3511:
3522:
920:
907:
47:
897:
615:-bhāṇakas. Each group of bhāṇakas was responsible for reciting and teaching their texts, and seem to have exercised independent judgement as to how their texts were organized and the versions of stories and doctrines that they preserved – variant readings between versions of content preserved in both the
633:
inscriptions from India dating to the 2nd century BCE mention bhāṇakas who specialized in teaching the sutras or knew the four
Nikayas/Agamas but do not represent them as specializing in a single Nikaya. By contrast, cave inscriptions from Sri Lanka ranging in date from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st
595:
and
Khuddaka Nikaya clearly originate after the First Council, but Theravadins have generally regarded portions of the Abhidhamma as being included at this stage as part of the dhamma/suttas. Texts known to have relatively late origins (after the Third Council) are included in the Theravada accounts
684:
No fixed date has been established for the end of the bhāṇaka tradition, but scholars generally believe that the tradition went into decline as the
Buddhist canon increasingly began to be preserved through written texts. Buddhaghosa wrote about the bhāṇakas as though they were contemporary in
623:, for instance, may be attributable to the preservation of different versions by different schools of bhāṇakas. Different schools of bhāṇakas may have 'closed' their canon at different times, and seem to have differed in some cases in which texts of the Khuddaka Nikaya and
500:
tradition little information about the pre-literary period of these traditions is available. The earliest evidence for the association of monks known as bhāṇaka with knowledge and recitation of specific parts of the
Buddhist canon dates to the 2nd or 3rd century BCE.
461:. Lineages of bhāṇakas were responsible for preserving and transmitting the teachings of the Buddha until the canon was committed to writing in the 1st century BC, and declined as the oral transmission of early Buddhism was replaced by writing.
535:
are depicted as following the same basic procedure to compare, correct, and fix the contents of the canon, with specialists in each area of the collection called upon to recite the complete text for confirmation by the gathered Sangha.
692:
refers to a bhāṇaka as late as the 13th century CE, but by this date the term may have become generic for a preacher or specialist in recitation, rather than a monk who preserved a significant portion of the canon by memory.
685:
approximately the 5th century CE, but may have been reflecting the perspective of the earlier
Sinhala commentaries – his remarks do not definitively establish that the bhāṇaka practice persisted into his own era.
676:) but, since the Abhidhamma may have been recited by some variety of sutta-bhāṇaka, could also indicate that being a specialist in a branch of texts was distinct from being responsible for its recitation.
477:
regulations dealing with writing and writing materials, and terms derived from practices of listening and recitation used to describe the Buddha's teaching and the acts of the early
657:
mentions a 'nine-fold' organization of the early texts being divided into individual chapters at the First
Council, which may reflect an earlier method of organization.
596:
of the First
Council. Texts that did not fit into any of the four Nikayas were assigned to the Khuddaka (which included the Abhidhamma in some traditions).
1661:
484:
The bhāṇaka system is believed to have originated in India, but the majority of the literary and inscriptional evidence relating to bhāṇakas comes from
2576:
1051:
2580:
2804:
528:. Once the council had agreed on the contents of the teachings, they acknowledged their acceptance of the sutras by reciting them together.
