Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

2893: 2917: 1978: 1900:

during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack, a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure. Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made. It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available, followed afterwards by others at all-too-long intervals. We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud. If the test were made on some neutral territory, it was hard to believe that Japan's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed. If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender, the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive, no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war.

2774: 2869: 2857: 18639: 1303: 2881: 2845: 2746: 2905: 3774: 1731: 1179: 3491: 2931: 2233: 3309: 3292: 5038: 2817: 2790: 7478:

log was 9,470 meters (31,060 ft)—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 9,800 meters (32,200 ft). Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 550 to 610 m (1,800 to 2,000 ft) above the city. The device was set to explode at 575 m (1,885 ft), but this was approximate. Malik uses the figure of 580 m (1,903 ft) plus or minus 15 m (50 ft), determined after data review by

2664:, which have a distinctively bright white flash) had happened to go off immediately in their vicinity, causing tremendous damage (throwing people across rooms, breaking glass, crushing buildings). After emerging from the ruins the survivors gradually understood that the entire city had been attacked at the same instant. Survivor accounts frequently feature walking through the ruins of the city without a clear sense of where to go, and encountering the cries of people trapped within crushed structures, or people with horrific burns. As the numerous small fires created by the blast began to grow, they merged into a 4007: 3250: 3300:

timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki.

964: 2805: 3571:. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth agreed with Sweeney's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured. At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53 Japanese Time (GMT+9), the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. 1931: 54: 1593: 4916: 3703:. Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including "mobilized" students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed. Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well. The 1946 Manhattan Project report estimated 39,000 dead and 25,000 injured, and the 1951 U.S.-led Joint Commission report estimated 39,214 dead and 25,153 injured; Japanese-led reconsiderations in the 1970s estimated 70,000 dead in Nagasaki by the end of the year. A modern estimate by the 2829: 2319: 5069:, and the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the United States' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate. On one hand, it has been argued that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender, thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved. Stimson talked of saving one million casualties. The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion, but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths. 1366: 22062: 2734: 4063:. Some reporters were horrified by the scene, however, referring to what they saw as a "death laboratory" littered with "human guinea pigs". General MacArthur found the reporting to have turned from good PR into bad PR and threatened to court martial the entire group. He withdrew Burchett's press accreditation and expelled the journalist from the occupation zones. The authorities also accused him of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda and later suppressed another story, on the Nagasaki bombing, by 2758: 1472: 1632:, targeting islands around Tinian and later the Japanese home islands, until as late as August 14, 1945. Some of the missions over Japan were flown by single unescorted bombers with a single payload to accustom the Japanese to this pattern. They also simulated actual atomic bombing runs, including the directions of ingress and egress with respect to the wind. Tibbets himself was barred from flying most missions over Japan for fear that he might be captured and interrogated. On 5 April 1945, the 2681:

the morning of the attack, and uncertainty in methodology. Reports by the Manhattan Project in 1946 and the U.S. occupation–led Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Atomic Bomb in Japan in 1951 estimated 66,000 dead and 69,000 injured, and 64,500 dead and 72,000 injured, respectively, while Japanese-led reconsiderations of the death toll in the 1970s estimated 140,000 dead in Hiroshima by the end of the year. Estimates also vary on the number of Japanese military personnel killed. The

26064: 3939: 2538: 16441: 4663: 3106: 3711: 3624: 3483:, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 2,400 liters (640 U.S. gal) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have 24415: 24379: 18458: 16291: 4145:, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to, and months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb. Beginning in 1974, a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977, and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled 4790:. He was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on 8 August, the day before the bombing, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. He died in 2010 of stomach cancer. 4262: 3955: 4153: 24425: 2306:. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing. Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima. More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight 3056: 3044: 4754:. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average. A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of 3544:, to produce black smoke. The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 percent of the area over Kokura being covered, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant 1418:, on 9–10 March killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 41 km (16 sq mi) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night. It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 B-29s shot down by flak and fighters. By May, 75 percent of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan's "paper cities". By mid-June, Japan's six largest cities had been devastated. The end of the 15462: 26040: 26052: 1098:

The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the 1945 catch was only 22 percent of that in 1941. The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909, and hunger and malnutrition became widespread. U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan's. By 1943, the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year, compared to Japan's production of 70,000 for the entire war. In February 1945, Prince

3782:

1945. On 10 August, he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that "the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August." The memo today contains hand-written comment written by Marshall: "It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President." At the cabinet meeting that morning, Truman discussed these actions.

2299:

built around timber frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage. It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids, primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command's priority target. On 3 July, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto.

3612:, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. It exploded 47 seconds later at 11:02 Japanese Time at 503 ± 10 m (1,650 ± 33 ft), above a tennis court, halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north. This was nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to the 2112:, "kill by silence"), and that Japan would fight to the end. The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration. Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position. Japan's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the 2962:, remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital. Nonetheless, by early afternoon the police and volunteers had established evacuation center at hospitals, schools and tram stations, and a morgue was established in the Asano library. Survivors of the blast gathered for medical treatment, but many would die before receiving any help, leaving behind rings of corpses around hospitals. 4915: 1961:

Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped. Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese "...

7482:. Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m (1,968.5 ft), plus or minus 20 m (65.6 ft), gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. 1387:, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes. Under pressure from 5088:, argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan "played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation". A view among critics of the bombings, popularized by American historian 1362:, aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results. These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location, technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft, unfavorable weather conditions, and enemy action. 15465: 4265: 3958: 5454: 4264: 3957: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4156: 3962: 3961: 3956: 5149:

that the atomic bombings of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were illegal under international law of that time, as an indiscriminate bombardment of undefended cities. The court denied the appellants compensation on the grounds that the Japanese government had waived the right for reparations from the U.S.

4322:

was the first death officially certified to be the result of radiation poisoning or, as it was referred to by many, the "atomic bomb disease". She was some 650 meters (2,130 ft) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima and would die on 24 August 1945 after traveling to Tokyo. It was unappreciated at the

4155: 3906:

Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would

3897:

But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by every one—the gallant fighting of military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people, the war situation has developed not

3162:

had failed, and that the United States and its allies had "spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won". Truman then warned Japan: "If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.

