cholera" 3293:Leașu F, Nemeț C, Borzan C, Rogozea L (2015). 2923: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1664: 7250: 7074: 7034: 6029: 5436: 5315:"Oratorium nach Bildern der Bibel (Partitur)" 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4881:"Health Alert: U.S. Embassy Algiers, Algeria" 4041: 4016: 1044:August 2007: The cholera epidemic started in 564: 458:That year, cholera was transmitted along the 133:occurred in the Bengal region of India, near 3082: 3080: 2827: 2825: 2772: 2418: 2341: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 1753: 595:region and traveled with Muslim pilgrims to 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 4124: 3190:, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at 2924:Barua D, Greenough WB (30 September 1992). 2891:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2736: 2706:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 233. 2623: 2249: 2247: 1941: 960:January 1991 – September 1994: Outbreak in 7081: 7067: 6036: 6022: 5443: 5429: 5150:"Haiti: Urgently Address Cholera Outbreak" 5064: 5030: 4986: 4729:"UN: 1,310 dead in Yemen cholera epidemic" 4723: 4721: 4505: 3907:Sky News Doctors Fighting Cholera In Congo 3689: 3624:"Latin Nations Feud Over Cholera Outbreak" 3379: 3375:. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 349. 2601: 2414: 2412: 2239:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture 2137: 1988: 1519:in 1973, his last one; and as a ballet by 1358:2022-2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak 6217:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico 4334:"Cholera in Dominican Republic and Haiti" 4308: 4195: 4193: 4059: 3651: 3598: 3580: 3472: 3454: 3077: 2998: 2996: 2944: 2822: 2471: 2080: 2059: 1885:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1721: 1704: 1454:wrote a cantata for the cessation of the 1267:cholera outbreak was declared in Zimbabwe 1174:has suffered a double hit of cholera and 1090:January 2009: The Mpumalanga province of 204:, though previously restricted, began in 5349: 5330:"Film Review – The Horseman on the Roof" 5273: 4785:"Cholera count reaches 500 000 in Yemen" 4530:"Cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone slows" 4400: 4083:Cholera epidemic death toll rises to 352 3997: 3798: 3658:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3358:Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University 3002: 2579:. The Providence Journal. Archived from 2244: 1080: 1030:accounted for 87 percent of these cases. 946: 835: 658: 518: 370: 343: 249: 191: 154:, and to the United States in 1873. The 28: 5288: 4718: 4606:"Cholera – United Republic of Tanzania" 4441: 4437: 4435: 4042:Mintz ED, Guerrant RL (12 March 2009). 3323: 3256:The Boston Medical and Surgical journal 3199: 3154: 3125:, Society of Philippine Health History. 2950: 2605:On the Mode of Communication of Cholera 2574: 2514:Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria 2409: 2297: 2216: 2106: 523:Patients suffering from cholera in 1854 326:confirmed to the Secretary of the Navy 14: 7291: 7268:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens 5889:Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood 5411: 5327: 4921:from the original on 28 September 2018 4332:Government of Canada, Global Affairs. 4190: 3972:"Zimbabwe: Cholera Outbreak Kills 294" 3828: 3342: 3088:"Cholera (pathology): Seven pandemics" 2993: 2322: 1917: 1849: 1622:(Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: 751:Cholera broke out 27 times during the 394:in 1846. A two-year outbreak began in 7062: 6284:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty 6017: 5424: 5378: 5369: 5173: 4668:from the original on 14 November 2017 4631:"Tanzania cholera epidemic improving" 4558:. The Weekly Standard. Archived from 4362: 4256:(Case report). MSPP. 20 August 2016. 4113:from the original on 26 February 2013 3756:from the original on 11 November 2017 3370: 2831: 2701: 2568: 2453: 2350: 2302:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 29. 2005:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37" 1882: 1790: 1727: 1614: 1612: 1432: 278:in 1831; it killed 130,000 people in 4432: 4263:from the original on 4 November 2016 4165: 2742: 2670:. Infobase Publishing. p. 369. 2663: 2629: 1805: 572: 539:in London ended after the physician 239: 4891:from the original on 30 August 2018 4527: 3919:381 new cholera cases in Mpumalanga 3831:"Cholera death toll in India rises" 3622:Nathaniel C. Nash (10 March 1992). 2792: 2254:Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846–63 1966:"Cholera – Cholera through history" 1322:, was announced by Mayor Boychenko. 