307:
on; the features become sharp and contracted, the eye sinks, the look is expressive of terror and wildness; the lips, face, neck, hands, and feet, and soon after the thighs, arms, and whole surface assume a leaden, blue, purple, black, or deep brown tint according to the complexion of the individual, varying in shade with the intensity of the attack. The fingers and toes are reduced in size, the skin and soft parts covering them are wrinkled, shrivelled and folded. The nails put on a bluish pearly white; the larger superficial veins are marked by flat lines of a deeper black; the pulse becomes either small as a thread, and scarcely vibrating, or else totally extinct. The skin is deadly cold and often damp, the tongue always moist, often white and loaded, but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The voice is nearly gone; the respiration quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed. The patient speaks in a whisper. He struggles for breath, and often lays his hand on his heart to point out the seat of his distress. Sometimes there are rigid spasms of the legs, thighs, and loins. The secretion of urine is totally suspended; vomiting and purgings, which are far from being the most important or dangerous symptoms, and which in a very great number of cases of the disease, have not been profuse, or have been arrested by medicine early in the attack, succeed. It is evident that the most urgent and peculiar symptom of this disease is the sudden depression of the vital powers: proved by the diminished action of the heart, the coldness of the surface and extremities, and the stagnant state of the whole circulation.
172:
244:
295:, issued orders recommending as a preventive the burning of "decayed articles, such as rags, cordage, papers, old clothes, hangings...filth of every description removed, clothing and furniture should be submitted to copious effusions of water, and boiled in a strong ley (lye); drains and privies thoroughly cleansed by streams of water and chloride of lime...free and continued admission of fresh air to all parts of the house and furniture should be enjoined for at least a week".
419:
794:
Haeser remarked in this connexion that the infection which had been introduced during the first pandemic into the Dutch East Indies (now
Indonesia) and the Philippines, persisted there until 1830, and also claimed that in 1832 cholera reached the Swan River region of Australia, but showed no tendency
409:
During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how
255:
to the rest of Europe, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. By 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland in
February 1831. There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia. In 1831, it is
183:
and spread throughout
Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before receding. Hundreds of thousands of people died as
290:
By early 1831, frequent reports of the spread of the pandemic in Russia prompted the
British government to issue quarantine orders for ships sailing from Russia to British ports. By late summer, with the disease appearing more likely to spread to Britain, its board of health, in accordance with the
151:
caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th-century, and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted
306:
Giddiness, sick stomach, nervous agitation, intermittent, slow, or small pulse, cramps beginning at the tops of the fingers and toes, and rapidly approaching the trunk, give the first warning. Vomiting or purging, or both these evacuations of a liquid like rice-water or whey, or barley-water, come
347:
1228:
In the summer of 1832, Irish immigrant Philip Duffy contracted 57 of his newly arrived countrymen to lay a stretch of railroad some 30 miles west of
Philadelphia. Within two months, all were dead, struck down in the global cholera pandemic that hit Philadelphia the same time they
207:
in India. From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera from
Afghanistan.
192:, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting many countries throughout Asia.
410:
it spread. The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from
British ports. Lastly, the British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention.
563:
carried the disease from Europe to North
America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. by ship traffic through
1168:
685:
More than any other acute infectious disease, cholera was a defining element of the nineteenth century. This was as true for those living on the
Japanese archipelago as for other people across the globe.
1257:
2893:
469:. Latta established from blood studies that a saline drip greatly improved the condition of patients and saved many lives by preventing dehydration. Latta died in 1833 of tuberculosis.
841:
While information for 1828 is indefinite, it is known that in 1829 cholera was rampant in
Afghanistan, penetrated into Persia, and was also present in the region of Bukhara and Chiva.
606:
The third cholera pandemic (1852β1860) originating in India, is known for its widespread geographical reach and high mortality rateβbeing the deadliest of 19th-century epidemics.
366:. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832, the epidemic reached
1160:
152:
through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera.
