Imperial Preceptor

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Pandita and Phagpa. The three disciples were; eastern (Shar), western (Nub) and middle (Gun). The Shar (eastern) was headed by a family of Zhangzhung origins, known as Sharpa. When he was younger, Yeshe Rinchen was a follower of Phagpa. The Dishi before Yeshe Rinchen was Dharmapala Raksita and because he had no heirs to succeed his position at the time he vacated his position as Dishi, the position was handed to the Sharpa family and Yeshe Rinchen was appointed imperial preceptor. At the same time, Yeshe Rinchen's brother Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen became the ruling abbot of Sakya. There is a possibility that the Sharpa brothers were both guided and supported by an older and more experienced or influential person (imperial minister Sangge). However Sangge fell from power and was executed in 1291, which presumably made Yeshe Rinchen's position, difficult to protect. After this, Yeshe Rinchen vacated his position as Dishi in the same year. His position was succeeded by Drakpa Odzer. After stepping down from his position as Dishi, Yeshe Rinchen retired to the sacred Buddhist site Mount Wutai in present-day Shanxi. He died there in 1294.

537:(Zhitog, Lhakhang, Rinchengang, and Ducho). And Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen lived in the Lhakhang. About two months after his brother's death in 1327, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen got appointed by emperor Yesün Temür as the new Imperial Preceptor. However, he only arrived in the Yuan Capital a year after his appointment. Like his brother, he worked as the Imperial Preceptor until he died. Nevertheless, multiple sources show controversies over his year of death. However, according to the most reliable one, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen died in 1330. A common practice among his family was to get married and have kids before fully turning into a monk; Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen showed no difference. He had five children and one of them, Sonam Lotro, eventually became the thirteenth Imperial Preceptor, while another, Drakpa Gyaltsen, also became a very powerful government official in Tibet. 423:

succeeded his uncles title and was appointed as Dishi (imperial preceptor). Although he was given the title, he did not have much experience and knowledge about the position and he never became the abbot. After receiving the title he stayed close to the great Khan. During his period of being Dishi, he mostly participated in building activities. He had a stupa built in the memory of Phagpa (the first imperial preceptor). Also, he built the Metog Raba which then became an official residence for the imperial preceptors until the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Dharmapala married two women, Palden, a granddaughter of Köden, and to Jowo Tagibum, a lady from Zhalu. He had a son with the latter, who died at the age of 5, this is why his part of the Khon family died out and the next Dishi or Sakya abbot were not part of the Khon lineage.

569:, as a monastery leader in the year 1347 further strengthened his place. However, his stay in Dadu during the Tibertan civil war period meant that he could not really do anything significant to help, despite having so much authority as the Imperial Preceptor. Eventually, when the Phagmodrus took over, the leader of this dynasty severely weakened the authorities of the Sakyas (the group which Kunga Gyaltsen and many other previous Imperial Preceptors belonged in). In 1358, the leader of the Phagmodrupas, Changchub Gyaltsen, arranged a meeting in which he officially claimed rule over Central Tibet under the regime of Phagmodrupa. Kunga Gyaltsen died the same year and there were not any appointments of a new successor for 3 years until his nephew, Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen, eventually replaced him in 1361. 379:

school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Mongol ruler Kublai Khan ordered Phagpa to create a new writing system, for which he received a title of Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) in 1270. To design the script, Chogyal Phagpa made modifications to the Tibetan alphabet and made the Phags-pa script. The scripts was completed in 1268. Although the script was made into the official writing system of the empire there was a lot of opposition by the people and not many texts were written in that script. Although due to his important political role, he was to always stay close to the emperor and had a supreme authority over the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, he apparently did not meet with the emperor that often and mostly lived in Lintao in Gansu. He gave up his position and passed it on to his brother (

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death of the third preceptor (Dharmapala Raksita), persons from other clerical elite families of Sakya origins were appointed. Drakpa Odzer was from one of those clerical elite families called Khangsarpa. Drakpa Odzer was the general administrator in charge of Phagpa's property. After which he followed Phagpa's nephew Dharmapala Raksita when he moved to Beijing to take up the Dishi dignity in 1282. Drakpa Odzer was appointed as the Dishi after Yeshe Rinchen (the Dishi after Dharmapala Raksita) vacated his position as Dishi. He held the post from 1291 until he died at the imperial court in 1303. He was succeeded by the ex-abbot Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen. After Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen, his younger brother Sanggye Pal became Dishi, in 1309.