743:, but major Russian cities and the 724: 648: 527:In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in 398:in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. 360: 181: 84:develop: the first immunization by 24: 5343: 4212: 4144:. 16 November 2010. Archived from 3215:. October 10, 1910. Archived from 2042:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1817" 1609: 1581:The 1997 American television film 1424:and its attendant pollutants into 1408:Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth 1238:(it had started in October 2016). 912: 881:) in 1963, India in 1964, and the 820:ascribed the spread of cholera to 537:1854 Broad Street Cholera outbreak 381:1854 Broad Street Cholera outbreak 25: 7335: 5229:. The Straight Dope. 2004-11-12. 4825:from the original on 24 June 2017 4812: 4739:from the original on 25 June 2017 4706:from the original on 25 June 2017 4581:"Cholera Death Toll Rises To 100" 4344:from the original on 12 June 2017 3986:from the original on 29 July 2018 2810:from the original on 2 March 2016 2806:. CBC-Radio Canada. May 9, 2008. 2194:Cholera at Gosport Navy Yard 1832 1924:Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) 1665:Tatem A, Rogers D, Hay S (2006). 1464:Oratorium nach Bildern der Bibel, 1097:August 2008 – April 2009: In the 1073:'s eastern provincial capital of 854:, noting that cholera has become 6989:encephalitis lethargica epidemic 5321: 5307: 5244: 5219: 5192: 5167: 5142: 5115: 5083: 5058: 4961: 4932: 4903: 4873: 4837: 4806: 4777: 4765:from the original on 2 July 2017 4751: 4694:Johannes Bruwer (25 June 2017). 4648: 4623: 4598: 4573: 4548: 4521: 4499: 4178:from the original on 8 June 2017 3859:Cholera Country Profile: Vietnam 2022:Cholera Epidemic in Egypt (1947) 1401: 1327:June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake 1302:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1099:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak 1071:Democratic Republic of the Congo 63:2016–2021 Yemen cholera outbreak 6767:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis 6064:List of epidemics and pandemics 5233:from the original on 2008-10-06 4950:from the original on 2018-09-27 4795:from the original on 2017-08-17 4637:from the original on 2015-08-14 4506:Odoi-Larbi S (8 October 2012). 4476: 4465: 4454:from the original on 2017-10-10 4421:from the original on 2018-02-02 4394: 4383:from the original on 2017-06-30 4356: 4325: 4275: 4243: 4232:from the original on 2012-09-15 4159: 4095: 4076: 4048:New England Journal of Medicine 4035: 3964: 3912: 3900: 3889:from the original on 2008-11-11 3871: 3852: 3841:from the original on 2009-09-30 3822: 3811:from the original on 2013-09-01 3792: 3781:from the original on 2010-06-04 3767: 3737: 3718: 3683: 3672:from the original on 2014-06-28 3645: 3615: 3548: 3489: 3422: 3364: 3336: 3317: 3299:Acta medico-historica Adriatica 3286: 3247: 3128: 3109: 3054: 3043:from the original on 2018-07-10 3025: 2976: 2917: 2882: 2863: 2852:from the original on 2013-11-26 2766: 2755:from the original on 2018-09-27 2695: 2684:from the original on 2016-06-10 2657: 2642:from the original on 2018-06-28 2595: 2547: 2526: 2507: 2488: 2447: 2435:from the original on 2010-05-04 2382: 2371:from the original on 2013-05-09 2316: 2291: 2266: 2263:. UCLA School of Public Health. 2231: 2210: 2186: 2164: 2150:from the original on 2017-03-14 2131: 2120:from the original on 2015-06-19 2034: 2015: 1997: 1982: 1958: 1930:from the original on 2010-03-23 1911: 1876: 1832:from the original on 2015-03-17 1770:from the original on 2010-05-02 1598:List of epidemics and pandemics 801:that resulted in 1,600 deaths. 405:in 1849 and killed many of the 282:that year. In 1832 it reached 18:Cholera outbreaks and pandemics 7319:Intestinal infectious diseases 4656:"Cholera situation in Somalia" 3092:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 1843: 1814: 1799: 1747: 1658: 1638: 1194:United States State Department 873:after the strain, and reached 13: 1: 6092: 3801:"Cholera crisis hits Baghdad" 3704:10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7 3400:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 3261:Massachusetts Medical Society 2962:. New York: Riverhead Books. 2773:Coll y Toste C (2020-06-10). 1920:"Cholera- Biological Weapons" 1897:10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7 1728:Handa S (February 16, 2016). 1687:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62009-X 1679:National Institutes of Health 1603: 1499:, first published in 1912 as 1460:Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy 1316:outbreak in Mariupol, Ukraine 516:in an outbreak in 1858–1860. 