Caesium - Knowledge

5123: 4799: 3224: 2532: 2891: 3361: 5074: 4059: 4790:. As a daughter product of fission bomb testing from the 1950s through the mid-1980s, caesium-137 was released into the atmosphere, where it was absorbed readily into solution. Known year-to-year variation within that period allows correlation with soil and sediment layers. Caesium-134, and to a lesser extent caesium-135, have also been used in hydrology to measure the caesium output by the nuclear power industry. While they are less prevalent than either caesium-133 or caesium-137, these bellwether isotopes are produced solely from anthropogenic sources. 4356: 1496: 1552: 5073: 4630: 2227: 4977: 10124: 4982: 10045: 53: 5069: 1937: 10073: 10107: 2310: 9954: 4328:

environmental advantage. Unlike the components of many other heavy liquids, caesium formate is relatively environment-friendly. Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0 g/cm, or 8.3 pounds per gallon). Furthermore, it is biodegradable and may be recycled, which is important in view of its high cost (about $ 4,000 per

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has a biological half-life between 50 and 150 days. Radiocaesium follows potassium and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits and vegetables. Plants vary widely in the absorption of caesium, sometimes displaying great resistance to it. It is also well-documented that mushrooms from contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium (caesium-137) in the fungal

2443: 2507:), theoretical studies indicate that the inner 5p electrons could form chemical bonds, where caesium would behave as the seventh 5p element, suggesting that higher caesium fluorides with caesium in oxidation states from +2 to +6 could exist under such conditions. Some slight differences arise from the fact that it has a higher 3881:) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. This solution can be evaporated to produce caesium chloride or transformed into caesium alum or caesium carbonate. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly. 5222:

in small amounts from human activities, differing by location. Radiocaesium does not accumulate in the body as readily as other fission products (such as radioiodine and radiostrontium). About 10% of absorbed radiocaesium washes out of the body relatively quickly in sweat and urine. The remaining 90%

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were used in the medical field to treat certain types of cancer, but emergence of better alternatives and the use of water-soluble caesium chloride in the sources, which could create wide-ranging contamination, gradually put some of these caesium sources out of use. Caesium-137 has been employed in a

4324:. The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. Completion fluids assist the emplacement of control hardware after drilling but prior to production by maintaining the pressure. 5188:

in the presence of water. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water.

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The high density of the caesium formate brine (up to 2.3 g/cm, or 19.2 pounds per gallon), coupled with the relatively benign nature of most caesium compounds, reduces the requirement for toxic high-density suspended solids in the drilling fluid—a significant technological, engineering and

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of pollucite ore, representing more than two-thirds of the world's reserve base. Although the stoichiometric content of caesium in pollucite is 42.6%, pure pollucite samples from this deposit contain only about 34% caesium, while the average content is 24 wt%. Commercial pollucite contains more

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The golden colour of caesium comes from the decreasing frequency of light required to excite electrons of the alkali metals as the group is descended. For lithium through rubidium this frequency is in the ultraviolet, but for caesium it enters the blue–violet end of the spectrum; in other words, the

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of the new element at 123.35 (compared to the currently accepted one of 132.9). They tried to generate elemental caesium by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed

2503:, the element above caesium in the periodic table. As expected for an alkali metal, the only common oxidation state is +1. It differs from this value in caesides, which contain the Cs anion and thus have caesium in the −1 oxidation state. Under conditions of extreme pressure (greater than 30 5075: 3677:

Mining and refining pollucite ore is a selective process and is conducted on a smaller scale than for most other metals. The ore is crushed, hand-sorted, but not usually concentrated, and then ground. Caesium is then extracted from pollucite primarily by three methods: acid digestion, alkaline

3251:, and then to nonradioactive barium, while Cs transforms into Ba directly. The isotopes with mass numbers of 129, 131, 132 and 136, have half-lives between a day and two weeks, while most of the other isotopes have half-lives from a few seconds to fractions of a second. At least 21 metastable 5072: 5097: 2421:

of the alkali metals becomes lower from lithium to caesium. Thus caesium transmits and partially absorbs violet light preferentially while other colours (having lower frequency) are reflected; hence it appears yellowish. Its compounds burn with a blue or violet colour.

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in the UK. Caesium clocks have improved over the past half-century and are regarded as "the most accurate realization of a unit that mankind has yet achieved." These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3 parts in 10, which corresponds to an accuracy of

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mixture of the metal and caesium chloride. The electrolysis of the aqueous solution of chloride with a mercury cathode produced a caesium amalgam which readily decomposed under the aqueous conditions. The pure metal was eventually isolated by the Swedish chemist

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Charrier, E.; Charsley, E. L.; Laye, P. G.; Markham, H. M.; Berger, B.; Griffiths, T. T. (2006). "Determination of the temperature and enthalpy of the solid–solid phase transition of caesium nitrate by differential scanning calorimetry".

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Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical fields. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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as a stable end product. The high water solubility is a disadvantage which makes it incompatible with large pool irradiators for food and medical supplies. It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and the

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To obtain a pure sample of caesium, 44,000 litres (9,700 imp gal; 12,000 US gal) of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield 240 kilograms (530 lb) of concentrated salt solution. The

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of 1967 defined a second as: "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields".

4990: 2782:(tendency to form covalent bonds) are properties exploited in separating Cs from other cations in the remediation of nuclear wastes, where Cs must be separated from large amounts of nonradioactive K. 5134:

Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. Because biochemical processes can confuse and substitute caesium with

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Redman, H. C.; McClellan, R. O.; Jones, R. K.; Boecker, B. B.; Chiffelle, T. L.; Pickrell, J. A.; Rypka, E. W. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects".

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has based the primary unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium. The International System of Units (SI) defines the second as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles at the

2445: 4726:: When exposed to radiation, it acquires crystal defects that, when heated, revert with emission of light proportionate to the received dose. Thus, measuring the light pulse with a 4525:

radiation. Being a heavy element, caesium provides good stopping power with better detection. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI).

3722:(HF) acids. With hydrochloric acid, a mixture of soluble chlorides is produced, and the insoluble chloride double salts of caesium are precipitated as caesium antimony chloride ( 9778:

Eremeev, V. N.; Chudinovskikh, T. V.; Batrakov, G. F.; Ivanova, T. M. (1991). "Radioactive isotopes of caesium in the waters and near-water atmospheric layer of the Black Sea".

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Pinsky, Carl; Bose, Ranjan; Taylor, J. R.; McKee, Jasper; Lapointe, Claude; Birchall, James (1981). "Cesium in mammals: Acute toxicity, organ changes and tissue accumulation".

2689:. CsOH has been previously regarded by chemists as the "strongest base", reflecting the relatively weak attraction between the large Cs ion and OH; it is indeed the strongest 2851:; the chloride atoms lie upon the lattice points at the edges of the cube, while the caesium atoms lie in the holes in the centre of the cubes. This structure is shared with 11946: 7078:

Band, A.; Albu-Yaron, A.; Livneh, T.; Cohen, H.; Feldman, Y.; Shimon, L.; Popovitz-Biro, R.; Lyahovitskaya, V.; Tenne, R. (2004). "Characterization of Oxides of Cesium".

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Relatively few chemical applications use caesium. Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as

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Salbu, Brit; Østby, Georg; Garmo, Torstein H.; Hove, Knut (1992). "Availability of caesium isotopes in vegetation estimated from incubation and extraction experiments".

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Goff, C.; Matchette, Michael A.; Shabestary, Nahid; Khazaeli, Sadegh (1996). "Complexation of caesium and rubidium cations with crown ethers in N,N-dimethylformamide".

3340:. Because iodine and xenon are volatile and can diffuse through nuclear fuel or air, radioactive caesium is often created far from the original site of fission. With 2778:

greater than 6, the number typical for the smaller alkali metal cations. This difference is apparent in the 8-coordination of CsCl. This high coordination number and

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in 2001). Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as

9368: 4900:-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. Caesium metal has also been considered as the working fluid in high-temperature 2210: 9943: 7374:

Taylor, V. F.; Evans, R. D.; Cornett, R. J. (2008). "Preliminary evaluation of Cs/Cs as a forensic tool for identifying source of radioactive contamination".

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is the primary standard for standards-compliant time and frequency measurements. Caesium clocks regulate the timing of cell phone networks and the Internet.

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per day, or one second in 1.4 million years. The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 10, about 1 second in 20 million years. The

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are often less soluble, and the low solubility of caesium aluminium sulfate is exploited in refining Cs from ores. The double salts with antimony (such as

4911:. Because of their effect on heart rhythms, however, they are less likely to be used than potassium or rubidium salts. They have also been used to treat 2306:

have been predicted to have lower boiling points than mercury and caesium, but they are extremely radioactive and it is not certain if they are metals.

7772: 5872: 3908:, with a capacity of 12,000 barrels (1,900 m) per year of caesium formate solution. The primary smaller-scale commercial compounds of caesium are 1731: 9998: 9616:

Avery, S. (1996). "Fate of caesium in the environment: Distribution between the abiotic and biotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems".

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Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socia-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine

4164:, caesium and rubidium were separated by the difference in solubility of their carbonates in alcohol. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32 oz) of 3317:

after several years of cooling, lasting several hundred years. Those two isotopes are the largest source of residual radioactivity in the area of the

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Evans, F. W.; Litt, M. H.; Weidler-Kubanek, A. M.; Avonda, F. P. (1968). "Reactions Catalyzed by Potassium Fluoride. 111. The Knoevenagel Reaction".

5608: 5594: 2167: 8003: 2143:, but it has a range of applications in the production of electricity, in electronics, and in chemistry. The radioactive isotope caesium-137 has a 7304: 4822:, which are easier to handle in ground-based tests and do less potential damage to the spacecraft. Xenon was used in the experimental spacecraft 8356:(in French and English). Paris: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2018. pp. 472 of the official French publication. Archived from 7462: 3255:

exist. Other than Cs (with a half-life of just under 3 hours), all are very unstable and decay with half-lives of a few minutes or less.

2485:-water explosion with a similar amount of sodium. This is because caesium explodes instantly upon contact with water, leaving little time for 2465:. It reacts with ice at temperatures as low as −116 °C (−177 °F). Because of this high reactivity, caesium metal is classified as a 1971: 8080: 2147:

of about 30 years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly

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electrode. But corrosion by caesium on spacecraft components has pushed development in the direction of inert gas propellants, such as

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The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $ 10 per gram ($ 280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper.

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Manfred Bick, Horst Prinz, "Cesium and Cesium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

7732: 7645: 5696: 5573: 4230:. Caesium was not recognized as a high-performance industrial metal until the 1950s. Applications for nonradioactive caesium included 4145:, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ( 2720: 6186: 5243:

and other sources have warned that radioactive materials, such as caesium-137, could be used in radiological dispersion devices, or "

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than other (nonradioactive) alkali metals. Caesium is the most electropositive chemical element. The caesium ion is also larger and

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Nishita, H.; Dixon, D.; Larson, K. H. (1962). "Accumulation of Cs and K and growth of bean plants in nutrient solution and soils".

7409: 5937: 2496:. In quantities of more than about 100 grams (3.5 oz), caesium is shipped in hermetically sealed, stainless steel containers. 1685: 9091: 8379:

Rasor, Ned S.; Warner, Charles (September 1964). "Correlation of Emission Processes for Adsorbed Alkali Films on Metal Surfaces".

7312:. Seventh Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation. Jeju, Korea. Archived from 6563: 4408:

restated its definition at its 26th conference in 2018: " is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency

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variety of industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, levelling, and thickness gauges. It has also been used in

4495:, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and several other elements can be substituted for caesium in photosensitive materials. 3661:

is mined for its petalite, but it also contains a significant amount of pollucite. Another notable source of pollucite is in the

3439:) may contain only 0.002% caesium. Consequently, caesium is found in few minerals. Percentage amounts of caesium may be found in 1591: 3669:. At the present rate of world mine production of 5 to 10 metric tons per year, reserves will last for thousands of years. 9731: 9152: 7647:

The Periodic Table: Nature's Building Blocks: An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses

5239:, 4.1 μg of caesium-137) per kilogram is lethal within three weeks; smaller amounts may cause infertility and cancer. The 4157: 2151:, but the pure metal's tendency to react explosively with water means that caesium is considered a hazardous material, and the 7868: 3942:(CsCN). Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by 390 °C (734 °F) thermal decomposition of caesium 3778:). After separation, the pure precipitated double salt is decomposed, and pure CsCl is precipitated by evaporating the water. 3633:. Within the pegmatites, the large grain size and the strong separation of the minerals results in high-grade ore for mining. 10154: 9762: 9295: 9258: 9223: 8929: 8888: 8849: 8814: 8722: 8685: 8627: 8588: 8074: 7907: 7840: 7655: 7540: 7198: 6885: 6852: 6834: 6809: 6679: 6605: 6396: 6296: 6146: 5866: 5839: 5790: 5648: 5408: 5390: 3172:

in the nucleus) from 112 to 152. Several of these are synthesized from lighter elements by the slow neutron capture process (

2742:, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce 9130: 8894: 7440: 7338: 5908: 11884: 3398: 8807:"IsoRay's Cesium-131 Medical Isotope Used In Milestone Procedure Treating Eye Cancers At Tufts-New England Medical Center" 8619:

Photo-electronic image devices: proceedings of the fourth symposium held at Imperial College, London, 16–20 September 1968

8213: 2576:), and others are the several suboxides (see section on oxides below). More recently, caesium is predicted to behave as a 2290:

is the only stable elemental metal with a known melting point lower than caesium. In addition, the metal has a rather low

10061: 9891: 9495: 8323: 5599: 5104: 3927:, and caesium metal distilled from the result. In the same way, the aluminate, carbonate, or hydroxide may be reduced by 3401:, caesium is concentrated in the liquid phase and crystallizes last. Therefore, the largest deposits of caesium are zone 9696:"Accumulation of potassium, rubidium and caesium (Cs and Cs) in various fractions of soil and fungi in a Swedish forest" 6475: 6352: 2397:

has the lowest melting point of any known metal alloy, at −78 °C (−108 °F). A few amalgams have been studied:

11956: 7798: 5240: 4827: 4749:-emitter in industrial applications. Its advantages include a half-life of roughly 30 years, its availability from the 3621:, which is found in a few places around the world in zoned pegmatites, associated with the more commercially important 9311:

Chin, Cheng; Grimm, Rudolf; Julienne, Paul; Tiesinga, Eite (29 April 2010). "Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases".