528:), Wangchug Gyeltshen deceased in 1323, while on the other hand, according to another unknown source, he died in 1325. Another controversial debate around Wangchug Gyeltshen is whether he had actually been assigned as the Imperial Preceptor or not. The reason for this controversy is that he actually died earlier than the last Preceptor, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen, who deceased in 1327. This seemed like a rather odd situation because Preceptors usually continue their role until their death. As a result, some scholars tend to believe that even if Wangchug Gyeltshen had been appointed as the Preceptor, he was merely a temporary substitute for Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen when he was away in Tibet and not around the Yuan capital. 469:

nephew of Phagpa, who presently stayed in South China. As a matter of fact the new great khan Temür acknowledged Zangpo Pal as the right heir and let him return to Sakya in 1298. Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen nominally handed over the abbot-ship, but continued to direct Sakya affairs from the official abbot's palace Zhitog. Later in 1303, he was summoned to Beijing by the great khan. Being a loyal and experienced man, he was ordered to take up the position of Dishi after the death of the former title-holder. However, he died in 1305, and the position was succeeded by Drakpa Odzer's younger brother Sanggye Pal.

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belonged to the Sharpa family. After the young Sakya Dishi Dharmapala Raksita vacated his position in 1286 and died in 1287, Khagan Kublai Khan suspended the influence of the Khön family. Instead the Shar or Sharpa family came to the fore. This was possibly due to their good relations with the influential Yuan minister Sangge. Yeshe Rinchen was appointed Dishi by orders of Kublai Khan, while his youngest brother Jamyang Rinchen Gyeltsen became the acting abbot (Wylie: bla chos) of the Sakya school. The appointments gave the Sharpa brothers influence in Tibet.

512:, to judges, holders of golden letters, chiefs of districts, laymen and monks who collect taxes and go and come, to myriarchs, to dignitaries, a command.” This shows how much power and authority he commanded during his year as the Imperial Preceptor. In 1326, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen decided to return to Tibet from the Imperial Capital due to health declination. However, he never actually went back, because his homeland was unsafe at that time due to a rebellion. Eventually, he stayed in the Yuan capital until his death (March 6, 1327). 578:

families in Tibet. His aristocratic background, in particular, was located in Sa’gya, a county in the city of Shigatse. His father is the 10th Imperial Preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty, Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen, while his mother also came from an aristocratic family of the Ü-Tsang region, one of the three traditional provinces of Tibet. Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen replaced his uncle, Kunga Gyaltsen, as the Imperial Preceptor. However, he served under this title for only a year, from 1361 until his eventual death in 1362.

504:. His father, Zangpo Pal, is the ruler of a monastery while his mother, Jomo Kunga Bumphulwa, was a widow of a Tibetan administrator. He served under the title of the Imperial Preceptor from 1314 until his death. As the Preceptor Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen has mass influence over the department of Buddhist affairs. For example, he once wrote a letter and started the letter by saying: “By the king's order, the words of Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen Palzangpo, Imperial Preceptor: To the officials of 565:

served under this title from 1331 to his death, making him a raw exception that held the title for a very long period of time. Also, he was the last Imperial Preceptor before the coming of the Phagmodrupa Dynasty in Tibet. During his early career as the Imperial Preceptor, Kunga Gyaltsen's authority and power were recognized and respected in Tibet. He came up with several new religious rules and people followed them with respect. The appointment of his son,

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the Yuan Dynasty), the old Dishi Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen (d. 1305) was followed first by a Duoerjibale (Dorje Pal) in 1305–13, and then Sangjiayizhashi (Sanggye Tashi) in 1313–14. However, a document sent to the Tibetan myriarchy Zhalu in 1307 is issued by Sanggye Pal. Therefore, there is a possibility that Sanggye Pal took over the Dishi dignity in 1305 and kept it until 1314, and that he was also known as Dorje Pal.

