221:
249:
17:
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158:('great administrator', a civilian administrator who governed Tibet when Sakya Lama was away), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Yuan emperor in Beijing. Tibetan Buddhism was not only practiced within the capital Beijing but throughout the country. Apart from Tibetan affairs, the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs managed the entire Buddhist clergy throughout the realm (whether they were
235:
1300:
121:. In the Yuan dynasty, Tibet was managed by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, separate from the other Yuan provinces such as those established in the former territories of the
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1915:
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2215:
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125:. While no modern equivalents remain, the political functions of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs might have been analogous to the
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1620:
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186:, "acting") Xuanzheng Yuan was established in that city in 1291. In public and official meetings, Tibetan Buddhism was practiced alongside
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1648:
1212:
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etc.), and supervised all temples, monasteries, and other
Buddhist properties in the empire, at least in name. According to scholar
1197:
881:
309:
938:
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341:
The name used by historians. It is also sometimes referred to as a "Commission" or an "Office" for
Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.
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2222:
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equivalent of the
Xuanzheng Yuan, instituted by the Qing Empire for administering affairs in Tibet and other border regions.
2126:
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1560:
20:
The region under the administration of the Bureau of
Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) within the Yuan dynasty.
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510:
Charles Orzech, Henrik Sørensen, Richard Payne, Esoteric
Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, p.548
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2800:
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64:
of China to handle
Buddhist affairs across the empire in addition to managing the territory of
765:
586:
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532:
Evelyn S. Rawski, The Last
Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, p.244
8:
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149:, was concurrently named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.
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794:
785:
Wylie, Turrell V. (June 1977), "The First Mongol
Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted",
767:
The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
187:
146:
33:
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China among Equals: The Middle
Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
171:
56:'Court for the Spread of Governance') was a government agency of the
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2411:
2043:
1868:
1824:
1814:
1766:
1761:
1744:
1392:
1063:
727:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations
226:
206:
126:
122:
118:
61:
174:, it supervised 360 Buddhist monasteries. To emphasize its importance for
2377:
1849:
1844:
651:
Central Tibet and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya Period of Tibetan History
393:
254:
159:
130:
69:
16:
1602:
102:) or the "Bureau of General Regulation", before it was renamed in 1288.
1961:
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2012:
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
1261:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
1011:
429:
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106:
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262:
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1291:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
764:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978).
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1461:
961:
550:
Xiaolin Guo, State and Ethnicity in China's Southwest, p.29
1697:
381:
763:
565:
Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia, eds. (2008),
435:
399:
1316:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
1301:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
568:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
465:
654:, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente,
611:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
441:
182:
and the largest city in the Yuan realm, a branch (行,
489:
405:
216:
564:
459:
423:
152:One of the department's purposes was to select a
3239:
2578:Defunct Chinese provinces and provincial regions
593:. Princeton University Press. pp. 296–329.
199:Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions
747:The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics
297:
2563:
2028:
1233:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
829:
2243:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
277:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
506:
504:
51:
2570:
2556:
2035:
2021:
836:
822:
322:State Administration for Religious Affairs
117:where Tibetan envoys were received in the
743:
501:
310:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
15:
2042:
701:
667:
523:. Harvard University Press, 1999. p.483
483:
471:
447:
387:
203:Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs
3240:
2646:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2238:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
990:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
647:
584:
411:
26:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2882:Special administrative municipalities
2551:
2016:
1071:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
817:
784:
723:
627:
607:
495:
436:Twitchett, Franke & Fairbank 1978
400:Twitchett, Franke & Fairbank 1978
3278:13th-century establishments in China
1198:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
13:
1176:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1131:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
843:
787:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
691:(1989) Univ. of California Press.
674:, University of California Press,
571:, University of California Press,
14:
3289:
1213:Protests and uprisings since 1950
1203:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
705:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
689:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
589:. In John D. Langlois Jr. (ed.).
2433:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
2296:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
1321:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
1311:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
261:
247:
233:
219:
2158:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
1296:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
750:, East-West Center Washington,
557:
544:
535:
526:
513:
477:
460:Blondeau & Buffetrille 2008
424:Blondeau & Buffetrille 2008
357:
316:State Ethnic Affairs Commission
133:. Besides holding the title of
3248:Government of the Yuan dynasty
2789:Special administrative regions
2183:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
1551:Patron and priest relationship
1517:Central Tibetan Administration
1326:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
770:. Cambridge University Press.
614:, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic,
363:Alternative spellings include
344:
335:
98:
89:
81:
68:. It was originally set up by
46:
1:
2916:administrative municipalities
2466:The Story of the Western Wing
2337:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
2061:Division of the Mongol Empire
1916:Historical and cultural sites
1281:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
374:
3053:Greater administrative areas
2687:Special administrative areas
2634:Special administrative areas
2342:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
2093:conquest of the Song dynasty
1256:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
708:, Univ of California Press,
324:(People's Republic of China)
318:(People's Republic of China)
7:
2362:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
1276:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
1166:British expedition to Tibet
1156:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1126:Battle of the Salween River
298:Similar government agencies
212:
10:
3294:
3160:Administrative territories
2248:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
2127:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
1649:Postage and postal history
1101:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
350:Alternatively rendered as
141:, the fifth leader of the
113:) and was named after the
3215:
3159:
3093:
3052:
2999:
2990:
2912:
2881:
2860:
2834:
2788:
2720:
2711:
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2667:
2658:
2633:
2592:
2583:
2492:
2370:
2329:
2285:
2203:
2163:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
2051:
1979:
1835:
1678:
1671:
1644:
1635:
1601:
1504:
1495:
1454:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1248:
1111:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1091:
895:
864:
855:
744:Sperling, Elliot (2004),
105:The bureau was set up in
37:
2277:Goryeo under Mongol rule
2083:Mongol conquest of China
1509:Tibet Autonomous Region
1271:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
1223:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
702:Rossabi, Morris (2009),
668:Rossabi, Morris (1983),
648:Petech, Luciano (1990),
587:"Tibetans in Yüan China"
585:Franke, Herbert (2014).