317:, an enslaved laborer at the 174:Cholera did not occur in the 35:New York City Board of Health 5694:1992 (Aerolíneas Argentinas) 4289:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2138:Wilford JN (15 April 2008). 1991:Cholera Pandemics, 1816–1861 1673:. Advances in Parasitology. 1530:W. Somerset Maugham's novel 1395:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake 1168:Democratic Republic of Congo 998:Democratic Republic of Congo 832:of introducing the disease. 587:of the century began in the 124: 7: 5974:Love in the Time of Cholera 5760:2022–2024 (Southern Africa) 5450: 4854:(in French). Archived from 3725:Disease fact sheet: Cholera 3692:Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2800:"Cholera's seven pandemics" 2575:McKenna R (19 April 2020). 2327:. Basic Books. p. 60. 2116:. dalspace.library.dal.ca. 2090:University of Chicago Press 1955:, cbc.ca, December 2, 2008. 1591: 1558:Love in the Time of Cholera 1527:company, in December 2003.* 1320:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1154:In January 2011, about 411 1135:: Late in October 2010, an 566:Cementerio de los Coléricos 274:(about 100,000 deaths) and 10: 7340: 6877:2024 Latin American dengue 6657:Western African meningitis 6471:Pacific Northwest smallpox 5416:. Oxford University Press. 5374:. Oxford University Press. 4166:Katz JM (17 August 2016). 3928:, News24, 24 January 2009. 3652:Echenberg M (2011-02-28). 2389:Unruh, John David (1993). 1405: 1344:province, bordering Syria. 839: 731:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 728: 655:1881–1896 cholera pandemic 652: 579:1863–1875 cholera pandemic 576: 543:identified a neighborhood 496:were infected in 1858 and 364: 246:1826–1837 cholera pandemic 243: 188:1817–1824 cholera pandemic 185: 7278:Social history of viruses 7260: 7219: 7163: 7097: 6901: 6577: 6498: 6483:Buenos Aires yellow fever 6403: 6394: 6381:Philadelphia yellow fever 6351:Great Plague of Marseille 6345:Great Northern War plague 6339:Iceland smallpox epidemic 6331: 6252: 6197: 6186: 6123: 6079: 6072: 6059: 5906: 5871: 5825: 5787: 5702: 5681: 5635: 5589: 5582: 5562: 5516: 5498: 5491: 5465: 5458: 5128:World Health Organization 5065:Al Jazeera (2022-09-26). 4789:World Health Organization 4442:Section UN (2016-11-30). 4401:Sengupta S (2016-12-01). 3324:Ciupală A (25 May 2020). 3116:1900s: The Epidemic years 2903:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.009 2838:. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. 2357:. ABC-CLIO. p. 101. 2217:Wilford JN (2008-04-15). 1953:Cholera's seven pandemics 1624:World Health Organization 1389:On 28 February 2023, the 1244:World Health Organization 1107:World Health Organization 848:World Health Organization 663:1892 cholera outbreak in 627:East London Water Company 426:outbreak in North America 208:, and then spread across 100:. After a long hiatus, a 59:World Health Organization 7047:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic 7041:Mpox (clade II) outbreak 7001:Seventh cholera pandemic 5988:The Horseman on the Roof 5503:Oral rehydration therapy 5328:Holden S (17 May 1996). 4761:. UNICEF. 24 June 2017. 4092:, MSNBC, 25 August 2010. 3352:(Thesis) (in Romanian). 2722:University of Costa Rica 2425:The Early America Review 1854:Plagues in World History 1760:The Early America Review 1575:The Horseman on the Roof 1450:In 1831 German composer 1273: 1265:On September 6, 2018, a 1192:On August 21, 2013, the 1127:October 2010 – present, 1119:August 2010: Cholera in 1113: 1067:Médecins Sans Frontières 1016: 942: 863:seventh cholera pandemic 842:Seventh cholera pandemic 533:Providence, Rhode Island 439:, killing over 4,500 in 437:Mississippi river system 428:took the life of former 102:seventh cholera pandemic 55:seventh cholera pandemic 6959:Fourth cholera pandemic 6941:Second cholera pandemic 6787:Équateur province Ebola 6375:North American smallpox 6290:Great Plague of Seville 5720:2009 (Papua New Guinea) 5362:Encyclopædia Britannica 4448:UN News Service Section 4103:"Haiti's Latest Misery" 3799:Smith D. (2007-12-02). 3456:10.1073/pnas.0502069102 3330:University of Bucharest 3121:April 20, 2005, at the 3015:Encyclopædia Britannica 2473:10.1023/A:1013152407425 1970:Encyclopedia Britannica 1456:second cholera pandemic 585:fourth cholera pandemic 264:second cholera pandemic 6977:Sixth cholera pandemic 6965:Fifth cholera pandemic 6947:Third cholera pandemic 6935:First cholera pandemic 6917:Second plague pandemic 6477:Barcelona yellow fever 6322:Great Plague of Vienna 6308:Great Plague of London 6278:Massachusetts smallpox 5643:1832 (Lord Wellington) 5414:Cholera: The Biography 5389:10.1093/past/120.1.123 5260:AIDS and Its Metaphors 5174:Banda M (2023-05-25). 5123:"Cholera - Mozambique" 4517:– via AllAfrica. 