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protect and command monasteries in Tibet. At some point, the imperial preceptor's decrees began to be equally effective as the emperor's in Tibet, as the Yuan court had begun tending to leave Tibet politically under the supervision of the imperial preceptor. He also advised the Emperor regarding official appointments in Tibet. Moreover, being members of the

272:(1272), a Chinese political and religious doctrine used to justify emperorship over China. This doctrine helped Kublai Khan establish his legitimate rule as he was considered to have the divine right to rule. Not only did he establish religious and political rule over China, he kept his ancestral roots as a Mongol leader by following 577:

Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen was born in 1332 and deceased in 1362. No information about him can be found in any records in the Chinese language. According to records of Tibetan history published in 2005 by the official Chinese government, this Imperial Preceptor came from one of the six ancient aristocratic

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was born in 1310 and died in 1358. He was the twelfth Imperial Preceptor of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Like many other previous Imperial Preceptors, Kunga Gyaltsen belonged to the Khon family, a group of monastery leaders with fairly high political authority in certain regions of Tibet. Kunga Gyaltsen

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after them, lasting up until 1911/12. One of the changes that was made was the revoking of the Imperial Preceptor title. When Zhu came to power and the Ming Dynasty was established, the role of the Imperial Preceptor was abolished, and their responsibilities and roles were divided. Titles of lesser

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was born in 1267 as the son of Sumpa Drakpa Gyaltsen, he was from Sakya in Tibet. He was the younger brother of Drakpa Odzer, who was the fifth Dishi of the Yuan dynasty. Sanggye Pal belonged to the Khangsarpa family (a clerical elite family of Sakya origins). According to the Yuan shi (History of

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At the time when Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen was the ruler of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, After the death of Kublai Khan in 1294 the dpon-chen Aglen suggested that a scion of the old Khön family should be allowed to rule Sakya instead of Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen. This would be Zangpo Pal, a

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was born in 1246 as the son of Sumpa Drakpa Gyaltsen, he was from Sakya in Tibet. Up to 1286 the position of the imperial preceptor was filled by members of the Khon family who were also usually hereditary abbots of Sakya. However, due to the lack of fully ordained members of the lineage after the

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was born in 1248 as the son of Chukpo Jetsun Kya and was from Sakya in Tibet. Unlike the first three imperial preceptors of the Yuan dynasty, Yeshe Rinchen was not from the Khon lineage. Yeshe Rinchen was from the Sharpa lineage. There were three divisions within the disciples of the abbots, Sakya

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When Rinchen Gyaltsen's older half-brother (Phagpa – the first preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty) left Sakya, he became the “somewhat” abbot of the monastery of Sakya. Although his brother Phagpa was given the title of the Imperial Preceptor, he gave up the post in 1274 (to return to Sakya) and it was

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was born in 1235 as the son of Sönam Gyeltsen, in Ngari (West Tibet). Phagpa was the first Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and was simultaneously named the director of the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. He was the fifth leader of the Sakya

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Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen was born in 1308 and died in 1330. He was the younger brother of the eighth Imperial Preceptor, Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen. When Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen was the Imperial Preceptor, he divided up his siblings into four different groups, each of which lived in a different palace

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There were three divisions within the disciples of the abbots, Sakya Pandita and Phagpa. The three disciples were; eastern (Shar), western (Nub) and middle (Gun). The Shar (eastern) was headed by a family of Zhangzhung origins, known as Sharpa. Just as Yeshe Rinchen, Jamyan Rinchen Gyaltsen also

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was born in 1238 as the son of Zangtsa Sonam Gyaltsen. He was the second preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty. Rinchen Gyaltsen's family members were very important members in the Mongol government. His older half-brother had the title of the Dishi (Imperial Perceptor) and had a close relation with the

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was a State Preceptor (guoshi) who eventually became Mongol Imperial Preceptor. The Mongol imperial preceptor resided within the precincts of the imperial palace in order to serve the imperial family. The role of the imperial preceptors was to issue decrees under the emperor's authority to both

340:, the role of the imperial preceptor was serving as the emperor's chaplain, teacher and consecrator and, more generally, teaching, writing, translating and editing. Later, under the Yuan Dynasty, this post had also the added responsibility of overseeing the political situation in Central Tibet. 410:

The year of the death of Rinchen Gyaltsen seems to be uncertain. It is said to be either 1279 or 1282 (most probably 12 March 1279). His death occurred in Shingkun (Lintao) and his post was passed on to his nephew and a son of Chakna Dorje (Dharmapala Raksita – the third preceptor of the Yuan

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was born after the death of his father (Chakna Dojre – brother Phagpa), in 1268. In addition to the title of the Imperial Preceptor, he was also the head of the Sakya School. Since birth, because he was born fatherless, his care was assigned to the lord of Zhalu. At the age of 14 in 1892, he

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and appointed Phagpa as the first director of this important new agency. The lama was offered nominal rule over all Tibet and also supervised Mongol relations with the Buddhist clergy. In 1270, Phagpa became Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) when the title was renamed. As Imperial Preceptor, he was