328:
178:, capital of the former
3263:Buddhism and government
2352:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
2173:1344 Yellow River flood
2168:War of the Two Capitals
2078:Kublai Khan's campaigns
1616:TAR People's Government
1576:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1116:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
591:China Under Mongol Rule
521:Imperial China 900-1800
72:in 1264 under the name
3273:1354 disestablishments
2452:The Injustice to Dou E
2357:Temple of Azure Clouds
2287:Science and technology
2144:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
2088:anti-Mongol fortresses
1286:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
1240:Special Frontier Force
724:Smith, Warren (1996),
608:Laird, Thomas (2007),
21:
3258:China–Tibet relations
3253:13th century in Tibet
2188:Battle of Lake Poyang
2178:Red Turban Rebellions
1659:Qinghai–Tibet railway
1654:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
1621:TAR People's Congress
1593:India–Tibet relations
1566:Independence movement
1218:1959 Tibetan uprising
1106:Battle of Dafei River
954:Era of Fragmentation
730:, Avalon Publishing,
282:Tibet under Yuan rule
180:Southern Song dynasty
139:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
129:in London during the
19:
1967:Traditional medicine
1181:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1002:Relations with Ming
972:Relations with Song
944:Relations with Tang
882:European exploration
631:China's Tibet Policy
628:Norbu, Dawa (2001),
205:etc.) was roughly a
3268:1264 establishments
2641:Central Secretariat
2371:Society and culture
2098:Battle of Xiangyang
1611:Regional Government
1588:CIA Tibetan program
1571:Serfdom controversy
1455:Traditional regions
1306:Simla Accord (1914)
1228:2008 Tibetan unrest
1052:List of Qing ambans
997:Phagmodrupa dynasty
486:, pp. 143, 194
402:, pp. 606–607.
390:, pp. 193–194.
312:(Republic of China)
197:(also known as the
86:traditional Chinese
2459:The Orphan of Zhao
2228:Imperial Preceptor
1925:(ceremonial scarf)
1896:Dzong architecture
1713:Imperial Preceptor
1583:Sovereignty debate
1529:Etymology of Tibet
1141:Lhasa riot of 1750
1136:Jinchuan campaigns
1121:Battle of Dartsedo
1039:Qing dynasty rule
982:Yuan dynasty rule
956:(9th–13th century)
541:ars orientalis, p9
287:Imperial Preceptor
135:Imperial Preceptor
78:simplified Chinese
22:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
2986:
2985:
2707:
2706:
2654:
2653:
2545:
2544:
2010:
2009:
1975:
1974:
1667:
1666:
1631:
1630:
1534:Foreign relations
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1335:
1334:
1191:Qinghai–Tibet War
1161:Sikkim expedition
1151:Dogra–Tibetan War
1146:Sino-Nepalese War
1081:political leaders
1059:Post-Qing to 1950
1012:Rinpungpa dynasty
923:(7th–9th century)
777:978-0-521-24331-5
757:978-1-932728-12-5
737:978-0-8133-3155-3
715:978-0-520-26132-7
687:Rossabi, Morris.
681:978-0-520-04383-1
661:978-88-6323-072-7
641:978-1-136-79793-4
621:978-1-55584-672-5
600:978-1-4008-5409-7
578:978-0-520-24464-1
426:, pp. 14–15.
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2445:The Chalk Circle
2426:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2313:Shiyi Dexiaofang
2071:Kaidu–Kublai war
2066:Toluid Civil War
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2013:
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1988:
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1703:Tibetan Buddhism
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1675:
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1208:Battle of Chamdo
1186:Sino-Tibetan War
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934:List of emperors
924:
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887:Historical money
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2521:History of Yuan
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2419:Wenxian Tongkao
2384:History of Liao
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2347:Miaoying Temple
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2195:Ispah rebellion
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1422:Rongbuk Glacier
1408:Yarlung Tsangpo
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1171:Batang uprising
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1034:Khoshut Khanate
1022:Ganden Phodrang
1017:Tsangpa dynasty
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877:List of rulers
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793:(1): 103–133,
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30:Xuanzheng Yuan
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697:0-520-06740-1
694:
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634:, Routledge,
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473:
468:
462:, p. 47.
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172:Evelyn Rawski
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49:
43:
35:
31:
27:
18:
2861:Provincal fu
2660:Ming dynasty
2645:
2585:Yuan dynasty
2519:
2493:Other topics
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:Menggu Ziyun
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2330:Architecture
2318:
2311:
2294:
2237:
2044:Yuan dynasty
1942:
1935:
1921:
1869:sand mandala
1861:
1854:
1795:Sinicization
1767:Panchen Lama
1762:Lhamo La-tso
1745:Ganden Tripa
1539:Human rights
1413:Grand Canyon
1393:Namcha Barwa
1386: /
1064:Tibetan Army
989:
962:Guge kingdom
790:
786:
766:
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704:
688:
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630:
610:
590:
567:
558:Bibliography
546:
537:
528:
520:
519:F. W. Mote.
515:
491:
484:Rossabi 2009
479:
472:Rossabi 2009
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60:-led
28:, or
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