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Ishiwatari, N.; Nagai, H. "Release of xenon-137 and iodine-137 from UO2 pellet by pulse neutron irradiation at NSRR".

5715: 2461:. It ignites spontaneously in air, and reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures, more so than the other 188: 9264: 8522:

Groeger, S.; Pazgalev, A. S.; Weis, A. (2005). "Comparison of discharge lamp and laser pumped cesium magnetometers".

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Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Vergleichende Übersicht über die Gruppe der Alkalimetalle".

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Marcucci, M. G.; Polk, J. E. (2000). "NSTAR Xenon Ion Thruster on Deep Space 1: Ground and flight tests (invited)".

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Use of Macrocycles in Nuclear-Waste Cleanup: A Realworld Application of a Calixcrown in Cesium Separation Technology

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Johnson, Garland T.; Lewis, Trent R.; Wagner, D. Wagner (1975). "Acute toxicity of cesium and rubidium compounds".

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Friestad, Gregory K.; Branchaud, Bruce P.; Navarrini, Walter and Sansotera, Maurizio (2007) "Cesium Fluoride" in

6046: 5722:. Second edition, 1989; online version June 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012. Earlier version first published in 4251: 1278: 9999:

View the reaction of Caesium (most reactive metal in the periodic table) with Fluorine (most reactive non-metal)

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has a very long half-life of about 2.3 million years, the longest of all radioactive isotopes of caesium.

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Essen, L.; Parry, J. V. L. (1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Caesium Resonator".

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with a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F; 301.6 K), which makes it one of only five elemental

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The portion of the total radiation dose (in air) contributed by each isotope plotted against time after the

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and the other caesium halides can be reduced at 700 to 800 °C (1,292 to 1,472 °F) with calcium or

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with n > 1) under high pressure. This prediction needs to be validated by further experiments.

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Rogachev, Andrey Yu.; Miao, Mao-Sheng; Merino, Gabriel; Hoffmann, Roald (2015). "Molecular CsF5and CsF2+".

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Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter, from the Big Bang to the Present

6584:. Jorgensen, A. and Cleveland, C.J. (eds.). National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC 6499:"Forcing Cesium into Higher Oxidation States Using Useful hard x-ray Induced Chemistry under High Pressure" 5022: 5010: 4759: 3302: 3382:. It is the 45th most abundant element and 36th among the metals. Caesium is 30 times less abundant than 7962: 6989:

Simon, A. (1997). "Group 1 and 2 Suboxides and Subnitrides — Metals with Atomic Size Holes and Tunnels".

4606: 4177: 9096:. 27th International Electric Propulsion Conference. Pasadena, California. pp. 1–15. Archived from 8287:

Markowitz, W.; Hall, R.; Essen, L.; Parry, J. (1958). "Frequency of Cesium in Terms of Ephemeris Time".

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Drilling and Completing Difficult HP/HT Wells With the Aid of Cesium Formate Brines-A Performance Review

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Tsai, Khi-Ruey; Harris, P. M.; Lassettre, E. N. (1956). "The Crystal Structure of Tricesium Monoxide".

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on very long interplanetary or extraplanetary missions. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged

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and 7.3 grams (0.26 oz) of caesium chloride from the initial 44,000 litres of mineral water.

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The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium

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as the Ba relaxes to ground state Ba, with the emitted photons having an energy of 0.6617 MeV. Cs and

2712:, etc., which cannot be dissolved in water as reacting violently with it but rather only used in some 11874: 9978: 9090:

Marrese, C.; Polk, J.; Mueller, J.; Owens, A.; Tajmar, M.; Fink, R. & Spindt, C. (October 2001).

8992: 7934: 4368: 3369: 2859:, and many other compounds that do not contain Cs. In contrast, most other alkaline halides have the 2591:

Salts of Cs are usually colourless unless the anion itself is coloured. Many of the simple salts are

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Of all elements that are solid at room temperature, caesium is the softest: it has a hardness of 0.2

2171: 7469: 6701: 6054:. Fifteenth symposium on thermophysical properties, Boulder, Colorado, United States. Archived from 5342: 5302:

Nostris autem veteribus caesia dicts est quae Graecis, ut Nigidus ait, de colore coeli quasi coelia.

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devices. Caesium fluoride or caesium aluminium fluoride are used in fluxes formulated for brazing

2282:(30 °C ); bromine is also liquid at room temperature (melting at −7.2 °C ), but it is a 11910: 5256: 4313: 4227: 3341: 2660: 1153: 9240: 9059:"A Synopsis of Ion Propulsion Development Projects in the United States: SERT I to Deep Space I" 6919:

Vol'nov, I. I.; Matveev, V. V. (1963). "Synthesis of cesium ozonide through cesium superoxide".

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converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow.

11941: 11574: 8064: 6210:"Ro-vibrational energies of cesium dimer and lithium dimer with molecular attractive potential" 3919:

Alternatively, caesium metal may be obtained from the purified compounds derived from the ore.

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yields insoluble calcium silicates and soluble caesium chloride. Leaching with water or dilute

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of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), making it one of the few elemental metals that are liquid near

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to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of

4811: 4514: 4418:, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 4243: 4239: 3829: 3271: 1644: 9065: 8877:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008).

7805:. Vol. Paper 820. U.S. Geological Survey Professional. pp. 365–378. Archived from 7717: 7152: 4329: 11834: 11818: 11484: 10190: 10014: 9974: 9822: 9707: 9660: 9625: 9582: 9504: 9467: 9416: 9330: 9188: 9031: 8966: 8541: 8488: 8453: 8388: 8296: 8253: 8037: 7979: 7608: 7250: 7148: 6955: 6729: 6634: 6510: 6435: 5665: 5569: 4841: 4727: 4580: 4455: 4444: 4122: 3394: 2840: 2822: 2821:

anions. Caesium fluoride has the halite structure, which means that the Cs and F pack in a

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Schematics of an electrostatic ion thruster developed for use with caesium or mercury fuel

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are low-power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy. In the two-electrode

8: 11736: 11619: 11507: 8996: 6523: 6498: 5998:"Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12" 4860: 4852: 4763: 4662: 4375:

of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. The first accurate caesium clock was built by

4372: 4273: 4142: 4137:, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. From this mixture, the lithium was precipitated by 3345: 3155: 2972:

type. It vaporizes at 250 °C (482 °F), and decomposes to caesium metal and the

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Caesium salts have been evaluated as antishock reagents following the administration of

4316:. Aqueous solutions of caesium formate (HCOOCs)—made by reacting caesium hydroxide with 3360: 11748: 9838: 9795: 9598: 9440: 9346: 9320: 9097: 8557: 8531: 8504: 8269: 8170:. Time Service Department—U.S. Naval Observatory—Department of the Navy. Archived from 7970: 7345: 7060: 6971: 6750: 6717: 6689: 6567: 6544: 6467: 6425: 6234: 6209: 6022: 5997: 5981: 5933: 5688: 5509: 5228: 5185: 5170: 5154: 5130:. Caesium-137 became the primary source of radiation about 200 days after the accident. 5127: 4931: 4923: 4754: 4750: 4654: 4138: 3333: 3318: 3314: 2998:

at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F). In addition to the superoxide and the

2843:. Also called the "caesium chloride structure", this structural motif is composed of a 2490: 2466: 2418: 1999: 1876: 1614: 1519: 1294: 1288: 9864: 7835:. Vol. 5 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 749–764. 7002: 6662:

Moyer, Bruce A.; Birdwell, Joseph F.; Bonnesen, Peter V.; Delmau, Laetitia H. (2005).

6093: 3405:

ore bodies formed by this enrichment process. Because caesium does not substitute for

11850: 11785: 11722: 11607: 11602: 11566: 11473: 11041: 9846: 9799: 9758: 9723: 9676: 9637: 9555: 9520: 9516: 9432: 9390: 9350: 9291: 9254: 9219: 8925: 8884: 8845: 8806: 8718: 8681: 8623: 8584: 8508: 8070: 8023: 7903: 7836: 7651: 7626: 7577: 7536: 7391: 7262: 7227: 7194: 6975: 6861: 6830: 6805: 6755: 6675: 6601: 6548: 6536: 6528: 6459: 6451: 6392: 6333: 6292: 6261: 6239: 6142: 6112: 6027: 5960: 5862: 5835: 5824: 5644: 5612: 5481: 5444: 5417: 5386: 5358: 5261: 5224: 5201: 5200:

of caesium is −116 °C (−177 °F), and it ignites explosively in air to form

4927: 4767: 4704: 4688: 4540: 4536: 4488: 4165: 4090: 3893: 3857: 3817: 3719: 3686: 3375: 3337: 3310: 2830: 2739: 2666: 2512: 2287: 2275: 2042: 1764: 1755: 1526: 1435: 1425: 799: 9719: 9695: 9602: 9444: 9093:

In-FEEP Thruster Ion Beam Neutralization with Thermionic and Field Emission Cathodes

8561: 7064: 6967: 6471: 6313: 5692: 2184: 11936: 11896: 11802: 11773: 11764: 11710: 11701: 11676: 11664: 11551: 11515: 11497: 11105: 10810: 10639: 10468: 10387: 10306: 10279: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10049: 10022: 9959: 9830: 9787: 9715: 9668: 9633: 9590: 9547: 9512: 9475: 9424: 9338: 9246: 9196: 9039: 8974: 8742: 8655: 8549: 8496: 8461: 8396: 8304: 8273: 8261: 8244: 8205: 8204:. IADC/SPE Drilling Conference. Miami, Florida, USASociety of Petroleum Engineers. 8115: 8045: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7954: 7857: 7616: 7507: 7383: 7258: 7223: 7160: 7156: 7114: 7087: 7052: 7025: 6998: 6963: 6928: 6897: 6782: 6745: 6737: 6667: 6642: 6623:"Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum" 6518: 6443: 6325: 6229: 6221: 6089: 6017: 6009: 5976: 5968: 5797: 5680: 5524: 5453: 5350: 5297: 5205: 5162: 5143: 4908: 4776: 4692: 4684: 4564: 4506: 4389: 4347:

solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs.

4078: 4062: 3920: 3909: 3861: 3715: 2976: 2959: 2918:

More so than the other alkali metals, caesium forms numerous binary compounds with

2836: 2806: 2674: 2263: 2089: 2022: 1995: 1991: 1941: 1860: 1810: 1694: 1544: 1417: 1158: 70: 10130: 8746: 7387: 6905: 4779:

of the rock formations, which is analogous to the bulk density of the formations.

3243:

have half-lives of 30 and two years, respectively. Cs decomposes to a short-lived

2499:

The chemistry of caesium is similar to that of other alkali metals, in particular

11756: 11685: 11655: 11643: 11627: 11594: 11556: 11502: 11492: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 9551: 9156: 8878: 7713: 7436: 7349: 6497:

Sneed, D.; Pravica, M.; Kim, E.; Chen, N.; Park, C.; White, M. (1 October 2017).

5904: 5719: 5177:. The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum 5174: 4837: 4833: 4708: 4674: 4502: 4484: 4235: 4207: 4199: 3958: 3913: 3821: 3654: 3349: 3325:

is not feasible and the only current solution is to allow it to decay over time.

3322: 3306: 3002: 2860: 2852: 2826: 2795: 2709: 2581: 2136: 2066: 1707: 1474: 1405: 9986: 9122: 4798: 4086: 11797: 11561: 10170: 9342: 8026:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries". 6225: 6048:

Density of melts of alkali metals and their Na-K-Cs and Na-K-Rb ternary systems

5528: 5178: 5147: 4935: 4859:

spectrum. Caesium compounds may have been used as fuel additives to reduce the

4716: 4712: 4670: 4646: 4498: 4309: 4176:

the slightest trace of metallic substance"; as a result, they assigned it as a

3279: 3252: 3185: 2856: 2844: 2731: 2705: 2694: 2690: 2385:. It mixes with all the other alkali metals (except lithium); the alloy with a 2382: 2362: 2140: 1829: 1673: 1536: 1322: 1207: 204: 9899: 9479: 9428: 9407:

Melnikov, P.; Zanoni, L. Z. (June 2010). "Clinical effects of cesium intake".

9200: 8553: 8331: 8308: 7280:. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from 7056: 6329: 3781:

The sulfuric acid method yields the insoluble double salt directly as caesium

3352:. It is a ready marker of the movement of soil and sediment from those times. 11930: 11586: 11264: 8659: 8119: 7991: 7958: 7806: 7630: 7118: 6671: 6532: 6455: 6413: 6337: 6080:

Deiseroth, H. J. (1997). "Alkali metal amalgams, a group of unusual alloys".

5362: 5293: 5193: 4919: 4901: 4897: 4879: 4868: 4830:

thrusters that accelerate liquid metal ions such as caesium have been built.

4678: 4642: 4269: 4247: 4222:, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated 4172: 4082: 4074: 4066: 3690: 3662: 2938: 2735: 2727: 2682: 2520: 2504: 2458: 2333:). At temperatures below 650 °C (1,202 °F), it does not alloy with 2291: 2259: 2152: 2085: 2074: 2046: 2034: 2006: 1789: 1690: 1502: 1460: 1266: 1241: 1227: 1122: 969: 9962:

was created from a revision of this article dated 29 November 2010

8717:. Vol. 5 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 759. 5684: 5542: 11318: 11147: 10852: 10252: 10185: 10096: 10026: 9727: 9559: 9436: 8414: 7395: 6759: 6463: 6243: 6031: 6013: 5972: 5457: 5232: 5181:

because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly.

5150:, but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources. 4883: 4823: 4807: 4772: 4742: 4638: 4618: 4544: 4529: 4517:

widely used in mineral exploration and particle physics research to detect

4510: 4364: 4333: 4280: 4276: 4114: 3962: 3935: 3889: 3390: 3298: 3193: 2864: 2701: 2462: 2121: 2109: 2077:

of all elements whose radii have been measured or calculated, at about 260

2010: 1624: 1606: 1495: 1146: 1011: 878: 652: 10079: 9850: 9680: 9524: 8479:

Görlich, P. (1936). "Über zusammengesetzte, durchsichtige Photokathoden".

7644:

Kloprogge, J. Theo; Ponce, Concepcion P.; Loomis, Tom (18 November 2020).

