Buddhist texts - Knowledge

60: 1480: 443: 2486: 1030: 33: 2478: 2466: 1647:, descriptions of powerful new religious practices, new ideas on the nature of the Buddha, and a range of new philosophical perspectives." These texts present stories of revelation in which the Buddha teaches Mahāyāna sutras to certain bodhisattvas who vow to teach and spread these sutras. These texts also promoted new religious practices that were supposed to make Buddhahood easy to achieve, such as "hearing the names of certain Buddhas or bodhisattvas, maintaining Buddhist precepts, and listening to, memorizing, and copying sutras." Some Mahāyāna sūtras claim that these practices lead to rebirth in 1232: 458: 1458: 2322: 737:). However, Vinaya as a term is also contrasted with Dharma, where the pair (Dhamma-Vinaya) mean something like 'doctrine and discipline'. The Vinaya literature in fact contains a considerable range of texts. There are, of course, those that discuss the monastic rules, how they came about, how they developed, and how they were applied. But the vinaya also contains some doctrinal expositions, ritual and liturgical texts, biographical stories, and some elements of the " 74: 7239: 7250: 4648: 4635: 4625: 4503: 1440: 2473:(The Sūtra of Great Liberation), showing Tibetan writings on black paper with an ink that contain gold, silver, copper, coral, lazurite, malachite, and mother of pearl. The unbound sheets are kept between two wooden boards covered with green brocade. The upper book cover shows the images of four of the Eight Medicine Buddhas. 2408:), is a Korean collection of the Tripitaka carved onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks during the 13th century. Still intact in good condition after some 750 years, it has been described by the UNESCO committee as "one of the most important and most complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal texts in the world". 1561:

texts as well as generating more spiritual merit and benefit. Thus, they are seen as superior and more virtuous to non-Mahāyāna sutras. The Mahāyāna sūtras are traditionally considered by Mahāyāna Buddhists to be the word of the Buddha. Mahāyāna Buddhists explained the emergence of these new texts by

384:, there are five types of beings who may speak the sutras of Buddhism: a Buddha, a disciple of a Buddha, a deva, a ṛṣi, or an emanation of one of these beings; however, they must first receive certification from a buddha that its contents are true Dharma. Then these sutras may be properly regarded as 1585:

These sūtras were not recognized as being Buddha word by various early Buddhist schools and there was lively debate over their authenticity throughout the Buddhist world. Various Mahāyāna sūtras warn against the charge that they are not word of the Buddha, showing that they are aware of this claim.

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According to David McMahan, the literary style of the Mahāyāna sūtras reveals how these texts were mainly composed as written works and how they also needed to legitimate themselves to other Buddhists. They used different literary and narrative ways to defend the legitimacy of these texts as Buddha

927:." Modern scholars generally believe that the canonical Abhidharma texts emerged after the time of the Buddha, in around the 3rd century BCE. Therefore, the canonical Abhidharma works are generally claimed by scholars not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of later Buddhists. 200:

Buddhist texts can be categorized in a number of ways. The Western terms "scripture" and "canonical" are applied to Buddhism in inconsistent ways by Western scholars: for example, one authority refers to "scriptures and other canonical texts", while another says that scriptures can be categorized

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contains a complete collection of early sutras in Chinese translation, their content is very similar to the Pali, differing in detail but not in the core doctrinal content. The Tibetan canon contains some of these early texts as well, but not as complete collections. The earliest known Buddhist

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There are various theories of how Mahāyāna emerged. According to David Drewes, it seems to have been "primarily a textual movement, focused on the revelation, preaching, and dissemination of Mahāyāna sutras, that developed within, and never really departed from, traditional Buddhist social and

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Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp.

2485: 1706:'s life and death on earth is then usually understood as a "mere appearance", his death is an unreal show, in reality he continues to live in a transcendent reality. Thus the Buddha in the Lotus sutra says that he is "the father of the world", "the self existent ( 2743:). These are texts (or ritual objects, etc.) believed either composed or hidden by tantric masters and/or elementally secreted or encoded in the elements and retrieved, accessed or rediscovered by other tantric masters when appropriate. Termas are discovered by 1479: 3985:

Cousins, L.S. (1997), "Aspects of Southern Esoteric Buddhism", in Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.), Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakd Papers from the Annual Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Luzac Oriental, London: 185–207, 410.

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in Twenty-five Thousand Lines, and it has been extremely important in the development of the major Chinese Buddhist traditions. Its authorship to Nagarjuna however has been questioned by modern scholars and it only survives in the Chinese translation by

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According to Paul Williams, in Mahāyāna, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world", rather than simply a teacher who after his death "has completely 'gone beyond' the world and its cares".

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is a broad genre with numerous forms and has been composed in many languages, including Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese and Japanese. Aside from the work of Aśvaghoṣa, another important Sanskrit poet was Mātr̥ceṭa, known for his

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collection of texts, but they did not see it as an "Āgama". These "minor" collections seem to have been a category for miscellaneous texts, and was perhaps never definitively established among many early Buddhist schools.

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thought that became the standard text for many Mahayana schools especially in Tibet). Various texts are also said to have received by Asanga from the Bodhisattva Maitreya in the Tushita god realm, including works such as

273:(word of the Buddha) is important in understanding how Buddhists classify and see their texts. Buddhavacana texts have special status as sacred scripture and are generally seen as in accord with the teachings of the 481:

language and Pāli through the use of repetition, communal recitation and mnemonic devices. These texts were later compiled into canons and written down in manuscripts. For example, the Pāli Canon was preserved in

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which were used to teach Pali. The nineteenth century saw a flowering of Burmese Buddhist literature in various genres including religious biography, Abhidharma, legal literature and meditation literature.

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school were divided along these doctrinal lines into sub-schools which accepted or did not accept these texts. The Theravāda school of Sri Lanka also was split on the issue during the medieval period. The

913:) texts which contain "an abstract and highly technical systematization" of doctrinal material appearing in the Buddhist sutras. It is an attempt to best express the Buddhist view of "ultimate reality" ( 1762:

in the tantra division. Such overlap is not confined to "neighbouring" yanas: at least nine "Sravakayana" texts can be found in the tantra divisions of some editions of the Kangyur. One of them, the

936:) are not philosophical treatises, but mainly summaries and expositions of early doctrinal lists with their accompanying explanations. These texts developed out of early Buddhist lists or matrices ( 2751:), whose special function is to reveal these texts. Some termas are hidden in caves or similar places, but a few are said to be 'mind termas,' which are 'discovered' in the mind of the tertön. The 1417:

An influential text of Thai literature is the "Three Worlds According to King Ruang" (1345) by Phya Lithai, which is an extensive Cosmological and visionary survey of the Thai Buddhist universe.

442: 720:("Great Event"), which is a collection of various texts compiled into a biography of the Buddha. Within it can be found quotations and whole sutras, such as the Mahāsāṃghika version of the 690:

contains many parallel passages to the Pali suttas. As noted by N. Ross Reat, this text is in general agreement with the basic doctrines of the early sutras of the Sthavira schools such as

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were traveling to India, and their writings do describe monasteries which they label 'Mahāyāna' as well as monasteries where both Mahāyāna monks and non-Mahāyāna monks lived together.

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Ramanan, Krishniah Venkata, Dr. (1966). Nāgārjuna's Philosophy as presented in Mahā-prajñāpāramitā-śāstra . Charles E. Tuttle Company of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, 1966. page 13.

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by all schools. The Buddha's discourses were perhaps originally organised according to the style in which they were delivered. They were later organized into collections called

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are seen as not intelligent enough to receive the Mahāyāna teachings, while more the advanced elite, the bodhisattvas, are depicted as those who can see the highest teachings.

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The early Buddhist schools also preserved other types of texts which developed in later periods, which were variously seen as canonical or not, depending on the tradition.

4391:"A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra During the 8th-12th Centuries," Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28.1 (2005): 115–181. 201:

into canonical, commentarial, and pseudo-canonical. Buddhist traditions have generally divided these texts with their own categories and divisions, such as that between

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Patriarch, as well as teachings about Ch'an theory and practice. Other texts are Koan collections, which are compilations of the sayings of Chinese masters such as the

2259: 1021:) or as smaller introductory manuals. They are more developed philosophical works which include many innovations and doctrines not found in the canonical Abhidharma. 2504:

The late Seventh century saw the rise of another new class of Buddhist texts, the Tantras, which focused on ritual practices and yogic techniques such as the use of

1739:. The different Mahāyāna schools have many varied classification schemas for organizing them and they see different texts as having higher authority than others. 4344: 3582:. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 3141: 2249: 1616:). However, according to Walser, the fifth and sixth centuries saw a great increase in the production of these texts. By this time, Chinese pilgrims, such as 2051: 733:. Vinaya literature is primarily concerned with aspects of the monastic discipline and the rules and procedures that govern the Buddhist monastic community ( 1071:

in both human and animal form. The different Buddhist schools had their own collections of these tales and often disagreed on which stories were canonical.

285:, the criteria for determining what should be considered buddhavacana were developed at an early stage, and that the early formulations do not suggest that 3715: 5389: 3108: 6304: 4779: 1566:) until people were ready to hear them, or by stating that they had been revealed directly through visions and meditative experiences to a select few. 2585:

have argued that these later tantras, mainly the Yogini tantras, can be shown to have been influenced by non-Buddhist religious texts, mainly Tantric

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The Mahāyāna movement remained quite small until the fifth century, with very few manuscripts having been found before then (the exceptions are from

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Hookham, S. K. (1991). The Buddha within: Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. SUNY Press.

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In an effort to preserve these scriptures, Asian Buddhist institutions were at the forefront of the adoption of Chinese technologies related to

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After the arrival of Chinese Buddhism in Japan, Korea and Vietnam; they developed their own traditions and literature in the local language.

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is broadly similar between East Asian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism. The Tibetan Kangyur, which belongs to the various schools of Tibetan

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One of the largest category of texts that were neither Sutra, Vinaya nor Abhidharma includes various collections of stories such as the

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Tibetan Buddhist manuscripts handmade with woodblock printing method by Tibetan buddhist monks of Tashilhunpo, Shigatse, Tibet, in 1938

4592: 4614: 2342: 567:(triple basket) of the Theravāda school. The other (parts of) extant versions of the Tripitakas of early schools include the Chinese 2206: 2087:

philosophy. Various other authors of the Madhyamaka school followed him and wrote commentaries to his texts or their own treatises.