3075:

noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed. About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima. From some

2617:

stayed over the target area for two minutes and was 16 kilometers (10 mi) away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles. "It was hard to believe what we

2156:

The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945. There were two uranium-235 components, a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert. The projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target insert on 24 July. The projectile and eight bomb

2055:

This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader

1912:

on 11 June and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on 16 June, saying that "we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use." Franck then took the report to Washington, D.C., where the Interim Committee

1046:

suggested the use of atomic bombs on Germany as soon as possible, but was informed the first usable atomic weapons were still months away. America's reserves of manpower were running out. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women.

4829:

on 17 September 1945. More than half the bridges were destroyed, and the roads and railroads were damaged, further devastating the city. The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946. The city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government

4414:

of unspecified lethality were likely due to radiation from the bombs or some other post-attack city effects, with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality. Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the

4160: 4159: 4154: 3299:

In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of

3283:

Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff's 3 July directive, and was bombed on a small scale five times. During one of these raids on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the

3087:

The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 160 km (100 mi) from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the firestorm created by the bomb. After circling the city to survey the damage they

3019:

Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, about 400 meters (1,300 ft) from the hypocenter of the blast. Most died instantly, although two were reported to have been executed by their captors, and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next

2693:

U.S. surveys estimated that 12 km (4.7 sq mi) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged. Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed

2526:

After leaving Tinian, the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at 2,800 meters (9,200 ft), and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 9,470 meters (31,060 ft). Parsons, who was in command

2042:

The 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe

2013:

announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan, which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee. As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement, discussion then turned to what

1855:

Extant sources show that while Stimson was personally familiar with Kyoto, this was the result of a visit decades after his marriage, not because he honeymooned there. On 30 May, Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but

1543:

The work of the Manhattan Project took place at dozens of sites across the United States, and even some outside of its borders. It would ultimately cost over US$ 2 billion (equivalent to about $ 27 billion in 2023) and employ over 125,000 people simultaneously at its peak. Groves appointed

1454:

stopped attempting to intercept the air raids to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion. By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B-29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country, to conserve supplies of fuel. In July 1945, the

5168:

By 30 June 1946, there were components for nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal, all Fat Man devices identical to the one used at Nagasaki. The nuclear weapons were handmade devices, and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly, safety, reliability and storage before they were

4584:

Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records, determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both, when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 gray, during the same gestational period of 8–25 weeks. However outside this period, at less than 8

4302:

An estimated 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima (between 26 and 49 percent of its population) and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki (between 22 and 32 percent of its population) died in 1945, of which a majority in each case were killed on the days of the bombings, due to the force and heat of

3781:

There were plans for further attacks on Japan following Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Groves expected to have another "Fat Man" atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August, with three more in September and a further three in October. A second Little Boy bomb (using U-235) would not be available until December

3749:

developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon. Instead, ambient wind pushed the fire spread along the valley. Had the bomb been dropped more precisely at the intended aiming point, which was downtown Nagasaki at the heart of the historic district,

3651:

bounced up into the air again for about 7.6 meters (25 ft) before slamming back down hard. The heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both

2953:

after the war) only 170 meters (560 ft) from ground zero at the time of the attack. He died in 1982, aged 84. Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She was in the solidly-built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters (980 ft) from ground-zero at the time

1828:

The Target Committee stated that "It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon

1097:

in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945. The lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945.

7477:

describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 9,200 meters (30,200 ft), the official history said 9,600 meters (31,600 ft), Parson's log entry was 10,000 meters (32,700 ft), and the navigator's

4943:

Nagasaki was rebuilt in dramatically changed form after the war. The pace of reconstruction was initially slow, and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This

4620:

filtered or shifted the absorbed neutron-radiation profile, so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki was mostly that from exposure to X-rays/gamma rays. Contrast this to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima, where the in-utero dose depended more on the

4270: 3963: 3832:

Until 9 August, Japan's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender. The full cabinet met at 14:30 on 9 August, and spent most of the day debating surrender. Anami conceded that victory was unlikely, but argued in favor of continuing the war. The meeting ended at 17:30, with no

3284:

shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. By early August, the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm (2.8 in) anti-aircraft guns and two

3083:

Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer was instructed to fly

2680:

The exact number of people killed by the blast, firestorm, and radiation effects of the bombing are unknown. Difficulty in coming up with a correct figure is due to the imprecise record-keeping during the war, the chaos caused by the attack, lack of agreement on how many people were in the city on

943:

concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings. According to supporters, the atomic bombings were necessary to bring an end to the war with minimal casualties and ultimately prevented a greater loss of life; according to critics, the bombings were unnecessary for the war's end and

4645:

as a result of prenatal exposure, have been conducted with "no statistically significant linear relationship seen". There is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed, those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters, a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR, though the sample

3753:

As in Hiroshima, the bombing badly dislocated the city's medical facilities. A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School, which served as the main medical center. The trains were still running, and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns. A medical team from a

3320:

Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August. Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and

2977:

Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was located in a semi-basement in the castle. Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer, had just sent a message that the alarm had been

2580:. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg (141 lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 9,400 meters (31,000 ft) to a detonation height of about 580 meters (1,900 ft) above the city. 2298:

buildings. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also

2293:

Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. The city was a communications center, a key port for shipping, and an assembly area for troops. It supported a large war industry, manufacturing parts for planes and boats, for bombs, rifles, and handguns. The center of the city

2218:

on 26 July, and arrived at North Field 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s, two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field,

1899:

It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery. If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice, the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference. An atomic bomb was an intricate device, still in the developmental stage. Its operation would be far from routine. If

1821:

middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good

4637:

at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward; as such, the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil, concrete and roof-tile

3740:

The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 km (1 mi), followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the bomb. About 58 percent of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78 percent of the Mitsubishi Steel Works. The Mitsubishi

1820:

These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids, and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made. Hiroshima was described as "an important army depot and port of embarkation in the

1619:

to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a "composite" rather than a "bombardment" unit. Due to its remoteness, Tibbets selected

1323:

in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan. This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended, largely because of logistical problems, the bomber's mechanical difficulties, the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases, and the extreme range

1943:

remained ineffective. In general, the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities. The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet. Leaflet texts were prepared by recent

4161: 2672:

took the only photographs of Hiroshima immediately after the bombing. He described in a later interview that, immediately after the bombing, "everywhere there was dust; it made a grayish darkness over everything." He took five photographs in total before he could not continue: "It was really a

1921:

might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a failure, as the Trinity test was that of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of

1833:... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The 3275:

Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90 percent of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90 percent of the city's industry. Although an important industrial city, Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it

1960:

wrote that it was 27 July, and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was 30 July. The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on 27 July, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on 30 July. Leaflet sorties were undertaken on 1 and 4 August.