553:). On the other hand, no records of him in the Tibetan language can be found. According to a very limited Knowledge page in the Chinese Language, Rinchen Trashi was appointed by Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, the 12th Khagan of the Mongol empire, as the Imperial Preceptor in 1329. 319:

in 1139–1193. During the Yuan dynasty, the Imperial Preceptor's position was continued in response to overseeing the political situation in Central Tibet. The role of the Imperial Preceptor was to coordinate all of the Buddhist activities and establishments in the

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authorized to issue letters and proclamations to the temples and institutions of Tibet, and he advised the Emperor regarding official appointments in Tibet. Kublai Khan dispatched the lama to Tibet in 1264 to help persuade his people to accept Mongol rule.

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In his last years, Phagpa spent his time trying to build up the power of the Sakya-Yuan, in Tibet. He died in Sakya (the Lhakhang palace) on 15 December 1280. There were rumours that his death was a murder by Kunga Zangpo, who was a past

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to the protection of the state and its subjects, in general terms or in specific instances, such as to prevent flooding or thunderstorms. Nevertheless, the roles of the dishi focused on religious matters rather than political ones.

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prelates and Tibetan priests, which led to the creation of the Xia/Hsia Institution of the Imperial Preceptorship. The role the Imperial Preceptor carried would later emerge in the Yuan dynasty and be largely influential to the

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importance were created, and the people that carried these new titles were given the Imperial Preceptor's previous responsibilities. However, these new titles were granted to very few people, mainly due to political reasons.

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emperor. His other brother (Chakna Dorje) was the viceroy of Tibet from the period 1264 to 1267. Also, Rinchen Gyaltsen's father belonged to the Khon family who were hereditary rulers of the Sakya monastery in Western Tibet.

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There is not much documentation on Sanggye Pal and not much is known of his activities. In the period of his position as the Dishi, Tibet was relatively stable under the administration of the Yuan dynasty.

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There is neither records of Wangchug Gyeltshen's year of birth nor that of his family background. Even the year of his death has proven to be very controversial. For example, according to the

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scriptures continued even during the Mongol conquest for the Western Xia dynasty in 1227. By the mid-twelfth century onward shows a special relationship between the Western Xia throne and the

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was born as the son of Chukpo Jetsun Kyab in 1257, he was from Sakya in Tibet. Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen was the brother of Yeshe Rinchen, they both had another brother called Kunga Senge.

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Dharmapala gave up his position as the imperial preceptor in 1286 and left the court to visit Sakya and Tibet. However, he died before getting there on 24 December 1287, at Tre Mandala.

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A member of the Sakya sect, acting as Imperial Preceptor and residing in China, supervised the Buddhist clergy throughout the empire. The Mongols also selected a Tibetan official titled

636:. As the Yuan dynasty was founded by Mongols, the Hongwu Emperor passed many edicts that were intended to purify China of their influence while also forbidding many Mongol practices. 187:

to live in and administer Tibet. This pattern of religio-political relations prevailed for the remainder of the Yuan period. After the overthrow of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty by the

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Great Precious Dharma King". The highest title to be granted to a Tibetan teacher during the Ming period, it was the equivalent of being granted the title of Imperial Preceptor.

2094: 2089: 2744: 651:, ties with Tibet were strengthened, especially through religious teachings. The Yongle Emperor hosted many Tibetan teachers with the most famous and highest regarded being 2119: 357:

in the empire. They also oversaw routine Buddhist ceremonies and special rituals upon the enthronement and funerals of the emperors. They held rituals and dedicated

1904: 1310: 625:) reliance on local Warlords' armies, it led to his desire of keeping his seat of power to vanish. Emperor Huizong eventually fled North to the city of 655:. Shekpa was the only one to be recognised as the Emperor's personal preceptor. Because of this, Shekpa was granted a lengthy title often shortened to 2444: 2350: 897: 614:(modern-day Beijing). This followed decades of struggle for the Yuan dynasty, including natural disasters, like flooding and droughts, and the 545:

Rinchen Trashi's family background, year of birth and death are all unknown. Furthermore, this is the last Preceptor that was recorded in the

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was vigorously promoted and there were religious scriptures translated to Chinese and Tangut in order to spread the religion. Use of these