1772:(esoteric) division of the standard modern collected edition of Sino-Japanese Buddhist literature. Some Mahāyāna texts also contain 3962:

The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga) by Bhadantācariya Buddhaghosa. Translated from the Pali. First edition 1956. 3rd ed. 1991.

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The Nyingma school also has unique tantras of its own, not found in the other Tibetan schools, the most important of these are the

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Another genre that developed over time in the various early schools were biographies of the Buddha. Buddha biographies include the

641:) of monastic rules or doctrinal topics. A large portion of Early Buddhist literature is part of the "sutta" or "sutra" genre. The 1527:(preachers, reciters of these sutras) were influential figures, and promoted these new texts throughout the Buddhist communities. 7124: 6576: 4569: 1542:

respectively) which then developed their own textual histories. Sanskrit had been adopted by Buddhists in north India during the

919:) without using the conventional language and narrative stories found in the sutras. The prominent modern scholar of Abhidharma, 782:

a. Fragments of the Dharmaguptaka minor collection have been found in Gandhari. The Sarvāstivāda school also seems to have had a

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by Buddhist institutions, Buddhists continued to copy them by hand as a present authenticity exercise and spiritual practice

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Chen-kuo Lin / Michael Radich (eds.) A Distant Mirror Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism,

3894: 3805:"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma" 3441: 1847: 948:

have argued that there is an "ancient core" of early pre-sectarian material in the earliest Abhidharma works, such as in the

32: 4578:, Karl Potter; includes lists of available translations and known or estimated dates of composition of many Buddhist sutras. 4516: 2639:. They can be found in the Chinese canon, but even more so in the Tibetan Kangyur which contains translations of almost 500 1243:, (top) medium square, (centre) round, and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers 4942: 4784: 1603:) as not being the Buddha word and being counterfeit scriptures. Modern Theravāda generally does not accept these texts as 4002:

Woodward, F.L. Manual of a mystic, Being a Translation from the Pali and Sinhalese Work Entitled The Yogāvachara's Manual.

1301:(11th or 12th century), a short 50 page introductory summary to the Abhidhamma, which is widely used to teach Abhidhamma. 1289:, this text is regarded as "the principal non-canonical authority of the Theravada." A similar albeit shorter work is the 768:

Aside from the Sutras and the Vinayas, some schools also had collections of "minor" or miscellaneous texts. The Theravāda

230:. Memorizing, reciting and copying the texts was seen as spiritually valuable. Even after the development and adoption of 7119: 4582:

How old is the Suttapiṭaka? The relative value of textual and epigraphical sources for the study of early Indian Buddhism

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There are different types and historical layers of Abhidharma literature. The early canonical Abhidharma works (like the

17: 1473: 320:, and evaluated against the nature of the Dharma. These texts may then be certified as true buddhavacana by a buddha, a 7016: 6566: 4661: 2976: 2273: 1694:. Mahāyāna texts see Buddhas (and to a lesser extent, certain bodhisattvas as well) as transcendental or supramundane ( 1345:

of Ratanapañña. Pali literature continued to be composed into the modern era, especially in Burma, and writers such as

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were considered capable to transmitting buddhavacana. The content of such a discourse was then to be collated with the

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texts, whereby the teachings and spiritual path of a practitioner are explained through a review of their life story.

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The Mahāyāna commentarial and exegetical literature is vast. Many of these exegetical and scholastic works are called

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Several Mahāyāna sūtras also depict important Buddhas or Bodhisattvas not found in earlier texts, such as the Buddhas

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Olivelle, Patrick (2008). Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha (1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix.

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textual tradition spread into Burma and Thailand where Pali scholarship continued to flourish with such works as the

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Johannes Bronkhorst, Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism Handbook of Oriental Studies (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 46–47.

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Kieschnick, John (2003) "The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture" pp. 177-181. Princeton University Press

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which was an important link between Indian and East Asian Buddhism. Parts of what is likely to be the canon of the

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school along with some early proto-Mahayana meditations. They were mostly the work of Buddhist Yoga teachers from

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Johannes Bronkhorst, Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism Handbook of Oriental Studies (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 56.

2128:(fourth century CE) is another very large treatise which focuses on yogic praxis and the doctrines of the Indian 3650: 1902: 1379:

Burmese Buddhist literature developed unique poetic forms from the 1450s onwards, a major type of poetry is the

1264: 7131: 6784: 6586: 6477: 6422: 4995: 3780:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 3092: 2180: 1978: 857: 7101: 6799: 6482: 4774: 4607: 2981: 2559: 1800: 411:

with other literature in their standard collected editions. However, the general view of what is and is not

181:). These texts were collected into various collections and translated into other languages such as Buddhist 6684: 6556: 6527: 6229: 3741: 3021: 2944: 1551: 1547: 2212: 1787:

The following is a list of some well known Mahāyāna sutras which have been studied by modern scholarship:

1710:)...protector of all creatures", who has "never ceased to exist" and only "pretends to have passed away." 649:) are mostly discourses attributed to the Buddha or one of his close disciples. They are considered to be 6375: 6284: 5754: 5399: 4912: 4807: 722: 5919: 489:

There are early texts from various Buddhist schools, the largest collections are from the Theravāda and

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Williams, Tribe and Wynne; Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, chapter 7

2310:(Chan-jing) are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which contain meditation teachings from the 1534:

and in classical Sanskrit) and then later translated into the Tibetan and Chinese Buddhist canons (the

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Mahāyāna sūtras are also generally regarded by the Mahāyāna tradition as being more profound than the

988: 986:, which survives in Chinese translation. However, texts of other tradition have survived, such as the 7114: 6927: 6917: 6789: 5772: 5352: 5113: 5088: 2859: 2763:, who is particularly important to the Nyingmas. Probably the best known terma text is the so-called 2597: 2418:

based on the teachings and sayings of Chinese Zen masters. One of the key texts in this genre is the

2405: 2024: 53: 5138: 2216:. Numerous commentaries were written by later Yogacara exegetes on the works of these two brothers. 810: 474: 150: 7219: 6571: 6385: 6363: 6356: 6259: 5792: 5412: 5228: 5173: 4794: 4600: 2970: 2765: 2644: 2450: 2174: 1885: 1562:

arguing that they had been transmitted in secret, via lineages of supernatural beings (such as the

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tradition) has a large terma literature. Many of the terma texts are said to have been written by

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has been a strong influence in many schools of the Mahayana. It is notably a favorite text of the

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has said that these Buddhist systems are "among the major achievements of the classical period of

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The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of

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in the vernacular contains many Buddhist works, including as classical Sinhala poems such as the

798:. These texts are collections of sayings and aphorisms, the most well known of which is the Pali 4382:

Wallis, Christopher; THE TANTRIC AGE: A Comparison Of Shaiva And Buddhist Tantra, February, 2016

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was concerned with the collection and translation of texts into Chinese and the creation of the

1539: 979: 7166: 7006: 6674: 6644: 6417: 6368: 6209: 6157: 6152: 5914: 5735: 5632: 5384: 5379: 5128: 3804: 3428: 3036: 2949: 2334: 2157: 1320:(The Story of the Bodhisattva's Birth as a Hare, 12th century) as well as prose works like the 1297: 1119: 1042: 691: 580: 563:

exist, the only complete collection of texts to survive in a Middle Indo-Aryan language is the

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Another very influential work which traditionally attributed to Nagarjuna In East Asia is the

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Only two full canonical Abhidharma collections have survived both containing seven texts, the

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which were often deployed on a large scale. Because of this, the first surviving example of a

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The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in early Medieval China

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or New Translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism divide the Tantras into four main categories:

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Vehicle"). The earliest of these sutras do not call themselves 'Mahāyāna,' but use the terms

1309: 1231: 932: 754: 677: 498: 293: 5787: 4424: 2695: 2571: 457: 407:('The Translation of the Word'). The East Asian and Tibetan Buddhist Canons always combined 69:

from Korea; circa 1340, accordion-format book; gold and silver on indigo-dyed mulberry paper

7194: 7161: 7146: 6664: 6561: 6507: 6392: 6331: 6299: 6294: 6279: 6264: 6254: 6219: 6132: 5824: 5747: 5050: 4990: 4739: 4706: 4656: 4547: 4277:

Philosophical Aspects of Sixth-Century Chinese Buddhist Debates on "Mind and Consciousness"

3855: 3041: 3011: 2965: 2807: 2610: 2163: 2079: 1747: 774:('Minor Collection') is one example of such a collection, while there is evidence that the 711: 466: 437: 166: 158: 154: 106:. There is no single textual collection for all of Buddhism. Instead, there are three main 37: 7034: 5649: 5518: 5444: 5320: 5058: 1596: 765:

translations). In addition, portions survive of a number of Vinayas in various languages.

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schools, no complete collection has survived from the other early branch of Buddhism, the

45: 8: 7001: 6880: 6714: 6689: 6679: 6639: 6616: 6499: 6472: 6432: 6351: 6341: 6269: 6196: 5627: 5484: 5265: 5243: 5195: 5015: 4815: 4671: 4651: 4103: 2960: 2871: 2707: 2672: 2454:. Buddhist poetry was also an important contribution to the literature of the tradition. 2362: 2282: 2137: 1868: 1752: 1667: 346: 282: 123: 103: 4975: 4902: 2934: 1170: 915: 661: 568: 553: 514: 7064: 6969: 6811: 6774: 6769: 6699: 6649: 6596: 6591: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6442: 6427: 6412: 6407: 6346: 6326: 6289: 6214: 6019: 5720: 5644: 5522: 5464: 5305: 5205: 5133: 5108: 4754: 4684: 4575: 3385: 2893: 2616: 2590: 2531:), are mostly collections of magical mantras or phrases for mostly worldly ends called 1915: 1877: 1853: 1732: 1636: 1469: 1450: 1206: 589: 420: 246: 194: 6863: 4559: 3932:

Norman, Kenneth Roy (1983). Pali Literature. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 70–71.