4363:Ahmed A (2016-10-14). 4301:10.3201/eid2203.141970 4209:, Circle of Blue, 2010 3238:is under treatment at 3207:"More Cholera in Port" 3033:"The cholera in Spain" 2989:. 1875. pp. 704–. 2325:Vietnam: A New history 1926:. GlobalSecurity.com. 1651:March 9, 2019, at the 1553:Gabriel Garcia Márquez 1086: 956: 846:As of March 2022, the 737:sixth cholera pandemic 668: 619:London sewerage system 565: 524: 388:third cholera pandemic 383: 367:Third cholera pandemic 349: 259: 202:first cholera pandemic 197: 196:First cholera pandemic 131:first cholera pandemic 38: 6953:Third plague pandemic 6911:First plague pandemic 6705:Western African Ebola 6615:Chikungunya outbreaks 6567:Malaysian Nipah virus 6435:Great Plains smallpox 5922:Memories and Vagaries 5658:1849-1850 (Tennessee) 5263:. New York: Picador. 4885:US Embassy in Algiers 4819:National Public Radio 4608:. WHO. Archived from 4148:on September 13, 2014 4028:26 March 2012 at the 3957:26 March 2012 at the 3946:26 March 2012 at the 3829:Jena S (2007-08-29). 2555:Chicago Daily Tribune 2419:Beardsley GW (2000). 2207:accessed 7 March 2019 1989:Gómez-Diaz D (2008). 1918:Pike J (2007-10-23). 1754:Beardsley GW (2000). 1730:"Cholera: Background" 1563:film of the same name 1538:film of the same name 1084: 996:An outbreak in Goma, 950: 836:Seventh, 1961–present 824:pilgrims, and in the 679:, and over 60,000 in 662: 522: 375:A pump memorializing 374: 347: 253: 195: 32: 7273:Smallpox eradication 7211:Israel Jacob Kligler 7013:Russian flu pandemic 6755:Angolan yellow fever 6506:San Francisco plague 6459:Broad Street cholera 6357:Great Plague of 1738 5797:Chicago cholera myth 5745:2018–2019 (Zimbabwe) 5689:1913 (Romanian Army) 4061:10.1056/NEJMp0810559 3982:. 22 November 2008. 3219:on December 16, 2008 708:, 316 soldiers, 262 472:California Gold Rush 447:. Thousands died in 319:Washington Navy Yard 266:reached Russia (see 7098:Individual diseases 7091:infectious diseases 6919:(1348–19th century) 6847:New Zealand measles 6675:Darfur yellow fever 6518:LA pneumonic plague 6135:Plague of Justinian 5915:Mastro-don Gesualdo 5907:Cultural depictions 5765:2023 (South Africa) 5730:2012 (Sierra Leone) 5673:1854 (Broad Street) 5289:Snowden FM (2019). 5256:Illness as Metaphor 4109:. 26 October 2010. 3950:. March 31, 2009.; 3777:. CNN. 2007-08-30. 3573:2016NatSR...637956H 3518:10.1038/nature06284 3510:2007Natur.450..883H 3447:2005PNAS..102.6119F 3212:The Washington Post 2602:Snow, John (1855). 2280:on October 27, 2009 1620:"Cholera factsheet" 1513:adapted as an opera 1472:Mastro-don Gesualdo 830:Filipino immigrants 608:Austro-Prussian War 330:cholera was at the 313:In Washington D.C. 33:Hand bill from the 7299:Bacterial diseases 6929:Influenza pandemic 6923:Influenza pandemic 6871:Bangsamoro measles 6853:Singaporean dengue 6817:Pacific NW measles 6811:Philippine measles 6799:Madagascar measles 6781:Kerala Nipah virus 6774:Saudi Arabian MERS 6687:Singaporean dengue 6633:Zimbabwean cholera 6603:Singaporean dengue 6447:Copenhagen cholera 6429:Groningen epidemic 6223:Influenza pandemic 6205:Influenza pandemic 5775:2023–2024 (Zambia) 5735:2014–2015 (Africa) 5381:Past & Present 5334:The New York Times 5154:Human Rights Watch 4488:2011-10-19 at the 4407:The New York Times 4369:The New York Times 4205:2010-11-17 at the 4172:The New York Times 4107:The New York Times 4088:2010-12-05 at the 4009:2012-03-26 at the 3976:The New York Times 3924:2009-02-27 at the 3864:2017-11-14 at the 3750:The New York Times 3730:2011-07-16 at the 3628:The New York Times 3561:Scientific Reports 3343:Stoica VL (2012). 3169:The New York Times 3037:The New York Times 2875:2011-06-05 at the 2749:edicionesdigitales 2561:2009-08-31 at the 2519:2017-10-22 at the 2500:2017-10-22 at the 2298:Lincoln M (2021). 2274:"The Irish Famine" 2259:2010-12-28 at the 2224:The New York Times 2203:2019-03-08 at the 2179:2019-03-27 at the 2144:The New York Times 2027:2010-11-22 at the 1993:. Greenwood Press. 1501:Der Tod in Venedig 1433:In popular culture 1290:, with 306 deaths. 1230:In April 2017, an 1133:Dominican Republic 1087: 957: 799:a cholera outbreak 669: 525: 443:and over 3,000 in 384: 350: 260: 198: 39: 7324:Cholera outbreaks 7309:Cholera pandemics 7286: 7285: 7247:COVID-19 pandemic 7241:HIV/AIDS pandemic 7171:Alexander Fleming 7056: 7055: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6829:Kuala Koh measles 6743:South Korean MERS 6731:Polio declaration 6719:Madagascar plague 6651:Gujarat hepatitis 6639:Madagascar plague 6591:Midwest monkeypox 6542:Yugoslav smallpox 6512:Manchurian plague 6453:Stockholm cholera 6390: 6389: 6177:Sweating sickness 6165:Japanese smallpox 6114:Plague of Cyprian 6053:disease outbreaks 6011: 6010: 5902: 5901: 5879:Broad Street Pump 5838:Waldemar Haffkine 5783: 5782: 5740:2016–2022 (Yemen) 5663:1853 (Copenhagen) 5578: 5577: 5487: 5486: 5412:Hamlin C (2009). 