2477: 2041: 1381: 280:, created better infrastructure, circulated paper banknotes, and spread Mongol peace, leading to a prosperous and flourishing period. 2325: 1909: 292:

influence on Yuan rule under Kublai Khan was heavily dependent on the Tibetan Buddhist Imperial Preceptors. In twelfth century Asia,

2026: 1710: 1767: 2876: 2866: 2707: 1818: 1664: 1332: 723: 174: 1317: 995: 951: 1221: 2389: 1305: 1899: 1187: 561: 2004: 1959: 1096: 881: 2031: 1122: 2856: 1527: 1390: 2084: 2821: 2702: 2536: 1984: 1944: 1677: 1252: 670:(帝師; lit. "teacher of the emperor") may also be used to refer to the office certain post-Yuan dynasty officials. 652: 346: 232:(1139–1193) fought against the Mongols and other northern steppe tribes. He formed a close relationship with the 166: 2881: 2379: 2345: 2154: 1757: 1492: 1277: 1233: 1182: 733: 337: 229: 126: 43: 2394: 2195: 1573: 1560: 1431: 1257: 1155: 500:

Imperial Preceptor of the Yuan dynasty. He came from a very prominent aristocratic family called the Khon of

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clan, established the Yuan dynasty eight years before he took over all of China. He proclaimed himself

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At the capture of Khanbaliq in 1368, the Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, also called the

276:. Kublai Khan expanded the Chinese commercial, scientific, and cultural industries. He improved the 2871: 2611: 2124: 1830: 1800: 1772: 1371: 1347: 1177: 458: 391:(whom Phagpa had dismissed for an arrogant demeanor). Kunga Zangpo was then executed by the army. 2778: 2337: 2190: 2185: 1705: 1578: 1446: 1267: 1262: 1228: 728: 1063: 2109: 2068: 1546: 1451: 1238: 20: 195:, Yuan titles such as Imperial Preceptor were revoked, replaced with titles of lesser status. 2772: 2628: 2623: 2600: 2367: 2046: 2019: 1979: 1934: 1887: 1867: 1810: 1650: 1357: 1282: 1272: 920: 743: 639:

The Hongwu Emperor changed the basic structure of the government. The system was used by the

158: 103: 75: 2372: 2104: 2009: 1782: 1414: 1401: 1165: 615: 493: 315:, the role of the Imperial Preceptor had already been established during the early rule of 224:

came into existence in northwest China. The Western Xia was ruled by a Tibetan people, the

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to this post and soon placed him in charge of all Buddhist clergy. In 1264, he founded the

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Coblin, W. South (2007). A Handbook of 'Phags-Pa Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN

913:"A Study of the Relationship Between the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Tibetan Sa-skya Sect" 594: 264:. Under Kublai Khan, the Yuan dynasty was structurally divided in a similar manner as the 8: 2583: 2416: 2114: 2056: 1825: 1192: 1609: 198: 2759: 2724: 2511: 2357: 2226: 2169: 1969: 1964: 1949: 1553: 891: 783: 419: 165:) in 1260, the first year of Kublai Khan's enthronement. In that year he appointed the 1040:, Central Tibet and the Mongols: The Yüan-Sa-skya period of Tibetan history. Rome 1990 2734: 2521: 2516: 2099: 1989: 1974: 1092: 991: 947: 877: 269: 2814: 2714: 2665: 2648: 2531: 2465: 2305: 2134: 2036: 2014: 1685: 1539: 1520: 1160: 802: 399: 380: 257: 99: 872:

Huntington, John C.; Ohio, Dina Bangdel. Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus (2003).

2729: 2719: 2616: 2255: 2250: 2236: 1999: 1862: 1850: 1744: 1731: 1615: 1513: 1478: 1441: 1289: 1243: 1197: 946:

Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa (1967). Tibet: A Political History. Yale University Press.

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Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900–1800. Harvard University Press.

2845: 2739: 2207: 1631: 1599: 501: 434: 265: 225: 2697: 2653: 2643: 2595: 2590: 2573: 2221: 1892: 1506: 1138: 977:

Shoju Inaba, 'The lineage of the Sa skya pa: A chapter of the Red Annals',

687: 640: 607: 603: 446: 350: 312: 308: 273: 261: 217: 209: 192: 91: 660: 2678: 2673: 1472: 477: 321: 293: 249: 221: 213: 188: 87: 2431: 787: 2790: 2578: 2384: 1875: 1739: 2300: 1107: 2546: 2260: 2095:

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

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Introduction of Yuan Dynasty and Beginnings of the Imperial Preceptor

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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

1028:張羽新、劉麗楣、王紅，帝師和一大批喇嘛僧為元大都帶來了藏族文化，載張羽新、劉麗楣、王紅，藏族文化在北京，中國藏學出版社，2008年 1007:

Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan painted scrolls, Rome 1949, Vol. I, p. 15.