1457: 770: 673: 509:, and others. The most widely studied early Buddhist material are the first four Pāli 502: 7242: 7204: 6900: 6885: 6848: 6833: 6606: 6522: 6437: 6274: 6239: 6224: 5951: 5941: 5622: 5469: 5454: 5325: 5248: 5168: 5103: 5035: 4922: 4679: 4553: 4451: 4327: 4302: 4052: 3987: 3933: 3890: 3841:

Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor).

3824: 3745: 3709: 3656: 3629: 3437: 3382: 3051: 3006: 2444: 2438: 2401: 2321: 2186: 2044: 2018: 2002: 1986: 1796:– A "proto-Mahāyāna" text, possibly one of the earliest texts with Mahāyāna elements. 1714: 1373: 1353: 945: 924: 920: 745:

collections survive in full, including those of the following schools: Theravāda (in

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hold that early Buddhist texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the

388:. Sometimes texts that are considered commentaries by some are regarded by others as 362: 321: 278: 190: 174: 6186: 4980: 4880: 3972: 2404:, which was crafted in two versions (the first one was destroyed by fire during the 1717:

translation. There many different genres or classes of Mahāyāna sutras, such as the

1687: 1324:(Commentary on the Blessed Doctrine), a commentary on words and phrases in the Pāli 1140: 983: 521:

often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources.

84: 6890: 6843: 6838: 6694: 6659: 6634: 6629: 6380: 6336: 6249: 5924: 5580: 5573: 5357: 5347: 5233: 4897: 4769: 4564: 4048: 3843:

Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.

3816: 3504: 3026: 2911: 2897: 2879: 2838: 2734: 2730: 2713: 2601: 2582: 2499: 2448:. Another key genre is that of compilations of Zen master biographies, such as the 2388: 2377:

as well as the first major comprehensive work on meditation composed in China, the

2355: 2330: 2141: 1934: 1923: 1563: 1305: 1286: 1251:, much of which is still untranslated. These are attributed to scholars working in 1240: 1155: 1151: 1122:. Another Sanskrit Buddhist poet was Mātṛceṭa, who composed various pious hymns in 883:

two collections of verses related to the elder disciples of the Buddha. A Sanskrit

762: 750: 682: 604: 529: 525: 506: 396: 381: 358: 297: 182: 131: 5969: 4484:. 2nd edition. Reprint, with additions and corrections: Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1972. 2306: 1445: 1115: 1081: 345:(word of the Buddha), and do not study or see these texts as reliable sources. In 7254: 7199: 7151: 7079: 6949: 6747: 6727: 6669: 6581: 6244: 6142: 5989: 5725: 5708: 5693: 5671: 5223: 5093: 4927: 4907: 4520: 4513: 3170: 3137: 3104: 3056: 3001: 2991: 2886:

view, focusing upon the dissemination of various sectarian traditions throughout

2230: 2190:. Their authorship remains disputed by modern scholars however. Asanga's brother 2116: 1792: 1764: 1432: 1304:

Buddhaghosa is known to have worked from Buddhist commentaries in the Sri Lankan

1226: 1213:(Pali: Milinda). It is a compendium of doctrine, and covers a range of subjects. 1163: 1127: 338: 309: 5999: 5153: 5143: 3621: 1690:. An important feature of Mahāyāna is the way that it understands the nature of 1599:

sect accepted them. Theravāda commentaries mention these texts (which they call

1176: 588:, dated to the 1st century BCE and constitute the Buddhist textual tradition of 7209: 6912: 6762: 6544: 6104: 6024: 5713: 5703: 5637: 5474: 4960: 4823: 3625:

Ancient Buddhist scrolls from Gandhāra: the British Library Kharoṣṭhī fragments

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Mindful Wisdom: The Sati-paṭṭhāna-sutta on Mindfulness, Memory, and Liberation.

2986: 2701: 2693:. Some of the most influential Higher Tantras in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism are the 2575: 2420: 2240: 2155:, are also very influential in both traditions, including his magnum opus, the 2099: 1860: 1809: 1719: 1703: 1575: 1357: 1346: 1316:(The Story of the Bodhisattva's Birth as King Mukhadeva, 12th century) and the 1136: 1068: 537: 274: 227: 208: 138: 107: 95: 79: 2243:

that tried to establish which texts were valid sources of knowledge (see also

1698:) beings, who live for eons constantly helping others through their activity. 1271:) or commentaries on the commentaries. Buddhaghosa was also the author of the 1009:

Later post-canonical Abhidharma works were written as either large treatises (

65: 7269: 6979: 6828: 6137: 6039: 5897: 5698: 5676: 5612: 5283: 5078: 5073: 4965: 4634: 4539: 4470:

1970. Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 2nd revised edition: 1980.

3828: 3733: 3729: 3424: 2760: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2521: 2286: 1822: 1726: 1621: 1273: 1189: 972: 959: 775: 703: 593: 576: 494: 333: 254: 49: 5437: 5427: 4799: 3820: 1260: 111: 7069: 7054: 7024: 6974: 6964: 6806: 6601: 6094: 5929: 5807: 5595: 5590: 5417: 5288: 5163: 4624: 4467: 2939: 2411: 2379: 2311: 2244: 2092: 2073:

Central to much of Mahāyāna philosophy are the works of the Indian scholar

1605: 1579: 1558: 1385:

which are long and embellished translations of Pali Buddhist works, mainly

1341: 1291: 1106: 1052: 994: 964: 852: 758: 738: 572: 533: 490: 203: 5852: 5837: 5797: 5494: 5158: 4734: 4581: 4345:"Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana in Haeinsa Temple, Hapcheon" 2365:

began to develop its own unique doctrinal literature with the rise of the

1495:, a new genre of sutra literature began to be written with a focus on the 1435:

for historical background and a list of some sutras categorised by source.

1407:

in nine sections, 1523). There is also a genre of Burmese commentaries or

1076: 716: 7039: 6868: 6009: 5994: 5777: 5585: 5513: 5293: 5123: 5025: 4872: 4744: 3486: 2854: 2784:

spiritual practice text used by practitioners, primarily to practice the

2374: 2298: 2254: 1893: 1835: 1758: 1683: 1644: 1632: 1508: 1496: 1256: 1145: 1111: 1003: 304:. A number of different beings such as Buddhas, disciples of the Buddha, 300:

considered both the Buddha's discourses and those of his disciples to be

146: 41: 7029: 5489: 3389: 2643:. In the Tibetan tradition, there are various categories of tantra. The 1779:

which are chants that are believed to have magical and spiritual power.

1679: 1663: 1635:

ideal, including "expanded cosmologies and mythical histories, ideas of

337:("three baskets"). Generally speaking, the Theravāda school rejects the 73: 6984: 6942: 6818: 6624: 6549: 6163: 6147: 6109: 6089: 5984: 5959: 5867: 5802: 5782: 5528: 5459: 5330: 5213: 5183: 5118: 5068: 4726: 4716: 4689: 4531: 3696:. Philosophy East and West. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 2996: 2954: 2929: 2883: 2815: 2803: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2220: 2191: 2168: 2084: 2035:– A text which contains an influential listing of bodhisattva precepts. 2011: 1691: 1640: 1592: 1492: 1325: 1248: 1222: 1210: 1034: 1017: 902: 897: 878: 872: 835: 825: 800: 790:

Early Buddhist texts which appear in such "minor" collections include:

695: 238: 226:

These religious texts were written in different languages, methods and

220: 162: 6004: 5000: 2194:

wrote a large number of texts associated with the Yogacara including:

2070:, which can refer to a scholastic treatise, exposition or commentary. 1631:

Mahāyāna sūtras contain several elements besides the promotion of the

1135:

Buddhist poetry was also written in popular Indian languages, such as

1060: 669:("Basket of Discourses") of the canons of the early Buddhist schools. 6959: 6932: 6099: 5974: 5686: 5602: 5479: 5369: 5342: 5335: 5298: 5255: 5218: 4985: 4950: 4917: 4892: 4847: 2907: 2799: 2781: 2624: 2605: 2538:

Later Tantric texts from the eighth century onward (termed variously

2481:

Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche of Samye Ling Temple reads from prayer text

2350: 2325:

The Tripiṭaka Koreana, an early edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon

2129: 2074: 1947: 1671: 1656: 1648: 1332: 1252: 949: 804:, but there are various versions in different languages, such as the 603:

There are different genres of early Buddhist texts, including prose "

483: 416: 377: 370: 115: 6732: 5568: 5422: 5188: 4970: 4839: 4831: 4570:

Beyond the Tipitaka: A Field Guide to Post-canonical Pali Literature

4043:

Drewes, David, Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives,

3557: 3470:

Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism

2744: 1769: 655: 313: 153:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE. The 7249: 7089: 7044: 6989: 6954: 6858: 6517: 6084: 6079: 6029: 5964: 5882: 5847: 5842: 5503: 5374: 5362: 5273: 4932: 4629: 4543: 2842: 2719: 2689: 2636: 2586: 2543: 2513: 2433: 2346: 2152: 2107: 2104: 2065: 1713:

Hundreds of Mahāyāna sūtras have survived in Sanskrit, Chinese and

1675: 1652: 1625: 1461: 1365: 1361: 1202: 1038: 953: 844: 608: 549: 545: 478: 470: 250: 231: 216: 99: 6074: 6064: 6049: 5872: 5742: 5010: 4318:

Hsieh, Ding-Hwa (2004). "Awakening Of Faith (Dasheng Qixin Lun)".

3378: 2903: 2527:

Many early Buddhist Tantric texts, later termed "action Tantras" (

1982:– A "Buddha nature" text, very influential in East Asian Buddhism. 6994: 6937: 6922: 6069: 6059: 6034: 5909: 5904: 5862: 5832: 5764: 5730: 5617: 5558: 5553: 5407: 5310: 5148: 5098: 4885: 4711: 4266:, Volume II, Parts I & II, 1997, Pali Text Society, Lancaster 4184:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

4171:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

3558:"The University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project" 2785: 2777: 2752: 2684: 2555: 2509: 2429: 2387:, which focused on developing their philosophical texts from the 2366: 2315: 2236: 1774: 1543: 1535: 1386: 1369: 1236: 1056: 1011: 699: 510: 404: 258: 253:

is a Buddhist charm, the first full printed book is the Buddhist

5681: 5449: 3674: 3672: 2957:, one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures 1483:

A section from the Illustrated Sutra of Past and Present Karma (

746: 369:, contains Mahāyāna sūtras, Śāstras (scholastic treatises), and 257:(c. 868) and the first hand colored print is an illustration of 7074: 7059: 6895: 6757: 6737: 6512: 6174: 6054: 6044: 5979: 5607: 5563: 5548: 5538: 5508: 5432: 5315: 5083: 4955: 4699: 4694: 4584:

by Alexander Wynne, St John's College, Oxford University, 2003.