2764:
203:
Although not much is known about the journey of the cholera pandemic in east India, many believe that this pandemic began, like the first, with outbreaks along the
2929:
659:
171:
582:
AlβAdham, Ibrahim S.I.; Jaber, Nisrein; Ali Agha, Ahmed S.A.; Al-Remawi, Mayyas; Al-Akayleh, Faisal; Al-Muhtaseb, Najah; Collier, Philip J. (March 2024).
572:. Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.
1045:
1033:
3041:
2807:
2709:
2427:
1812:
386:
in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834. The pandemic prompted the passage of the landmark
2727:
2619:
2899:
2570:
1710:
483:
2923:
813:
766:
559:
and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the
2863:
2771:
2691:
2523:
2839:
2869:
2433:
1797:
1705:
2833:
2217:
1941:
1827:
1787:
1772:
2558:
2463:
2391:
2336:
1817:
1144:
992:
951:
893:
864:
742:
1420:
3146:
3141:
2813:
2757:
2582:
2529:
1792:
1782:
1316:
738:
2588:
2697:
2493:
2487:
2469:
2367:
2287:
2088:
1741:
1746:
2751:
2511:
2397:
2032:
1849:
1802:
1725:
1695:
271:
between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and
2934:
2905:
2795:
2739:
2655:
1495:
1221:
1191:
641:
537:
235:(6 January). With 3,500 cases including 865 fatal ones in Orenburg province, the epidemic stopped by February 1830.
3126:
3121:
3047:
2851:
2721:
2685:
2673:
2576:
2499:
1807:
1767:
1715:
3131:
2917:
2911:
2881:
2801:
2703:
2643:
2606:
2594:
2505:
2330:
2116:
1720:
588:
116:
3029:
3017:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2875:
2819:
2789:
2777:
1822:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
668:
426:, 1832: The outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causes.
166:
20:
1363:"Dr Thomas Aitchison Latta (cl796-1833): pioneer of intravenous fluid replacement in the treatment of cholera"
2745:
2661:
2263:
619:
2715:
2535:
2421:
2415:
2324:
2011:
2006:
1777:
1453:
423:
944:
Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830β1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland
3151:
3099:
3093:
2887:
2857:
2667:
2637:
2517:
2293:
2026:
1700:
3136:
2679:
2348:
2318:
1895:
1762:
935:
2403:
2066:
1312:"Emerging viral threats and the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous: zooming out in times of Corona"
696:
532:
340:
3071:
3053:
2040:
2000:
1915:
1679:
1555:
856:
Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death on the Volga, 1823-1914
200:
Historians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830.
3077:
2981:
2975:
2342:
2275:
2257:
2081:
1992:
1281:"The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature"
583:
3023:
2969:
2783:
2374:
2360:
2177:
1987:
984:
560:
503:
387:
453:
As a result of the epidemic, the medical community developed a major advance, the intravenous
3005:
2963:
2541:
1974:
1488:
854:
1115:
1095:
1075:
302:, the board of health published a detailed description of the disease's symptoms and onset:
2612:
2409:
2354:
2269:
1018:
940:
Depesze z powstaΕczej Warszawy 1830β1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w KrΓ³lestwie Polskim
394:
c. 63) and the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Acts, 1848 and 1849, in England.
8:
2845:
2475:
2240:
2193:
2187:
1967:
657:
Johnston, William (May 2019). "Cholera and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century Japan".
363:
1448:
2826:
2733:
2481:
2312:
2281:
2074:
1841:
1398:
1338:
1311:
1213:
1120:
1100:
1080:
882:
827:
808:
780:
761:
618:
Meehan, C. D.; Markel, H. (2009). "Cholera, Historical". In Schaechter, Moselio (ed.).