5370:Evans RJ (1987). 5300:978-0-300-19221-6 4944:www.aljazeera.com 4861:on 30 August 2018 4661:. WHO. May 2017. 4536:on 4 October 2013 4054:(11): 1060–1063. 3634:on 31 August 2012 3582:10.1038/srep37956 3504:(7171): 883–886. 3441:(17): 6119–6124. 3360:. pp. 1–196. 3184:of the steamship 2845:978-0-313-34102-1 2832:Byrne JP (2008). 2702:Hayes JN (2005). 2677:978-0-8160-6935-4 2543:, (1996), p. 313. 2454:Jiang SC (2001). 2402:978-0-252-06360-2 2364:978-0-313-34102-1 2351:Byrne JP (2008). 2334:978-0-46509-437-0 2323:Goscha C (2016). 2309:978-0-755-63618-1 2099:978-0-226-72677-9 1869:978-0-7425-5705-5 1850:Aberth J (2011). 1540:(2006), starring 1509:1971 film version 1391:Syrian opposition 1379:, with one death. 1368:, with 85 deaths. 1336:, with 28 deaths. 1232:outbreak resurged 1149:Hurricane Matthew 795:Second Balkan War 789:, while invading 769:Apolinario Mabini 573:Fourth, 1863–1875 545:Broad Street pump 396:England and Wales 332:Gosport Navy Yard 240:Second, 1826–1837 16:(Redirected from 7331: 7314:Gastroenterology 7252: 7201:Ignaz Semmelweis 7176:Maurice Hilleman 7083: 7076: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7036: 6823:New York measles 6777: 6737:Indian swine flu 6725:Odisha hepatitis 6715: 6669:Pakistani dengue 6621:Pakistani dengue 6570: 6536:Wrocław smallpox 6489:Hong Kong plague 6423:Caragea's plague 6401: 6400: 6318: 6211:Mexican smallpox 6195: 6194: 6147:Plague of Sheroe 6102:Plague of Athens 6097: 6094: 6077: 6076: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6015: 6014: 5948:The Painted Veil 5823: 5822: 5807:Cholera Hospital 5750:2020 (Bengaluru) 5668:1853 (Stockholm) 5653:1833 (Lexington) 5587: 5586: 5563:Fluoroquinolones 5496: 5495: 5463: 5462: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5408: 5383:(120): 123–146. 5375: 5366: 5358: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5286: 5271: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5005: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4971:. 26 August 2021 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4735:. 25 June 2017. 4725: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4583:. 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March 30, 2022 1616: 1533:The Painted Veil 1517:Benjamin Britten 1505:Luchino Visconti 1314:In June 2022 an 1145:Artibonite River 1139:was reported in 986:sulfamethoxazole 953:Rwandan refugees 780:Swinburne Island 725:Sixth, 1899–1923 673:120,000 in Spain 649:Fifth, 1881–1896 568: 361:Third, 1846–1860 324:Lewis Warrington 182:First, 1817–1824 165:seventh pandemic 21: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7256: 7221:Major epidemics 7215: 7159: 7093: 7087: 7057: 7052: 6889: 6772: 6710: 6693:Swansea measles 6645:Bolivian dengue 6573: 6565: 6554:Indian smallpox 6524:Croydon typhoid 6494: 6386: 6327: 6313: 6248: 6189: 6182: 6153:Plague of Amwas 6126: 6119: 6108:Antonine Plague 6095: 6068: 6055: 6042: 6012: 6007: 5965:The Seventh Sin 5929:Death in Venice 5898: 5867: 5863:Henry Whitehead 5833:Gaspard Goyrand 5821: 5779: 5770:2023 (Zimbabwe) 5715:2008 (Zimbabwe) 5698: 5677: 5631: 5574: 5558: 5544:Chloramphenicol 5512: 5483: 5471:Vibrio cholerae 5454: 5449: 5356:"Cholera" 5346: 5344:Further reading 5341: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5287: 5274: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5107: 5105: 5095:Washington Post 5089: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5046:. 7 August 2022 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4987: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4727: 4726: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4490:Wayback Machine 4481: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4326: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4207:Wayback Machine 4198: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4090:Wayback Machine 4081: 4077: 4040: 4036: 4030:Wayback Machine 4021: 4017: 4011:Wayback Machine 4002: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3959:Wayback Machine 3948:Wayback Machine 3939: 3932: 3926:Wayback Machine 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3866:Wayback Machine 3857: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3742: 3738: 3732:Wayback Machine 3723: 3719: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3553: 3549: 3494: 3490: 3427: 3423: 3384: 3380: 3369: 3365: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3328:(in Romanian). 