4502: 3166: 3133: 3100: 2830: 2640: 2632: 2547: 2517: 2505: 2394: 2384: 2148: 1743: 1617: 1613: 1123: 742: 730: 617: 317: 286: 2756: 2604:

school, the most influential tantras are those which focus on

1742:

Some Mahāyāna sūtras are also thought to display a distinctly

1578:

for lacking knowledge and goodness, and thus, these elders or

1439: 1281:, which is a manual of doctrine and practice according to the 493:

schools, but there are also full texts and fragments from the

465:

The earliest Buddhist texts were passed down orally in Middle

7214: 7049: 6907: 6873: 6853: 6823: 6752: 6169: 6014: 5892: 5887: 5857: 5812: 5659: 5654: 5533: 5238: 5063: 5030: 5020: 4450:. 1st edition: Japan, 1980. 1st Indian Edition: Delhi, 1987. 4241:, Mouton, the Hague, 1960, p. 72; Rgyud is Tibetan for tantra 3766:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

3669: 3622:

Richard Salomon; Frank Raymond Allchin; Mark Barnard (1999).

3344: 3342: 2887: 2846: 2789: 2725: 2628: 2370: 2338: 2294: 2290: 1064: 866:. There is also a parallel in the Chinese translation of the 820: 628: 622: 419:, in addition to containing sutras and Vinaya, also contains 305: 242: 212: 4560:

Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon

4536: 2432:, it gives an autobiographical account of his succession as 2263:, which was a commentary and reworking of the Dignaga text. 680:. However, some individual texts have survived, such as the 7084: 5877: 5543: 5040: 4158:

The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.

4132:

The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.

4119:

The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.

4104:

The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana

3405:

Gethin, Rupert; The Foundations of Buddhism, 1998; pp 39–41

3366:

The Buddha speaks of Amitabha Sutra: A General Explanation.

2827: 2297:

equivalent, Kegon. While it is traditionally attributed to

1530:

Many of these Mahāyāna sūtras were written in Sanskrit (in

906: 729:

The other major type of text aside from the sutras are the

170: 4565:

Buddhist Canonical Text Titles and Translations in English

3908:

The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)

3776: 3774: 3339: 2578:

and other forbidden substances as well as sexual rituals.

2535:(mantra manuals) and they do not call themselves Tantras. 2083:, or Root Verses on the Middle Way, a seminal text on the 1950:

Buddhism, introduces the doctrine of the "three turnings".

1805:

An early Mahāyāna text focused on bodhisattva monasticism.

1550:

became the dominant tradition in Buddhist India until the

1372:. One of these texts has been published in English by the 714:. Another important source for Mahāsāṃghika sutras is the 486:

where it was first written down in the first century BCE.

426: 6742: 5278: 4441:

The Rider encyclopedia of eastern philosophy and religion

2425: 1995: 1898:

One of the most influential texts in East Asian Buddhism.

4514:

The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts - Buddhism

4283:

Hamburg Buddhist Studies, Hamburg University Press 2014.

3414:

Gethin, Rupert; The Foundations of Buddhism, 1998; p. 42

2896:, or spiritual biographies, are another popular form of 2383:(摩訶止観). Another important school of Chinese Buddhism is 1295:. Another highly influential Pali Theravada work is the 1201:(那先比丘經). These texts depict a dialogue between the monk 289:

is limited to what was spoken by the historical Buddha.

4587: 3975:. Fisher Unwin Ltd London – via Internet Archive. 3771: 2833:

from the 9th century. A collection known in English as

324:, a small group of elders, or one knowledgeable elder. 4108:

pp. 89-90, 211-212, 227. Buddhist Publication Society.

2301:, most scholars now hold it is a Chinese composition. 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1380: 839:("as it was said") and the Chinese translation of the 665:('scriptures'), which were further collected into the 4588:

History of early Buddhism in Sri Lanka, The Mahawansa

4011:

Jason A. Carbine; 'Burmese, Buddhist Literature in',

3474:

Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)

2562:

and other secret methods with which to achieve swift

2373:(538–597 CE) who wrote important commentaries on the 1659:, where becoming a Buddha is much easier to achieve. 1574:

also often criticize early Buddhist figures, such as

1187:

There are also some unique individual texts like the

1041:, Bangkok style, 1813, ink, color and gold on paper, 672:

Most of the early sutras that have survived are from

4491:

Translations and Commentary on the Therigatha, 1991.

4448:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

4074:

Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism.

3360: 3358: 2627:

Buddhism, which is the dominant form of Buddhism in

1756:. At least some editions of the Kangyur include the 1595:

sub-sect rejected these texts and the (now extinct)

830:. These are other collections of "inspired sayings". 584:

manuscripts containing early Buddhist texts are the

141:. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the 87:, early 12th century, opaque watercolor on palm leaf 4309:. Source; (accessed: Tuesday May 5, 2009), p. 325. 3318:

Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.

3302:

Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra.

2023:A sutra which depicts the teachings of a layman on 27:

Historic literature and religious texts of Buddhism

4475:Mahayana Buddhism : the doctrinal foundations 4369:Ronald M. Davidson, Charles D. Orzech. "Tantra", 3328: 3326: 1235:Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text 327:In Theravāda Buddhism, the standard collection of 4542:translations in multiple languages from the Pali 3355: 3312: 3310: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 2845:and is especially popular amongst members of the 2806:, often expounded their teachings in the form of 2356:Discourse on the Perfection of Consciousness-only 2098:Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa, The Great Discourse on 1849:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra (Infinite Life Sutra) 1033:Illuminated manuscript of a Jataka, the Story of 7267: 3870: 3714:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3392:and are of the same value as sutras. in: Eliot, 3126:"Translation and Transmission of Buddhist texts" 2973:, the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered 2910:Buddhism, and these are influential in Japanese 1067:and legends dealing with the previous births of 621:), various forms of verse compositions (such as 4326:. New York: MacMillan Reference US. pp. 38–39. 4145:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 3628:. University of Washington Press. p. 161. 3388:, says that the writings of Shan-tao come from 3323: 2733:has a unique and special class of texts called 2337:. This was often done by traveling overland to 2077:. Especially important is his magnum opus, the 1118:. Aśvaghoṣa also wrote other poems, as well as 698:" between eternalism and annihilationism, the " 3809:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 3423: 3307: 3289: 3070: 1368:before the 19th century reformist movement of 1002:), and various Abhidharma type works from the 778:school had a similar collection, known as the 161:, but were later written down and composed as 4608: 4213:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 4197:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 3059:, Buddhist schools into "yanas" or "vehicles" 2349:(c. 602–664), who also wrote a commentary on 2136:, it was studied and transmitted in both the 1928:A compilation of numerous texts, such as the 1161:Other later hagiographical texts include the 1104:One of the most famous of biographies is the 5390:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 3648: 3430:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2469:Image of leaves and the upper book cover of 1823:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā (Diamond Sutra) 548:, these texts are sometimes referred to as " 4464:. Birmingham, Windhorse Publications, 1994. 4186:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 40–41. 3728: 3545:A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya. 2397:who wrote many commentaries and treatises. 2393:. An important patriarch of this school is 559:Although many versions of the texts of the 4615: 4601: 4546:as well as other collections, focusing on 3953:, Part 2, pp. xi-xiv, The Clarendon press. 3350:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today 3264:, Thames & Hudson, London, 1984, p. 79 2726:Other products of the Vajrayana literature 2318:and were translated into Chinese early on. 2151:, a great scholar and systematizer of the 1349:translated some of their texts into Pali. 540:himself or at least to the early years of 4160:pp. 89, 93. Buddhist Publication Society. 3580:"The Historical Buddha and his Teachings" 2810:. Collections of these songs such as the 2343:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 1247:The Theravāda tradition has an extensive 357:; the most common edition of this is the 4226:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2 3921:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2 3680:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2 3503: 3223:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara" 2878:, 1392–1481), is a historical survey of 2484: 2476: 2464: 2320: 1907:Actually a collection of various sūtras. 1782: 1478: 1456: 1438: 1230: 1143:. One well known poem is the Tamil epic 1028: 456: 441: 98:that belong to, or are associated with, 72: 58: 31: 6577:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 4228:, p. 284. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher 4173:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 29. 3923:, p. 260. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher 3682:, p. 227. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher 3547:Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891. 3159:"The Development of the Buddhist Canon" 3156: 3123: 2550:Tantras) advocated union with a deity ( 2329:The early period of the development of 1946:(c. 2nd century CE), the main sutra of 532:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne, and 513:, as well as the corresponding Chinese 431: 427:The texts of the early Buddhist schools 14: 7268: 6780:List of Buddhist architecture in China 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 3694:"Proto-Maadhyamika in the Paali canon" 3485: 3459:Vol. 49, No. 4 (May 2010), pp. 393-420 3144:from the original on February 25, 2021 3111:from the original on November 12, 2020 3093:"The Buddha and Buddhist sacred texts" 3087: 2835:The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa 2558:), techniques for manipulation of the 1894:Saddharmapundarīka-sūtra (Lotus Sutra) 1180:(as well as its Chinese parallel, the 423:and other related Tantric literature. 4596: 4532:The Buddhist Text Translation Society 4207: 4205: 4134:p. 231. Buddhist Publication Society. 4121:p. 215. Buddhist Publication Society. 4097: 4095: 4085:Hookham, Dr. Shenpen, trans. (1998). 3802: 3691: 3610:Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader 3348:Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj (2013). 3157:Barrett, T. H. (September 23, 2019). 3124:Barrett, T. H. (September 23, 2019). 2683:(Higher Yoga Tantra) is known in the 2369:School and its major representative, 1285:tradition of Sri Lanka. According to 761:, Mahīshāsika, and Dharmaguptaka (in 331:is the Pāli Canon, also known as the 4556:in English translation (incomplete). 4089:. Oxford: Longchen Foundation: p. 27 3793:pp. 79-83. Hamburg University Press. 3768:, p. 90. Cambridge University Press. 3738:A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma 3491:Indian Buddhism, 3rd Revised edition 1746:character, like some of the shorter 571:, which includes collections by the 4423:. February 10, 2009. Archived from 4026: 3835: 3612:, p. 16. Columbia University Press, 3534:Bodhi, In the Buddha's words, p. 13 3396:, Edward Arnold, London, 1935, p. 6 3277:, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011, p. 33 2493: 2266: 2059: 1239:, showing three different types of 1197:) and its parallel in Chinese, the 940:) of key teachings, such as the 37 891: 615:, discourses), disciplinary works ( 365:. This collection, unlike the Pāli 157:were initially passed on orally by 44:'s renunciation and the request by 40:, depicting the events between the 24: 6567:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4320:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4202: 4189: 4092: 3783: 3593:A Critical Study of the Mahāvastu, 3515: 3177:from the original on April 7, 2021 2977:Index of Buddhism-related articles 2623:Buddhist Tantras are key texts in 2460: 2274:Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana 1836:Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya (Heart Sutra) 1810:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 1570:word. Mahāyāna sūtras such as the 1515:(extensive, expansive) sutras, or 1425: 1216: 80:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 25: 7287: 4576:Bibliography of Indian Philosophy 4495: 3591:Rahula, Bhikkhu Telwatte (1978). 3195: 1586:Buddhist communities such as the 1523:institutional structures." Early 1420: 1084:school, the northern tradition's 992:of the Dharmaguptaka school, the 753:(in Tibetan translation) and the 36:Illustrated Sinhalese covers and 7248: 7238: 7237: 6795:Thai temple art and architecture 6540:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4780:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 4646: 4633: 4623: 4501: 4349:Cultural Heritage Administration 4251:Journal of the Pali Text Society 4053:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x 3198:"Buddha | Biography & Facts" 2353:which remained influential, the 2219:The 9th Century Indian Buddhist 1961:One of the key "Buddha nature" ( 1474:Bibliothèque nationale de France 633:), mixed prose and verse works ( 195:Buddhism spread outside of India 4647: 4434: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4363: 4337: 4312: 4295: 4286: 4269: 4256: 4244: 4231: 4218: 4176: 4163: 4150: 4143:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. 4137: 4124: 4111: 4079: 4066: 4057: 4017: 4005: 3996: 3979: 3965: 3956: 3943: 3926: 3913: 3900: 3883: 3848: 3796: 3758: 3722: 3685: 3642: 3615: 3602: 3585: 3572: 3550: 3537: 3528: 3497: 3479: 3462: 3449: 3436:, Chroniker Press, p. 39, 3417: 3408: 3399: 3371: 2906:wrote a number of treatises on 2600:and its Japanese offshoot, the 2239:is associated with a school of 2110:treatise and commentary on the 1360:. This tradition flourished in 264: 211:," many of which are known as " 77:Folio from a manuscript of the 6785:Japanese Buddhist architecture 6587:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5667:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4858:Places where the Buddha stayed 3334:A Concise History of Buddhism. 3280: 3267: 3254: 3241: 3215: 3189: 1979:Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra 1024: 887:is also known to have existed. 856:, including texts such as the 13: 1: 6800:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4462:A concise history of Buddhism 4239:The Prajnaparamita Literature 3951:The questions of King Milinda 3064: 2982:List of historic Indian texts 2796:is a collection of sadhanas. 1133:One Hundred and Fifty Verses. 1037:'s Visit to Heaven and Hell, 741:", or birth stories. Various 215:", and other texts, such as " 124:East Asian Buddhist tradition 6557:Buddhism and the Roman world 6533:Decline of Buddhism in India 6528:History of Buddhism in India 4628: Topics in 4351:. Korea Tourism Organization 3949:Rhys Davids, Thomas (1894), 3742:Buddhist Publication Society 3652:The Buddhist Forum, Volume 2 3427:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 3022:Sanskrit Buddhist literature 2945:Buddhist Publication Society 2818:are still in existence. The 2598:East Asian Esoteric Buddhism 2574:practices such as ingesting 2281:) is an influential text in 1970:Shrīmālādevi-simhanāda Sūtra 1548:Sanskrit Buddhist literature 1491:Around the beginning of the 1443:Frontispiece of the Chinese 942:factors leading to Awakening 517:. The modern study of early 371:Esoteric Buddhist literature 7: 5755:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5495: 2917: 2792:, or meditation deity. The 2052:Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1381: 10: 7292: 6705:The unanswerable questions 4519:November 11, 2021, at the 4477:. London, Routledge, 1989. 4224:Winternitz, Moriz (1996). 3919:Winternitz, Moriz (1996). 3678:Winternitz, Moriz (1996). 