283: 2684: 2638: 2553: 1845: 1642: 1626: 1594: 626: 765:. By John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, Robert A. F. Thurman, p45 647:

During the reign of the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, the

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Due to the weakening of the government and the Yuan Emperor's (

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The Hsia Origins of the Yüan Institution of Imperial Preceptor

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sect, they directed all Buddhist establishments in the

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Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

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Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

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The circle of bliss : Buddhist meditational art;

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There are little to no records of Namgyel Pel Sangpo.

383:– the second preceptor of the Yuan Dynasty) in 1274. 979:

Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko

677: 589: 496:, born in 1299 and deceased in 1327, was the eighth 370: 973: 971: 969: 572: 508:rank, to generals, soldiers, administrators of the 488: 331: 773: 771: 414: 2843: 966: 19:"Dishi" redirects here. Not to be confused with 284:The Influence of Buddhism on Yuan dynasty Tibet 1089:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art 871: 768: 763:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art 2062:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 1658: 1123: 556: 1338:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty 896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 859:lamas-and-emperors.wikischolars.columbia.edu 429: 441: 244: 144: 61: 16:Title of monk officials in Tibetan Buddhism 1665: 1651: 1130: 1116: 1086: 472: 855:"lamas-and-emperors – Imperial Preceptor" 540: 268:. He also established his rule under the 593: 109:The title was originally created as the 1137: 876:. Chicago, Ill: Serindia Publications. 777: 606:ended in 1368, after the armies of the 532:Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen (1308–1330) 366:Imperial Preceptors in the Yuan Dynasty 260:in 1271 and subsequently conquered the 2844: 1819:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 1333:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 724:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 395:Rinchen Gyaltsen (1238 - 1279 or 1282) 175:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 1900:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 1646: 1111: 910: 800: 581: 516:Wangchug Gyeltshen (? – 1323 or 1325) 220:(960–1279), a new dynasty called the 2027:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 778:Dunnell, Ruth (1992). "Asia Major". 454:Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen (1257–1305) 203: 13: 2005:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 1960:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 1672: 826: 598:Zhu Yuanzhang (The Hongwu Emperor) 66:'Teacher of the Emperor'; 14: 2893: 2042:Protests and uprisings since 1950 2032:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 746:, also known as the Sakya dynasty 590:The End of the Imperial Preceptor 371:Drogon Chogyal Phagpa (1235–1280) 216:. During the last century of the 104:Yuan administrative rule of Tibet 2150:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 2140:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 1528:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars 1391:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns 708: 694: 680: 573:Sonam Lotro Gyaltsen (1332–1362) 489:Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen (1299–1327) 353:and were charged with promoting 149:'Teacher of the State'; 94:. It was established as part of 2125:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 1253:Second Mongol invasion of Burma 1080: 1056: 1049:Kurtis Schaeffer et al. (eds), 1043: 1031: 1022: 1001: 984: 407:passed on to Rinchen Gyaltsen. 336:In the 12th century, under the 332:Roles of the Imperial Preceptor 2877:Government of the Yuan dynasty 2867:Buddhist religious occupations 2380:Patron and priest relationship 2346:Central Tibetan Administration 2155:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 1278:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo 1091:. Serindia Pubns. p. 47. 