10589:

Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found, with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose. The lower dose-effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in

1938:

For several months, the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some were as much as 97 percent destroyed. LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the

3475:

island with the Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for

2916: 1245:, who estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties, of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead, while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million. In a meeting with the President and commanders on June 18, 1945, General 4462:

was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings. He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later.

2694:

because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the

4381:

some two years and above, peaking around six to eight years later. Jarrett Foley published the first major reports on the significant increased incidence of the latter among survivors. Almost all cases of leukemia over the following 50 years were in people exposed to more than

4830:

through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes. In 1949, a design was selected for the

4267: 3960: 2087:

and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué.

3129: 4158: 15523: 3181:, broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities. 923:, and Nagasaki. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held militarily significant facilities. On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later, a Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months, the 8437: 3131: 2175:

from Project Alberta. Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B-29 crashing on takeoff, Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight.

15264: 1310:

While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long-ranged

5462: 4415:

total survivors, strictly those who took part in the study. A meta-analysis from 2016 found that radiation exposure increases cancer risk, but also that the average lifespan of survivors was reduced by only a few months compared to those not exposed to radiation.

4025:

was also one of the first Western journalists to visit Hiroshima after the bombing. He arrived alone by train from Tokyo on 2 September, defying the traveling ban put in place on Western correspondents. Burchett's dispatch, "The Atomic Plague", was printed by the

3814:. Although cast, it still needed to be pressed and coated, which would take until 16 August. Therefore, it could have been ready for use on 19 August. Unable to reach Marshall, Groves ordered on his own authority on 13 August that the core should not be shipped. 3646:

came in fast, landing at 230 km/h (140 mph) instead of the normal 190 kilometers per hour (120 mph). The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach. Touching down on only three engines midway down the landing strip,

3128: 1643:

The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from

3741:

Electric Works suffered only 10 percent structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone. The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast. Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing, in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient

4113:

reels were confiscated by the American authorities, but they were requested by the Japanese government, and declassified. The public release of film footage of the city post-attack, and some research about the effects of the attack, was restricted during the

4318:(ARS), all within about 20 to 30 days. Many people not injured by the blast eventually died within that timeframe as well after suffering from ARS. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition. 4088:, arrived in September 1945 to document the effects of the bombing of Japan. He used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946. The film crew shot 27,000 m (90,000 ft) of film, resulting in a three-hour documentary titled 3130: 2773: 4470:

increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes, in terms of distance from the hypocenters. However, Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early

4002:

published an abbreviated version of his 27 August UP article. Nearly all references to uranium poisoning were omitted. An editor's note was added to say that, according to American scientists, "the atomic bomb will not have any lingering after-effects."

3127: 3088:

landed south of the city, where the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, began to organize relief measures. Tokyo learned that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb from President Truman's announcement of the strike, sixteen hours later.

18638: 3126: 3125: 4226:

in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans (23 percent) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan. The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public (mainly the powerful images of the

4048:, sometimes lasting more than thirty days after the blast. Burchett especially noted that people were dying "horribly" after bleeding from orifices, and their flesh would rot away from the injection holes where vitamin A was administered, to no avail. 3915:

Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the

2527:

of the mission, armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board. His assistant,

2718:

in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective.

4873: 1916:

Like Compton, many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack, and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal, making the mission less likely to produce surrender. Allied

3163:

Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware." This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies.

3223:, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging "there would be more destruction but the war would go on". American 1763:

from the Manhattan Project. The Target Committee met in Washington on 27 April; at Los Alamos on 10 May, where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there; and finally in Washington on 28 May, where it was briefed by Tibbets and

4715:. As of 31 March 2024, 106,825 were still alive, mostly in Japan, The government of Japan recognizes about one percent of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the 2289:

of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division, including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions. In total, an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city.

5000:. The cathedral was located close to the hypocenter and completely destroyed. At the time, it was crowded with worshippers for confession as the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was approaching on August 15. All were killed. 3847:

be preserved. A second cabinet meeting was held at 18:00. Only four ministers supported Anami's position of adhering to the four conditions, but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous, no decision was reached before it ended at 22:00.

9089: 2685:

estimated in 1946 that there were 24,158 soldiers present in Hiroshima at the time of the attack, and that 6,789 were killed or missing as a result; the 1970s reconsiderations estimated about 10,000 military dead. A modern estimate by the

3637:

flew on to Okinawa, arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach. Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance, but received no answer. He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from

3758:

was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital. He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery, but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims.

4538:(SMR), that was observed in some 30 individuals, with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly. While a lack of statistical data, with just 30 individuals out of 1,800, prevents a definitive determination of a 2957:

Over 90 percent of the doctors and 93 percent of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage. The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged. Only one doctor,

2892: 1357:

began missions against Japan on 18 November 1944. The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China-based B-29s had been. Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude

3230:

Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next. Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering, they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. Parsons said that

1884:. They agreed that the atomic bomb was to be used (1) against Japan at the earliest opportunity, (2) without special warning, and (3) on a "dual target" of military installation surrounded by other buildings susceptible to damage. 3996:(UP) journalist, filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers. He observed that large numbers of survivors continued to die from what later became recognized as radiation poisoning. On 31 August, 3504:, flown by the group's operations officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. When Sweeney's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan, 1956:. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped. Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. 15527: 2946:

The air raid warning had been cleared at 07:31, and many people were outside, going about their activities. Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor, being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building (it remained as the

7972: 7710: 3862:

in advance, and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held. The meeting commenced at 23:50. No consensus had emerged by 02:00 on 10 August, but the emperor gave his "sacred decision", authorizing the

1441:

preparations proved inadequate. Japanese fighters and anti-aircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude. From April 1945, the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on

1253:. Additionally, with the Japanese position rendered "hopeless" by an invasion of their mainland, Marshall speculated that Soviet entry into the war might be "the decisive action" needed to finally " them into capitulation." 2673:

terrible scene. It was just like something out of hell." Survivor accounts also prominently feature cases of survivors who appeared uninjured, but who would succumb within hours or days to what would later be identified as