478:
397:
In mid-1832, 57 Irish immigrants died who had been laying a stretch of railroad called
311:
From September 1831 to January 1832, a catastrophic cholera epidemic ravaged the lower
257:
1008:
Bosin, Yury V. (2009). "Russia, cholera riots of 1830β1831". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
3083:
2564:
2229:
2166:
2047:
1931:
1890:
1390:
1382:
1343:
1280:
1217:
1187:
1140:
1057:
1009:
988:
957:
947:
899:
889:
860:
832:
785:
637:
633:
454:
268:
189:
1402:
917:
358:, where it was carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic. It also appeared in
3065:
2199:
2154:
2105:
1859:
1481:
1462:
1374:
1333:
1325:
1292:
1049:
822:
775:
672:
629:
597:
584:"Sporadic regional re-emergent cholera: a 19th century problem in the 21st century"
431:
391:
299:
2649:
2205:
2160:
2133:
2017:
1981:
1885:
1596:
1560:
1523:
1432:
243:
48:
746:
2141:
1946:
1905:
1329:
625:
552:
447:
398:
284:
252:
212:
1207:
3115:
3059:
2211:
2054:
1869:
1581:
1466:
1386:
1061:
1034:"The St. Petersburg Cholera Riot of 1831: Water Pollution and Social Tension"
903:
709:
601:
569:
383:
298:
Based on the reports of two English doctors who had observed the epidemic in
292:
280:
132:
71:
1378:
1854:
1601:
1586:
1576:
1449:"Epidemics in Nineteenth-Century British Towns: How Important was Cholera?"
1394:
1347:
1296:
961:
836:
789:
680:
458:
336:
272:
204:
136:
124:
67:
1362:
676:
502:
It first appeared in Quebec with the arrival on 28 April 1832 of the ship
3035:
2223:
1900:
1864:
1622:
1591:
375:
335:
was hit particularly hard, and all of their priests died in the plague.
2600:
2448:
1936:
1053:
355:
228:
224:
2096:
1910:
1606:
466:
359:
332:
312:
279:
authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. There were
331:, Iran, about half of the city's inhabitants died from cholera. The
2955:
2101:
2097:
328:
216:
215:
in 1829. On 26 August 1829, the first cholera case was recorded in
185:
401:, 30 miles west of Philadelphia. They had all contracted cholera.
1504:
565:
556:
379:
371:
354:
The epidemic reached Great Britain in October 1831, appearing in
346:
276:
232:
220:
180:
148:
37:
418:
343:
that there were only 1,500 Mandaean survivors after the plague.
1529:
450:, lambasting the poor response to the pandemic by authorities.
435:
434:
wrote a stage play inspired by the pandemic, which had reached
367:
316:
264:
128:
581:
101:
Unknown; 100,000 in Russia; 100,000 in France; 6,536 in London
462:
144:
140:
120:
1184:
The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866
922:
Dept. of Epidemiology University of California, Los Angeles
324:
320:
1473:
175:
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817β1831
1137:
The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history
1011:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1243:
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History
884:
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History
551:
Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached
1423:
Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics
660:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
975:
Tomasz StrzeΕΌek (1998). Kornelia Kompanowska (ed.).
1234:
881:
852:
287:caused by the government's anticholera measures.
195:
3113:
1361:Janakan, Gnananandan; Ellis, Harold (May 2013).
1245:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 214β219.
1046:Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society
256:estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in
179:The first cholera pandemic (1817β24) began near
1285:Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms
974:
1038:Arcadia: Explorations in Environmental History
934:
3087:
2082:
1489:
1421:""Cholera Epidemics in the 19th Century" in
1360:
1278:
809:"Cholera studies. 1. History of the disease"
762:"Cholera studies. 1. History of the disease"
617:
1128:
2089:
2075:
1496:
1482:
1031:
879:
2270:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
1337:
1255:
1181:
1175:
846:
826:
814:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
806:
779:
767:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
759:
457:. It was developed from the work of Dr.
211:Cholera reached the southern tips of the
1258:"Pandemics Through Indian Literary Lens"
1114:
1094:
1074:
656:
417:
345:
251:The second cholera pandemic spread from
242:
170:
1446:
1279:Schiedermair, Joachim (December 2012).