957: 940: 904: 865: 847: 820: 794: 756: 734:Patron and priest relationship 415:Dharmapala Raksita (1269–1287) 338:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia 230:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia 139: 130: 122: 56: 47: 39: 1: 2745:Historical and cultural sites 2110:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 1561:The Story of the Western Wing 1432:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass 1156:Division of the Mongol Empire 750: 86:and powerful post created by 2085:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 1437:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) 1188:conquest of the Song dynasty 1087:Huntington, John C. (2003). 1051:Sources of Tibetan tradition 7: 2105:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 1995:British expedition to Tibet 1985:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 1955:Battle of the Salween River 1457:Jinan Great Southern Mosque 673: 610:captured the capital city, 541:Rinchen Trashi (? – ?) 241:religion during Yuan rule. 212:(1271–1368) was founded by 10: 2898: 2478:Postage and postal history 1930:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 1343:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia 1222:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) 1019:白壽彝，中國通史（14），上海人民出版社，1989年 557:Kunga Gyaltsen (1310–1358) 307:that is distinct from the 18: 2808: 2664: 2507: 2500: 2473: 2464: 2430: 2333: 2324: 2283: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2077: 1940:Mongol invasions of Tibet 1920: 1724: 1693: 1684: 1587: 1465: 1424: 1380: 1298: 1258:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war 1146: 911:Chang, Jiunn Yih (1984). 506:Pacification Commissioner 430:Yeshe Rinchen (1248–1294) 154: 71: 2338:Tibet Autonomous Region 2100:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 2052:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 1372:Goryeo under Mongol rule 1178:Mongol conquest of China 1053:. New York 2013, p. 344. 459:Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen 442:Drakpa Odzer (1246–1303) 245:Rise of the Yuan dynasty 2857:Chinese-language titles 2445:TAR People's Government 2405:Serfs' Emancipation Day 1945:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 1447:Pagoda of Bailin Temple 1268:1344 Yellow River flood 1263:War of the Two Capitals 1173:Kublai Khan's campaigns 1068:Encyclopedia Britannica 807:Encyclopedia Britannica 729:List of rulers of Tibet 473:Sanggye Pal (1267–1314) 252:, leader of the Mongol 2115:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 2069:Special Frontier Force 1547:The Injustice to Dou E 1452:Temple of Azure Clouds 1382:Science and technology 1239:Battle of Ngasaunggyan 1183:anti-Mongol fortresses 928:Cite journal requires 599: 2882:13th century in Tibet 2488:Qinghai–Tibet railway 2483:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 2450:TAR People's Congress 2422:India–Tibet relations 2395:Independence movement 2047:1959 Tibetan uprising 1935:Battle of Dafei River 1783:Era of Fragmentation 1283:Battle of Lake Poyang 1273:Red Turban Rebellions 915:. Indiana University. 782:. Fifth (1): 85–111. 744:Tibet under Yuan rule 597: 376:Drogon Chogyal Phagpa 228:. The Tangut monarch 171:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 2796:Traditional medicine 2010:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 1831:Relations with Ming 1801:Relations with Song 1773:Relations with Tang 1711:European exploration 829:"Imperial Preceptor" 801:Bawden R., Charles. 616:Red Turban Rebellion 494:Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen 2852:Imperial Preceptors 2440:Regional Government 2417:CIA Tibetan program 2400:Serfdom controversy 2284:Traditional regions 2135:Simla Accord (1914) 2057:2008 Tibetan unrest 1881:List of Qing ambans 1826:Phagmodrupa dynasty 1466:Society and culture 1193:Battle of Xiangyang 659:(如來大寶法王), meaning " 551:The History Of Yuan 526:The History Of Yuan 311:courts. Before the 127:traditional Chinese 80:gong mavi slob dpon 44:traditional Chinese 2754:(ceremonial scarf) 2725:Dzong architecture 2542:Imperial Preceptor 2412:Sovereignty debate 2358:Etymology of Tibet 1970:Lhasa riot of 1750 1965:Jinchuan campaigns 1950:Battle of Dartsedo 1868:Qing dynasty rule 1811:Yuan dynasty rule 1785:(9th–13th century) 1554:The Orphan of Zhao 1323:Imperial Preceptor 833:Lamas-and-emperors 666:However, the term 657:Rúlái dàbǎo fǎwáng 600: 582:Namgyel Pel Sangpo 420:Dharmapala Raksita 119:simplified Chinese 36:simplified Chinese 28:Imperial Preceptor 2839: 2838: 2804: 2803: 2496: 2495: 2460: 2459: 2363:Foreign relations 2320: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2164: 2163: 2020:Qinghai–Tibet War 1990:Sikkim expedition 1980:Dogra–Tibetan War 1975:Sino-Nepalese War 1910:political leaders 1888:Post-Qing to 1950 1841:Rinpungpa dynasty 1752:(7th–9th century) 1640: 1639: 996:978-0-674-01212-7 952:978-0-9611474-1-9 270:Mandate of