5354: 5270:, a major radioactive contamination incident in 1987 involving caesium-137 5227:. Accumulation of caesium-137 in lakes has been a great concern after the 5096: 5044: 4117:, which had been invented by Bunsen and Kirchhoff only a year previously. 4058: 3332:

of originally more neutron-rich fission products, passing through various

2197: 11372: 11336: 11327: 11237: 11219: 11210: 10247: 9672: 8171: 5215: 5139: 5122: 5103: 4864: 4738: 4556: 4448: 4376: 4317: 4284: 4215: 3901: 3641: 3503: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3165: 2810: 2670: 2624: 2595:, but less so than the corresponding salts of lighter alkali metals. The 2592: 2516: 2508: 2470: 2299: 2251: 2101: 2062: 2054: 1902: 1053: 1025: 1018: 948: 934: 927: 8536: 8357: 8198:

Downs, J. D.; Blaszczynski, M.; Turner, J.; Harris, M. (February 2006).

7512: 7495: 7494:

Kase, Takeshi; Konashi, Kenji; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Hirao, Yasuo (1993).

7241:

Brown, F.; Hall, G. R.; Walter, A. J. (1955). "The half-life of Cs137".

7029: 6901: 6786: 5789:

Butterman, William C.; Brooks, William E.; Reese, Robert G. Jr. (2004).

5082: 3636:

The world's most significant and richest known source of caesium is the

11381: 11309: 11282: 11255: 10915: 10897: 10870: 10701: 10692: 10431: 9842: 9791: 9594: 9089: 8500: 8049: 7597:"Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust" 6932: 6741: 6447: 5343:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5244: 5089: 4459: 4385: 4231: 3966: 3897: 3637: 3626: 3483: 3414: 3329: 3290: 3248: 2923: 2771: 2554: 2342: 2239: 2105: 1920: 1895: 1866: 1060: 1004: 983: 962: 701: 687: 666: 538: 531: 332: 9043: 8465: 8400: 7581: 7533:

Nuclear engineering: theory and technology of commercial nuclear power

7091: 6921:

Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences, USSR Division of Chemical Science

6540: 6055: 5712: 5636:

The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information

4855:, such as the LUU-19 flare, because it emits much of its light in the 1551: 1246:

944 K (671 °C, 1240 °F)

11390: 11363: 11354: 11201: 11183: 11174: 11165: 10951: 10861: 10834: 10782: 10728: 10710: 10674: 10654: 10593: 10530: 10474: 10413: 10402: 10321: 10272: 10262: 10257: 9123:"Infrared illumination compositions and articles containing the same" 8265: 8209: 7131: 7105:

Brauer, G. (1947). "Untersuchungen ber das System Csium-Sauerstoff".

6857: 5639:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 5413: 5236: 5219: 5135: 5014: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4783: 4746: 4720: 4696: 4614: 4568: 4518: 4492: 4265: 4262: 3970: 3928: 3597: 3593: 3550: 3406: 3402: 3294: 3283: 3275: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3143: 2868: 2759: 2713: 2604: 2596: 2474: 2431: 2390: 2303: 2243: 2144: 2078: 2058: 2030: 1852: 1816: 1769: 1601: 1466: 1067: 1046: 1039: 920: 906: 899: 892: 729: 659: 638: 601: 559: 545: 517: 499: 455: 406: 362: 318: 309: 249: 11442: 9834: 9290:. London, United Kingdom: Roskill Information Services. p. 51. 9288:

Economics of Caesium and Rubidium (Reports on Metals & Minerals)

8103: 7412:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 28 June 2006. Archived from 6946:

Tokareva, S. A. (1971). "Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ozonides".

6391:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–955. 5322: 4129:, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. After conversion to the 3216:

studies can use this isotope at a resonating frequency of 11.7

2863:(NaCl) structure. The CsCl structure is preferred because Cs has an 11345: 11246: 11129: 11111: 11086: 11077: 11050: 11023: 10987: 10978: 10960: 10888: 10879: 10773: 10645: 10611: 10521: 10512: 10503: 10494: 10449: 10368: 10350: 10285: 9777: 9250: 5508:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

5471:"Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". 5055: 4912: 4874:

reconnaissance aircraft. Caesium and rubidium have been added as a

4856: 4849: 4815: 4700: 4650: 4629: 4476: 4462:

because caesium-based cathodes, such as the intermetallic compound

4161: 4069:(centre) discovered caesium with their newly invented spectroscope. 3905: 3682: 3658: 3645: 3630: 3383: 3139: 3016: 2973: 2818: 2747: 2562: 2535:

Ball-and-stick model of the cubic coordination of Cs and Cl in CsCl

2500: 2486: 2481:. However, a caesium-water explosion is often less powerful than a 2366: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2314: 2309: 2271: 2267: 2148: 2026: 2025:. Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of 1091: 1079: 1032: 955: 864: 850: 834: 827: 806: 785: 757: 750: 736: 680: 673: 594: 492: 469: 399: 392: 385: 378: 346: 286: 272: 224: 9538:

Rundo, J. (1964). "A Survey of the Metabolism of Caesium in Man".

9325: 9155:. Federation of American Scientists. 23 April 2000. Archived from 8575:

Haven, Mary C.; Tetrault, Gregory A.; Schenken, Jerald R. (1994).

6430: 5959:

Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).

4703:

ion. Caesium salts sometimes replace potassium or sodium salts in

4320:—were developed in the mid-1990s for use as oil well drilling and 3374:

Caesium is a relatively rare element, estimated to average 3

2469:. It is stored and shipped in dry, saturated hydrocarbons such as 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11300: 11291: 11273: 11228: 11156: 11138: 11068: 11014: 10996: 10969: 10942: 10924: 10906: 10746: 10719: 10683: 10665: 10629: 10620: 10602: 10584: 10483: 10422: 10312: 10267: 10139: 8957:

Timur, A.; Toksoz, M. N. (1985). "Downhole Geophysical Logging".

8795:. Vol. Bulletin 675. U.S. Bureau of Mines. pp. 133–138. 7281: 6718:"Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements" 5212: 5165:

in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD

4845: 4787: 4658: 4306: 4223: 4194: 4134: 4130: 4126: 3939: 3885: 3865: 3666: 3622: 3410: 3263: 3189: 3169: 3161: 2999: 2890: 2686: 2678: 2644: 2640: 2620: 2616: 2600: 2577: 2531: 2493: 2453:

Addition of a small amount of caesium to cold water is explosive.

2378: 2370: 2283: 2279: 2050: 1251: 997: 990: 976: 941: 885: 871: 820: 778: 764: 743: 722: 708: 694: 573: 552: 524: 510: 483: 476: 462: 448: 369: 325: 242: 9238: 8918:"Level and density measurement using non-contact nuclear gauges" 4206:

and Bunsen. In 1882, he produced caesium metal by electrolysing

3884:

Most of the mined caesium (as salts) is directly converted into

3328:

Almost all caesium produced from nuclear fission comes from the

2254:(where it is best kept during transport), it loses its metallic 2246:, pale metal, which darkens in the presence of trace amounts of 11192: 11120: 11005: 10933: 10843: 10825: 10791: 10755: 10737: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10440: 10393: 10359: 10341: 10296: 8765:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 7213: 6312:

Miao, Maosheng; Sun, Yuanhui; Zurek, Eva; Lin, Haiqing (2020).

5339: 4666: 4552: 4548: 4219: 3924: 3825: 3223: 3135: 2919: 2648: 2608: 2540: 2482: 2394: 2374: 2346: 2334: 2247: 2188:, meaning "bluish grey". In medieval and early modern writings 2125: 2097: 2018: 1233: 1106: 913: 857: 771: 715: 645: 631: 608: 580: 566: 434: 427: 420: 339: 302: 279: 265: 233: 28: 8760:"The material flow of radioactive cesium-137 in the U.S. 2000" 8227:

Flatern, Rick (2001). "Keeping cool in the HPHT environment".

7858:"Cesium formate fluid succeeds in North Sea HPHT field trials" 5383:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

5028: 3973:

to produce pure caesium metal without other gaseous products.

2413:, while CsHg is golden-coloured, also with a metallic lustre. 79: 11406: 11095: 10800: 10458: 10332: 10055: 8197: 5996:

Mewes, Jan-Michael; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (11 February 2021).

5958: 4819: 4610: 4560: 4522: 4458:

properties, converting light to electron flow. It is used in

4141:. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with 4094: 3943: 3649: 3440: 3217: 2612: 2558: 2478: 2322: 2231: 2226: 2205:; hence, an alternative but now old-fashioned orthography is 2038: 2014: 1983: 1236: (28.5 °C, 83.3 °F) 1220: 1186: 1098: 841: 615: 353: 258: 9285: 7718:"The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba: X. Pollucite" 7468:(Report). International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from 6353:"A Basic Rule of Chemistry Can Be Broken, Calculations Show" 4762:

of food, sewage sludge, and surgical equipment. Radioactive

4719:. Caesium has also been used in thermoluminescent radiation 4305:

The largest present-day use of nonradioactive caesium is in

4171:

From the caesium chloride, the two scientists estimated the

2847:

cubic lattice with a two-atom basis, each with an eightfold

2829:. Notably, caesium and fluorine have the lowest and highest 2580:

element and capable of forming higher fluorides with higher

2096:. The first small-scale applications for caesium were as a " 2092:

discovered caesium in 1860 by the newly developed method of

11059: 11032: 10575: 10539: 10377: 9812: 9177: 9057:

Sovey, James S.; Rawlin, Vincent K.; Patterson, Michael J.

7439:(Report). Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. 6661: 6414:"Caesium in high oxidation states and as a p-block element" 5547: 5184:

Caesium is one of the most reactive elements and is highly

4730:

can allow the accumulated radiation dose to be quantified.

4479:. The range of photoemissive devices using caesium include 4405: 3782: 3409:

as readily as rubidium does, the alkali evaporite minerals

3348:

and returned to the surface of the earth as a component of

3321:. Because of the low capture rate, disposing of Cs through 2790: 2779: 2656: 2652: 2338: 2326: 813: 792: 441: 413: 293: 88: 85: 10004: 8997:"Isotope Tracers Project – Resources on Isotopes – Cesium" 4355: 2774:

in solution. Because of its large size, Cs usually adopts

10764: 10179: 9310: 8880:

Radiation source use and replacement: abbreviated version

7622:

10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2

7493: 7077: 5231:. Experiments with dogs showed that a single dose of 3.8 4871: 3344:

in the 1950s through the 1980s, Cs was released into the

587: 52: 6884:

Tsai, Khi-Ruey; Harris, P. M.; Lassettre, E. N. (1956).

4609:. This technology is used primarily in the isolation of 4242:, catalysts for several organic reactions, crystals for 4113:. Caesium was the first element to be discovered with a 2794:

Monatomic caesium halide wires grown inside double-wall

2734:(CsAu) upon heating. The auride anion here behaves as a 8286: 5905:"C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table – Cesium" 5442:

Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions".

5204:

and various oxides. Caesium hydroxide is a very strong

4806:

Caesium and mercury were used as a propellant in early

4432: 4250:. Caesium is also used as a source of positive ions in 3685:

pollucite rock is dissolved with strong acids, such as

2155:

present a significant health and environmental hazard.

8999:. National Research Program – U.S. Geological Survey. 8145:

Strod, A. J. (1957). "Cesium—A new industrial metal".

7799:"Lithium, cesium, and rubidium—The rare alkali metals" 7496:"Transmutation of Cesium-137 Using Proton Accelerator" 5048: 2758:), contains the platinide ion that behaves as a pseudo 2730:

mixture of caesium and gold will react to form yellow

2489:

to accumulate. Caesium can be stored in vacuum-sealed

2120:

transition of neutral caesium-133 atoms to define the

10033: 9457: 8574: 5572:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 3596:. The only economically important ore for caesium is 3274:

is reduced in most reactors because the predecessor,

2738:. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding 2041:

even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It is the least

105: 82: 76: 11947:

Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure

8440:

Smedley, John; Rao, Triveni; Wang, Erdong (2009). "K

7831:

Burt, R. O. (1993). "Caesium and cesium compounds".

7643: 7303:

Ohki, Shigeo; Takaki, Naoyuki (14–16 October 2002).

6386: 5788: 5507: 9650: 9460:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

8713:Burt, R. O. (1993). "Cesium and cesium compounds". 8521: 7902:. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 198. 7437:

IEER Report: Transmutation – Nuclear Alchemy Gamble

7015: 6883: 6824: 6496: 5821: 4733: 4605:) useful in molecular biology for density gradient 4359:

Atomic clock ensemble at the U.S. Naval Observatory

4089:, Germany. Because of the bright blue lines in the 3386:, with which it is closely associated, chemically. 3121:. The latter may be heated in a vacuum to generate 91: 73: 9572: 9492: 8915: 7373: 7132:Busso, M.; Gallino, R.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1999). 6918: 6593: 5995: 5823: 5633:Coghill, Anne M.; Garson, Lorrin R., eds. (2006). 4160:. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with 2539:Most caesium compounds contain the element as the 8671: 6286: 5796:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 5595:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 5510:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 5276:, a Cs lost-source incident between 1980 and 1989 4669:. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of 4438: 2258:and takes on a duller, grey appearance. It has a 2168:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 11928: 9056: 7594: 6260:, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, p. 131, 5376: 5374: 5372: 2770:Like all metal cations, Cs forms complexes with 8715:Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology 7963:"Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen" 7953: 7833:Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology 7687:. Artemis Society International. Archived from 7685:"Cesium as a Raw Material: Occurrence and Uses" 7275: 7240: 6311: 5826:Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds 5071: 4475:, have a low threshold voltage for emission of 1559: = 616.2 pm (at 20 °C) 9753:Smith, Jim T.; Beresford, Nicholas A. (2005). 9752: 9406: 8924:. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 82–85. 8739:Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 8680:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. pp. 61–62. 8583:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 108. 8439: 7895: 7306:Transmutation of Cesium-135 with Fast Reactors 5902: 5603:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): 5264:, a caesium-137 contamination accident in 1998 4559:. Other uses of the metal include high-energy 2833:, respectively, among all the known elements. 11458: 10155: 8959:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8415:"Cesium Supplier & Technical Information" 6879: 6877: 6804:(5th ed.). Oxford Science Publications. 6382: 6380: 6378: 6172: 6170: 5632: 5369: 2182:. The element was named after the Latin word 1956: 1680: 'bluish grey', for its spectral colours 1596:205 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 1170: 9245:. National Academy Press. pp. 190–194. 9021: 8844:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 22–23. 8622:. Vol. 1. Academic Press. p. 391. 7855: 7712: 7269: 7043:Okamoto, H. (2009). "Cs-O (Cesium-Oxygen)". 6715: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6044: 5961:"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid" 5663: 4941: 4272:corresponding to the transition between two 3648:, Canada, estimated to contain 350,000 2958:crystals, and is the only oxide of the anti- 2108:. Caesium is widely used in highly accurate 2045:stable element, with a value of 0.79 on the 1494: 9889: 9746: 9216:Lockheed SR-71: the secret missions exposed 8956: 8378: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7567: 7193:. Princeton University Press. p. 527. 7141:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6829:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 318. 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5385:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 4624: 4395: 4210:, avoiding the problems with the chloride. 4098: 36:Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs) 11465: 11451: 10162: 10148: 9892:"IAEA director warns of 'dirty bomb' risk" 8241: 8101: 7302: 7243:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 6886:"The Crystal Structure of Cesium Monoxide" 6874: 6375: 6176: 6167: 6045:Taova, T. M.; et al. (22 June 2003). 5543:"NIST Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements" 5437: 5435: 5433: 5257:Caesium-137 § Incidents and accidents 4289:General Conference on Weights and Measures 4193:). In reality, the product was probably a 1963: 1949: 1732: 1725: 1550: 51: 9324: 9239:National Research Council (U.S.) (2001). 9213: 8535: 8062: 7801:. In Brobst, D. A.; Pratt, W. P. (eds.). 7620: 7595:Turekian, K. K.; Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). 7511: 7500:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 7045:Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 6825:Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, G. (1962). 6749: 6646: 6522: 6429: 6271: 6233: 6109:The chemistry of the liquid alkali metals 6079: 6021: 5980: 5858:The Chemistry of the Liquid Alkali Metals 5501: 5380: 2719:, are far more basic on the basis of the 2693:; however, a number of compounds such as 2298:of all stable metals other than mercury. 9970:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 9953: 9693: 8018: 8016: 7940: 7750: 7708: 7706: 7434: 6945: 6648:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015 6130: 6128: 5887: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5333: 5121: 4797: 4628: 4574: 4354: 4300: 4125:were precipitated either as sulfates or 4057: 3896:built a production plant in 1997 at the 3359: 3222: 2889: 2789: 2530: 2441: 2434:, one of them a dimer called dicaesium. 2430:Caesium exists in the form of different 2308: 2225: 11262: 9755:Chernobyl: Catastrophe and Consequences 9242:Energy research at DOE—Was it worth it? 8909: 8757: 8751: 8478: 8226: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8162: 8160: 7826: 7824: 7682: 7042: 6287:Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984). 6106: 5965:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5854: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5445:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 5430: 14: 11929: 11316: 11145: 10850: 9898:. Reuters. p. A15. Archived from 9618:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 8835: 8790: 7891: 7889: 7796: 7601:Geological Society of America Bulletin 7376:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 7188: 7104: 6818: 6716:Senga, Ryosuke; Suenaga, Kazu (2015). 6709: 6620: 5989: 5928: 5926: 5535: 5405: 4528:Caesium vapour is used in many common 3019:have also been studied. These include 2437: 2313:Caesium crystals (golden) compared to 2221: 2180:Webster's New International Dictionary 2069:, is extracted from waste produced by 11472: 11446: 11370: 11334: 11325: 11235: 11217: 11208: 10143: 9615: 9537: 9286:Roskill Information Services (1984). 8615: 8144: 8022: 8013: 7856:Benton, William; Turner, Jim (2000). 7703: 7526: 6988: 6982: 6853:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6799: 6503:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 6363:from the original on 22 November 2013 6350: 6207: 6134: 6125: 5940:from the original on 23 November 2021 5875:from the original on 8 September 2021 5664:Coplen, T. B.; Peiser, H. S. (1998). 5464: 5409:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3957:, which can be produced from aqueous 3678:decomposition, and direct reduction. 2457:Caesium metal is highly reactive and 1909: 1906: 1880: 1875: 1841: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1803: 1798: 11379: 11307: 11280: 11253: 10913: 10895: 10868: 10699: 10690: 10062: 9890:Charbonneau, Louis (12 March 2003). 9871:from the original on 10 October 2021 9371:from the original on 30 October 2020 9367:. Sigma-Aldrich. 26 September 2021. 8758:Okumura, Takeshi (21 October 2003). 8712: 8321: 8186: 8157: 8095: 7830: 7821: 7738:from the original on 10 October 2022 7535:. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. 7410:"Cesium | Radiation Protection" 7339:"20 Xenon: A Fission Product Poison" 7170:from the original on 10 October 2022 6849: 6411: 6189:from the original on 4 December 2017 5952: 5729: 4259:International System of Measurements 4248:magnetohydrodynamic power generators 4202:while working on his doctorate with 3820:component is converted to insoluble 3282:and frequently transmutes to stable 11388: 11361: 11352: 11199: 11181: 11172: 11163: 10949: 10859: 10832: 10780: 10726: 10708: 10672: 10652: 10591: 10528: 10429: 10411: 10400: 10319: 9496:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 8991: 8979:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.001531 8916:Loxton, R.; Pope, P., eds. (1995). 8421:from the original on 7 October 2023 7886: 7207: 7107:Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie 7080:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 6843: 6621:Jansen, Martin (30 November 2005). 5923: 5791:"Mineral Commodity Profile: Cesium" 5600:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry 5441: 4930:. It has a particularly convenient 4547:, caesium has a great affinity for 4218:, where it had two functions; as a 3892:. To supply the developing market, 3592:), and less in the more widespread 2813:white solid that is widely used in 2294:, 641 °C (1,186 °F), the 2166:is the spelling recommended by the 1364: 24: 11343: 11244: 11127: 11109: 11084: 11075: 11048: 11021: 10976: 10958: 10886: 10877: 10771: 10643: 10609: 10519: 10501: 10492: 10472: 10447: 10169: 10001:courtesy of The Royal Institution. 9940: 9267:from the original on 23 March 2016 8817:from the original on 29 April 2021 8324:"Where timing truly is everything" 8126:from the original on 27 April 2021 8108:Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 8009:from the original on 2 March 2016. 7763: 5576:from the original on 10 April 2016 5570:"IUPAC Periodic Table of Elements" 5399: 5323:"Standard Atomic Weights: Caesium" 5241:International Atomic Energy Agency 5208:, and will rapidly corrode glass. 5067: 4922:and used to probe fundamental and 4828:field-emission electric propulsion 4454:Caesium is also important for its 3965:. In vacuum applications, caesium 3934:The metal can also be isolated by 3888:(HCOOCs) for applications such as 2937:is the main product. The "normal" 2839:(CsCl) crystallizes in the simple 2561:. One noteworthy exception is the 2230:High-purity caesium-133 stored in 2216: 1446:2nd: 2234.3 kJ/mol 25: 11978: 11298: 11289: 11271: 11226: 11136: 11066: 11039: 11012: 10994: 10985: 10967: 10940: 10922: 10904: 10814: 10744: 10717: 10681: 10627: 10618: 10600: 10582: 10510: 10481: 10420: 10366: 10348: 10310: 10283: 9917: 9865:"Chinese 'find' radioactive ball" 9734:from the original on 4 April 2023 9409:Biological Trace Element Research 8938:from the original on 5 March 2024 8897:from the original on 5 March 2024 8858:from the original on 5 March 2024 8836:Bentel, Gunilla Carleson (1996). 8694:from the original on 5 March 2024 8636:from the original on 5 March 2024 8597:from the original on 5 March 2024 8083:from the original on 5 March 2024 8066:Colloids and the Ultra Microscope 7916:from the original on 5 March 2024 7549:from the original on 5 March 2024 6856:(87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 6597:Etching in microsystem technology 6389:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 6155:from the original on 5 March 2024 6138:CRC Handbook of Materials Science 6082:Progress in Solid State Chemistry 5911:from the original on 18 June 2015 5702:from the original on 21 May 2011. 5474:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 5412:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: 4093:, they derived the name from the 3502:O in the closely related mineral 2922:. When caesium burns in air, the 2750:compound, red caesium platinide ( 2389:distribution of 41% caesium, 47% 2132: 2009:55. It is a soft, silvery-golden 1443:1st: 375.7 kJ/mol 11190: 11154: 11118: 11003: 10931: 10841: 10823: 10753: 10735: 10663: 10564: 10555: 10546: 10391: 10294: 10122: 10105: 10088: 10071: 10043: 9952: 9883: 9857: 9806: 9771: 9700:Science of the Total Environment 9687: 9644: 9609: 9566: 9531: 9486: 9451: 9400: 9383: 9357: 9304: 9279: 9232: 9207: 9171: 9145: 9133:from the original on 8 July 2021 9115: 9083: 9050: 9024:Review of Scientific Instruments 9015: 9003:from the original on 8 July 2021 8985: 8950: 8870: 8829: 8799: 8791:Jensen, N. L. (1985). "Cesium". 8784: 7874:from the original on 6 July 2001 7664:from the original on 16 May 2024 7443:from the original on 30 May 2011 7435:Zerriffi, Hisham (24 May 2000). 6478:from the original on 9 July 2023 5406:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). 5274:Kramatorsk radiological accident 4980: 4975: 4938:requiring tunable interactions. 4826:launched in 1998. Nevertheless, 4786:studies analogous to those with 4734:Nuclear and isotope applications 4509:(CsF) crystals are employed for 4350: 3756:), or caesium hexachlorocerate ( 2409:is black with a purple metallic 1936: 1935: 1449:3rd: 3400 kJ/mol 1332: 69: 11093: 10798: 10789: 10456: 10438: 10357: 10339: 9720:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.024 8922:Instrumentation : A Reader 8731: 8706: 8672:Desai, Mohamed A., ed. (2000). 8665: 8648: 8609: 8568: 8515: 8472: 8433: 8407: 8372: 8354:"Resolution 1 of the 26th CGPM" 8346: 8315: 8280: 8235: 8220: 8138: 8056: 7928: 7849: 7803:United States mineral resources 7790: 7778:from the original on 8 May 2009 7676: 7637: 7588: 7561: 7520: 7487: 7455: 7428: 7402: 7367: 7344:. CANDU Fundamentals (Report). 7331: 7296: 7278:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides" 7234: 7182: 7125: 7098: 7071: 7036: 7009: 6968:10.1070/RC1971v040n02ABEH001903 6939: 6912: 6793: 6766: 6655: 6614: 6587: 6555: 6490: 6405: 6344: 6314:"Chemistry under high pressure" 6305: 6250: 6201: 6100: 6073: 6038: 5848: 5815: 5706: 5657: 5626: 5588: 5286: 4898:Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power 4295: 4252:secondary ion mass spectrometry 3828:, and the resulting product is 3188:caesium isotope is Cs, with 78 2721:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory 2473:. It can be handled only under 2209:. More spelling explanation at 2057:. Caesium is mined mostly from 1283:1938 K, 9.4 MPa 11057: 11030: 10573: 10537: 10375: 10330: 7899:Concise encyclopedia chemistry 7683:Rowland, Simon (4 July 1998). 7161:10.1146/annurev.astro.37.1.239 6991:Coordination Chemistry Reviews 6802:Structural Inorganic Chemistry 6524:10.1088/1742-6596/950/4/042055 6291:. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. 6208:C. A., Onate (18 March 2021). 5936:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 5934:"Chemical Data – Caesium – Cs" 5562: 5315: 4934:spectrum to enable studies of 4439:Electric power and electronics 4404:, is the SI unit of time. The 3176:) inside old stars and by the 2325:with the other alkali metals, 1430:Pauling scale: 0.79 13: 1: 10762: 8747:10.1002/047084289X.rc050.pub2 8678:Downstream processing methods 8029:Journal of Chemical Education 7971:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 7388:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.006 7018:Journal of Physical Chemistry 7003:10.1016/S0010-8545(97)00013-1 6890:Journal of Physical Chemistry 6094:10.1016/S0079-6786(97)81004-7 5907:. American Chemical Society. 