1134:
888:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
853:Charlotte E. Henze (15 December 2010).
3114:
1942:Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood
733:
731:
729:
484:Tennessee cholera epidemic (1849β1850)
2337:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
2070:
1477:
1309:
1240:
1007:
918:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37"
743:UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
739:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37"
527:
525:
1447:Pelling, Margaret (April 26, 2022).
1317:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
859:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
726:
710:"Cholera β Cholera through history"
19:For the next cholera pandemic, see
13:
1413:
1256:Kumar Rai, Saurav (July 3, 2020).
1139:. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press.
983:]. Historyczne Bitwy. Warsaw:
522:
14:
3163:
1135:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010).
538:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
160:
3042:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
1171:from the original on 2013-07-06.
1124:. 21 October 1831. p. 2159.
1104:. 21 October 1831. p. 2160.
745:. August 6, 2001. Archived from
634:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00301-1
247:Cholera epidemic in Palermo 1835
2820:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
2117:List of epidemics and pandemics
1354:
1303:
1272:
1249:
1200:
1186:. University of Chicago Press.
1153:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1025:
1001:
968:
938:(1980). Robert Bielecki (ed.).
928:
910:
873:
589:Journal of Applied Microbiology
496:
111:(1826β1837), also known as the
1182:Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987).
800:
753:
702:
690:
650:
611:
575:
508:, which had come from Ireland.
196:Origins of the second pandemic
1:
2145:
1429:CURIOSity Digital Collections
515:
424:New York City Board of Health
350:A French caricature from 1830
219:with reports of outbreaks in
16:Worldwide outbreak of cholera
1747:1992 (AerolΓneas Argentinas)
1454:Journal of Victorian Culture
1367:Journal of Medical Biography
1084:. 27 May 1831. p. 1027.
621:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
446:, 1835), he set his play in
263:The cholera epidemic struck
7:
3147:Disease outbreaks in Russia
3142:Disease outbreaks in France
2027:Love in the Time of Cholera
1813:2022β2024 (Southern Africa)
1503:
1032:Kraikovski, Alexei (2013).
699:, cbc.ca, December 2, 2008.
669:University of Hawai'i Press
533:"Cholera's seven pandemics"
472:
275:by Russian soldiers forced
10:
3168:
2930:2024 Latin American dengue
2710:Western African meningitis
2524:Pacific Northwest smallpox
1330:10.1007/s11019-020-09970-3
946:]. Warsaw: Czytelnik.
555:by 1830, then spread into
167:1817β1824 cholera pandemic
164:
155:
91:Unknown; 250,000 in Russia
59:Asia, Europe, the Americas
21:1846β1860 cholera pandemic
18:
2954:
2630:
2551:
2536:Buenos Aires yellow fever
2456:
2447:
2434:Philadelphia yellow fever
2404:Great Plague of Marseille
2398:Great Northern War plague
2392:Iceland smallpox epidemic
2384:
2305:
2250:
2239:
2176:
2132:
2125:
2112:
1959:
1924:
1878:
1840:
1755:
1734:
1688:
1642:
1635:
1615:
1569:
1551:
1544:
1518:
1511:
1209:The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut
697:Cholera's seven pandemics
413:
404:
341:Julius Heinrich Petermann
95:
85:
77:
63:
55:
43:
33:
28:
3100:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
3094:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
3054:Seventh cholera pandemic
2041:The Horseman on the Roof
1556:Oral rehydration therapy
489:
238:
113:Asiatic cholera pandemic
3127:1830s disease outbreaks
3122:1820s disease outbreaks
3012:Fourth cholera pandemic
2994:Second cholera pandemic
2840:Γquateur province Ebola
2428:North American smallpox
2343:Great Plague of Seville
1773:2009 (Papua New Guinea)
1379:10.1258/jmb.2012.012004
1161:"Cholera in Sunderland"
714:Encyclopedia Britannica
319:regions of what is now
109:second cholera pandemic
29:Second cholera pandemic
3132:19th-century epidemics
3030:Sixth cholera pandemic
3018:Fifth cholera pandemic
3000:Third cholera pandemic
2988:First cholera pandemic
2970:Second plague pandemic
2530:Barcelona yellow fever
2375:Great Plague of Vienna
2361:Great Plague of London
2331:Massachusetts smallpox
1696:1832 (Lord Wellington)
1467:10.1093/jvcult/vcac019
1297:10.7146/rom.v1i1.15853
985:Dom Wydawniczy Bellona
807:Pollitzer, R. (1954).