3322: 3318: 3291: 3287: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3174: 3172: 3171:. July 18, 1911 3164: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3123:Wayback Machine 3114: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3009:"Cholera" 3001: 2994: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2887: 2883: 2877:Wayback Machine 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2830: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2643: 2636:www.ph.ucla.edu 2628: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2569: 2563:Wayback Machine 2552: 2548: 2531: 2527: 2521:Wayback Machine 2512: 2508: 2502:Wayback Machine 2493: 2489: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2261:Wayback Machine 2252: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2215: 2211: 2205:Wayback Machine 2192:Sharp, John G. 2191: 2187: 2181:Wayback Machine 2169: 2165: 2153: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2079: 2060: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2029:Wayback Machine 2020: 2016: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1916: 1912: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1789: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1726: 1722: 1697: 1663: 1659: 1653:Wayback Machine 1646:Crisis in Yemen 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1594: 1496:Death in Venice 1469:The 1889 novel 1435: 1410: 1404: 1276: 1116: 1065:November 2008: 1026:. Countries in 1019: 968:. Beginning in 945: 919:Vibrio cholerae 915: 913:Other outbreaks 844: 838: 733: 727: 667:, hospital ward 657: 651: 625:identified the 612:Austrian Empire 581: 575: 369: 363: 248: 242: 228:alone) and the 190: 184: 148:fourth pandemic 139:second pandemic 127: 107:Vibrio cholerae 90:Vibrio cholerae 49:originating in 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7337: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7243:(1981–present) 7238: 7232: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7028: 7022: 7021:(1981–present) 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6907: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6874: 6873:(2023–present) 6868: 6865:Jamaica dengue 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6770: 6764: 6761:Yemeni cholera 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6712:DR Congo Ebola 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6417:Maltese plague 6414: 6411:Ottoman plague 6407: 6405: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6369:Persian Plague 6366: 6363:Russian plague 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6315:Maltese plague 6311: 6305: 6299: 6296:Maltese plague 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6272:Italian plague 6269: 6266:Maltese plague 6263: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6235:Maltese plague 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6089:Hittite plague 6085: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Filippo Pacini 5850: 5845: 5843:George Johnson 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5755:2022 (Lebanon) 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5376: 5367: 5353:, ed. (1911). 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5320: 5306: 5299: 5272: 5243: 5218: 5191: 5180:Daily Maverick 5166: 5141: 5114: 5082: 5057: 5029: 4985: 4960: 4931: 4902: 4887:. 2018-08-26. 4872: 4836: 4805: 4776: 4750: 4717: 4679: 4647: 4622: 4597: 4572: 4547: 4520: 4498: 4496:13 August 2011 4494:Bend Bulletin, 4475: 4464: 4431: 4393: 4355: 4324: 4295:(3): 410–416. 4274: 4242: 4211: 4189: 4158: 4123: 4094: 4075: 4034: 4015: 3996: 3963: 3930: 3911: 3899: 3885:. 2008-10-29. 3870: 3851: 3821: 3791: 3766: 3736: 3717: 3682: 3664: 3644: 3614: 3547: 3488: 3421: 3378: 3363: 3335: 3316: 3305:(1): 159–170. 3285: 3246: 3198: 3153: 3127: 3108: 3076: 3053: 3039:. 1890-06-20. 3024: 3006:, ed. (1911). 2992: 2975: 2969:978-1594489259 2968: 2943: 2936: 2916: 2897:(2): 341–368. 2881: 2862: 2844: 2821: 2791: 2765: 2751:(in Spanish). 2735: 2709: 2694: 2676: 2656: 2622: 2594: 2567: 2565:, 12 July 1854 2546: 2525: 2506: 2487: 2446: 2408: 2401: 2381: 2363: 2340: 2333: 2315: 2308: 2290: 2265: 2243: 2230: 2209: 2185: 2163: 2130: 2105: 2098: 2058: 2033: 2014: 1996: 1981: 1957: 1940: 1910: 1875: 1868: 1842: 1828:. 2017-05-16. 