5309: 5138:, excess caesium can lead to 4793: 4782:Caesium-137 has been used in 4481:optical character recognition 4238:tubes, optical components of 3672: 3355: 3258:The isotope Cs is one of the 2623:salts are water-soluble. Its 2425: 2131:Since the 1990s, the largest 2114:International System of Units 9992:The Periodic Table of Videos 9638:10.1016/0265-931X(96)89276-9 9552:10.1259/0007-1285-37-434-108 9540:British Journal of Radiology 9517:10.1016/0041-008X(75)90216-1 9127:United States Patent 6230628 8883:. National Academies Press. 8330:. p. B1. Archived from 8322:Reel, Monte (22 July 2003). 7896:Eagleson, Mary, ed. (1994). 7570:Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi 7527:Knief, Ronald Allen (1992). 7263:10.1016/0022-1902(55)80027-9 7228:10.1016/0277-5387(96)00018-6 6850:Lide, David R., ed. (2006). 6827:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6775:Journal of Organic Chemistry 5822:Heiserman, David L. (1992). 5480:(87th ed.). CRC press. 5294:Aulus Gellius Noctes Atticae 4381:National Physical Laboratory 3743:), caesium iodine chloride ( 3364:Pollucite, a caesium mineral 3015:, several brightly coloured 2765: 2526: 2274:(estimated at 27 °C ), 2174:(ACS) has used the spelling 7: 9867:. BBC News. 27 March 2009. 9214:Crickmore, Paul F. (2000). 8444:CsSb Cathode Development". 8063:Zsigmondy, Richard (2007). 6594:Köhler, Michael J. (1999). 5381:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 5250: 5218:and 137 are present in the 4431:when expressed in the unit 4369:electromagnetic transitions 4240:infrared spectrophotometers 3681:In the acid digestion, the 3309:, and the prime sources of 3286:before it can decay to Cs. 3260:long-lived fission products 3149: 2158: 1317:32.210 J/(mol·K) 1145:group 1: hydrogen and 10: 11983: 10661: 10490: 10409: 10328: 10292: 10194: 9995:(University of Nottingham) 9343:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1225 8842:Radiation therapy planning 8793:Mineral facts and problems 8581:Laboratory instrumentation 8446:AIP Conference Proceedings 8381:Journal of Applied Physics 8069:. Read books. p. 69. 7771:. U.S. Geological Survey. 6226:10.1038/s41598-021-85761-x 6135:Lynch, Charles T. (1974). 5347:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4904:turboelectric generators. 4775:devices for measuring the 4535:The element is used as an 4158:fractional crystallization 4081:discovered caesium in the 4053: 3824:by roasting the alum with 3367: 3214:nuclear magnetic resonance 3192:. Although it has a large 3153: 2785: 2744:tetramethylammonium auride 2519:than those of the lighter 2250:. When in the presence of 2133:application of the element 1265:when liquid (at 507: 375: 315: 255: 230: 26: 11957:Glycine receptor agonists 11480: 11404: 11104: 10809: 10638: 10467: 10386: 10305: 10278: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10177: 9480:10.1080/10934528109375003 9429:10.1007/s12011-009-8486-7 9393:and Wilson, B. J. (1966) 9313:Reviews of Modern Physics 9201:10.1016/j.tca.2006.04.002 9129:. Freepatentsonline.com. 8741:, John Wiley & Sons. 8554:10.1007/s00340-005-1773-x 8309:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105 8147:American Ceramic Bulletin 8102:Setterberg, Carl (1882). 7935:Oxford English Dictionary 7716:; Simpson, F. M. (1978). 7057:10.1007/s11669-009-9636-5 6600:. Wiley-VCH. p. 90. 6330:10.1038/s41570-020-0213-0 6289:Chemistry of the Elements 6141:. CRC Press. p. 13. 4956: 4951: 4942:Health and safety hazards 4621:from biological samples. 3393:, caesium is one of the " 3293:from Cs to Ba results in 2885: 2825:array as do Na and Cl in 2172:American Chemical Society 2049:. It has only one stable 1934: 1930: 1901: 1872: 1835: 1822: 1795: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1716: 1703: 1684: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1643: 1633: 1623: 1613: 1600: 1590: 1580: 1563: 1543: 1525: 1515: 1510: 1493: 1483: 1473: 1465:empirical: 265 1459: 1434: 1424: 1404: 1399: 1321: 1311: 1301: 1287: 1277: 1263: 1250: 1240: 1226: 1206: 1201: 1193: 1179: 1164: 1152: 1139: 1120: 1097: 210: 202: 198: 153: 137: 133: 125: 117: 64: 59: 50: 9395:The Radiochemical Manual 9391:The Radiochemical Manual 8660:10.1002/14356007.a06_153 8616:McGee, James D. (1969). 8120:10.1002/jlac.18822110105 7992:10.1002/andp.18611890702 7119:10.1002/zaac.19472550110 6948:Russian Chemical Reviews 6672:10.1007/1-4020-3687-6_24 6412:Miao, Mao-sheng (2013). 6318:Nature Reviews Chemistry 5830:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 5529:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 5280: 5198:autoignition temperature 5023:Precautionary statements 4625:Chemical and medical use 4435:, which is equal to s." 4396:Definition of the second 3856:Roasting pollucite with 3545:), up to 8.4 wt% Cs 3134:. Binary compounds with 2815:organofluorine chemistry 2361:. It forms well-defined 27:Not to be confused with 8289:Physical Review Letters 8000:2027/hvd.32044080591324 7153:1999ARA&A..37..239B 6107:Addison, C. C. (1984). 5903:Kaner, Richard (2003). 5855:Addison, C. C. (1984). 5713:OED entry for "caesium" 5685:10.1351/pac199870010237 4633:Caesium chloride powder 4314:extractive oil industry 4228:electrical conductivity 3498:), up to 15 wt% Cs 3342:nuclear weapons testing 2363:intermetallic compounds 2116:began using a specific 1986:spelling; also spelled 1586:35.9 W/(m⋅K) 1576:/K (at 20 °C) 10027:10.1002/ange.201500402 9948: 9924:Listen to this article 9218:. Osprey. p. 47. 9064:. NASA. Archived from 8838:"Caesium-137 Machines" 8481:Zeitschrift für Physik 8168:"Cesium Atoms at Work" 7797:Norton, J. J. (1973). 7189:Arnett, David (1996). 6256:Gray, Theodore (2012) 6014:10.1002/anie.202100486 5973:10.1002/anie.201906966 5724:New English Dictionary 5458:10.1002/anie.197905871 5131: 5078: 4803: 4687:enjoys a niche use in 4665:monomers, and various 4634: 4515:scintillation counters 4360: 4244:scintillation counters 4099: 4070: 3832:with water to yield a 3653:than 19% caesium. The 3549:O in the rare mineral 3365: 3228: 2954:) forms yellow-orange 2915: 2803: 2717:polar aprotic solvents 2536: 2454: 2318: 2235: 2178:since 1921, following 1592:Electrical resistivity 1499: 1307:63.9 kJ/mol 1259:1.886 g/cm 1181:Electron configuration 139:Standard atomic weight 9947: 9780:Physical Oceanography 9694:Vinichuk, M. (2010). 8417:. American Elements. 7725:Canadian Mineralogist 7276:Sonzogni, Alejandro. 6908:on 24 September 2017. 6860:. pp. 451, 514. 6800:Wells, A. F. (1984). 6722:Nature Communications 6582:Encyclopedia of Earth 5355:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5125: 5077: 4812:spacecraft propulsion 4801: 4677:in the production of 4632: 4575:Centrifugation fluids 4485:photomultiplier tubes 4445:thermionic generators 4358: 4301:Petroleum exploration 4123:alkaline earth metals 4061: 3657:pegmatite deposit in 3399:magma crystallization 3395:incompatible elements 3363: 3272:fission product yield 3226: 3184:explosions. The only 3160:Caesium has 41 known 2893: 2793: 2557:to a wide variety of 2534: 2452: 2312: 2229: 2192:was spelled with the 2073:. It has the largest 1498: 1273:1.843 g/cm 11967:Pyrophoric materials 9979:More spoken articles 9757:. Berlin: Springer. 9673:10.1039/AN9921700487 8813:. 17 December 2007. 8674:"Gradient Materials" 8577:"Internal Standards" 7319:on 28 September 2011 6666:. pp. 383–405. 6627:Solid State Sciences 6561:Hogan, C. M. (2011). 6509:(11, 2017): 042055. 6111:. Wiley. p. 7. 5718:5 March 2024 at the 5060:(fire diamond) 4890:alloys that contain 4842:pyrotechnic colorant 4728:photomultiplier tube 4133:and extraction with 3969:can be reacted with 3227:Decay of caesium-137 2841:cubic crystal system 2823:cubic closest packed 2776:coordination numbers 2278:(−39 °C ), and 1582:Thermal conductivity 1485:Van der Waals radius 1479:244±11 pm 1324:Vapour pressure 1303:Heat of vaporization 1255:(at 20° C) 10019:2015AngCh.127.8393R 9896:The Washington Post 9827:1972RadR...50..629R 9712:2010ScTEn.408.2543V 9665:1992Ana...117..487S 9630:1996JEnvR..30..139A 9587:1962PlSoi..17..221N 9509:1975ToxAP..32..239J 9472:1981JESHA..16..549P 9421:2010BTER..135....1M 9335:2010RvMP...82.1225C 9193:2006TcAc..445...36C 9036:2000RScI...71.1389M 8971:1985AREPS..13..315T 8546:2005ApPhB..80..645G 8493:1936ZPhy..101..335G 8458:2009AIPC.1149.1062S 8393:1964JAP....35.2589R 8328:The Washington Post 8301:1958PhRvL...1..105M 8258:1955Natur.176..280E 8216:on 12 October 2007. 8174:on 23 February 2015 8042:1932JChEd...9.1413W 7984:1861AnP...189..337K 7867:(May/June): 38–41. 7865:Drilling Contractor 7764:Polyak, Désirée E. 7613:1961GSAB...72..175T 7529:"Fission Fragments" 7513:10.3327/jnst.30.911 7475:on 15 February 2010 7348:Inc. Archived from 7255:1955PhRv...99..188W 7086:(33): 12360–12367. 7030:10.1021/j150537a023 6960:1971RuCRv..40..165T 6902:10.1021/j150537a022 6787:10.1021/jo01269a028 6734:2015NatCo...6.7943S 6639:2005SSSci...7.1464J 6515:2017JPhCS.950d2055S 6440:2013NatCh...5..846M 6357:Scientific American 6177:Clark, Jim (2005). 5621:Electronic version. 5619:. pp. 248–49. 4948: 4918:Caesium-133 can be 4764:isotopes of caesium 4745:commonly used as a 4663:methyl methacrylate 4617:and fractions, and 4607:ultracentrifugation 4460:photoelectric cells 4400:The second, symbol 4373:hyperfine structure 4232:photoelectric cells 4226:, it increased the 4156:) were obtained by 4143:chloroplatinic acid 3350:radioactive fallout 3156:Isotopes of caesium 3079:(dark-green), CsO, 2831:electronegativities 2438:Chemical properties 2419:plasmonic frequency 2222:Physical properties 2106:photoelectric cells 2084:The German chemist 1718:Isotopes of caesium 1649:0.14 MPa 1436:Ionization energies 1313:Molar heat capacity 1202:Physical properties 1194:Electrons per shell 47: 9949: 9902:on 5 December 2008 9815:Radiation Research 9792:10.1007/BF02197418 9595:10.1007/BF01376226 9181:Thermochimica Acta 8811:Medical News Today 8501:10.1007/BF01342330 8360:on 4 February 2021 8231:(February): 33–37. 8050:10.1021/ed009p1413 8024:Weeks, Mary Elvira 7346:CANDU Owners Group 6933:10.1007/BF00845494 6742:10.1038/ncomms8943 6570:on 25 October 2012 6448:10.1038/nchem.1754 6351:Moskowitz, Clara. 6214:Scientific Reports 5803:on 7 February 2007 5229:Chernobyl disaster 5171:potassium chloride 5155:median lethal dose 5132: 5128:Chernobyl disaster 5079: 4946: 4804: 4751:nuclear fuel cycle 4655:phthalic anhydride 4635: 4551:and is used as a " 4489:video camera tubes 4361: 4139:ammonium carbonate 4071: 3366: 3334:isotopes of iodine 3319:Chernobyl disaster 3315:spent nuclear fuel 3301:are the principal 3229: 2916: 2804: 2537: 2491:borosilicate glass 2467:hazardous material 2455: 2319: 2317:crystals (silvery) 2286:and not a metal. 2236: 2094:flame spectroscopy 1629:1.6 GPa 1619:1.7 GPa 1533:body-centred cubic 1516:Natural occurrence 1506: 1500: 1197:2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 1104: 1087: 39: 11952:Chemical elements 11924: 11923: 11474:Caesium compounds 11440: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11399: 11398: 10013:(28): 8393–8396. 10007:Angewandte Chemie 9987:Caesium or Cesium 9945: 9764:978-3-540-23866-9 9706:(12): 2543–2548. 9297:978-0-86214-250-6 9260:978-0-309-07448-3 9225:978-1-84176-098-8 9044:10.1063/1.1150468 8931:978-0-412-53400-3 8890:978-0-309-11014-3 8851:978-0-07-005115-7 8724:978-0-471-15158-6 8687:978-0-89603-564-5 8629:978-0-12-014528-7 8590:978-0-471-28572-4 8524:Applied Physics B 8466:10.1063/1.3215593 8401:10.1063/1.1713806 8252:(4476): 280–282. 8229:Offshore Engineer 8076:978-1-4067-5938-9 7909:978-3-11-011451-5 7842:978-0-471-48494-3 7657:978-0-12-821538-8 7542:978-1-56032-088-3 7222:(21): 3897–3903. 7200:978-0-691-01147-9 7092:10.1021/jp036432o 6836:978-0-471-84997-1 6811:978-0-19-855370-0 6681:978-1-4020-3364-3 6633:(12): 1464–1474. 6607:978-3-527-29561-6 6398:978-3-11-007511-3 6298:978-0-08-022057-4 6148:978-0-8493-2321-8 6061:on 9 October 2006 6008:(14): 7703–7709. 6002:Angewandte Chemie 5868:978-0-471-90508-0 5841:978-0-8306-3015-8 5650:978-0-8412-3999-9 5517:Chinese Physics C 5416:. p. 4.121. 5392:978-1-62708-155-9 5262:Acerinox accident 5202:caesium hydroxide 5119:Chemical compound 5117: 5116: 5005:Hazard statements 4768:radiation devices 4725: 4705:organic synthesis 4689:organic chemistry 4565:vapour glow lamps 4541:spectrophotometry 4537:internal standard 4322:completion fluids 4166:rubidium chloride 4091:emission spectrum 3938:of fused caesium 3894:Cabot Corporation 3858:calcium carbonate 3818:aluminium sulfate 3389:Due to its large 3376:parts per million 2740:caesium hydroxide 2667:Caesium hydroxide 2450: 2266:. The others are 1977: 1976: 1942:Category: Caesium 1926: 1925: 1602:Magnetic ordering 1565:Thermal expansion 1527:Crystal structure 1501: 1489:343 pm 1426:Electronegativity 1416:(a strongly 1400:Atomic properties 1394: 1393: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1102: 1085: 1075: 1074: 801:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 11974: 11916: 11906: 11880: 11732: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11444: 11443: 11409: 11408: 11395: 11393: 11386: 11384: 11377: 11375: 11368: 11366: 11359: 11357: 11350: 11348: 11341: 11339: 11332: 11330: 11323: 11321: 11314: 11312: 11305: 11303: 11296: 11294: 11287: 11285: 11278: 11276: 11269: 11267: 11260: 11258: 11251: 11249: 11242: 11240: 11233: 11231: 11224: 11222: 11215: 11213: 11206: 11204: 11197: 11195: 11188: 11186: 11179: 11177: 11170: 11168: 11161: 11159: 11152: 11150: 11143: 11141: 11134: 11132: 11125: 11123: 11116: 11114: 11100: 11098: 11091: 11089: 11082: 11080: 11073: 11071: 11064: 11062: 11055: 11053: 11046: 11044: 11037: 11035: 11028: 11026: 11019: 11017: 11010: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10992: 10990: 10983: 10981: 10974: 10972: 10965: 10963: 10956: 10954: 10947: 10945: 10938: 10936: 10929: 10927: 10920: 10918: 10911: 10909: 10902: 10900: 10893: 10891: 10884: 10882: 10875: 10873: 10866: 10864: 10857: 10855: 10848: 10846: 10839: 10837: 10830: 10828: 10821: 10819: 10805: 10803: 10796: 10794: 10787: 10785: 10778: 10776: 10769: 10767: 10760: 10758: 10751: 10749: 10742: 10740: 10733: 10731: 10724: 10722: 10715: 10713: 10706: 10704: 10697: 10695: 10688: 10686: 10679: 10677: 10670: 10668: 10659: 10657: 10650: 10648: 10634: 10632: 10625: 10623: 10616: 10614: 10607: 10605: 10598: 10596: 10589: 10587: 10580: 10578: 10571: 10569: 10562: 10560: 10553: 10551: 10544: 10542: 10535: 10533: 10526: 10524: 10517: 10515: 10508: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10488: 10486: 10479: 10477: 10463: 10461: 10454: 10452: 10445: 10443: 10436: 10434: 10427: 10425: 10418: 10416: 10407: 10405: 10398: 10396: 10382: 10380: 10373: 10371: 10364: 10362: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10344: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10324: 10317: 10315: 10301: 10299: 10290: 10288: 10180: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10134:from Wikiversity 10127: 10126: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10101: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10084: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10064: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10030: 9969: 9967: 9956: 9955: 9946: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9925: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9546:(434): 108–114. 