760:Pollitzer, R. (1954).
602:10.1093/jambio/lxae055
427:
388:Public Health Act 1848
351:
309:
248:
231:(2 January 1830), and
176:
3006:Third plague pandemic
2964:First plague pandemic
2758:Western African Ebola
2668:Chikungunya outbreaks
2620:Malaysian Nipah virus
2488:Great Plains smallpox
1975:Memories and Vagaries
1711:1849-1850 (Tennessee)
1260:. Peepul Tree Stories
1021:. pp. 2877β2878.
749:on February 23, 2024.
677:10.1353/ach.2019.0005
421:
349:
304:
246:
174:
139:, as well as east to
3066:Russian flu pandemic
2808:Angolan yellow fever
2559:San Francisco plague
2512:Broad Street cholera
2410:Great Plague of 1738
1850:Chicago cholera myth
1798:2018β2019 (Zimbabwe)
1742:1913 (Romanian Army)
1241:Hayes, J.N. (2005).
1019:Blackwell Publishing
2972:(1348β19th century)
2900:New Zealand measles
2728:Darfur yellow fever
2571:LA pneumonic plague
2188:Plague of Justinian
1968:Mastro-don Gesualdo
1960:Cultural depictions
1818:2023 (South Africa)
1783:2012 (Sierra Leone)
1726:1854 (Broad Street)
1310:Zwart, Hub (2020).
880:J. N. Hays (2005).
444:Den indiske Cholera
422:Hand bill from the
3152:Epidemics in India
2982:Influenza pandemic
2976:Influenza pandemic
2924:Bangsamoro measles
2906:Singaporean dengue
2870:Pacific NW measles
2864:Philippine measles
2852:Madagascar measles
2834:Kerala Nipah virus
2827:Saudi Arabian MERS
2740:Singaporean dengue
2686:Zimbabwean cholera
2656:Singaporean dengue
2500:Copenhagen cholera
2482:Groningen epidemic
2276:Influenza pandemic
2258:Influenza pandemic
1828:2023β2024 (Zambia)
1788:2014β2015 (Africa)
1214:Praeger Publishers
1121:The London Gazette
1101:The London Gazette
1081:The London Gazette
987:. pp. 11β12.
628:. pp. 24β29.
624:(Third ed.).
541:. December 2, 2008
479:History of cholera
440:The Indian Cholera
428:
352:
333:Mandaean community
249:
177:
119:that reached from
3137:Cholera pandemics
3109:
3108:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2882:Kuala Koh measles
2796:South Korean MERS
2784:Polio declaration
2772:Madagascar plague
2704:Gujarat hepatitis
2692:Madagascar plague
2644:Midwest monkeypox
2595:Yugoslav smallpox
2565:Manchurian plague
2506:Stockholm cholera
2443:
2442:
2230:Sweating sickness
2218:Japanese smallpox
2167:Plague of Cyprian
2106:disease outbreaks
2064:
2063:
1955:
1954:
1932:Broad Street Pump
1891:Waldemar Haffkine
1836:
1835:
1793:2016β2022 (Yemen)
1716:1853 (Copenhagen)
1631:
1630:
1540:
1539:
1146:978-1-59333-621-9
994:978-83-11-08793-4
953:978-83-07-00254-5
895:978-1-85109-658-9
866:978-0-203-83397-1
392:11 & 12 Vict.