3225:. UW Press. Archived from 2497: 1768:, is also included in the 1485:Kako genzai inga kyō emaki 1220: 895: 435: 7233: 7185: 7100: 7015: 6790:Buddhist temples in Korea 6713: 6615: 6498: 6195: 6123: 5950: 5823: 5763: 5398: 5353:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 5264: 5256:Three planes of existence 5204: 5049: 4941: 4871: 4863:Buddha in world religions 4725: 4670: 4642: 3858:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3791:"The Dawn of Abhidharma," 3655:. Routledge. p. 77. 2863: 2406:Mongol invasions of Korea 1994:elements, influential in 1864:– Another Pure land text. 1852:– An influential text in 1552:decline of Buddhism there 1519:(deep, profound) sutras. 1499:ideal, commonly known as 1487:), mid-8th century, Japan 1449:, the oldest known dated 1376:as "Manual of a Mystic". 1114:in Classical Sanskrit by 686:(rice stalk sūtra). This 596:can be found among these 6572:Persecution of Buddhists 5793:Four stages of awakening 5174:Three marks of existence 4760:Physical characteristics 4528:(archived 19 April 2008) 4489:The First Buddhist Women 4446:Nakamura, Hajime. 1980. 4371:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4013:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 3845:SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100. 3525:JOCBS. 2019(16): 98-148. 3260:Bechert & Gombrich, 3249:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 2971:Gandharan Buddhist Texts 2766:Tibetan book of the dead 2451:Transmission of the Lamp 2416:large literary tradition 2223:produced two texts: the 1990:– Includes Yogacara and 1886:Shurangama Samadhi Sutra 1352:There are also numerous 1195:The Questions of Milinda 598:Gandharan Buddhist Texts 586:Gandharan Buddhist Texts 179:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit 143:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 5935:Ten principal disciples 4818:(aunt, adoptive mother) 4572:(archived 6 April 2004) 4526:Online Dharma Libraries 4253:, volume XVI, pp. 161ff 4215:Routledge, 2008, p. 27. 4199:Routledge, 2008, p. 21. 3821:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607 3692:Gomez, Luis O. (1976). 3511:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 3275:Books: A Living History 3202:Encyclopædia Britannica 2566:. Some Tantras contain 2043:, which introduces the 2014:scholasticism of Tibet. 1974:A "Buddha nature" text. 1873:Another Pure land text. 1827:Another possibly early 1674:, and the bodhisattvas 1639:and great, 'celestial' 1322:Dhampiyātuvā gätapadaya 1249:commentarial literature 984:Sarvastivada Abhidharma 704:three unwholesome roots 461:Burmese Pāli manuscript 277:, which is termed "the 6645:Buddhism and democracy 6158:Tibetan Buddhist canon 6153:Chinese Buddhist canon 5385:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5380:Early Buddhist schools 4443:. London, Rider, 1989. 4087:The Shrimaladevi Sutra 3764:Harvey, Peter (2013). 3493:. Motilal Banarsidass. 3091:(September 23, 2019). 3037:Tibetan Buddhist canon 2950:Chinese Buddhist canon 2581:Some scholars such as 2490: 2482: 2474: 2335:Chinese Buddhist canon 2326: 2010:), influential in the 1814:Possibly the earliest 1609:(word of the Buddha). 1488: 1476: 1454: 1389:. A famous example of 1308:, which are now lost. 1298:Abhidhammattha-sangaha 1244: 1095:and the Dharmaguptaka 1045: 1043:Honolulu Museum of Art 581:Chinese Buddhist canon 561:early Buddhist schools 542:pre-sectarian Buddhism 519:pre-sectarian Buddhism 462: 454: 380:from the tradition of 361:, itself based on the 355:Chinese Buddhist canon 128:Tibetan Buddhist Canon 120:Chinese Buddhist Canon 88: 70: 56: 6655:Eight Consciousnesses 4765:Life of Buddha in art 4427:on February 10, 2009. 4156:Werner et al (2013). 4130:Werner et al (2013). 4117:Werner et al (2013). 4101:Werner et al (2013). 3906:Beal, Samuel (1875). 3803:Migot, André (1954). 3649:T. Skorupski (1996). 3608:Deepak Sarma (2011). 3523:Did the Buddha exist? 3017:Pariyatti (bookstore) 2488: 2480: 2471:Thar pa chen po'i mod 2468: 2341:, as recorded in the 2324: 2213:Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya 2181:Mahāyāna-sūtrālamkāra 2103:). This is a massive 2080:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā 1955:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra 1943:Sandhinirmocana Sutra 1911:Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra 1840:Another very popular 1783:Major Mahāyāna sūtras 1503:("Great Vehicle") or 1482: 1460: 1442: 1339:of Saddaniti and the 1310:Sri Lankan literature 1259:(5th century CE) and 1234: 1221:Further information: 1199:Nāgasena Bhikśu Sūtra 1032: 896:Further information: 824:and the Sarvāstivāda 723:Dharmacakrapravartana 692:dependent origination 460: 445: 436:Further information: 399:, what is considered 397:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 349:, what is considered 132:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 85:Shadakshari Lokesvara 76: 62: 35: 7132:East Asian religions 6562:Buddhism in the West 6133:Early Buddhist texts 5748:Four Right Exertions 5214:Ten spiritual realms 4707:Noble Eightfold Path 4548:Early Buddhist Texts 4510:at Wikimedia Commons 4275:Hans-Rudolf Kantor, 3599:Motilal Banarsidass. 3505:Gombrich, Richard F. 3352:, p. 115. Routledge. 3251:(Volume One), p. 142 3042:Timeline of Buddhism 3012:Palm-leaf manuscript 2966:Early Buddhist Texts 2876:gos lo gzhon nu dpal 2808:songs of realization 2611:Mahavairocana Tantra 2608:Buddha, mainly, the 2285:, especially in the 2164:Abhidharma-samuccaya 2125:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra 2112:Prajñāpāramitā sutra 1801:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra 1748:Perfection of Wisdom 1279:Path of Purification 1150:which is one of the 1098:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra 1015:), as commentaries ( 980:Theravāda Abhidhamma 712:Noble Eightfold Path 524:Various scholars of 467:Indo-Aryan languages 438:Early Buddhist texts 432:Early Buddhist texts 403:is collected in the 353:is collected in the 316:, compared with the 167:Indo-Aryan languages 155:first Buddhist texts 7255:Religion portal 7002:Temple of the Tooth 6881:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5920:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 5413:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 5196:Two truths doctrine 5016:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4816:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4421:"THDL: Blue Annals" 4047:4/2 (2010): 66–74, 3973:"A History Of Siam" 3880:. 2000. pp. 286-287 3155: • 3122: • 3086: • 2961:Dhamma Society Fund 2866:) completed in 1476 2822:is a collection of 2708:Cakrasamvara Tantra 2363:East Asian Buddhism 2283:East Asian Buddhism 2247:). He produced the 2196:Trisvabhāva-nirdesa 2138:East Asian Buddhist 2132:school. Unlike the 2008:Candrapradīpa Sūtra 1903:Mahāratnakūta Sūtra 1869:Contemplation Sutra 1831:text, very popular. 1753:Mahavairocana Sutra 1356:texts, mostly from 1087:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1063:). These are moral 995:Tattvasiddhi Śāstra 637:), and also lists ( 347:East Asian Buddhism 116:Theravāda tradition 18:Buddhist scriptures 7177:Western philosophy 6775:Dzong architecture 6597:Vipassana movement 6592:Buddhist modernism 6020:Emperor Wen of Sui 5788:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5721:Threefold Training 5523:Vipassana movement 5239:Hungry Ghost realm 5059:Avidyā (Ignorance) 5006:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4755:Great Renunciation 4750:Eight Great Events 4632: 4480:Zürcher, E. 1959. 4373:, Buswell (editor) 3910:, London: Trübner. 3578:Reat, Noble Ross. 3521:Wynne, Alexander. 3509:How Buddhism Began 3455:Shulman, Eviatar. 2696:Guhyasamāja Tantra 2681:Anuttarayogatantra 2674:Anuttarayogatantra 2617:Vajrasekhara Sutra 2554:), sacred sounds ( 2491: 2483: 2475: 2327: 1916:Golden Light Sutra 1878:Pratyutpanna Sutra 1854:Pure Land Buddhism 1489: 1477: 1464:manuscript of the 1455: 1354:Esoteric Theravada 1245: 1046: 989:Śāriputrābhidharma 969:Śāriputrābhidharma 590:Gandharan Buddhism 463: 455: 417:Vajrayāna Buddhism 219:" (treatises) or " 159:Buddhist monastics 89: 71: 57: 54:Buddha's awakening 48:that he teach the 7263: 7262: 6901:Om mani padme hum 6607:Women in Buddhism 6523:Buddhist councils 6393:Western countries 6181:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5942:Shaolin Monastery 5519:Samatha-vipassanā 5129:Pratītyasamutpāda 4933:Metteyya/Maitreya 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4680:Four Noble Truths 4506:Media related to 4460:Skilton, Andrew. 3895:978-0-8147-6216-5 3443:978-1-312-91150-5 3394:Japanese Buddhism 3381:, the founder of 3332:Skilton, Andrew. 3262:World of Buddhism 3047:Tripiṭaka Koreana 3007:Pali Text Society 2925:Abhidhamma Piṭaka 2869: 2864:deb ther sngon po 2802:adepts, known as 2445:The Gateless Gate 2439:Blue Cliff Record 2402:Tripitaka Koreana 2279:Dàshéng Qǐxìn Lùn 2250:Pramāna-samuccaya 2187:Abhisamayālamkara 2167:(a compendium of 2158:Mahāyāna-samgraha 2045:Om Mani Padme Hum 2040:Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra 2019:Vimalakīrti Sūtra 2003:Samādhirāja Sūtra 1987:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 1935:Daśabhūmika Sūtra 1468:, written in the 1453:book in the world 1374:Pali Text Society 1263:. There are also 946:Erich Frauwallner 933:Abhidhamma Pitaka 925:Indian philosophy 921:Erich Frauwallner 751:Mula-Sarvāstivāda 708:Four Noble Truths 645:(Sanskrit; Pāli: 546:Mahāyāna Buddhism 538:historical Buddha 475:Gāndhārī language 447:Samyutagama Sūtra 363:Tripiṭaka Koreana 275:historical Buddha 191:Classical Tibetan 16:(Redirected from 7283: 7253: 7252: 7241: 7240: 7080:Sacred languages 6928:Maya Devi Temple 6891:Mahabodhi Temple 6695:Secular Buddhism 6660:Engaged Buddhism 5500: 5348:Tibetan Buddhism 5299:Vietnamese Thiền 4898:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4849: 4841: 4833: 4825: 4817: 4809: 4801: 4650: 4649: 4637: 4627: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4505: 4473:Williams, Paul. 4429: 4428: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4316: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4279:pp. 337–395 in: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4211:Williams, Paul, 4209: 4200: 4195:Williams, Paul, 4193: 4187: 4182:Walser, Joseph, 4180: 4174: 4169:Walser, Joseph, 4167: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4045:Religion Compass 4041: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3730:Dhamma, U Rewata 3726: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3543:Analayo (2011). 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3483: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3346: 3337: 3330: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3298: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3083: 3032:Taishō Tripiṭaka 2935:Āgama (Buddhism) 2912:Shingon Buddhism 2898:Tibetan Buddhist 2880:Tibetan Buddhism 2867: 2865: 2860:Standard Tibetan 2839:Tibetan Buddhist 2837:was composed by 2788:or a particular 2731:Tibetan Buddhism 2714:Kalacakra Tantra 2660:Charyayogatantra 2583:Alexis Sanderson 2500:Buddhist Tantras 2494:Buddhist tantras 2331:Chinese Buddhism 2267:East Asian works 2260:Pramāna-vārttikā 2226:Bodhicaryāvatāra 2175:Madhyāntavibhāga 2142:Tibetan Buddhist 2060:Indian treatises 2032:Brahmajāla Sūtra 1930:Gaṇḍavyūha Sutra 1924:Avataṃsaka Sūtra 1704:Buddha Sakyamuni 1540:Taishō Tripiṭaka 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1384: 1306:Sinhala language 1287:Nanamoli Bhikkhu 1265:sub-commentaries 1156:Tamil literature 1152:Five Great Epics 944:. Scholars like 916:paramartha-satya 892:Abhidharma texts 806:Patna Dharmapada 683:Śālistamba Sūtra 530:Richard Gombrich 526:Buddhist studies 507:Mūlasarvāstivāda 421:Buddhist tantras 382:Chinese Buddhism 359:Taishō Tripiṭaka 298:Mūlasarvāstivāda 281:". According to 46:Brahmā Sahampati 21: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7247: 7229: 7181: 7096: 7011: 6748:Ordination hall 6709: 6611: 6582:Buddhist crisis 6494: 6191: 6143:Mahayana sutras 6119: 6115:Thích Nhất Hạnh 5946: 5819: 5759: 5709:Bodhisattva vow 5394: 5260: 5200: 5159:Taṇhā (Craving) 5094:Five hindrances 5045: 4937: 4867: 4721: 4666: 4638: 4621: 4521:Wayback Machine 4498: 4487:Susan Murcott. 