9535: 9529: 9528: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9404: 9398: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9328: 9319:(2): 1225–1286. 9308: 9302: 9301: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9159:on 6 August 2010 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9070: 9063: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9030:(3): 1389–1400. 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8764: 8755: 8749: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8669: 8663: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8539: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8487:(5–6): 335–342. 8476: 8470: 8469: 8452:(1): 1062–1066. 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8387:(9): 2589–2600. 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8334:on 29 April 2013 8319: 8313: 8312: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8266:10.1038/176280a0 8239: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8212:. Archived from 8210:10.2118/99068-MS 8195: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8036:(8): 1413–1434. 8020: 8011: 8010: 8008: 7967: 7951: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7862: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7770: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7722: 7710: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7416:on 15 March 2011 7406: 7400: 7399: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7343: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7249:(4–5): 241–247. 7238: 7232: 7231: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7138: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7113:(1–3): 101–124. 7102: 7096: 7095: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6927:(6): 1040–1043. 6916: 6910: 6909: 6904:. Archived from 6881: 6872: 6871: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6781:(5): 1837–1839. 6770: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6566:. Archived from 6559: 6553: 6552: 6526: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6433: 6418:Nature Chemistry 6409: 6403: 6402: 6384: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6284: 6269: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6025: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5900: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5786: 5727: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5670: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5630: 5624: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5479: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5439: 5428: 5427: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5378: 5367: 5366: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5319: 5304: 5298:Nigidius Figulus 5290: 5268:Goiânia accident 5163:caesium chloride 5108: 5107: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5070: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5016: 5012: 4984: 4979: 4949: 4945: 4777:electron density 4723: 4685:Caesium fluoride 4604: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4592: 4581:trifluoroacetate 4491:. Nevertheless, 4474: 4472: 4471: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4390:caesium standard 4346: 4345: 4344: 4257:Since 1967, the 4192: 4190: 4189: 4155: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4079:Gustav Kirchhoff 4063:Gustav Kirchhoff 4046: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3921:Caesium chloride 3910:caesium chloride 3880: 3878: 3877: 3862:calcium chloride 3852: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3426: 3370:Caesium minerals 3270:. However, this 3268:nuclear reactors 3231:The radioactive 3211: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3168:(i.e. number of 3133: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3013: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2985: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2902: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2837:Caesium chloride 2807:Caesium fluoride 2796:carbon nanotubes 2757: 2746:. The analogous 2659:are also poorly 2638: 2637: 2636: 2582:oxidation states 2575: 2574: 2573: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2451: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2264:room temperature 2090:Gustav Kirchhoff 2071:nuclear reactors 2037:and reacts with 2023:room temperature 1996:chemical element 1992:American English 1965: 1958: 1951: 1939: 1938: 1917: 1912: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1863: 1849: 1844: 1813: 1806: 1781: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1712: 1699: 1695:Gustav Kirchhoff 1645:Brinell hardness 1575: 1573: 1554: 1545:Lattice constant 1511:Other properties 1415: 1406:Oxidation states 1372: 1368: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1328: 1270: 1256: 1217: 1216: 1172: 1132: 1131: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 944: 937: 930: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 541: 534: 527: 520: 513: 502: 495: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 372: 365: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 312: 305: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 252: 245: 236: 227: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 211: 186: 184: 177: 176: 173: 169: 166: 163: 149: 118:Alternative name 113: 108: 100: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 55: 48: 46: 38: 21: 11982: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11962:Reducing agents 11927: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11892: 11888: 11879: 11875: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11854: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11793: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11768: 11760: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11705: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11659: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11598: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11547: 11543: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11519: 11511: 11488: 11476: 11471: 11441: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11400: 11391: 11389: 11382: 11380: 11373: 11371: 11364: 11362: 11355: 11353: 11346: 11344: 11337: 11335: 11328: 11326: 11319: 11317: 11310: 11308: 11301: 11299: 11292: 11290: 11283: 11281: 11274: 11272: 11265: 11263: 11256: 11254: 11247: 11245: 11238: 11236: 11229: 11227: 11220: 11218: 11211: 11209: 11202: 11200: 11193: 11191: 11184: 11182: 11175: 11173: 11166: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11148: 11146: 11139: 11137: 11130: 11128: 11121: 11119: 11112: 11110: 11096: 11094: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11067: 11060: 11058: 11051: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11033: 11031: 11024: 11022: 11015: 11013: 11006: 11004: 10997: 10995: 10988: 10986: 10979: 10977: 10970: 10968: 10961: 10959: 10952: 10950: 10943: 10941: 10934: 10932: 10925: 10923: 10916: 10914: 10907: 10905: 10898: 10896: 10889: 10887: 10880: 10878: 10871: 10869: 10862: 10860: 10853: 10851: 10844: 10842: 10835: 10833: 10826: 10824: 10817: 10815: 10801: 10799: 10792: 10790: 10783: 10781: 10774: 10772: 10765: 10763: 10756: 10754: 10747: 10745: 10738: 10736: 10729: 10727: 10720: 10718: 10711: 10709: 10702: 10700: 10693: 10691: 10684: 10682: 10675: 10673: 10666: 10664: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10644: 10630: 10628: 10621: 10619: 10612: 10610: 10603: 10601: 10594: 10592: 10585: 10583: 10576: 10574: 10567: 10565: 10558: 10556: 10549: 10547: 10540: 10538: 10531: 10529: 10522: 10520: 10513: 10511: 10504: 10502: 10495: 10493: 10484: 10482: 10475: 10473: 10459: 10457: 10450: 10448: 10441: 10439: 10432: 10430: 10423: 10421: 10414: 10412: 10403: 10401: 10394: 10392: 10378: 10376: 10369: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10351: 10349: 10342: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10322: 10320: 10313: 10311: 10297: 10295: 10286: 10284: 10173: 10168: 10138: 10128: 10123: 10121: 10117:from Wikisource 10111: 10106: 10104: 10094: 10089: 10087: 10083:from Wiktionary 10077: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10063:sister projects 10060:at Knowledge's 10054: 10044: 10042: 10034: 9983: 9982: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9960:This audio file 9957: 9950: 9941: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9835:10.2307/3573559 9811: 9807: 9776: 9772: 9765: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9692: 9688: 9649: 9645: 9614: 9610: 9571: 9567: 9536: 9532: 9491: 9487: 9456: 9452: 9405: 9401: 9388: 9384: 9374: 9372: 9365:"Cesium 239240" 9363: 9362: 9358: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9261: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9212: 9208: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9071:on 29 June 2009 9068: 9061: 9055: 9051: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9004: 8990: 8986: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8932: 8914: 8910: 8900: 8898: 8891: 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8852: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8818: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8772:on 20 July 2011 8769: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8711: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8688: 8670: 8666: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8591: 8573: 8569: 8537:physics/0412011 8520: 8516: 8477: 8473: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8377: 8373: 8363: 8361: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8320: 8316: 8285: 8281: 8240: 8236: 8225: 8221: 8196: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8158: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8021: 8014: 8006: 7965: 7952: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7910: 7894: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7829: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7809:on 21 July 2010 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7762: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7720: 7711: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7593: 7589: 7576:(11): 843–850. 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7543: 7525: 7521: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7355:on 23 July 2011 7352: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7239: 7235: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7187: 7183: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7103: 7099: 7076: 7072: 7041: 7037: 7014: 7010: 6987: 6983: 6944: 6940: 6917: 6913: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6798: 6794: 6771: 6767: 6714: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6660: 6656: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6424:(10): 846–852. 6410: 6406: 6399: 6385: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6345: 6324:(10): 508–527. 6310: 6306: 6299: 6285: 6272: 6255: 6251: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6149: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6105: 6101: 6088:(1–2): 73–123. 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6039: 5994: 5990: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5901: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5787: 5730: 5720:Wayback Machine 5711: 5707: 5699: 5673:Pure Appl. Chem 5668: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5631: 5627: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5440: 5431: 5424: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5379: 5370: 5338: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5253: 5179:drilling fluids 5175:sodium chloride 5168: 5160: 5120: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5025: 5007: 4993: 4972: 4944: 4936:ultracold atoms 4928:quantum physics 4909:arsenical drugs 4861:radar signature 4834:Caesium nitrate 4796: 4736: 4675:sulfur trioxide 4627: 4611:viral particles 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4443:Caesium vapour 4441: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4409: 4398: 4379:in 1955 at the 4353: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4310:drilling fluids 4307:caesium formate 4303: 4298: 4236:photomultiplier 4208:caesium cyanide 4200:Carl Setterberg 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4056: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3959:caesium sulfate 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3886:caesium formate 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3822:aluminium oxide 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3675: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3372: 3358: 3323:neutron capture 3307:nuclear fission 3295:gamma radiation 3253:nuclear isomers 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3158: 3152: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2861:sodium chloride 2827:sodium chloride 2817:as a source of 2788: 2768: 2755: 2751: 2710:caesium hydride 2681:the surface of 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2587: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2555:binds ionically 2549: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2529: 2513:electropositive 2442: 2440: 2428: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2329:, and mercury ( 2270:(39 °C ), 2242:. It is a very 2224: 2219: 2217:Characteristics 2161: 2141:drilling fluids 2137:caesium formate 2112:. In 1967, the 2067:fission product 2043:electronegative 1969: 1944: 1915: 1910: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1859: 1847: 1842: 1809: 1804: 1779: 1772: 1765:abundance 1738: 1720: 1710: 1708:Carl Setterberg 1704:First isolation 1697: 1659:7440-46-2 1615:Young's modulus 1571: 1569: 1555: 1475:Covalent radius 1455: 1411: 1395: 1370: 1338: 1264: 1254: 1210: 1125: 1121: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 500: 493: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 370: 363: 354: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 310: 303: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 250: 243: 234: 225: 203:Caesium in the 194: 182: 180: 174: 171: 167: 164: 161: 159: 147: 141: 106: 102: 72: 68: 44: 40: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11980: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11486: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11447: 11438: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11387: 11378: 11369: 11360: 11351: 11342: 11333: 11324: 11315: 11306: 11297: 11288: 11279: 11270: 11261: 11252: 11243: 11234: 11225: 11216: 11207: 11198: 11189: 11180: 11171: 11162: 11153: 11144: 11135: 11126: 11117: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11092: 11083: 11074: 11065: 11056: 11047: 11038: 11029: 11020: 11011: 11002: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10948: 10939: 10930: 10921: 10912: 10903: 10894: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10858: 10849: 10840: 10831: 10822: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10761: 10752: 10743: 10734: 10725: 10716: 10707: 10698: 10689: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10660: 10651: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10626: 10617: 10608: 10599: 10590: 10581: 10572: 10563: 10554: 10545: 10536: 10527: 10518: 10509: 10500: 10491: 10489: 10480: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10455: 10446: 10437: 10428: 10419: 10410: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10374: 10365: 10356: 10347: 10338: 10329: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10293: 10291: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10171:Periodic table 10167: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10144: 10137: 10136: 10119: 10102: 10085: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10032: 10031: 10002: 9996: 9972: 9958: 9951: 9939: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918:External links 9916: 9914: 9913: 9882: 9856: 9821:(3): 629–648. 