269:November Uprising
188:, including many
184:a result of this
105:
104:
3159:
3089:
2876:New York measles
2830:
2790:Indian swine flu
2778:Odisha hepatitis
2768:
2722:Pakistani dengue
2674:Pakistani dengue
2623:
2589:WrocΕaw smallpox
2542:Hong Kong plague
2476:Caragea's plague
2454:
2453:
2371:
2264:Mexican smallpox
2248:
2247:
2200:Plague of Sheroe
2155:Plague of Athens
2150:
2147:
2130:
2129:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2001:The Painted Veil
1876:
1875:
1860:Cholera Hospital
1803:2020 (Bengaluru)
1721:1853 (Stockholm)
1706:1833 (Lexington)
1640:
1639:
1616:Fluoroquinolones
1549:
1548:
1516:
1515:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1407:
1406:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1054:10.5282/rcc/5299
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
972:
966:
965:
932:
926:
925:
914:
908:
907:
887:
877:
871:
870:
850:
844:
843:
830:
804:
798:
797:
795:to spread there.
783:
757:
751:
750:
735:
724:
723:
721:
720:
706:
700:
694:
688:
687:
654:
648:
647:
615:
609:
608:
579:
573:
549:
547:
546:
529:
509:
500:
432:Henrik Wergeland
300:Saint Petersburg
190:British soldiers
117:cholera pandemic
88:
26:
25:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
2942:
2825:
2763:
2746:Swansea measles
2698:Bolivian dengue
2626:
2618:
2607:Indian smallpox
2577:Croydon typhoid
2547:
2439:
2380:
2366:
2301:
2242:
2235:
2206:Plague of Amwas
2179:
2172:
2161:Antonine Plague
2148:
2121:
2108:
2095:
2065:
2060:
2018:The Seventh Sin
1982:Death in Venice
1951:
1920:
1916:Henry Whitehead
1886:Gaspard Goyrand
1874:
1832:
1823:2023 (Zimbabwe)
1768:2008 (Zimbabwe)
1751:
1730:
1684:
1627:
1611:
1597:Chloramphenicol
1565:
1536:
1524:Vibrio cholerae
1507:
1502:
1437:
1435:
1433:Harvard Library
1419:
1416:
1414:Further reading
1411:
1410:
1359:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1180:
1176:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1006:
1002:
995:
973:
969:
954:
933:
929:
916:
915:
911:
896:
878:
874:
867:
851:
847:
805:
801:
758:
754:
737:
736:
727:
718:
716:
708:
707:
703:
695:
691:
655:
651:
644:
616:
612:
580:
576:
550:
544:
542:
531:
530:
523:
518:
513:
512:
501:
497:
492:
475:
430:Norwegian poet
416:
407:
241:
198:
169:
163:
158:
98:
87:Confirmed cases
86:
49:Vibrio cholerae
44:Bacteria strain
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3081:
3075:
3074:(1981βpresent)
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2926:(2023βpresent)
2921:
2918:Jamaica dengue
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2814:Yemeni cholera
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2765:DR Congo Ebola
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2470:Maltese plague
2467:
2464:Ottoman plague
2460:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2422:Persian Plague
2419:
2416:Russian plague
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2368:Maltese plague
2364:
2358:
2352:
2349:Maltese plague
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2325:Italian plague
2322:
2319:Maltese plague
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2288:Maltese plague
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2142:Hittite plague
2138:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Filippo Pacini
1903:
1898:
1896:George Johnson
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:2022 (Lebanon)
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:(2): 346β355.
1444:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1353:
1324:(4): 589β602.