5126:, but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws. This means that aerial bombardment of civilian areas in enemy territory by all major belligerents during World War II was not prohibited by 8441: 5210:. American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa, and sometimes in Japan itself, albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations. Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces, 4985:. There were no children in the school building at the time as the building was being used for the payroll department of the Mitsubishi Arms Factory, but 138 of the 158 people inside, mostly civilian payroll staff, died. 4218:

for a thanksgiving service for the war's end, calling the use of atomic weapons "an act of wholesale, indiscriminate massacre". Nonetheless, news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S.; a poll in

4058:

confirming the existence of a terrifying affliction in Hiroshima, where many had symptoms such as hair loss and vomiting blood before dying. Lawrence had gained access to the city as part of a press junket promoting the

3737:, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell. There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived. 2660:—a loud booming sound. The experiences of survivors in the city varied depending on their location and circumstances, but a common factor in survivor accounts was a sense that a conventional weapon (sometimes cited as a 1038:. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945. In December 1944, American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German 15276: 3790:

recorded in his diary that: "Truman said he had given orders to stop atomic bombing. He said the thought of wiping out another 100,000 people was too horrific. He didn't like the idea of killing, as he said, 'all those

3235:

would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.

1851:... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier. 1742:

In April 1945, Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson. Groves formed a Target Committee, chaired by himself, that included Farrell, Major John A. Derry,

3795:" The previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs "as made ready" was thus modified. There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for 3524:

for forty minutes. Before leaving the rendezvous point, Sweeney consulted Ashworth, who was in charge of the bomb. As commander of the aircraft, Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary, the city of Kokura.

1022:

entered its fourth year. Most Japanese military units fought fiercely, ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost. The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in

4944:

was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity. The

3016:, intended to repel the American invasion, to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina. Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city. 2565:. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05. About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as 1074:, where heavy fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa. Although some Japanese soldiers were 2043:

and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb, additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb. The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb.

3124: 1863:

about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list. Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July, but Stimson remained adamant. On 25 July,

3084:

immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor.

9988: 6801:. Series: Black and White Photographs of U.S. Air Force and Predecessors' Activities, Facilities, and Personnel, Domestic and Foreign, 1900–2003. National Archives and Records Administration. 25 July 1945 1951:

decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize

927:

killed 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns,

6601: 3871:, to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition, that the declaration "does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler." 3076:

small railway stops within 16 km (10 mi) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the

3219:

and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by a nuclear weapon. Admiral

2868: 2856: 4092:. The documentary included images from hospitals, burned-out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified "secret" for the next 22 years. Motion picture company 4266: 3959: 3536:, proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby 7368: 5169:

ready for production. There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development. The

4577:

26 weeks "were observed to be mentally retarded", with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8–26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately "0.09" to "0.15" Gy of

3508:

failed to make the rendezvous. According to Cheshire, Hopkins was at varying heights including 2,700 meters (9,000 ft) higher than he should have been, and was not flying tight circles over

4189:

said "I think it's dreadful of the Americans to have done it. I think it is madness on their part", but Heisenberg replied, "One could equally well say 'That's the quickest way of ending the war

4157: 1940: 9093: 4466:

While the National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results, overall, a

1430:

also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall. Firebombing switched to smaller cities, with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000. According to

8216:"Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014" 5037: 3989:, a popular Japanese newspaper. After Japan's surrender and the arrival of American forces, copies of his photographs were seized amid the ensuing censorship, but some records have survived. 2668:

that moved quickly throughout the ruins, killing many who had been trapped, and causing people to jump into Hiroshima's rivers in search of sanctuary (many of whom drowned). The photographer

1376:

on the night of 9–10 March 1945, was the single deadliest air raid in history, with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki.

3267:

The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of

2997:, who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts. Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded, including Lieutenant Colonel 2258:

At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of industrial and military significance. A number of military units were located nearby, the most important of which was the headquarters of

3882:

could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied, "Of course." As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne, Hirohito recorded on 14 August his

2545:

During the night of 5–6 August, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for

16166: 3616:

and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills. The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt (87.9 ± 8.4 TJ).

4812:

as afforded to all Japanese survivors, a situation which resulted in the denial of free health benefits to them in Japan. Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits.

3777:

Memorandum from Leslie Groves to George C. Marshall regarding the third bomb, with Marshall's hand-written caveat that the third bomb not be used without express presidential instruction

2880: 2046:

Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff. Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above.

7980: 7714: 5180:, decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting "an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages", but in October 1947 he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs. 3685:, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was 3122: 2804: 2611:, with only 1.7 percent of its material fissioning. The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi), with resulting fires across 11 km (4.4 sq mi). 5183:

The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949. The United States responded with the development of the

2273:. Hata's command consisted of some 400,000 men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated. Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 7209: 4853:

On January 27, 1981, the Atomic Bombing Relic Selecting Committee of Hiroshima announced to build commemorative plaques at nine historical sites related to the bombing in the year.

1463:

decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids.

4746:

carry some hereditary or even contagious disease. This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the

1977: 4750:

children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or has been found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received

2904: 1459:

stockpiled for the invasion of Japan. About 72,000,000 litres (604,000 US bbl) had been consumed in the home islands area in April, May and June 1945. While the Japanese

1171:

made up of Australian, British and Canadian divisions. The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives, for troops to be redeployed from Europe, and the

4965:

to provide legal protection against future development. These four sites, together with "ground zero" (the hypocenter of the atomic bomb explosion) were collectively designated a

25979: 3721:

Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly, including 36 from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division. At least eight Allied

24461: 17450: 15086: 4884: 1868:

was put on the target list in place of Kyoto. It was a major military port, one of Japan's largest shipbuilding and repair centers, and an important producer of naval ordnance.

2844: 18295: 1997:, which stipulated that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission. A meeting of the 10114:

Ivey, William D. (7 April 1996). Objectives and Success – Linking National Policy Objectives and Military Strategic Objectives to Achieve Success (Report). Fort Belvoir, VA.

9250: 2745: 11976: 4719:

who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2024, the memorials record the names of more than 540,000

14992: 10731:

Imamura, Y.; Nakane, Y.; Ohta, Y.; Kondo, H. (2007). "Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City".