4437: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4042: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3888: 3884: 3878:Indian Buddhism 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3801: 3797: 3789:Anālayo (2014) 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3727: 3723: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3502: 3498: 3484: 3480: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3433: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3390:Amitābha Buddha 3376: 3372: 3363: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3316:Lopez, Donald. 3315: 3308: 3300:Lopez, Donald. 3299: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3273:Lyons, Martyn, 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3229:on May 27, 2017 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3171:British Library 3154: 3147: 3145: 3138:British Library 3121: 3114: 3112: 3105:British Library 3085: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3002:Pali Literature 2992:Mahayana sutras 2920: 2728: 2653:Kriyayogatantra 2502: 2496: 2463: 2461:Vajrayana texts 2269: 2231:14th Dalai Lama 2062: 1992:Tathāgatagarbha 1963:Tathāgatagarbha 1793:Ajitasena Sutra 1785: 1765:Atanatiya Sutra 1750:sutras and the 1727:Tathāgatagarbha 1688:Avalokiteshvara 1601:Vedalla/Vetulla 1505:Bodhisattvayāna 1433:Mahāyāna sūtras 1428: 1426:Mahāyāna sūtras 1423: 1229: 1227:Pali literature 1219: 1217:Theravāda texts 1128:Buddhist poetry 1120:Sanskrit dramas 1027: 900: 894: 771:Khuddaka Nikāya 700:five aggregates 674:Sthavira nikaya 659:('volumes') or 440: 434: 429: 339:Mahāyāna sūtras 269:The concept of 267: 228:writing systems 149:and written in 108:Buddhist Canons 96:religious texts 38:palm-leaf pages 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7289: 7279: 7278: 7276:Buddhist texts 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7245: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6812:Greco-Buddhist 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6763:Burmese pagoda 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6719: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6545:Greco-Buddhism 6542: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478:United Kingdom 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6423:Czech Republic 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6187:Abhidharmadīpa 6184: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6105:B. R. Ambedkar 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Songtsen Gampo 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5704:Eight precepts 5701: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5492: 5482: 5477: 5475:Five Strengths 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5114:Mental factors 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4966:Mahamoggallāna 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4881:Avalokiteśvara 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4511: 4508:Buddhist texts 4497: 4496:External links 4494: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4444: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4412: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4362: 4336: 4311: 4294: 4285: 4268: 4255: 4243: 4230: 4217: 4201: 4188: 4175: 4162: 4149: 4136: 4123: 4110: 4091: 4078: 4065: 4056: 4025: 4016: 4004: 3995: 3978: 3964: 3955: 3942: 3925: 3912: 3899: 3882: 3869: 3847: 3834: 3795: 3782: 3770: 3757: 3750: 3734:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 3721: 3684: 3668: 3661: 3641: 3634: 3614: 3601: 3584: 3571: 3560:. www.ebmp.org 3549: 3536: 3527: 3514: 3496: 3478: 3461: 3448: 3442: 3425:Sujato, Bhante 3416: 3407: 3398: 3370: 3354: 3338: 3322: 3306: 3288: 3279: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3214: 3188: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987:List of suttas 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2882:with a marked 2872:Gölo Zhönnupel 2870:, authored by 2727: 2724: 2702:Hevajra Tantra 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2522:Fire offerings 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2462: 2459: 2424:attributed to 2421:Platform Sutra 2345:, by the monk 2268: 2265: 2241:Buddhist logic 2119:(344–413 CE). 2100:Prajñāpāramitā 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2036: 2028: 2015: 1999: 1983: 1975: 1966: 1951: 1939: 1920: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1865: 1861:Amitabha Sutra 1857: 1845: 1842:Prajñāpāramitā 1832: 1829:Prajñāpāramitā 1819: 1816:Prajñāpāramitā 1806: 1797: 1784: 1781: 1720:Prajñāpāramitā 1525:dharmabhanakas 1470:Siddhaṃ script 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:Mahāyāna texts 1419: 1398:Kui khan pyui' 1395:poetry is the 1358:Southeast Asia 1347:Mahasi Sayadaw 1241:Burmese script 1218: 1215: 1091:the Theravada 1082:Lokottaravadin 1069:Gautama Buddha 1026: 1023: 893: 890: 889: 888: 870: 848: 831: 816: 453:, 11th century 451:Medieval China 433: 430: 428: 425: 266: 263: 261:dated to 947. 247:block printing 139:Gautama Buddha 104:its traditions 92:Buddhist texts 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7288: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7017:Miscellaneous 7014: 7008: 7007:Vegetarianism 7005: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 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6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:United States 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6040:Padmasambhava 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5952:Major figures 5949: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5898:Western tulku 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699:Five precepts 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677:Dhamma vicaya 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Buddhābhiṣeka 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089:Enlightenment 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Dhamma theory 5077: 5075: 5074:Buddha-nature 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Samantabhadra 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:Public domain 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468:Warder, A. K. 4466: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4456:81-208-0272-1 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4332:0-02-865719-5 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4307:0-7914-0357-2 4304: 4298: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4072:Hamar, Imre. 4069: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3938:3-447-02285-X 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3876:Warder, A.K. 3873: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811:(in French). 3810: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3753: 3751:1-928706-02-9 3747: 3744:. p. 2. 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3700:September 20, 3695: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3662:0-7286-0255-5 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3635:0-295-97769-8 3631: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377:For example, 3374: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3196:Lopez, D. S. 3192: 3181:September 23, 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3148:September 23, 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3115:September 23, 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089:Harvey, Peter 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3069: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052:Vinaya Piṭaka 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826:songs by the 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761:Padmasambhava 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591:Śaiva tantras 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2572:transgressive 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2307:Dhyāna sutras 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2147:The works of 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446:Diamond Sūtra 1441: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274:Visuddhimagga 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1190:Milinda pañha 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 991: 990: 985: 981: 976: 974: 973:Dharmaguptaka 970: 966: 962: 961: 960:Dharmaskandha 956: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934: 928: 926: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 904: 899: 886: 885:Sthaviragāthā 882: 881: 876: 875: 871: 869: 868:Arthavargīya. 865: 864: 863:Pārāyanavagga 860: 855: 854: 849: 846: 842: 838: 837: 832: 829: 828: 823: 822: 817: 814: 812: 807: 803: 802: 797: 793: 792: 791: 788: 785: 781: 780:Kṣudraka Āgam 777: 776:Dharmaguptaka 773: 772: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 724: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 663: 658: 657: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631: 626: 625: 620: 619: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 594:Dharmaguptaka 591: 587: 582: 578: 577:Dharmaguptaka 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Dharmaguptaka 492: 487: 485: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 452: 448: 444: 439: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376:According to 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 262: 260: 256: 255:Diamond Sutra 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207:"word of the 206: 205: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 86: 82: 81: 75: 68: 67: 61: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7195:Bodhisattvas 7115:Christianity 7110:Baháʼí Faith 6975:Dharmachakra 6965:Prayer wheel 6955:Prayer beads 6723:Architecture 6602:969 Movement 6386:Saudi Arabia 6364:Central Asia 6357:South Africa 6179: 6162: 6124: 6095:Panchen Lama 6000:Buddhapālita 5596:Satipatthana 5591:Mindful Yoga 5504:Recollection 5418:Brahmavihara 5289:Japanese Zen 5284:Chinese Chan 5244:Animal realm 5051:Key concepts 4873:Bodhisattvas 4685:Three Jewels 4537:SuttaCentral 4488: 4481: 4474: 4461: 4447: 4440: 4435:Bibliography 4425:the original 4415: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4348: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4297: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4196: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4157: 4152: 4147:2008. p. 68. 