1302:
1271:
1248:
1233:
1222:
1199:
1192:
1174:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1107:
1087:
1067:
1024:
1000:
993:
967:
952:
936:Raymond Durand
927:
909:
894:
872:
865:
845:
799:
752:
725:
701:
689:
649:
642:
626:Academic Press
610:
574:
520:
519:
517:
514:
511:
510:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
481:
474:
471:
448:Colonial India
415:
412:
406:
403:
378:in Canada and
285:Russian Empire
240:
237:
227:(5 December),
223:(7 November),
213:Ural Mountains
197:
194:
165:Main article:
162:
161:First pandemic
159:
157:
154:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
65:
64:First outbreak
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3086:(2019βpresent
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:Hong Kong flu
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:Tonga measles
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:Samoa measles
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:Haiti cholera
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:Iraqi cholera
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:Indian dengue
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2518:Guam smallpox
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:Naples Plague
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:London plague
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:London plague
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:London plague
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:Plague of 664
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2055:The Ghost Map
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:Cholera riots
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:2010s (Haiti)
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Cotrimoxazole
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1438:September 17,
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1264:September 17,
1259:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1223:0-275-98727-2
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1193:0-226-72677-0
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1165:UK Parliament
1162:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1004:
996:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Warszawa 1831
971:
963:
959:
955:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
923:
919:
913:
905:
901:
897:
891:
886:
885:
876:
868:
862:
858:
857:
849:
842:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
803:
796:
791:
787:
782:
777:
773:
769:
768:
763:
756:
748:
744:
740:
734:
732:
730:
715:
711:
705:
698:
693:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
653:
645:
643:9780123739445
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
614:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
578:
571:
570:New York City
567:
562:
558:
554:
540:
539:
534:
528:
526:
521:
507:
506:
499:
495:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
420:
411:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:New York City
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
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2912:Uganda Ebola
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2613:Surat plague
2583:NYC smallpox
2552:20th century
2457:19th century
2385:18th century
2306:17th century
2272:(1545, 1576)
2251:16th century
2194:Roman Plague
2163:(165β180 AD)
2157:(429β426 BC)
2104:and notable
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2016:
1999:
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1973:
1966:
1855:Cholera belt
1701:1832 (Sligo)
1680:1961βpresent
1654:
1602:Furazolidone
1587:Erythromycin
1577:Tetracycline
1522:
1458:
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1373:(2): 70β74.
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137:the Americas
125:Western Asia
112:
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68:Ganges Delta
47:
3102:(2023β2024)
3096:(2022β2023)
3080:(2009β2010)
3068:(1977β1979)
3062:(1968β1970)
3056:(1961β1975)
3050:(1957β1958)
3044:(1919β1930)
3038:(1918β1920)
3036:Spanish flu
3032:(1899β1923)
3026:(1889β1890)
3024:Russian flu
3020:(1881β1896)
3014:(1863β1879)
3008:(1855β1860)
3002:(1852β1860)
2996:(1829β1851)
2990:(1816β1826)
2984:(1557β1559)
2914:(2022β2023)
2902:(2019β2020)
2896:(2019β2020)
2894:DRC measles
2848:(2018β2020)
2816:(2016β2022)
2804:(2015β2016)
2760:(2013β2016)
2754:(2013β2014)
2752:Chikungunya
2718:(2010β2019)
2712:(2009β2010)
2694:(2008β2017)
2688:(2008β2009)
2652:(2003β2005)
2640:(2002β2004)
2622:(1998β1999)
2603:(1972β1973)
2567:(1910β1911)
2561:(1900β1904)
2526:(1862β1863)
2496:(1847β1848)
2490:(1837β1838)
2472:(1813β1814)
2466:(1812β1819)
2436:(1793β1798)
2430:(1780β1782)
2418:(1770β1772)
2406:(1720β1722)
2400:(1710β1712)
2394:(1707β1708)
2370:(1675β1676)
2363:(1665β1666)
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2327:(1629β1631)
2296:(1592β1593)
2290:(1592β1593)
2284:(1563β1564)
2278:(1557β1559)
2232:(1485β1551)
2226:(1346β1353)
2224:Black Death
2149: 1330
1947:Duffy's Cut
1901:Robert Koch
1865:Cholera pit
1763:2007 (Iraq)
1623:Norfloxacin
1592:Doxycycline
1570:Antibiotics
1116:"No. 18863"
1096:"No. 18863"
1076:"No. 18807"
981:Warsaw 1831
455:saline drip
399:Duffy's Cut
376:Nova Scotia
291:prevailing
267:during the
3116:Categories
2846:Kivu Ebola
2601:London flu
2048:Contagious
1937:Cefn Golau
1291:(1): 125.