18606: 16728: 16646: 11371: 4498:

examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many members of the ABCC and its successor

4336: 3933: 3841:. Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference, and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that 1640:'s Operations Division was not cleared to know any details of it. The first bombing was later codenamed Operation Centerboard I, and the second, Operation Centerboard II. 936: 7846: 7564: 5229:. Elayne Whyte Gómez, President of the UN negotiations, said, "the world has been waiting for this legal norm for 70 years". As of 2023, Japan has not signed the treaty. 3123: 20633: 18139: 16228: 9475: 4502:(RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors or 20378: 9960: 19986: 4240: 2329:

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393rd Bombardment Squadron B-29

18773: 2302:

The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a

2056:

of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital or the new . He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one.

776:, respectively. The bombings killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. 26134: 23642: 22821: 21984: 20002: 18647: 18504: 17445: 5060: 940: 17665: 2816: 18701: 8183: 4600:

in both the SMR and cognitive performance data – is typical. The reported threshold dose variance between the two cities is suggested to be a manifestation of the

3893:

In his declaration's fifth paragraph, Hirohito solely mentions the duration of the conflict; and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender:

20322: 3204:. Four hours later, word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union's official declaration of war. The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose 1700:

but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area. An advance party of the air echelon, consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men, flew by C-54 to

19925: 19897: 19041: 16851: 11673: 9995: 9276: 3520:. Instead, Hopkins was flying 64-kilometer (40 mi) dogleg patterns. Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for 2986:

Headquarters (some 100 kilometers (62 mi) away) that "Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction."

6611: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 23504: 23323: 21963: 20642: 20329: 19463: 10775: 9817: 677: 4872:

all unveiled plaques with historical photographs and descriptions. The rest sites planned including Hondō Shopping Street, Motomachi No.2 Army Hospital site,

4165:

Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946. Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern (director) and Harry Mimura (cameraman) for a

25921: 23945: 20945: 20308: 19617: 19242: 18525: 15213: 11856: 4895: 4878: 4808:. About 5,000–8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and 1,500–2,000 in Nagasaki. Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as 2303: 11781: 8917: 8630: 4197:

observed that even if it had, "we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world, and then they would have dropped them on us".

3656:

made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop.

3476:

instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged.

19958: 19904: 19090: 17680: 16881: 16388: 14401: 11236: 5114:, which address the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update 11206: 8612: 7973:"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 5096:. James Orr wrote that this idea became the accepted position in Japan and that it may have played some part in the decision-making of the US government. 4929:

can be seen in the center left of the image, the Motoyasu Bridge can be seen in the right of the image. The original target for the bomb was the T-shaped

2828: 24454: 23668: 23658: 20415: 19911: 19527: 18017: 17628: 17334: 9388: 9090:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 8438:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 7711:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 592: 15237: 1934:

Various leaflets were dropped on Japan listing cities targeted for destruction by firebombing. The other side stated that other cities may be attacked.

1596:

The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Captain William S. Parsons (left), Rear Admiral William R. Purnell (center), and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell (right)

26099: 23464: 23311: 18937: 18684: 15362: 13584: 10621:

Hunter, N.; Charles, M. W. (2002). "The impact of possible modifications to the DS86 dosimetry on neutron risk and relative biological effectiveness".

8730: 5520: 5203: 5122:, it was not updated before World War II. The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the 4310:

report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of the

3578:

dropped instruments attached to three parachutes. These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane, a physicist at the

1500:

would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the

1422:

that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland, allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated. Aircraft flying from Allied

15203: 7040: 5187:, a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small 1579:, but it lacked the human, mineral, and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb. 1196:

made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan,

24856: 24382: 20301: 19748: 19624: 8144: 6825:. File Unit: Ross, Mr. And MRS. Charles G. [Truman's Potsdam diary], 1945–1953. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. 25 July 1945 5015:. The school building and facilities were destroyed by the atomic bomb. Over 850 people, including faculty, staff, students, and nurses, were killed. 4862: 4303:

the blasts themselves. Nearly all of the remainder of victims died within two to four months, due to radiation exposure and resulting complications.

4011: 1675: 264: 11834: 11006: 4483:

was observed upon birth, with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the

3902:

The sixth paragraph by Hirohito specifically mentions the use of nuclear ordnance devices, from the aspect of the unprecedented damage they caused:

1403:, the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy's war industries, kill or disable civilian employees of these industries, and 23864: 23489: 23438: 19601: 18981: 17480: 14631:

Yamada, Michiko; Izumi, Shizue (2002). "Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions".

4889: 4626: 4558:, with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43-percent rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid 4094: 4032:

newspaper in London on 5 September 1945. The reports from Nakashima and Burchett informed the public for the first time of the gruesome effects of

3316:

B-29 and a post war Mk III nuclear weapon painted to resemble the Fat Man bomb, at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio

2148:

were sent to Tinian, but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission. All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson.

1913:

met on 21 June to re-examine its earlier conclusions; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target.

1844: 125: 94: 18670: 13418:

Kerr, George D.; Young, Robert W.; Cullings, Harry M.; Christy, Robert F. (2005). "Bomb Parameters". In Young, Robert W.; Kerr, George D. (eds.).

8975: 23499: 23317: 23212: 22750: 20038: 19350: 18124: 17670: 16415: 15272: 15217: 11557: 8284: 7976: 4077:

story was published, Lawrence also backtracked and dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale.

932:, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Though Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison, most of the dead were civilians. 17660: 11345: 3590:. The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later. In 1949, one of the authors of the letter, 3185:, which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb. 3158:

After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, "We may be grateful to Providence" that

24447: 23634: 22213: 19857: 19159: 18680: 18205: 18200: 4834:. Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation, was designated the 1504:

to Roosevelt in 1939. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939. Progress was slow until the arrival of the British

1182: 1093:

As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people. Japan's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000

648: 25523: 21856: 18675: 13419: 11674:"Shimoda case (Compensation claim against Japan brought by the residents of Hiroshmina & Nagasaki), Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963" 11547:, p. 698 "The bombs were authorized not because the Japanese refused to surrender but because they refused to surrender unconditionally." 6282: 6112: 4231:). During this time in America, it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films, magazines, and newspapers. 1230:, estimated that Downfall would result in 132,500 to 220,000 U.S. casualties, with U.S. dead and missing in the range from 27,500 to 50,000. 437: 23621: 20649: 20612: 20589: 20110: 19032: 19002: 18155: 17846: 17843: 16181: 2690:(RERF) estimates a city population of 340,000 to 350,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 90,000 to 166,000 died by the end of the year. 20364: 9928:

Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1

8947: 6693: 3707:(RERF) estimates a city population of 250,000 to 270,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 60,000 to 80,000 died by the end of the year. 1880:

was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to

24751: 23529: 23469: 23368: 23115: 23043: 22944: 22855: 22831: 22737: 22618: 22534: 22457: 22405: 22325: 20742: 20598: 20582: 20554: 19802: 19009: 18512: 18249: 17561: 17550: 17352: 11284:"Korean Hibakusha, Japan's Supreme Court and the International Community: Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing?" 8219: 7201: 5226: 2573:. It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary." The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09. 1524:. Consequently, the work was accelerated, first as a pilot program, and finally in the agreement by Roosevelt to turn the work over to the 1256:

Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was "readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives":

18732: 8280: 25974: 25207: 24300: 23648: 23410: 23225: 21499: 20566: 20478: 20422: 20385: 19667: 18659: 17606: 17485: 16871: 16802: 15746: 15608: 14517:(2020). "The Kyoto Misconception: What Truman Knew, and Didn't Know, About Hiroshima". In Gordin, Michael D.; Ikenberry, G. John (eds.). 12085:

Asada, Sadao (1996). "The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan's Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration". In Maddox, Robert James (ed.).

9750: 3077: 660: 18759: 9441:"The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata: A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing, [Japan] 1945–46" 25106: 24961: 24766: 23991: 23937: 23901: 23474: 22863: 20471: 19203: 18230: 17988: 17601: 17581: 10885: 7770: 6086: 5247: 2973:, barely 820 meters (900 yd) from the hypocenter. The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground. The communications room of 2014:

scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing. The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to

509: 359: 17: 24486: 18742: 11176: 4354:

to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1956, the ABCC published

3754:

naval hospital reached the city in the evening, and fire-fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires.

2789: 26124: 25771: 23547: 23484: 23479: 23432: 22393: 22353: 20605: 18995: 18953: 18752: 17869: 17782: 17518: 16815: 16697: 16325: 8887: 4922: 3773: 3628: 1075: 15552: 10985:

Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan and Tsunami, based on a preliminary dose estimation

10672:

Maruyama, T.; Kumamoto, Y.; Noda, Y. (January 1988). "Reassessment of gamma doses from the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

9926:

Oughterson, A. W.; LeRoy, G. V.; Liebow, A. A.; Hammond, E. C.; Barnett, H. L.; Rosenbaum, J. D.; Schneider, B. A. (19 April 1951).

935:

Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and

24966: 23906: 23818: 23804: 23663: 23614: 23567: 23562: 23509: 23459: 23404: 22907: 22772: 22584: 21826: 19645: 19419: 19182: 19048: 18859: 18747: 18225: 18220: 18011: 17633: 16598: 16588: 12060:. The United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 11678: 5105: 4015: 3659:

Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent

3201: 1200:, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve. In all, there were 2.3 million 912: 548: 473: 400: 24911: 24841: 24635: 18655: 11984: 9254: 4327:) was approximately halved; that is, smaller doses were made more lethal when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn 24290: 23950: 23896: 23494: 23453: 23424: 22996: 20721: 20518: 19555: 19055: 18967: 18903: 17877: 17768: 17638: 17539: 7492: 6163: 5755: 4711:, a Japanese word that translates to "explosion-affected people". The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as 4362:(RERF) on 1 April 1975. A binational organization run by both the United States and Japan, the RERF is still in operation today. 4351: 4200:

Hahn told the others, "Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean". The Vatican agreed;

3175: 2282: 2010: 1847:, was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto. In his autobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted this claim: 16393: 15561: 11375: 11107: 9913:"Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects: Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents" 4782:), nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities. On 24 March 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized 26129: 24736: 24701: 24686: 23557: 23396: 23381: 23306: 23289: 20924: 20436: 19286: 18824: 18337: 18165: 17983: 17930: 17741: 17594: 17398: 17372: 13092:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 7854: 7573: 6424: 4446:

One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in a

4081: 3838: 2682: 1349:

would better serve as B-29 bases, but they were in Japanese hands. Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war, and the

24976: 7461: 25741: 24891: 24806: 24801: 24470: 24418: 23986: 23883: 23791: 23536: 23418: 23375: 23240: 22208: 22203: 22190: 21520: 21425: 20952: 20698: 20573: 19659: 19633: 19490: 19196: 19113: 17589: 17342: 15096: 15072: 15051: 14981: 14937: 14918: 14874: 14846: 14816: 14794: 14775: 14756: 14734: 14688: 14565: 14531: 14426: 14323: 14296: 14269: 14247: 14217: 14198: 14171: 14144: 14077: 14043: 14016: 13989: 13970: 13921: 13853: 13795: 13666: 13626: 13562: 13523: 13475: 13408: 13344: 13308: 13289: 13260: 13216: 13185: 13147: 13097: 13038: 13019: 12987: 12928: 12901: 12851: 12788: 12769: 12750: 12728: 12701: 12671: 12640: 12611: 12581: 12497: 12421: 12394: 12375: 12348: 12317: 12291: 12272: 12253: 12234: 12124: 12094: 12055: 11657: 11603: 11000: 10444: 10292: 10272: 10203: 10150: 9971: 8528: 8035: 7908: 7130: 5257: 5170: 4499: 4395: 4359: 4099: 3920:

In his "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" delivered on 17 August, Hirohito did not refer to the atomic bombs or possible

3704: 2687: 2278: 1525: 1400: 1353:

between June and August 1944. Air bases were developed, and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944. The

407: 320: 286: 257: 23328: 15175: 14343:"Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism" 13322:. The United States Army in World War II: Special Studies. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 9414: 7737:"Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)" 7279: 4585:

weeks and greater than 26 after conception, "there is no evidence of a radiation-related effect on scholastic performance."