1021:
668:
may suggest that the bhāṇaka system originated before the
Abhidhamma Pitaka was 'closed' by the Theravadins (dated by them to the era of
1129:
864:
886:
427:
3562:
3396:
2848:
3051:
1031:
747:
1214:
1056:
3391:
649:
KR Norman suggests that the
Theravada practice of organizing bhāṇakas by Nikaya may not have originated until after the
3288:
2838:
933:
787:
473:– significant evidence of this includes the structure and distinctive features of early Buddhist texts, the absence of
1134:
852:
3381:
3066:
2811:
3458:
3448:
1277:
508:, a council of his senior students was held to clarify and record his teachings. At this gathering (known as the
3403:
3056:
2858:
2749:
2694:
1267:
3373:
3071:
2754:
1046:
879:
469:
Academic consensus and
Buddhist tradition holds that all early Buddhist traditions preserved their texts via
2956:
2828:
2799:
2501:
420:
56:
2647:
2556:
2026:
1671:
1184:
1079:
2191:
603:
commentaries, references are found to bhāṇakas that specialized in each of the four Nikayas, as well as
85:
3496:
2976:
2452:
1938:
1061:
894:
2386:
587:
Scholars doubt that the sutras and four Nikayas were established in their final form this early, with
3386:
3199:
3189:
3061:
2044:
1624:
1385:
1360:
1410:
3567:
3491:
2843:
2657:
2635:
2628:
2531:
2064:
1684:
1500:
1445:
1066:
872:
3572:
3557:
3428:
3408:
2739:
2719:
2476:
2206:
1450:
650:
413:
27:
457:
who specialized in the memorization and recitation of a specific collection of texts within the
3547:
3438:
3278:
2946:
2916:
2689:
2640:
2481:
2429:
2424:
2186:
2007:
1904:
1656:
1651:
1400:
673:
591:
suggesting that this story may be a reflection of later practices. Some texts of the Theravada
509:
489:
246:
237:
200:
1768:
844:
3443:
3413:
2994:
2926:
2759:
2674:
2669:
2593:
2588:
2506:
1036:
251:
2059:
836:
3466:
3433:
3418:
2936:
2833:
2779:
2664:
2603:
2571:
2566:
2551:
2536:
2526:
2491:
2404:
2096:
2019:
1322:
1262:
1011:
978:
928:
176:
64:
3306:
1921:
1790:
1716:
1592:
1330:
8:
3273:
3152:
2986:
2961:
2951:
2911:
2888:
2771:
2744:
2704:
2623:
2613:
2541:
2468:
1899:
1756:
1537:
1515:
1467:
1287:
1087:
943:
923:
256:
156:
151:
1247:
1174:
493:
80:
3552:
3336:
3241:
3083:
3046:
3041:
2971:
2921:
2868:
2863:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2679:
2618:
2598:
2561:
2486:
2291:
1992:
1916:
1794:
1736:
1577:
1477:
1405:
1380:
1026:
956:
278:
3135:
381:
331:
295:
3514:
3476:
3172:
3157:
3120:
3105:
2878:
2794:
2709:
2546:
2511:
2496:
2223:
2213:
1894:
1741:
1726:
1597:
1520:
1440:
1375:
1307:
1194:
951:
848:
837:
783:
743:
624:
592:
532:
223:
218:
2458:
1252:
1152:
646:. Roles as bhāṇaka of a particular Nikaya were passed down from teacher to student.
374:
356:
324:
90:
3162:
3115:
3110:
2966:
2931:
2906:
2901:
2652:
2608:
2521:
2196:
1852:
1845:
1629:
1619:
1505:
1169:
1041:
643:
581:
351:
273:
115:
2241:
308:
261:
3526:
3471:
3423:
3351:
3221:
3019:
2999:
2941:
2853:
2516:
2414:
2261:
1997:
1980:
1965:
1943:
1495:
1365:
1199:
1179:
639:
635:
620:
612:
573:
565:
2271:
1425:
1415:
363:
3481:
3184:
3034:
2816:
2396:
2376:
2296:
1985:
1975:
1909:
1746:
1232:
1095:
702:
470:
141:
548:, each of the four Nikayas were entrusted to an individual elder of the early
346:
3541:
3251:
3100:
2409:
2311:
2169:
1970:
1948:
1884:
1555:
1350:
1345:
1237:
906:
446:
388:
338:
186:
70:
1709:
1699:
1071:
3341:
3326:
3296:
3246:
3236:
3078:
2873:
2366:
2201:
2079:
1867:
1862:
1689:
1560:
1435:
896:
832:
735:
665:
616:
557:
315:
100:
46:
2124:
2109:
2069:
1766:
1430:
1006:
740:
A Philological Approach to Buddhism: The Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Lectures 1994
488:. Scholars suspect that the same techniques were used by the monks of all
146:
110:
3311:
3140:
2281:
2266:
2049:
1857:
1785:
1565:
1395:
1297:
1144:
1016:
588:
569:
300:
161:
3301:
1761:
525:
3256:
3214:
3090:
2896:
2821:
2435:
2419:
2381:
2361:
2256:
2231:
2139:
2074:
2054:
1800:
1731:
1602:
1485:
1455:
1390:
1340:
998:
988:
961:
608:
545:
95:
2276:
1272:
664:(specialists in the Abhidhamma) but not to Abhidhamma-bhāṇakas in the
3231:
3204:
2371:
2246:
1958:
1874:
1751:
1641:
1614:
1607:
1570:
1527:
1490:
1257:
1222:
1189:
1164:
1119:
689:
654:
600:
577:
561:
497:
485:
458:
368:
181:
3004:
1840:
1694:
1460:
1242:
1111:
1103:
634:
century CE make specific references to monks who specialized in the
166:
3521:
3361:
3316:
3261:
3226:
3130:
2789:
2356:
2351:
2301:
2236:
2154:
2119:
2114:
1775:
1646:
1634:
1545:
1204:
901:
268:
38:
2346:
2336:
2321:
2144:
2014:
1282:
504:
All schools of Buddhism agree that shortly after the death of the
171:
3266:
3209:
3194:
2341:
2331:
2306:
2181:
2176:
2134:
2104:
2036:
2002:
1889:
1830:
1825:
1679:
1582:
1420:
1370:
1157:
983:
544:
Buddhaghosa reported that according to the oral tradition of the
454:
285:
208:
121:
105:
75:
1953:
1721:
3346:
3331:
3167:
3029:
3009:
2784:
2446:
2326:
2316:
2251:
1879:
1835:
1820:
1810:
1780:
1704:
1587:
1355:
1227:
971:
966:
742:. Berkeley: The Institute of Buddhist Studies. pp. 41–56.
669:
604:
553:
549:
521:
517:
505:
478:
474:
213:
3486:
3321:
3179:
3145:
3125:
3095:
3024:
2441:
2286:
2164:
2159:
2129:
2084:
1931:
1926:
1805:
1510:
1335:
1302:
1292:
630:
513:
780:
Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka
3356:
2149:
1815:
1312:
3014:
1550:
3539:
880:
516:was questioned regarding the contents of the
421:
1662:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
887:
873:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
428:
414:
843:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp.
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
492:to fix and transmit the contents of the
2849:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
777:
756:
524:was similarly questioned regarding the
3540:
3052:List of Buddhist architecture in China
831:
734:
715:
539:
868:
796:
552:and their students for preservation.
464:
13:
2839:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
3584:
556:was given responsibility for the
3520:
3510:
3509:
3067:Thai temple art and architecture
2812:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1052:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
918:
905:
895:
45:
919:
3563:Buddhist religious occupations
3057:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2859:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1939:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1130:Places where the Buddha stayed
782:. SUNY Press. pp. 40–44.
1:
3072:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
708:
627:they accepted as canonical.
2829:Buddhism and the Roman world
2805:Decline of Buddhism in India
2800:History of Buddhism in India
900: Topics in
7:
2027:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1767:
696:
531:Subsequent major and minor
10:
3589:
2977:The unanswerable questions
778:Mahinda, Deegalle (2007).