1813: 1798: 1780: 1746: 1720: 1695: 1657: 1637: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1572:The 1995 film 1570: 1555:'s 1985 novel 1549: 1528: 1525:Hamburg Ballet 1484: 1477:Giovanni Verga 1467: 1434: 1431: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1380: 1369: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1345: 1337: 1330: 1325:Following the 1323: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1228: 1216: 1212: 1201: 1190: 1179: 1160: 1152: 1125: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1095: 1079: 1078: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1031: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1001: 974: 973: 944: 941: 914: 911: 885:in 1966. From 840:Main article: 837: 834: 745:Ottoman Empire 729:Main article: 726: 723: 653:Main article: 650: 647: 577:Main article: 574: 571: 430:U.S. President 365:Main article: 362: 359: 315:Michael Shiner 244:Main article: 241: 238: 214:British troops 186:Main article: 183: 180: 160:sixth pandemic 144:third pandemic 126: 123: 119:Russian Empire 94:Filippo Pacini 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7249:(2019–present 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7191:Louis Pasteur 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181:Edward Jenner 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:Typhoid fever 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7033:(2019–present 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007:Hong Kong flu 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6835:Tonga measles 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6805:Samoa measles 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6663:Haiti cholera 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6627:Iraqi cholera 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6609:Indian dengue 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465:Guam smallpox 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6302:Naples Plague 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6260:London plague 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6241:London plague 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6229:London plague 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159:Plague of 664 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6004: 6003: 6002:The Ghost Map 5999: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5817:Cholera riots 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:2010s (Haiti) 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Cotrimoxazole 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5270: 5269:0-312-42013-7 5266: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5017: 5010: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4970: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4915:reliefweb.int 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4612:on 2015-09-13 4611: 4607: 4601: 4587:on 2014-09-12 4586: 4582: 4576: 4562:on 2013-08-21 4561: 4557: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3698:(3): 639–60. 3697: 3693: 3686: 3671: 3667: 3665:9781139498968 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3098:on 2009-06-27 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2937:9780306440779 2933: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2826: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743:Mari Mut JA. 2739: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2705: 2698: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630:Frerichs RR. 2626: 2612:on 2012-03-06 2611: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Hydrobiologia 2457: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2048:on 2014-12-28 2047: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891:(3): 639–60. 1890: 1886: 1879: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1696:9780120317622 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Adv Parasitol 1668: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542:Edward Norton 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521:John Neumeier 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1427: 1426:Lake Michigan 1423: 1422:Chicago River 1419: 1418:typhoid fever 1415: 1412:A persistent 1409: 1402:False reports 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1046:Orissa, India 1043: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 971: 967: 966:ballast water 963: 962:South America 959: 958: 954: 949: 940: 938: 932: 930: 926: 921: 920: 910: 908: 904: 900: 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Polk 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 382: 378: 373: 368: 358: 354: 346: 342: 340: 339: 333: 329: 328:Levi Woodbury 325: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:Cholera Riots 265: 257: 252: 247: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 194: 189: 179: 177: 172: 170: 166: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 122: 120: 115: 110: 108: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 81: 79: 75: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 53:in 1817. 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London. 