821:(3): 432.
774:(3): 436.
719:2020-12-10
545:2008-12-11
516:References
505:Constantia
356:Sunderland
229:Menzelinsk
225:Buguruslan
3078:Swine flu
3048:Asian flu
2966:(541β767)
2935:Argentina
2220:(735β737)
2214:(664β689)
2208:(638β639)
2202:(627β628)
2190:(541β542)
2180:classical
2169:(250β266)
2102:epidemics
2098:Pandemics
2012:2006 film
2007:1934 film
1925:Memorials
1911:John Snow
1675:1899β1923
1670:1881β1896
1665:1863β1875
1660:1846β1860
1655:1826β1837
1650:1817β1824
1643:Pandemics
1636:Outbreaks
1607:Virstatin
1545:Treatment
1387:0967-7720
1062:2199-3408
904:606929770
467:Edinburgh
364:Newcastle
360:Gateshead
313:Euphrates
81:1826β1837
3084:COVID-19
3072:HIV/AIDS
2650:Bird flu
1512:Bacteria
1403:32188771
1395:24585745
1348:32737743
1216:. 2006.
1169:Archived
837:13160764
790:13160764
473:See also
329:Shushtar
277:Prussian
217:Orenburg
186:pandemic
115:, was a
56:Location
2134:Ancient
1842:History
1561:Vaccine
1505:Cholera
1339:7394271
962:7732541
828:2542143
781:2542143
566:Detroit
557:Finland
465:, near
380:Detroit
372:Ontario
283:in the
258:Hungary
233:Belebey
221:Bugulma
181:Kolkata
156:History
149:Cholera
123:across
38:Cholera
34:Disease
2978:(1510)
2956:Global
2937:(2024)
2920:(2023)
2908:(2020)
2890:(2019)
2884:(2019)
2878:(2019)
2872:(2019)
2866:(2019)
2860:(2019)
2854:(2018)
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2724:(2011)
2706:(2009)
2700:(2009)
2682:(2007)
2676:(2006)
2670:(2006)
2664:(2006)
2658:(2005)
2646:(2003)
2615:(1994)
2609:(1974)
2597:(1972)
2591:(1963)
2585:(1947)
2579:(1937)
2573:(1924)
2544:(1894)
2538:(1871)
2532:(1870)
2520:(1856)
2514:(1854)
2508:(1853)
2502:(1853)
2494:Typhus
2484:(1829)
2478:(1813)
2449:Modern
2424:(1772)
2412:(1738)
2377:(1679)
2357:(1656)
2351:(1655)
2333:(1633)
2321:(1623)
2315:(1603)
2266:(1520)
2260:(1510)
2243:modern
1879:People
1530:El Tor
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436:Norway
414:Legacy
405:Causes
374:, and
368:Quebec
317:Tigris
265:Warsaw
253:Russia
135:, and
129:Europe
97:Deaths
2241:Early
2196:(590)
2178:Post-
2126:Local
1993:opera
1756:2000s
1735:1900s
1689:1800s
1399:S2CID
1015:(PDF)
979:[
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596:(3).
490:Notes
463:Leith
438:. In
339:told
327:. In
239:1830s
145:Japan
141:China
121:India
78:Dates
2802:Zika
2734:MERS
2638:SARS
2033:film
1988:film
1440:2024
1391:PMID
1383:ISSN
1344:PMID
1266:2024
1229:did.
1218:ISBN
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1058:ISSN
989:ISBN
958:OCLC
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833:PMID
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638:ISBN
568:and
382:and
362:and
325:Iran
323:and
321:Iraq
315:and
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107:The
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1463:doi
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