679:
18:People in Buddhist history
3505:
3457:
3372:
3287:
3062:Buddhist temples in Korea
2985:
2887:
2770:
2467:
2395:
2222:
2095:
2035:
1670:
1625:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1536:
1528:Three planes of existence
1476:
1321:
1213:
1143:
1135:Buddha in world religions
997:
942:
914:
2844:Persecution of Buddhists
2065:Four stages of awakening
1446:Three marks of existence
1032:Physical characteristics
2207:Ten principal disciples
1090:(aunt, adoptive mother)
651:Second Buddhist Council
2917:Buddhism and democracy
2430:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2425:Chinese Buddhist canon
1657:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1652:Early Buddhist schools
674:Third Buddhist Council
510:First Buddhist Council
490:early Buddhist schools
247:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
238:Early Buddhist schools
201:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2927:Eight Consciousnesses
1037:Life of Buddha in art
496:, but outside of the
3404:East Asian religions
2834:Buddhism in the West
2405:Early Buddhist texts
2020:Four Right Exertions
1486:Ten spiritual realms
979:Noble Eightfold Path
120:Tibetan EBTs in the
65:Early Buddhist Texts
3527:Religion portal
3274:Temple of the Tooth
3153:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2192:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1685:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1468:Two truths doctrine
1288:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1088:Mahapajapati Gotamī
833:Norman, Kenneth Roy
736:Norman, Kenneth Roy
540:Theravada tradition
157:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
3449:Western philosophy
3047:Dzong architecture
2869:Vipassana movement
2864:Buddhist modernism
2292:Emperor Wen of Sui
2060:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1993:Threefold Training
1795:Vipassana movement
1511:Hungry Ghost realm
1331:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1278:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1027:Great Renunciation
1022:Eight Great Events
904:
465:Early Buddhist era
209:Kingdom of Magadha
3535:
3534:
3173:Om mani padme hum
2879:Women in Buddhism
2795:Buddhist councils
2665:Western countries
2453:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2214:Shaolin Monastery
1791:Samatha-vipassanā
1401:Pratītyasamutpāda
1205:Metteyya/Maitreya
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
952:Four Noble Truths
749:978-0-7286-0276-2
625:Abhidharma Pitaka
593:Abhidhamma Pitaka
471:oral transmission
438:
437:
224:Buddhist councils
219:Moggaliputtatissa
3580:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3352:Sacred languages
3200:Maya Devi Temple
3163:Mahabodhi Temple
2967:Secular Buddhism
2932:Engaged Buddhism
1772:
1620:Tibetan Buddhism
1571:Vietnamese Thiền
1170:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
922:
921:
909:
899:
889:
882:
875:
866:
865:
859:
858:
842:
829:
794:
793:
775:
754:
753:
732:
644:Anguttara Nikaya
582:Anguttara Nikaya
430:
423:
416:
352:Mulasarvastivada
116:Śālistamba Sūtra
49:
32:
26:
21:
20:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3568:Buddhist titles
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3519:
3501:
3453:
3368:
3283:
3020:Ordination hall
2981:
2883:
2854:Buddhist crisis
2766:
2463:
2415:Mahayana sutras
2391:
2387:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2218:
2091:
2031:
1981:Bodhisattva vow
1666:
1532:
1472:
1431:Taṇhā (Craving)
1366:Five hindrances
1317:
1209:
1139:
993:
938:
910:
893:
863:
862:
855:
839:Pali Literature
830:
797:
790:
776:
757:
750:
733:
716:
711:
699:
682:
640:Majjhima Nikaya
636:Samyutta Nikaya
621:Majjhima Nikaya
611:-bhāṇakas, and
574:Samyutta Nikaya
566:Majjhima Nikaya
542:
467:
434:
405:
404:
403:
402:
240:
230:
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228:
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136:
128:
127:
126:
59:
30:
24:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3573:Oral tradition