4454:, located 29 km (18 mi) south of Hiroshima, to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure. 3010: 2938:

of the bomb that formed at c. 08:16. However, due to its much greater height, the scene was identified in March 2016 as the

1302: 25830: 25788: 25681: 25676: 25661: 25466: 25254: 24946: 24916: 24896: 24811: 24726: 24655: 23202: 22115: 21753: 21160: 21046: 20211: 19678: 19674: 19652: 19256: 18192: 17170: 16931: 16807: 16707: 16692: 16603: 16563: 7877: 5195:

had 40,159. In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by the United States and Russia.

4962: 2835: 2757: 1209: 1051: 563: 521: 354: 24851: 11710:

Falk, Richard A. (October 1965). "The Shimoda Case: A Legal Appraisal of the Atomic Attacks Upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

10912: 10603: 4278:

scars. Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash, to document and convey the

3327:

as the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testing the components and F-31 was designated for the 9 August mission.

3137:

President Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima, which he describes as "a military base", after his return from the

3030:

were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up.

26104: 25766: 25746: 25505: 25471: 25061: 25021: 24871: 24676: 24630: 24408: 23825: 23575: 23128: 23068: 22658: 22172: 21668: 21132: 20464: 20450: 19663: 18369: 18215: 18210: 18129: 17918: 17758: 17723: 17553: 17470: 17465: 17185: 16687: 14584: 7744: 7341: 6365: 5199: 4515: 3864: 3699:

Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, its effects were confined by hillsides to the narrow

3193: 2285:, a recently formed mobile unit. The city was defended by five batteries of 70 mm and 80 mm (2.8 and 3.1 inch) 665: 330: 8193: 7950: 7253: 3725:(POWs) died from the bombing, and as many as thirteen may have died. The eight confirmed deaths included a British POW, 2949: 2733: 2091:

On 28 July, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. That afternoon,

25969: 25888: 25726: 25581: 25172: 25146: 25126: 25096: 25091: 25066: 25036: 25016: 24846: 24796: 24786: 24756: 24741: 24620: 24557: 24403: 23890: 23653: 23514: 23446: 23386: 23180: 22683: 22673: 22589: 21877: 21746: 21624: 21202: 20917: 20868: 20626: 20181: 19433: 19272: 19120: 18974: 18614: 18520: 18182: 17812: 17042: 17037: 16936: 16876: 16667: 16657: 16348: 11134: 10800: 7795: 7496: 5222:. In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States would threaten many times to use its nuclear weapons. 5111: 4406:

study continues with time, the RERF estimates that, from 1950 to 2000, 46 percent of leukemia deaths which may include

3583: 1451: 1447: 1395:

against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities, shifting from precision bombing to

1350: 325: 25696: 14785:

The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981).

14715: 5702: 4475:

at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) of the hypocenter, an increase in

3924:, and instead described the Soviet declaration of war as "endangering the very foundation of the Empire's existence." 2608: 2122:), assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization, no occupation of the 1670:

The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at

1178: 26089: 25721: 25656: 25541: 25535: 25493: 25233: 25081: 25001: 24886: 24831: 24706: 24691: 23552: 23542: 23078: 22715: 22552: 22135: 21993: 20875: 20847: 20664: 20246: 19965: 19932: 18619: 18170: 17773: 16358: 16353: 15626: 13885: 13696: 10199: 9710: 9618: 5072:

However, critics of the bombings have asserted that atomic weapons are fundamentally immoral, that the bombings were

3799:, and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs. 3308: 2930: 1939:

psychological impact of bombing, and reduce the international stigma of area-bombing cities. Even with the warnings,

1705: 1327: 1090:

in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number.

19148: 14518: 9392: 7534: 4524:

exposed at the time of the bombings, that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters, to survive the

3669:, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in 3608:, to visually sight the target as ordered. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about 5 kg (11 lb) of 3026:, where they were stoned to death. Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at 1532:. This work was consolidated within the newly created Manhattan Engineer District, which became better known as the 26094: 25755: 25651: 25529: 25285: 25275: 25156: 25136: 25086: 25076: 25051: 24956: 24861: 24791: 24640: 24552: 24516: 23851: 23105: 22934: 22767: 22727: 22606: 22140: 22030: 21188: 21125: 20260: 20096: 19219: 18565: 18495: 17377: 17362: 17357: 17072: 16831: 16764: 16553: 16373: 16368: 15221: 9793:"Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 6–7, 1945)" 4331:

injuries. Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection; the risk of

4055: 3833:

decision having been reached. Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of the meeting, where he met with

1718:

of the Military Policy Committee, who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot. Along with Captain

820: 789: 250: 19773: 14477:

Walker, J. Samuel (April 2005). "Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground".

11852: 6798:

Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb

5092:

in 1965, is that the United States used nuclear weapons to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the

4186: 25691: 25671: 25499: 25116: 25101: 24052: 23786: 23742: 23138: 22636: 22492: 21554: 21395: 21384: 21220: 20979: 20938: 20831: 20769: 20156: 19426: 19295: 19263: 18591: 18560: 18265: 18094: 18023: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17065: 15601: 13279: 13060:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 9280: 8925: 8638: 7850: 7228: 6113:"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to August 15, 1945" 6033: 5728: 5048:

Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki

4839: 4343: 4307: 3851:

Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs, but the

2922:

Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. The brother died in 1949 and the sister in 1965.

2259: 1637: 1576: 575: 19943: 19511: 13084: 12812:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration. 11232: 6283:"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945" 25900: 24951: 23522: 23391: 23158: 21940: 21912: 21790: 21583: 20820: 20271: 20197: 19993: 19364: 19083: 18988: 18873: 18555: 18540: 17998: 17863: 17851: 17542: 17440: 17087: 16788: 16558: 16363: 11441: 11210: 9514: 7692: 5115: 4551: 3979:, correspondent Higashi, and artist Yamada arrived in the city with instructions to record the destruction for 3548:, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands. 2006: 1857: 1249:

stated that "there was reason to believe" casualties for the first 30 days would not exceed the price paid for

1231: 886: 824: 502: 492: 6196:"The Nagasaki atomic bomb damage records, Part 2 Section 1 Chapter 1: Period leading up to the atomic bombing" 4546:

dose for SMR, at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development, when there is the largest number of

2993:

had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal

1047:

At the same time, the public was becoming war-weary, and demanding that long-serving servicemen be sent home.