Heaven 147: 90:, founder of the 72:གོང་མའི་སློབ་དཔོན 64: 2889: 2824: 2817: 2755: 2532:Tibetan Buddhism 2505: 2504: 2471: 2470: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2037:Battle of Chamdo 2015:Sino-Tibetan War 1871: 1834: 1814: 1804: 1786: 1776: 1763:List of emperors 1753: 1735: 1716:Historical money 1691: 1690: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1610:ʼPhags-pa script 1540:The Chalk Circle 1521:Zhongyuan Yinyun 1408:Shiyi Dexiaofang 1166:Kaidu–Kublai war 1161:Toluid Civil War 1132: 1125: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1060: 1054: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1008: 1005: 999: 988: 982: 975: 964: 961: 955: 944: 938: 937: 931: 926: 924: 916: 908: 902: 901: 895: 887: 869: 863: 862: 851: 845: 844: 842: 840: 824: 818: 817: 815: 813: 798: 792: 791: 775: 766: 760: 718: 713: 712: 704: 699: 698: 697: 690: 685: 684: 683: 400:Rinchen Gyaltsen 381:Rinchen Gyaltsen 258:Emperor of China 204:Pre-Yuan history 156: 148: 145: 141: 132: 124: 100:Tibetan Buddhism 73: 65: 62: 58: 49: 41: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2872:Buddhist titles 2842: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2753: 2660: 2492: 2456: 2426: 2339: 2312: 2279: 2256:Tibetan Plateau 2251:Rongbuk Glacier 2237:Yarlung Tsangpo 2160: 2073: 2000:Batang uprising 1922: 1916: 1869: 1863:Khoshut Khanate 1851:Ganden Phodrang 1846:Tsangpa dynasty 1832: 1812: 1802: 1784: 1774: 1751: 1745:Yarlung dynasty 1733: 1720: 1680: 1671: 1641: 1636: 1616:History of Yuan 1583: 1514:Wenxian Tongkao 1479:History of Liao 1461: 1442:Miaoying Temple 1420: 1376: 1294: 1290:Ispah rebellion 1142: 1136: 1106: 1099: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1006: 1002: 989: 985: 976: 967: 962: 958: 945: 941: 929: 927: 918: 917: 909: 905: 889: 888: 884: 870: 866: 853: 852: 848: 838: 836: 835:. Wiki Scholars 825: 821: 811: 809: 799: 795: 776: 769: 761: 757: 753: 716:Religion portal 714: 707: 700: 695: 693: 686: 681: 679: 676: 623:Emperor Huizong 592: 584: 575: 559: 549:(also known as 543: 534: 524:(also known as 518: 491: 475: 456: 444: 432: 417: 397: 373: 368: 334: 317:Renzong Emperor 286: 247: 206: 201: 111:State Preceptor 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2895: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2757: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2703:wall paintings 2700: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2634:Tibetan people 2631: 2629:Social classes 2626: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2529: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474: 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1104: 1098:978-1932476019 1097: 1079: 1055: 1042: 1038:Luciano Petech 1030: 1021: 1009: 1000: 983: 965: 956: 939: 930:|journal= 903: 883:978-1932476019 882: 864: 846: 827:Tuttle, Gray. 819: 793: 767: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 719: 705: 702:History portal 691: 675: 672: 649:Yongle Emperor 634:Hongwu Emperor 591: 588: 583: 580: 574: 571: 567:Lotro Gyaltsen 562:Kunga Gyaltsen 558: 555: 542: 539: 533: 530: 517: 514: 490: 487: 474: 471: 455: 452: 443: 440: 431: 428: 416: 413: 396: 393: 372: 369: 367: 364: 333: 330: 324:and promoting 285: 282: 246: 243: 205: 202: 200: 197: 82:), was a high 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2894: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 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721: 717: 711: 706: 703: 692: 689: 678: 671: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 653:Dezhin Shekpa 650: 645: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 596: 587: 579: 570: 568: 563: 554: 552: 548: 538: 529: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 486: 482: 479: 470: 466: 462: 460: 451: 448: 439: 436: 435:Yeshe Rinchen 427: 424: 421: 412: 408: 404: 401: 392: 390: 384: 382: 377: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 339: 329: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 291: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:Mongol Empire 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 240: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 196: 194: 190: 186: 185: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 152: 142: 136: 128: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 98:patronage of 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 69: 59: 53: 45: 37: 33: 29: 22: 2771: 2764: 2750: 2698:sand mandala 2690: 2683: 2624:Sinicization 2596:Panchen Lama 2591:Lhamo La-tso 2574:Ganden Tripa 2541: 2368:Human rights 2242:Grand Canyon 2222:Namcha Barwa 2215: / 1893:Tibetan Army 1791:Guge kingdom 1614: 1588:Other 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