3785:2010-02-01 3760:2011-02-26 3676:2015-01-04 3638:2011-02-16 3223:2008-12-11 3175:2008-07-28 3147:2024-08-16 3102:2014-06-29 3067:Bylye Gody 3047:2008-12-08 3004:Chisholm H 2856:2016-07-28 2785:2021-02-19 2759:2019-06-10 2688:2016-07-28 2646:2018-07-13 2616:2010-12-19 2439:2010-02-01 2375:2016-07-28 2284:2014-06-09 2154:2017-02-06 2124:2015-06-19 2052:2015-01-04 1975:2020-12-10 1934:2010-02-01 1836:2018-04-04 1806:McNeil J. 1774:2010-02-01 1604:References 1584:Contagious 1414:urban myth 1349:Mozambique 1156:Venezuelan 1037:led to an 978:Tamil Nadu 951:Bodies of 879:Bangladesh 639:Ystalyfera 460:California 112:Deaths in 7206:John Snow 7025:Swine flu 6995:Asian flu 6913:(541–767) 6882:Argentina 6167:(735–737) 6161:(664–689) 6155:(638–639) 6149:(627–628) 6137:(541–542) 6127:classical 6116:(250–266) 6049:epidemics 6045:Pandemics 5959:2006 film 5954:1934 film 5872:Memorials 5858:John Snow 5622:1899–1923 5617:1881–1896 5612:1863–1875 5607:1846–1860 5602:1826–1837 5597:1817–1824 5590:Pandemics 5583:Outbreaks 5554:Virstatin 5492:Treatment 5103:0190-8286 5050:26 August 4975:28 August 4895:29 August 4865:29 August 4813:Dwyer C. 4415:0362-4331 4377:0362-4331 3883:ReliefWeb 3591:2045-2322 3526:0028-0836 3465:0027-8424 3416:208793200 2952:Johnson S 2523:p.545-546 1739:April 23, 1386:hospital. 1248:civil war 1005:Louisiana 907:Jerusalem 869:, called 867:Indonesia 865:began in 816:numerous 710:bourgeois 702:Astrakhan 631:John Snow 541:John Snow 441:St. Louis 411:Liverpool 377:John Snow 338:Fairchild 222:Indonesia 125:Pandemics 78:reservoir 7140:Syphilis 7135:Smallpox 7110:HIV/AIDS 7031:COVID-19 7019:HIV/AIDS 6597:Bird flu 5459:Bacteria 5405:11617908 5231:Archived 4948:Archived 4919:Archived 4889:Archived 4823:Archived 4793:Archived 4763:Archived 4737:Archived 4704:Archived 4700:BBC News 4663:Archived 4635:Archived 4486:Archived 4452:Archived 4419:Archived 4381:Archived 4342:Archived 4319:26886511 4258:Archived 4227:Archived 4203:Archived 4176:Archived 4137:NBC News 4111:Archived 4086:Archived 4070:19279337 4026:Archived 4007:Archived 3984:Archived 3955:Archived 3944:Archived 3922:Archived 3887:Archived 3862:Archived 3839:Archived 3835:BBC News 3809:Archived 3779:Archived 3754:Archived 3728:Archived 3670:Archived 3609:27892495 3534:18004304 3483:15829587 3408:14738797 3354:Chișinău 3311:26203545 3263:. 1911. 3119:Archived 3041:Archived 2954:(2006). 2911:15145384 2873:Archived 2850:Archived 2808:Archived 2804:CBC News 2753:Archived 2682:Archived 2640:Archived 2587:20 April 2559:Archived 2517:Archived 2498:Archived 2482:20591955 2433:Archived 2369:Archived 2257:Archived 2201:Archived 2177:Archived 2148:Archived 2118:Archived 2084:(1987). 2025:Archived 1928:Archived 1830:Archived 1768:Archived 1734:Medscape 1715:16647974 1649:Archived 1592:See also 1523:for his 1334:Ethiopia 1288:Cameroon 1242:and the 1225:Togdheer 1137:outbreak 1039:outbreak 903:Istanbul 852:pandemic 791:Bulgaria 714:Cossacks 706:peasants 604:Zanzibar 550:In Spain 449:New York 308:New York 176:Americas 135:Calcutta 47:pandemic 7304:Cholera 7120:Malaria 7115:Leprosy 7105:Cholera 6081:Ancient 5789:History 5508:Vaccine 5452:Cholera 5253:(1977) 5205:Reuters 4829:25 June 4769:25 June 4743:25 June 4710:25 June 4702:. BBC. 4672:27 June 4540:25 June 4513:25 June 4348:25 June 4310:4766911 4182:25 June 3712:7691740 3600:5124996 3569:Bibcode 3542:4418726 3506:Bibcode 3474:1087956 3443:Bibcode 3279:Perugia 2927:Cholera 2728:10 June 1905:7691740 1706:3145127 1492:novella 1437:Unlike 1377:Burundi 1295:Nigeria 1172:Somalia 1164:Nigeria 1121:Nigeria 1103:country 1053:Vietnam 856:endemic 689:Hamburg 665:Hamburg 591:of the 561:Arecibo 554:Tunisia 529:Chicago 415:England 403:Ireland 300:Ontario 276:Germany 272:Hungary 258:in 1835 256:Palermo 86:Pasteur 70:cholera 43:cholera 7164:People 7125:Plague 6925:(1510) 6903:Global 6884:(2024) 6867:(2023) 6855:(2020) 6837:(2019) 6831:(2019) 6825:(2019) 6819:(2019) 6813:(2019) 6807:(2019) 6801:(2018) 6789:(2018) 6783:(2018) 6776:(2018) 6769:(2017) 6757:(2016) 6745:(2015) 6739:(2015) 6733:(2014) 6727:(2014) 6721:(2014) 6714:(2014) 6695:(2013) 6689:(2013) 6683:(2012) 6677:(2012) 6671:(2011) 6653:(2009) 6647:(2009) 6629:(2007) 6623:(2006) 6617:(2006) 6611:(2006) 6605:(2005) 6593:(2003) 6562:(1994) 6556:(1974) 6544:(1972) 6538:(1963) 6532:(1947) 6526:(1937) 6520:(1924) 6491:(1894) 6485:(1871) 6479:(1870) 6467:(1856) 6461:(1854) 6455:(1853) 6449:(1853) 6441:Typhus 6431:(1829) 6425:(1813) 6396:Modern 6371:(1772) 6359:(1738) 6324:(1679) 6304:(1656) 6298:(1655) 6280:(1633) 6268:(1623) 6262:(1603) 6213:(1520) 6207:(1510) 6190:modern 5826:People 5477:El Tor 5403: 5397:650924 5395: 5297: 5267: 5101: 4633:. 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