9805: 9770: 9763: 9745: 9686: 9659:(3): 487–491. 9643: 9624:(2): 139–171. 9608: 9581:(2): 221–242. 9575:Plant and Soil 9565: 9530: 9503:(2): 239–245. 9485: 9466:(5): 549–567. 9450: 9399: 9382: 9356: 9303: 9296: 9278: 9259: 9251:10.17226/10165 9231: 9224: 9206: 9170: 9153:"LUU-19 Flare" 9144: 9114: 9103:on 27 May 2010 9082: 9049: 9014: 8993:Kendall, Carol 8984: 8949: 8930: 8908: 8889: 8869: 8850: 8828: 8798: 8783: 8750: 8730: 8723: 8705: 8686: 8664: 8647: 8628: 8608: 8589: 8567: 8530:(6): 645–654. 8514: 8471: 8441: 8432: 8406: 8371: 8345: 8314: 8295:(3): 105–107. 8279: 8234: 8219: 8185: 8156: 8137: 8094: 8075: 8055: 8012: 7978:(7): 337–381. 7939: 7927: 7908: 7885: 7848: 7841: 7820: 7789: 7749: 7702: 7691:on 8 July 2021 7675: 7656: 7636: 7607:(2): 175–192. 7587: 7560: 7541: 7519: 7506:(9): 911–918. 7486: 7454: 7427: 7401: 7382:(1): 109–118. 7366: 7330: 7295: 7284:on 22 May 2008 7268: 7233: 7206: 7199: 7181: 7124: 7097: 7070: 7035: 7024:(3): 345–347. 7008: 6981: 6954:(2): 165–174. 6938: 6911: 6896:(3): 338–344. 6873: 6866: 6842: 6835: 6817: 6810: 6792: 6765: 6708: 6698:|journal= 6680: 6654: 6613: 6606: 6586: 6554: 6489: 6404: 6397: 6374: 6343: 6304: 6297: 6270: 6249: 6200: 6166: 6147: 6124: 6117: 6099: 6072: 6037: 5988: 5951: 5922: 5886: 5867: 5847: 5840: 5814: 5728: 5705: 5679:(1): 237–257. 5656: 5649: 5625: 5587: 5561: 5534: 5500: 5486: 5463: 5452:(8): 587–598. 5429: 5422: 5398: 5391: 5368: 5332: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5292:Bunsen quotes 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5166: 5158: 5148:cardiac arrest 5118: 5115: 5114: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5041:P305+P351+P338 5026: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4973: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4940: 4865:exhaust plumes 4836:is used as an 4795: 4792: 4735: 4732: 4717:polymerization 4713:esterification 4671:sulfur dioxide 4647:ethylene oxide 4626: 4623: 4613:, subcellular 4598: 4589: 4576: 4573: 4499:Caesium iodide 4468: 4440: 4437: 4414: 4397: 4394: 4363:Caesium-based 4352: 4349: 4341: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4186: 4152: 4148: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4020: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3951: 3874: 3847: 3838: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3771: 3762: 3749: 3737: 3728: 3708: 3699: 3674: 3671: 3663:Karibib Desert 3614: 3605: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3432: 3423: 3357: 3354: 3280:neutron poison 3278:, is a potent 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3127: 3115: 3106: 3094: 3085: 3072: 3060: 3051: 3038: 3025: 3008: 2991: 2982: 2965: 2947: 2931: 2908: 2899: 2887: 2884: 2877: 2787: 2784: 2767: 2764: 2753: 2732:caesium auride 2728:stoichiometric 2706:sodium hydride 2691:Arrhenius base 2683:semiconductors 2633: 2585: 2571: 2548: 2528: 2525: 2439: 2436: 2427: 2424: 2403: 2383:photosensitive 2321:Caesium forms 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2160: 2157: 2088:and physicist 1975: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1752:Main isotopes 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1503:Spectral lines 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1327: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1289:Heat of fusion 1285: 1284: 1281: 1279:Critical point 1275: 1274: 1271: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1095: 1094: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 847: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 621: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 506: 504: 497: 489: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 374: 367: 359: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 316: 314: 307: 299: 298: 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 254: 247: 239: 238: 231: 229: 219: 208: 207: 205:periodic table 200: 199: 196: 195: 193: 192: 178: 156: 154: 151: 150: 145: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 42: 41:Caesium, 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11979: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11942:Alkali metals 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11917: 11909: 11907: 11895: 11893: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11871: 11857: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11784: 11782: 11772: 11770: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11747: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11721: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11700: 11698: 11684: 11682: 11675: 11673: 11663: 11661: 11654: 11652: 11642: 11640: 11626: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11593: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11573: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11526: 11524: 11514: 11512: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11475: 11468: 11463: 11461: 11456: 11454: 11449: 11448: 11445: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11403: 11394: 11385: 11376: 11367: 11358: 11349: 11340: 11331: 11322: 11313: 11304: 11295: 11286: 11277: 11268: 11259: 11250: 11241: 11232: 11223: 11214: 11205: 11196: 11187: 11178: 11169: 11160: 11151: 11142: 11133: 11124: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11090: 11081: 11072: 11063: 11054: 11045: 11036: 11027: 11018: 11009: 11000: 10991: 10982: 10973: 10964: 10955: 10946: 10937: 10928: 10919: 10910: 10901: 10892: 10883: 10874: 10865: 10856: 10847: 10838: 10829: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10795: 10786: 10777: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10741: 10732: 10723: 10714: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10678: 10669: 10658: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10624: 10615: 10606: 10597: 10588: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10487: 10478: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10453: 10444: 10435: 10426: 10417: 10406: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10372: 10363: 10354: 10345: 10336: 10325: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10160: 10158: 10153: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10142: 10133: 10132: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10059: 10051: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9961: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9774: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9307: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9227: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9086: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8794: 8787: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8375: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8153:(6): 212–213. 8152: 8148: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7955:Kirchhoff, G. 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7937:, 2nd Edition 7936: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7892: 7890: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7825: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7471: 7464: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7315: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6878: 6869: 6867:0-8493-0487-3 6863: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6703: 6691: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6266:1-57912-895-5 6263: 6259: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6179:"Flame Tests" 6173: 6171: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6118:9780471905080 6114: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6057: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5818: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5618: 5617:0-85404-438-8 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5523:(3): 030001. 5522: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5489: 5487:0-8493-0487-3 5483: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5423:1-4398-5511-0 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192:It is highly 5190: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:technological 4921: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4902:Rankine cycle 4899: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869:Lockheed A-12 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857:near infrared 4854: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810:designed for 4809: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760:sterilization 4756: 4753:, and having 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4680: 4679:sulfuric acid 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643:anthraquinone 4640: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4619:nucleic acids 4616: 4612: 4608: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4567:, and vapour 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545:alkali metals 4543:. Like other 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4530:magnetometers 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511:scintillators 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4461: 4457: 4456:photoemissive 4452: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4365:atomic clocks 4357: 4351:Atomic clocks 4348: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277:energy levels 4275: 4271: 4270:spectral line 4267: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4179: 4174: 4173:atomic weight 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083:mineral water 4080: 4076: 4075:Robert Bunsen 4068: 4067:Robert Bunsen 4064: 4060: 4051: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3784: 3779: 3721: 3717: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3599: 3595: 3552: 3505: 3485: 3442: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3380:Earth's crust 3377: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:radioactivity 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164:, ranging in 3163: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3100:, as well as 3018: 3014: 3001: 2997: 2975: 2971: 2957: 2940: 2939:caesium oxide 2925: 2921: 2892: 2883: 2882:181 pm. 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:pseudohalogen 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:-butyllithium 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2677:. It rapidly 2676: 2673:and strongly 2672: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2521:alkali metals 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:alkali metals 2460: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292:boiling point 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:melting point 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170:(IUPAC). The 2169: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2153:radioisotopes 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2124:of time, the 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:atomic clocks 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086:Robert Bunsen 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075:atomic radius 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:Pauling scale 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:atomic number 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1970: | 1966: 1961: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1843:2.0648 y 1834: 1831: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1790:product 1788: 1786: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1691:Robert Bunsen 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1635:Mohs hardness 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461:Atomic radius 1458: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1242:Boiling point 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1228:Melting point 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159:period 6 1157: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147:alkali metals 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1123:Atomic number 1119: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1081: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 973: 971:Rutherfordium 968: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 917: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 848: 845: 840: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 761: 756: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 623: 622: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 600: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 384: 382: 377: 373: 368: 366: 361: 360: 357: 352: 350: 345: 343: 338: 336: 331: 329: 324: 322: 317: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 241: 240: 237: 232: 228: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 213: 209: 206: 201: 197: 190: 179: 158: 157: 155: 152: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 110: 96: 67: 65:Pronunciation 63: 58: 54: 49: 34: 30: 19: 10816: 10129: 10112: 10100:from Commons 10095: 10078: 10057: 10010: 10006: 9990: 9904:. Retrieved 9900:the original 9895: 9885: 9873:. Retrieved 9859: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9786:(1): 57–64. 9783: 9779: 9773: 9754: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9703: 9699: 9689: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9621: 9617: 9611: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9415:(1–3): 1–9. 9412: 9408: 9402: 9394: 9385: 9373:. Retrieved 9359: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9287: 9281: 9271:26 September 9269:. Retrieved 9241: 9234: 9215: 9209: 9187:(1): 36–39. 