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Early Buddhism
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3550:
3533:
3532:
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3086:
3084:Greco-Buddhist
3076:
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3037:
3035:Burmese pagoda
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2817:Greco-Buddhism
2814:
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2750:United Kingdom
2747:
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2695:Czech Republic
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2459:Abhidharmadīpa
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2412:
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2377:B. R. Ambedkar
2374:
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2324:
2319:
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2297:Songtsen Gampo
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2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Eight precepts
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1747:Five Strengths
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:Mental factors
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Mahamoggallāna
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:Avalokiteśvara
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
954:
948:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
915:
912:
911:
892:
891:
884:
877:
869:
861:
860:
853:
795:
789:978-0791468982
788:
755:
748:
713:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:Oral tradition
698:
695:
681:
678:
660:References to
541:
538:
466:
463:
459:Buddhist canon
455:Buddhist monks
436:
435:
433:
432:
425:
418:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
378:
371:
361:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
343:
342:
328:
321:
313:
312:
311:
306:
293:
292:
291:
288:
283:
282:
281:
276:
266:
265:
264:
257:Ekavyāvahārika
243:
242:
241:
236:
235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
204:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
152:Mahāmoggallāna
149:
144:
142:Gautama Buddha
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
86:Gandhāran EBTs
83:
78:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
34:
33:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:Miscellaneous
3286:
3280:
3279:Vegetarianism
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Buddha in art
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:United States
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Padmasambhava
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2224:Major figures
2221:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:Western tulku
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Five precepts
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Dhamma vicaya
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Buddhābhiṣeka
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Enlightenment
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Dhamma theory
1349:
1347:
1346:Buddha-nature
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Samantabhadra
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
917:
916:
913:
908:
903:
898:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
870:
867:
856:
854:3-447-02285-X
850:
846:
841:
840:
834:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
791:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
751:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
714:
704:
701:
700:
694:
691:
686:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:abhidhammikas
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
412:
411:
409:
408:
390:
389:Dharmaguptaka
386:
385:
383:
379:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
340:
339:Dharmaguptaka
336:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:Prajñaptivāda
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:Lokottaravāda
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
233:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
202:
197:
196:
188:
187:Anāthapiṇḍika
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Mahākātyāyana
175:
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170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
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66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
29:
23:
22:
16:
3467:Bodhisattvas
3387:Christianity
3382:Baháʼí Faith
3247:Dharmachakra
3237:Prayer wheel
3227:Prayer beads
2995:Architecture
2874:969 Movement
2658:Saudi Arabia
2636:Central Asia
2629:South Africa
2451:
2434:
2367:Panchen Lama
2272:Buddhapālita
1868:Satipatthana
1863:Mindful Yoga
1776:Recollection
1690:Brahmavihara
1561:Japanese Zen
1556:Chinese Chan
1516:Animal realm
1323:Key concepts
1145:Bodhisattvas
957:Three Jewels
838:
779:
739:
687:
683:
666:Milindapanha
661:
659:
648:
629:
617:Digha Nikaya
598:
586:
558:Digha Nikaya
543:
530:
503:
483:
468:
450:
441:
440:
439:
364:Vibhajyavāda
316:Sarvāstivāda
305:Vātsīputrīya
252:Mahāsāṃghika
135:Early sangha
15:
3312:Dharma talk
3141:Asalha Puja
2937:Eschatology
2740:Switzerland
2720:New Zealand
2648:Middle East
2557:Philippines
2477:Afghanistan
2282:Bodhidharma
2267:Buddhaghosa
2187:Householder
2097:Monasticism
2050:Bodhisattva
1905:Prostration
1858:Mindfulness
1786:Anapanasati
1769:Kammaṭṭhāna
1566:Korean Seon
1506:Asura realm
1501:Human realm
1441:Ten Fetters
1396:Parinirvana
1298:Uppalavanna
1263:Mahākaccana
1248:Mahākassapa
1180:Kṣitigarbha
1175:Ākāśagarbha
1072:Suddhodāna
1017:Four sights
944:Foundations
607:-bhāṇakas,
589:K.R. Norman
570:Mahakassapa
347:Sautrāntika
320:(Haimavata)
301:Pudgalavada
290:(Haimavata)
274:Bahuśrutīya
162:Mahakasyapa
3542:Categories
3429:Psychology
3409:Gnosticism
3397:Comparison
3392:Influences
3374:Comparison
3257:Bhavacakra
3215:Kushinagar
3190:Pilgrimage
3136:Māgha Pūjā
3091:Bodhi Tree
2907:Buddhology
2897:Abhidharma
2889:Philosophy
2822:Menander I
2690:Costa Rica
2641:Uzbekistan
2482:Bangladesh
2436:Dhammapada
2420:Pali Canon
2382:Ajahn Chah
2362:Dalai Lama
2262:Kumārajīva
2257:Vasubandhu
2232:The Buddha
2140:Zen master
2075:Sakadagami
2055:Buddhahood
1986:Pratimokṣa
1801:Shikantaza
1757:Meditation
1732:Deity yoga
1603:Madhyamaka
1496:Deva realm
1391:Mindstream
1341:Bodhicitta
1253:Aṅgulimāla
1120:Devadatta
1096:Yaśodharā
999:The Buddha
989:Middle Way
709:References
609:Dhammapada
546:Mahavihara
382:Mahīśāsaka
357:Vaibhāṣika
332:Mahīśāsaka
96:Abhidharma
91:Prātimokṣa
57:Scriptures
3553:Theravada
3548:Tripiṭaka
3497:Festivals
3477:Buddhists
3439:Theosophy
3242:Symbolism
3232:Hama yumi
3205:Bodh Gaya
2972:Socialism
2947:Evolution
2922:Economics
2760:Venezuela
2675:Australia
2670:Argentina
2594:Sri Lanka
2589:Singapore
2507:Indonesia
2469:Countries
2410:Tripiṭaka
2372:Ajahn Mun
2247:Nagarjuna
2242:Aśvaghoṣa
2125:Anagārika
2120:Śrāmaṇerī
2115:Śrāmaṇera
2110:Bhikkhunī
2070:Sotāpanna
1959:Passaddhi
1900:Offerings
1875:Nekkhamma
1752:Iddhipada
1672:Practices
1642:Theravada
1615:Vajrayana
1608:Yogachara
1578:Pure Land
1491:Six Paths
1478:Cosmology
1258:Anuruddha
1233:Sāriputta
1223:Kaundinya
1215:Disciples
1190:Vajrapāṇi
1042:Footprint
1007:Tathāgata
690:Culavamsa
655:Dipavamsa
601:Theravada
578:Anuruddha
562:Sariputta
498:Theravada
486:Sri Lanka
375:Kāśyapīya
369:Theravāda
325:Kāśyapīya
309:Saṃmitīya
296:Sthaviras
182:Devadatta
147:Sāriputta
111:Mahāvastu
71:Tripiṭaka
3515:Category
3444:Violence
3414:Hinduism
3362:Sanskrit
3317:Hinayana
3302:Amitābha
3262:Swastika
3131:Uposatha
3121:Holidays
3106:Calendar
2952:Humanism
2790:Kanishka
2780:Timeline
2604:Thailand
2572:Kalmykia
2567:Buryatia
2552:Pakistan
2537:Mongolia
2532:Maldives
2527:Malaysia
2492:Cambodia
2357:Shamarpa
2352:Nichiren
2302:Xuanzang
2237:Nagasena
2155:Rinpoche
1885:Pāramitā
1727:Devotion
1647:Navayana
1635:Dzogchen
1598:Nichiren
1546:Mahayana
1538:Branches
1416:Saṅkhāra
1165:Mañjuśrī
1122:(cousin)
1114:(cousin)
1082:(mother)
1074:(father)
1062:Miracles
1012:Birthday
929:Glossary
902:Buddhism
835:(1983).
738:(2012).