4144: 4139: 4131: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4102: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4059: 4044: 4019: 4012: 4007: 3998: 3992:1-898942-153 3981: 3967: 3958: 3950: 3945: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3885: 3877: 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3850: 3842: 3837: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3765: 3760: 3737: 3724: 3698:. Retrieved 3687: 3679: 3651: 3644: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3552: 3544: 3539: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3487:Warder, A.K. 3481: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3429: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3393: 3373: 3365: 3349: 3333: 3317: 3301: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3233:September 4, 3231:. Retrieved 3227:the original 3217: 3207:November 22, 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3162: 3146:. Retrieved 3129: 3113:. Retrieved 3096: 3027:Sutta Piṭaka 2940:Buddhavacana 2902: 2892: 2875: 2853: 2851: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2798: 2793: 2775: 2771:Bardo Thodol 2770: 2764: 2755:school (and 2748: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2595: 2580: 2537: 2533:mantrakalpas 2532: 2529:kriyā tantra 2528: 2526: 2503: 2470: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2419: 2414:developed a 2412:Zen Buddhism 2410: 2399: 2389: 2380:Mohe Zhiguan 2378: 2361: 2354: 2328: 2312:Sarvastivada 2305: 2303: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2253:, and later 2248: 2245:Epistemology 2235: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2156: 2146: 2144:traditions. 2134:Dà zhìdù lùn 2133: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2097: 2093:Dà zhìdù lùn 2091: 2089: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2050: 2038: 2030: 2017: 2007: 2001: 1996:Zen Buddhism 1991: 1985: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1884: 1876: 1867: 1859: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1773: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1734: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1661: 1645:bodhisattvas 1630: 1611: 1606:buddhavacana 1604: 1600: 1588:Mahāsāṃghika 1584: 1571: 1568: 1556: 1532:hybrid forms 1529: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1484: 1465: 1444: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1378: 1351: 1342:Jinakalamali 1340: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1314:Muvadevāvata 1313: 1303: 1296: 1292:Vimuttimagga 1290: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1246: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182:Vimānāvadāna 1181: 1177:Vimanavatthu 1175: 1171:Cariyāpiṭaka 1169: 1162: 1160: 1144: 1132: 1107:Buddhacarita 1105: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1053:Jātaka tales 1050: 1047: 1016: 1010: 1008: 999: 993: 987: 977: 968: 965:Sarvastivada 958: 952: 937: 931: 929: 914: 910: 901: 884: 879: 873: 867: 862: 859:Aṭṭhakavagga 858: 853:Sutta Nipata 851: 840: 834: 826: 819: 809: 805: 799: 795: 789: 783: 779: 769: 767: 759:Sarvāstivāda 755:Mahāsānghika 728: 721: 715: 687: 681: 678:Mahāsāṃghika 671: 667:Sūtra Piṭaka 666: 660: 654: 651:buddhavacana 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 623: 616: 612: 602: 573:Sarvāstivāda 564: 558: 534:A. K. Warder 523: 499:Mahāsāṅghika 491:Sarvāstivāda 488: 477:, the early 473:, including 464: 446: 413:buddhavacana 412: 409:buddhavacana 408: 401:buddhavacana 400: 394: 390:buddhavacana 389: 386:buddhavacana 385: 375: 366: 351:buddhavacana 350: 343:buddhavacana 342: 332: 329:buddhavacana 328: 326: 302:buddhavacana 301: 294:Mahāsāṃghika 291: 283:Donald Lopez 271:buddhavacana 270: 268: 265:Buddhavacana 251:printed text 241:, including 236: 225: 204:buddhavacana 202: 199: 187:fójiào hànyǔ 186: 136: 91: 90: 78: 64: 63:Illustrated 29: 7040:Dharma talk 6869:Asalha Puja 6665:Eschatology 6468:Switzerland 6448:New Zealand 6376:Middle East 6285:Philippines 6205:Afghanistan 6010:Bodhidharma 5995:Buddhaghosa 5915:Householder 5825:Monasticism 5778:Bodhisattva 5633:Prostration 5586:Mindfulness 5514:Anapanasati 5497:Kammaṭṭhāna 5294:Korean Seon 5234:Asura realm 5229:Human realm 5169:Ten Fetters 5124:Parinirvana 5026:Uppalavanna 4991:Mahākaccana 4976:Mahākassapa 4908:Kṣitigarbha 4903:Ākāśagarbha 4800:Suddhodāna 4745:Four sights 4672:Foundations 4076:2007. p. 94 3862:December 4, 3364:Hsuan Hua. 3336:2004. p. 83 3320:1998. p. 29 3304:1998. p. 28 2855:Blue Annals 2794:Sādhanamālā 2560:subtle body 2375:Lotus sutra 2299:Ashvaghosha 2255:Dharmakirti 2025:non-dualism 1759:Heart Sutra 1684:Ksitigarbha 1633:bodhisattva 1509:Bodhisattva 1497:Bodhisattva 1466:Heart Sūtra 1257:Buddhaghosa 1237:Mahaniddesa 1193:(literally 1164:Buddhavaṃsa 1146:Manimekalai 1093:Nidānakathā 1025:Other texts 1004:Pudgalavada 1000:Chéngshílun 796:Dharmapadas 554:Śrāvakayāna 165:in various 163:manuscripts 147:Afghanistan 145:, found in 66:Lotus Sūtra 42:Bodhisattva 7157:Psychology 7137:Gnosticism 7125:Comparison 7120:Influences 7102:Comparison 6985:Bhavacakra 6943:Kushinagar 6918:Pilgrimage 6864:Māgha Pūjā 6819:Bodhi Tree 6635:Buddhology 6625:Abhidharma 6617:Philosophy 6550:Menander I 6418:Costa Rica 6369:Uzbekistan 6210:Bangladesh 6164:Dhammapada 6148:Pali Canon 6110:Ajahn Chah 6090:Dalai Lama 5990:Kumārajīva 5985:Vasubandhu 5960:The Buddha 5868:Zen master 5803:Sakadagami 5783:Buddhahood 5714:Pratimokṣa 5529:Shikantaza 5485:Meditation 5460:Deity yoga 5331:Madhyamaka 5224:Deva realm 5119:Mindstream 5069:Bodhicitta 4981:Aṅgulimāla 4848:Devadatta 4824:Yaśodharā 4727:The Buddha 4717:Middle Way 4554:Pali Canon 4355:October 1, 4264:Mahasutras 4262:Skilling, 3815:(2): 524. 3368:2003. p. 2 3247:Macmillan 3065:References 2997:Pali Canon 2955:Dhammapada 2930:Atthakatha 2884:ecumenical 2874:(Tibetan: 2816:Charyapada 2804:mahasiddha 2749:gTer-stons 2747:(Tibetan: 2739:(Tibetan: 2711:, and the 2687:school as 2667:Yogatantra 2568:antinomian 2564:Buddhahood 2552:deity yoga 2540:Yogatantra 2428:patriarch 2390:Avatamsaka 2293:, and its 2289:school of 2257:wrote the 2221:Shantideva 2210:, and the 2192:Vasubandhu 2184:, and the 2169:Abhidharma 2161:, and the 2117:Kumārajīva 2085:Madhyamika 2012:Madhyamaka 1733:Pure Land 1692:Buddhahood 1649:Pure lands 1597:Abhayagiri 1593:Mahavihara 1572:Gaṇḍavyūha 1544:Kushan era 1493:common era 1326:Dhammapada 1318:Sasadāvata 1283:Mahavihara 1261:Dhammapala 1223:Pali Canon 1207:Indo-Greek 1205:, and the 1141:Apabhramsa 1035:Phra Malai 1018:aṭṭhakathā 967:, and the 911:Abhidhamma 903:Abhidharma 898:Abhidharma 880:Therīgāthā 874:Theragāthā 841:Itivṛttaka 836:Itivuttaka 827:Udānavarga 813:Dharmapada 801:Dhammapada 696:middle way 503:Mahīśāsaka 239:bookmaking 221:Abhidharma 189:佛教漢語) and 126:, and the 112:Pāli Canon 83:depicting 52:after the 7225:Festivals 7205:Buddhists 7167:Theosophy 6970:Symbolism 6960:Hama yumi 6933:Bodh Gaya 6700:Socialism 6675:Evolution 6650:Economics 6488:Venezuela 6403:Australia 6398:Argentina 6322:Sri Lanka 6317:Singapore 6235:Indonesia 6197:Countries 6138:Tripiṭaka 6100:Ajahn Mun 5975:Nagarjuna 5970:Aśvaghoṣa 5853:Anagārika 5848:Śrāmaṇerī 5843:Śrāmaṇera 5838:Bhikkhunī 5798:Sotāpanna 5687:Passaddhi 5628:Offerings 5603:Nekkhamma 5480:Iddhipada 5400:Practices 5370:Theravada 5343:Vajrayana 5336:Yogachara 5306:Pure Land 5219:Six Paths 5206:Cosmology 4986:Anuruddha 4961:Sāriputta 4951:Kaundinya 4943:Disciples 4918:Vajrapāṇi 4770:Footprint 4735:Tathāgata 3829:0336-1519 3595:chapter 2 3564:April 13, 3386:Pure Land 3163:www.bl.uk 3130:www.bl.uk 3097:www.bl.uk 2908:Vajrayana 2820:Dohakosha 2814:, or the 2812:Caryāgīti 2800:Vajrayana 2722:tantras. 2625:Vajrayana 2606:Vairocana 2201:Vimsatika 2075:Nagarjuna 1965:) sūtras. 1708:svayambhu 1696:lokuttara 1672:Vairocana 1668:Akshobhya 1657:Sukhavati 1637:purelands 1576:Sariputra 1337:Aggavamsa 1333:Theravāda 1253:Sri Lanka 1116:Aśvaghoṣa 1112:epic poem 1077:Mahāvastu 950:Theravada 850:The Pali 843:(本事經) by 833:The Pali 818:The Pali 717:Mahāvastu 484:Sri Lanka 378:Hsuan Hua 367:Tripiṭaka 334:Tripiṭaka 169:(such as 7270:Category 7243:Category 7172:Violence 7142:Hinduism 7090:Sanskrit 7045:Hinayana 7030:Amitābha 6990:Swastika 6859:Uposatha 6849:Holidays 6834:Calendar 6680:Humanism 6518:Kanishka 6508:Timeline 6332:Thailand 6300:Kalmykia 6295:Buryatia 6280:Pakistan 6265:Mongolia 6260:Maldives 6255:Malaysia 6220:Cambodia 6085:Shamarpa 6080:Nichiren 6030:Xuanzang 5965:Nagasena 5883:Rinpoche 5613:Pāramitā 5455:Devotion 5375:Navayana 5363:Dzogchen 5326:Nichiren 5274:Mahayana 5266:Branches 5144:Saṅkhāra 4893:Mañjuśrī 4850:(cousin) 4842:(cousin) 4810:(mother) 4802:(father) 4790:Miracles 4740:Birthday 4657:Glossary 4630:Buddhism 4544:Tipitaka 4517:Archived 4410:129-131. 3856:"Jataka" 3736:(2000). 3710:cite web 3507:(1997). 3489:(2004). 3383:Japanese 3175:Archived 3142:Archived 3109:Archived 2918:See also 2849:school. 2843:Milarepa 2720:Dzogchen 2690:Mahayoga 2637:Mongolia 2614:and the 2589:and the 2544:Mahayoga 2514:Mandalas 2510:Dharanis 2351:Yogacara 2347:Xuanzang 2295:Japanese 2207:Trimsika 2153:Yogacara 2140:and the 2130:Yogacara 2108:Buddhist 2105:Mahayana 1948:Yogacara 1932:and the 1731:and the 1680:Mañjusri 1676:Maitreya 1664:Amitabha 1653:Abhirati 1651:such as 1626:Xuanzang 1538:and the 1517:Gambhira 1513:Vaipulya 1501:Mahāyāna 1462:Sanskrit 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5311:Tiantai 5164:Tathātā 5154:Śūnyatā 5149:Skandha 5139:Saṃsāra 5134:Rebirth 5109:Kleshas 5099:Indriya 5001:Subhūti 4886:Guanyin 4840:Ānanda 4832:Rāhula 4712:Nirvana 4652:Outline 4237:Conze, 3472:" and " 2786:mandala 2782:tantric 2778:sadhana 2753:Nyingma 2745:tertöns 2741:gTer-ma 2685:Nyingma 2641:tantras 2602:Shingon 2587:Śaivism 2576:alcohol 2556:mantras 2506:Mantras 2430:Huineng 2367:Tiantai 2316:Kashmir 2287:Hua-yen 2237:Dignāga 2067:Śāstras 2047:mantra. 1775:dhāraṇī 1744:tantric 1724:s, the 1715:Tibetan 1641:Buddhas 1614:Bamiyan 1580:śrāvaka 1559:śrāvaka 1536:Kangyur 1451:printed 1387:jatakas 1370:Rama IV 1080:of the 1061:Apadāna 1059:(Pali: 971:of the 963:of the 938:mātṛkās 763:Chinese 739:Jatakas 731:Vinayas 706:", the 694:, the " 656:Nikāyas 511:Nikayas 469:called 405:Kangyur 259:Guanyin 183:Chinese 114:of the 7215:Sutras 7210:Suttas 7075:Siddhi 7060:Koliya 7035:Brahmā 6950:Poetry 6896:Mantra 6886:Kasaya 6758:Pagoda 6738:Kyaung 6733:Vihāra 6728:Temple 6670:Ethics 6513:Ashoka 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The 569:Āgamas 552:" or " 515:Āgamas 322:sangha 318:Vinaya 314:sūtras 308:, and 287:Dharma 279:Dharma 245:, and 213:sutras 209:Buddha 177:, and 118:, the 110:: the 50:Dharma 7187:Lists 7055:Kalpa 7050:Iddhi 6913:Music 6908:Mudra 6874:Vassa 6854:Vesak 6824:Budai 6770:Candi 6753:Stupa 6685:Logic 6438:Italy 6337:Tibet 6275:Nepal 6245:Korea 6240:Japan 6230:India 6225:China 6170:Sutra 6125:Texts 6075:Dōgen 6065:Hōnen 6050:Atiśa 6015:Zhiyi 5925:Achar 5893:Tulku 5888:Geshe 5873:Rōshi 5858:Ajahn 5813:Arhat 5773:Bodhi 5743:Vīrya 5660:Sacca 5655:Satya 5650:Sādhu 5638:Music 5581:Merit 5574:Terma 5534:Zazen 5470:Faith 5423:Mettā 5104:Karma 5064:Bardo 5031:Asita 5021:Khema 5011:Upāli 4996:Nanda 4834:(son) 4808:Māyā 4785:Films 4662:Index 3434:(PDF) 3379:Hōnen 2904:Kūkai 2888:Tibet 2847:Kagyu 2841:yogi 2790:yidam 2780:is a 2736:terma 2645:Sarma 2629:Tibet 2434:Ch'an 2371:Zhiyi 2339:India 2291:China 1844:text. 1818:text. 1735:sūtra 1722:sūtra 1564:nagas 1404:pyui' 1401:(the 1392:pyui' 1382:pyui' 1277:, or 1209:King 1137:Tamil 1110:, an 821:Udana 688:sūtra 647:Sutta 630:udāna 624:gāthā 613:sūtra 544:. 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