9184: 9180: 9173: 9161:. Retrieved 9157:the original 9147: 9135:. Retrieved 9126: 9117: 9105:. Retrieved 9098:the original 9092: 9085: 9073:. Retrieved 9066:the original 9052: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9005:. Retrieved 8987: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8940:. Retrieved 8921: 8911: 8899:. Retrieved 8879: 8872: 8862:26 September 8860:. Retrieved 8841: 8831: 8819:. Retrieved 8810: 8801: 8792: 8786: 8774:. Retrieved 8767:the original 8753: 8738: 8733: 8714: 8708: 8696:. Retrieved 8677: 8667: 8650: 8638:. Retrieved 8618: 8611: 8599:. 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Retrieved 5798:the original 5723: 5708: 5676: 5672: 5659: 5635: 5628: 5598: 5590: 5578:. Retrieved 5564: 5552:. Retrieved 5546: 5537: 5520: 5516: 5503: 5493:26 September 5491:. Retrieved 5473: 5466: 5449: 5443: 5407: 5401: 5382: 5346: 5335: 5317: 5301: 5288: 5210: 5191: 5183: 5152: 5146:, and acute 5133: 5056: 4996: 4958: 4926:problems in 4920:laser cooled 4917: 4906: 4896: 4884:night vision 4880:fibre optics 4832: 4824:Deep Space 1 4805: 4781: 4773:well logging 4743:radioisotope 4737: 4683: 4639:acrylic acid 4636: 4578: 4557:vacuum tubes 4534: 4527: 4497: 4453: 4442: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4362: 4334:zinc bromide 4326: 4304: 4296:Applications 4281:ground state 4256: 4216:vacuum tubes 4212: 4170: 4119: 4115:spectroscope 4072: 4049: 3963:barium azide 3936:electrolysis 3933: 3918: 3890:oil drilling 3883: 3855: 3780: 3720:hydrofluoric 3687:hydrochloric 3680: 3676: 3635: 3391:ionic radius 3388: 3373: 3327: 3305:products of 3303:medium-lived 3288: 3266:produced in 3257: 3230: 3194:nuclear spin 3159: 3146:also exist. 2917: 2867:of 174 2865:ionic radius 2849:coordination 2835: 2805: 2769: 2725: 2702:sodium amide 2695: 2665: 2625:double salts 2590: 2538: 2511:and is more 2498: 2456: 2429: 2415: 2381:, which are 2320: 2237: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2163: 2162: 2135:has been as 2130: 2102:vacuum tubes 2083: 2011:alkali metal 2002: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1911:30.17 y 1774: 1711: (1882) 1698: (1860) 1677: 1625:Bulk modulus 1607:paramagnetic 1556: 1535:(bcc) ( 1412: 1365: 1333: 1323: 1127: 1013:Darmstadtium 880:Protactinium 654:Praseodymium 624: 142: 33: 10080:Definitions 9375:21 December 9163:12 December 9075:12 December 8965:: 315–344. 8821:15 February 8776:20 December 8364:29 December 8178:20 December 8114:: 100–116. 7731:: 325–333. 7714:Černý, Petr 7695:15 February 7479:18 February 7447:15 February 7420:15 February 7174:20 February 7147:: 239–309. 6997:: 253–270. 6564:"Phosphate" 6367:22 November 6220:(1): 6198. 5915:25 February 5807:27 December 5245:dirty bombs 5233:millicuries 5140:hypokalemia 4991:Signal word 4808:ion engines 4739:Caesium-137 4709:cyclization 4505:(CsBr) and 4449:vacuum tube 4386:nanoseconds 4377:Louis Essen 4318:formic acid 4287:. The 13th 4285:caesium-133 4178:subchloride 4108:bluish grey 4065:(left) and 3902:Bernic Lake 3716:hydrobromic 3650:metric tons 3642:Bernic Lake 3504:pezzottaite 3166:mass number 2811:hygroscopic 2809:(CsF) is a 2772:Lewis bases 2671:hygroscopic 2593:hygroscopic 2517:less "hard" 2509:atomic mass 2471:mineral oil 2300:Copernicium 2252:mineral oil 2063:Caesium-137 2055:caesium-133 2021:at or near 1358:100 k 1232:301.7 1055:Livermorium 1027:Copernicium 1020:Roentgenium 950:Mendelevium 936:Einsteinium 929:Californium 121:cesium (US) 11931:Categories 9975:Audio help 9966:2010-11-29 9931:hours and 9875:25 January 9738:30 October 9397:(2nd ed.). 9389:Data from 9137:25 January 9107:25 January 9007:25 January 8901:11 October 8425:25 January 8338:26 January 8087:11 October 7959:Bunsen, R. 7782:17 October 7216:Polyhedron 6193:29 January 5580:2 February 5310:References 5296:II, 26 by 5235:(140 5225:sporocarps 5194:pyrophoric 5169:values of 5144:arrhythmia 4970:Pictograms 4794:Other uses 4784:hydrologic 4707:, such as 4699:source of 4695:and as an 4615:organelles 4569:rectifiers 4103:, meaning 3967:dichromate 3898:Tanco mine 3853:solution. 3718:(HBr), or 3673:Production 3638:Tanco Mine 3627:lepidolite 3625:minerals, 3484:avogadrite 3415:carnallite 3413:(KCl) and 3397:". During 3368:See also: 3356:Occurrence 3346:atmosphere 3330:beta decay 3291:beta decay 3249:beta decay 2924:superoxide 2669:(CsOH) is 2584:(i.e., CsF 2477:, such as 2459:pyrophoric 2432:allotropes 2426:Allotropes 2393:, and 12% 2343:molybdenum 2211:ae/oe vs e 2122:basic unit 2079:picometers 2035:pyrophoric 1972:references 1805:9.7 d 1655:CAS Number 1520:primordial 1505:of caesium 1355:10 k 1293:2.09 1062:Tennessine 1006:Meitnerium 985:Seaborgium 964:Lawrencium 703:Dysprosium 689:Gadolinium 668:Promethium 540:Technetium 533:Molybdenum 334:Phosphorus 148:°(Cs) 126:Appearance 10131:Resources 10050:Chemistry 9800:127482742 9351:118340314 9326:0812.1496 8509:121613539 8130:25 August 7631:0016-7606 7051:: 86–87. 6976:250883291 6858:CRC Press 6700:ignored ( 6690:cite book 6549:102912809 6533:1742-6588 6456:1755-4349 6431:1212.6290 6338:2397-3358 6183:chemguide 5861:. Wiley. 5414:CRC Press 5363:1365-3075 5220:biosphere 5186:explosive 5136:potassium 5045:P370+P378 5033:P231+P232 4961:labelling 4892:magnesium 4888:aluminium 4876:carbonate 4721:dosimetry 4697:anhydrous 4493:germanium 4483:devices, 4477:electrons 4274:hyperfine 4266:frequency 4263:microwave 4246:, and in 4195:colloidal 4073:In 1860, 3971:zirconium 3929:magnesium 3598:pollucite 3594:rhodizite 3551:londonite 3407:potassium 3403:pegmatite 3182:supernova 3178:R-process 3174:S-process 3144:tellurium 3017:suboxides 2956:hexagonal 2845:primitive 2800:TEM image 2766:Complexes 2760:chalcogen 2714:anhydrous 2605:carbonate 2597:phosphate 2527:Compounds 2475:inert gas 2391:potassium 2304:flerovium 2145:half-life 2118:hyperfine 2059:pollucite 2031:potassium 2017:that are 1998:; it has 1886:10 y 1770:half-life 1686:Discovery 1672:from 1639:0.2 1352:1 k 1069:Oganesson 1048:Moscovium 1041:Flerovium 922:Berkelium 908:Americium 901:Plutonium 894:Neptunium 731:Ytterbium 661:Neodymium 640:Lanthanum 603:Tellurium 561:Palladium 547:Ruthenium 519:Zirconium 501:Strontium 457:Germanium 408:Manganese 364:Potassium 320:Aluminium 311:Magnesium 251:Beryllium 129:pale gold 9977: · 9906:28 April 9869:Archived 9732:Archived 9728:20334900 9603:10293954 9560:14120787 9445:19186683 9437:19655100 9369:Archived 9265:Archived 9131:Archived 9001:Archived 8936:Archived 8895:Archived 8856:Archived 8815:Archived 8692:Archived 8634:Archived 8595:Archived 8562:36065775 8419:Archived 8124:Archived 8081:Archived 8004:Archived 7961:(1861). 7914:Archived 7869:Archived 7773:Archived 7766:"Cesium" 7733:Archived 7662:Archived 7547:Archived 7441:Archived 7396:17869392 7165:Archived 7065:96084147 6760:26228378 6728:: 7943. 6476:Archived 6472:38839337 6464:24056341 6361:Archived 6244:33737625 6187:Archived 6153:Archived 6032:33576164 5938:Archived 5909:Archived 5873:Archived 5716:Archived 5697:Archived 5693:96729044 5597:(2005). 5574:Archived 5554:13 March 5251:See also 5213:isotopes 5057:NFPA 704 4952:Hazards 4947:Caesium 4932:Feshbach 4913:epilepsy 4850:infrared 4844:to burn 4838:oxidizer 4816:tungsten 4701:fluoride 4651:methanol 4507:fluoride 4367:use the 4312:for the 4254:(SIMS). 4162:hydrogen 4131:nitrates 4127:oxalates 4087:Dürkheim 3906:Manitoba 3691:sulfuric 3683:silicate 3659:Zimbabwe 3646:Manitoba 3631:petalite 3555:(Cs,K)Al 3488:(K,Cs)BF 3384:rubidium 3190:neutrons 3170:nucleons 3162:isotopes 3150:Isotopes 3140:selenium 2974:peroxide 2819:fluoride 2780:softness 2748:platinum 2685:such as 2553:, which 2501:rubidium 2494:ampoules 2487:hydrogen 2367:antimony 2359:tungsten 2355:tantalum 2351:platinum 2331:amalgams 2315:rubidium 2272:francium 2268:rubidium 2194:ligature 2159:Spelling 2033:. It is 2027:rubidium 1363:at 1211:at 1189:] 6s 1034:Nihonium 957:Nobelium 866:Actinium 852:Francium 836:Astatine 829:Polonium 808:Thallium 787:Platinum 759:Tungsten 752:Tantalum 738:Lutetium 682:Europium 675:Samarium 596:Antimony 494:Rubidium 471:Selenium 401:Chromium 394:Vanadium 387:Titanium 380:Scandium 348:Chlorine 288:Fluorine 274:Nitrogen 226:Hydrogen 189:abridged 11937:Caesium 11428:p-block 11423:d-block 11418:f-block 11413:s-block 10058:Caesium 10015:Bibcode 9964: ( 9935:minutes 9851:5030090 9843:3573559 9823:Bibcode 9708:Bibcode 9681:1580386 9661:Bibcode 9653:Analyst 9626:Bibcode 9583:Bibcode 9525:1154391 9505:Bibcode 9468:Bibcode 9417:Bibcode 9331:Bibcode 9189:Bibcode 9032:Bibcode 8967:Bibcode 8542:Bibcode 8489:Bibcode 8454:Bibcode 8389:Bibcode 8297:Bibcode 8274:4191481 8254:Bibcode 8038:Bibcode 7980:Bibcode 7609:Bibcode 7582:5714707 7251:Bibcode 7149:Bibcode 6956:Bibcode 6751:4532884 6730:Bibcode 6635:Bibcode 6574:17 June 6541:1409108 6511:Bibcode 6482:29 July 6436:Bibcode 6235:7973739 6023:8048430 5982:6916354 5726:, 1888. 5329:. 2013. 4867:in the 4846:silicon 4788:tritium 4667:olefins 4659:styrene 4503:bromide 4501:(CsI), 4384:2 4371:in the 4279:of the 4268:of the 4224:cathode 4147:(Cs,Rb) 4135:ethanol 4100:caesius 4054:History 3940:cyanide 3914:nitrate 3866:ammonia 3830:leached 3816:). The 3787:CsAl(SO 3689:(HCl), 3667:Namibia 3623:lithium 3601:Cs(AlSi 3411:sylvite 3378:in the 3264:uranium 3210:⁠ 3198:⁠ 3000:ozonide 2914:cluster 2786:Halides 2687:silicon 2661:soluble 2645:cadmium 2641:bismuth 2621:sulfate 2617:nitrate 2609:halides 2601:acetate 2578:p-block 2565:anion ( 2563:caeside 2379:thorium 2371:gallium 2288:Mercury 2284:halogen 2280:gallium 2276:mercury 2244:ductile 2190:caesius 2185:caesius 2164:Caesium 2104:and in 2051:isotope 1994:) is a 1980:Caesium 1678:caesius 1664:History 1252:Density 1174:s-block 1103:caesium 999:Hassium 992:Bohrium 978:Dubnium 943:Fermium 887:Uranium 873:Thorium 822:Bismuth 780:Iridium 766:Rhenium 745:Hafnium 724:Thulium 710:Holmium 696:Terbium 626:Caesium 575:Cadmium 554:Rhodium 526:Niobium 512:Yttrium 485:Krypton 478:Bromine 464:Arsenic 450:Gallium 371:Calcium 327:Silicon 244:Lithium 187: ( 160:132.905 109:-zee-əm 101: 60:Caesium 11889:AgBiBr 10036:Portal 9849: 9841: 9798: 9761: 9726: 9679: 9601: 9558: 9523: 9443: 9435: 9349: 9294: 9257: 9222: 8928: 8887: 8848: 8721: 8684: 8626: 8587: 8560: 8507: 8272: 8245:Nature 8073: 7906: 7839: 7668:16 May 7654: 7629: 7580: 7539: 7394: 7288:6 June 7197: 7063: 6974: 6864: 6833: 6808: 6758: 6748: 6678: 6604: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6395: 6336: 6295: 6264: 6242: 6232: 6145: 6115: 6030: 6020: 5979: 5865: 5838: 5834:–203. 5691: 5647: 5615: 5484: 5420: 5389: 5361: 5196:: the 5161:) for 4997:Danger 4853:flares 4715:, and 4561:lasers 4553:getter 4549:oxygen 4487:, and 4330:barrel 4220:getter 4204:Kekulé 3925:barium 3826:carbon 3655:Bikita 3573:(B,Be) 3482:) and 3186:stable 3142:, and 3136:sulfur 2920:oxygen 2886:Oxides 2679:etches 2655:, and 2649:copper 2629:CsSbCl 2619:, and 2559:anions 2541:cation 2483:sodium 2411:lustre 2395:sodium 2377:, and 2375:indium 2347:nickel 2335:cobalt 2323:alloys 2296:lowest 2256:lustre 2248:oxygen 2207:cæsium 2203:cæsius 2176:cesium 2126:second 2098:getter 2019:liquid 2015:metals 2000:symbol 1988:cesium 1940: 1907:synth 1839:synth 1830:stable 1669:Naming 1609: 1469: 1452: 1420:oxide) 1369: 1337: 1297: 1295:kJ/mol 1171: 1154:Period 1107:barium 915:Curium 859:Radium 773:Osmium 717:Erbium 647:Cerium 633:Barium 610:Iodine 582:Indium 568:Silver 436:Copper 429:Nickel 422:Cobalt 341:Sulfur 304:Sodium 281:Oxygen 267:Carbon 235:Helium 181:132.91 99: 29:cerium 18:Cesium 11912:AlCsF 11876:CsXeF 11851:CsHSO 11827:CsTcO 11819:CsMnO 11620:CsHCO 11575:CsLiB 11508:CsClO 10114:Texts 10097:Media 9839:JSTOR 9796:S2CID 9599:S2CID 9441:S2CID 9347:S2CID 9321:arXiv 9101:(PDF) 9069:(PDF) 9062:(PDF) 8942:8 May 8770:(PDF) 8763:(PDF) 8698:8 May 8640:8 May 8601:8 May 8558:S2CID 8532:arXiv 8505:S2CID 8270:S2CID 8007:(PDF) 7966:(PDF) 7920:8 May 7872:(PDF) 7861:(PDF) 7776:(PDF) 7769:(PDF) 7736:(PDF) 7721:(PDF) 7553:8 May 7473:(PDF) 7466:(PDF) 7353:(PDF) 7342:(PDF) 7317:(PDF) 7310:(PDF) 7168:(PDF) 7137:(PDF) 7061:S2CID 6972:S2CID 6545:S2CID 6468:S2CID 6426:arXiv 6159:8 May 6059:(PDF) 6052:(PDF) 5801:(PDF) 5794:(PDF) 5700:(PDF) 5689:S2CID 5669:(PDF) 5609:IUPAC 5513:(PDF) 5478:(PDF) 5327:CIAAW 5281:Notes 4820:xenon 4747:gamma 4741:is a 4724:(TLD) 4691:as a 4673:into 4555:" in 4523:X-ray 4519:gamma 4097:word 4095:Latin 4085:from 3944:azide 3900:near 3767:(CeCl 3517:Li)Al 3508:Cs(Be 3441:beryl 3419:KMgCl 3338:xenon 3313:from 2675:basic 2613:oxide 2479:argon 2387:molar 2365:with 2357:, or 2232:argon 2149:toxic 2100:" in 2039:water 1984:IUPAC 1877:trace 1826:100% 1800:synth 1756:Decay 1676: 1674:Latin 1418:basic 1221:solid 1208:Phase 1185:[ 1166:Block 1141:Group 1099:xenon 843:Radon 617:Xenon 355:Argon 260:Boron 170:0.000 11798:CsAu 11603:CsOH 11595:CsNO 11503:CsCN 11498:CsCl 11493:CsBr 11485:CsBi 9908:2010 9877:2010 9847:PMID 9759:ISBN 9740:2017 9724:PMID 9677:PMID 9556:PMID 9521:PMID 9433:PMID 9377:2021 9292:ISBN 9273:2010 9255:ISBN 9220:ISBN 9165:2009 9139:2010 9109:2010 9077:2009 9009:2010 8944:2021 8926:ISBN 8903:2015 8885:ISBN 8864:2010 8846:ISBN 8823:2010 8778:2009 8719:ISBN 8700:2021 8682:ISBN 8642:2021 8624:ISBN 8603:2021 8585:ISBN 8450:1149 8427:2010 8366:2019 8340:2010 8180:2009 8132:2019 8089:2015 8071:ISBN 7922:2021 7904:ISBN 7880:2010 7837:ISBN 7815:2010 7784:2009 7744:2010 7697:2010 7670:2024 7652:ISBN 7627:ISSN 7578:OSTI 7555:2021 7537:ISBN 7481:2010 7449:2010 7422:2010 7392:PMID 7361:2010 7325:2010 7290:2008 7195:ISBN 7176:2010 6862:ISBN 6831:ISBN 6806:ISBN 6756:PMID 6702:help 6676:ISBN 6602:ISBN 6576:2012 6537:OSTI 6529:ISSN 6484:2022 6460:PMID 6452:ISSN 6393:ISBN 6369:2013 6334:ISSN 6293:ISBN 6262:ISBN 6240:PMID 6195:2012 6161:2021 6143:ISBN 6113:ISBN 6067:2010 6028:PMID 5946:2010 5917:2010 5881:2012 5863:ISBN 5836:ISBN 5809:2009 5645:ISBN 5613:ISBN 5582:2018 5556:2011 5548:NIST 5495:2010 5482:ISBN 5418:ISBN 5387:ISBN 5359:ISSN 5211:The 5206:base 5173:and 5153:The 5049:P422 5037:P280 5029:P223 5015:H314 5011:H260 4882:and 4840:and 4693:base 4585:Cs(O 4521:and 4473:CsSb 4406:BIPM 4337:ZnBr 4151:PtCl 4077:and 4014:+ 2 4010:→ 2 4006:+ 2 3961:and 3912:and 3860:and 3805:·12H 3783:alum 3733:SbCl 3629:and 3463:(SiO 3336:and 3289:The 3239:and 3212:+), 2961:CdCl 2871:and 2855:and 2853:CsBr 2657:lead 2653:iron 2399:CsHg 2339:iron 2327:gold 2302:and 2240:Mohs 2139:for 2065:, a 2029:and 2005:and 1964:edit 1957:talk 1950:view 1882:1.33 1785:mode 1693:and 1570:92.6 1410:−1, 1390:940 1387:750 1384:623 1381:534 1378:469 1375:418 1349:100 1339:(Pa) 1267:m.p. 815:Lead 794:Gold 443:Zinc 415:Iron 295:Neon 185:0.01 11902:ZrO 11811:CsO 11778:TiO 11757:CsO 11749:CsO 11686:CsC 11669:SeO 11587:CsN 11567:CsI 11562:CsI 11557:CsH 11552:CsF 11544:CuF 11532:CoF 11520:CrO 10023:doi 10011:127 9989:at 9831:doi 9788:doi 9716:doi 9704:408 9669:doi 9657:117 9634:doi 9591:doi 9548:doi 9513:doi 9476:doi 9425:doi 9413:135 9339:doi 9247:doi 9197:doi 9185:445 9040:doi 8975:doi 8743:doi 8656:doi 8550:doi 8497:doi 8485:101 8462:doi 8397:doi 8305:doi 8262:doi 8250:176 8206:doi 8116:doi 8112:211 8046:doi 7996:hdl 7988:doi 7976:189 7617:doi 7508:doi 7384:doi 7259:doi 7224:doi 7157:doi 7115:doi 7111:255 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