697:See also
613:Khuddaka
580:for the
572:for the
564:for the
533:councils
269:Gokulika
106:Avadanas
39:Buddhism
28:a series
3492:Temples
3472:Buddhas
3434:Science
3424:Judaism
3419:Jainism
3337:Lineage
3297:Abhijñā
3267:Thangka
3210:Sarnath
3195:Lumbini
3116:Funeral
3111:Cuisine
2987:Culture
2962:Reality
2912:Creator
2902:Atomism
2772:History
2745:Ukraine
2705:Germany
2624:Senegal
2614:Vietnam
2542:Myanmar
2342:Shinran
2332:Karmapa
2307:Shandao
2277:Dignāga
2202:Śrāvaka
2182:Donchee
2177:Kappiya
2135:Sayadaw
2105:Bhikkhu
2080:Anāgāmi
2037:Nirvana
2003:Samadhi
1890:Paritta
1831:Tonglen
1826:Mandala
1781:Smarana
1762:Mantras
1710:Upekkha
1680:Bhavana
1630:Shingon
1583:Tiantai
1436:Tathātā
1426:Śūnyatā
1421:Skandha
1411:Saṃsāra
1406:Rebirth
1381:Kleshas
1371:Indriya
1273:Subhūti
1158:Guanyin
1112:Ānanda
1104:Rāhula
984:Nirvana
924:Outline
680:Decline
672:at the
599:In the
453:) were
451:reciter
442:Bhāṇaka
286:Caitika
122:Kangyur
101:Jatakas
76:Nikayas
25:Part of
3487:Sutras
3482:Suttas
3347:Siddhi
3332:Koliya
3307:Brahmā
3222:Poetry
3168:Mantra
3158:Kasaya
3030:Pagoda
3010:Kyaung
3005:Vihāra
3000:Temple
2942:Ethics
2785:Ashoka
2735:Sweden
2730:Poland
2725:Norway
2715:Mexico
2700:France
2685:Canada
2680:Brazil
2619:Africa
2599:Taiwan
2562:Russia
2487:Bhutan
2447:Vinaya
2327:Naropa
2317:Saraha
2252:Asanga
2008:Prajñā
1917:Refuge
1880:Nianfo
1841:Tertön
1836:Tantra
1821:Ganana
1811:Tukdam
1737:Dhyāna
1705:Mudita
1700:Karuṇā
1593:Risshū
1588:Huayan
1521:Naraka
1461:Anattā
1456:Dukkha
1451:Anicca
1356:Dharma
1308:Channa
1243:Ānanda
1228:Assaji
1195:Skanda
1098:(wife)
1067:Family
1047:Relics
972:Sangha
967:Dharma
962:Buddha
851:
786:
746:
670:Ashoka
653:. The
605:Jataka
576:, and
554:Ananda
550:Sangha
526:Dhamma
522:Ananda
518:Vinaya
506:Buddha
494:Agamas
479:Sangha
475:Vinaya
214:Ashoka
167:Ānanda
81:Āgamas
37:Early
3459:Lists
3327:Kalpa
3322:Iddhi
3185:Music
3180:Mudra
3146:Vassa
3126:Vesak
3096:Budai
3042:Candi
3025:Stupa
2957:Logic
2710:Italy
2609:Tibet
2547:Nepal
2517:Korea
2512:Japan
2502:India
2497:China
2442:Sutra
2397:Texts
2347:Dōgen
2337:Hōnen
2322:Atiśa
2287:Zhiyi
2197:Achar
2165:Tulku
2160:Geshe
2145:Rōshi
2130:Ajahn
2085:Arhat
2045:Bodhi
2015:Vīrya
1932:Sacca
1927:Satya
1922:Sādhu
1910:Music
1853:Merit
1846:Terma
1806:Zazen
1742:Faith
1695:Mettā
1376:Karma
1336:Bardo
1303:Asita
1293:Khema
1283:Upāli
1268:Nanda
1106:(son)
1080:Māyā
1057:Films
934:Index
847:-12.
642:, or
631:Stupa
514:Upali
172:Upāli
67:(EBT)
3357:Pāḷi
3342:Māra
3252:Flag
2653:Iran
2577:Tuva
2522:Laos
2150:Lama
1998:Śīla
1966:Śīla
1954:Pīti
1944:Sati
1895:Puja
1816:Koan
1722:Dāna
1313:Yasa
1200:Tārā
849:ISBN
784:ISBN
744:ISBN
688:The
619:and
520:and
447:Pali
3079:Art
3015:Wat
1551:Zen
512:),
481:.
3544::
2581:ru
798:^
758:^
717:^
638:,
584:.
568:,
560:,
449::
384:)
334:)
31:on
2583:)
2579:(
1797:)
1793:(
888:e
881:t
874:v
857:.
845:7
792:.
752:.
445:(
429:e
422:t
415:v
391:)
387:(
380:(
377:)
373:(
341:)
337:(
330:(
327:)
323:(
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