26114: 25984: 25781: 24573: 24237: 23846: 23831: 23766: 23756: 23727: 23717: 23255: 22000: 21933: 21884: 21815: 21640: 21146: 21097: 20861: 20854: 20457: 20218: 20009: 19062: 18665: 18624: 18581: 18345: 18082: 17753: 17573: 17511: 17367: 16797: 16712: 16702: 16318: 15241: 13875: 8672: 5174: 4831: 4630: 3898:

necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.

3498:

This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane,

3159: 1565: 1388: 1381: 1280:

from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that

924: 862: 854: 692: 417: 17645: 15366: 13598: 12946:

Grunden, Walter E. (1998). "Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb: Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth".

10288: 8741: 8215: 7566:

Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 1945–1946 (DNA 5512F)

1944:

Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice "to appeal to their compatriots".

26119: 25454: 25192: 23836: 23810: 23796: 23771: 23761: 23712: 23628: 23235: 22745: 22519: 22413: 22198: 22124: 22074: 21970: 21345: 21306: 20225: 20060: 20045: 19972: 19951: 19769: 19447: 19233: 19226: 19210: 18921: 18880: 18852: 18242: 17942: 17655: 17347: 17218: 16677: 16618: 16608: 16233: 15571: 11598: 10857:"Nagasaki Mayor: Nuclear Weapons 'Threat to Humankind';G7 Ambassadors Absent from A-Bomb Memorial Ceremony" 10033: 9825: 7044: 6579: 5143:. The District Court of Tokyo ruled the use of nuclear weapons in warfare was not illegal, but held in its 5139: 4900: 4472: 4347: 4244: 2215: 2172: 2171:, and arrived on Tinian on 26 July. The target insert followed by air on 30 July, accompanied by Commander 2158: 1806:

The target was larger than 4.8 km (3 mi) in diameter and was an important target in a large city.

1794:, an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; 1760: 1712: 1055: 785: 732: 442: 347: 298: 14993:"The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Atom Bomb, the American Military Mind and the End of the Second World War" 8063: 4122:, in its first issue published on 10 March 1946, devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing. 3717:

photographed this child incinerated in Nagasaki. American forces censored such images in Japan until 1952.

3005:

who was serving as a General Staff Officer. Hata's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel

1226:

intelligence. On 15 June 1945, a study by the Joint War Plans Committee, drawing on the experience of the

26109: 25825: 25212: 25202: 24578: 24266: 24162: 23732: 23001: 22378: 22343: 22037: 21361: 21313: 20931: 20903: 20756: 20371: 20350: 19871: 19534: 19440: 18930: 18530: 18285: 18029: 17856: 17787: 17027: 16846: 16717: 16201: 11777: 11397: 11031:

Winther, J. F.; Boice, J. D.; Thomsen, B. L.; Schull, W. J.; Stovall, M.; Olsen, J. H. (1 January 2003).

10983: 6606: 5131: 5044: 4945: 4565:

However either side of this radiosensitive age, none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age

3587: 2966: 2266: 1501: 793: 597: 15205:

Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb

11944: 10856: 9847: 7598: 4206:

expressed regret that the bomb's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity. Rev.

4193:". Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing "such an inhumane weapon"; 3874:

On 12 August, the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles,

3559:

headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki. Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that

2622:... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'." He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to "a close burst of 26030: 25576: 25459: 23856: 23841: 23706: 23220: 22562: 22338: 22308: 22273: 21835: 21331: 21250: 21195: 21083: 21039: 20689: 20315: 20239: 20141: 20018: 19890: 19883: 19843: 19816: 19548: 19481: 19076: 18887: 18817: 18535: 18119: 17912: 17309: 17278: 16294: 15594: 15455: 15444: 15433: 13236:

The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs. Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values

9519: 9480: 8985: 6762: 5127: 4447: 3993: 3677:. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as 3115: 1497: 1208:

of 28 million. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. The Vice Chief of the

687: 516: 487: 371: 24781: 13589:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 13421:

Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Dosimetry System 2002

4805: 4181:. Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon "would be possible for another twenty years"; 3568: 26056: 24696: 24346: 24331: 24321: 24280: 24202: 24167: 23737: 22804: 22631: 22601: 22370: 21737: 21654: 21439: 21299: 21271: 21104: 21009: 20799: 20232: 19306: 18960: 18786: 18407: 18300: 18160: 18005: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17925: 17268: 17263: 17190: 17150: 16941: 16628: 16176: 16171: 15347: 13467: 11349: 10992: 9303: 4535: 4387: 4314:, who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by 4279: 2490: 2355: 1998: 1649: 1312: 1160: 1067: 870: 587: 19504: 17130: 16420: 15106:

Ward, Wilson (Spring 2007). "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".

12145:(Spring 1991). "Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons". 11977:"Nagasaki marks 75th A-bomb anniversary with call for Japan to sign nuke ban as new arms race looms" 11782:"Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" "An ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages"" 7766: 1556:, where bomb design work was carried out. Two different types of bombs were eventually developed: a 25280: 24351: 24326: 24242: 24147: 24107: 23699: 23245: 23088: 23073: 22974: 22922: 22880: 22868: 22705: 22507: 22108: 21476: 21453: 20705: 20506: 20499: 20163: 19823: 19795: 19788: 19175: 18461: 18317: 18056: 18040: 17882: 17504: 17382: 17165: 17112: 17060: 16682: 16510: 16311: 16258: 15791: 15650: 13436: 9681: 7947:

transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK

7369:"Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School" 6293: 6119: 5188: 4854: 4835: 4799: 4491: 4467: 4374: 4370: 4315: 4166: 3371: 2810:

22-year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (6 October 1945)

2764: 2695: 2274: 2165: 1719: 1708: 1404: 1281: 1205: 1164: 1156: 1136: 752: 533: 393: 25141: 24971: 22782: 19520: 19497: 9556: 8566: 3321:

F-33 on their exteriors. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using

3271:, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were 2618:

saw", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said "the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring

25906: 25111: 25026: 24588: 24341: 24336: 24316: 24207: 24197: 24192: 24172: 23722: 23250: 22567: 22512: 22313: 21898: 21842: 21712: 21572: 21257: 20910: 20806: 20712: 20280: 20148: 20118: 20082: 20067: 19939: 19831: 19809: 19755: 19741: 19723: 19387: 19168: 18896: 18845: 18275: 18066: 17993: 17901: 17778: 17205: 17082: 17012: 16821: 16573: 16500: 16253: 16150: 15705: 14395: 14257: 13052: 10229: 9061: 8109: 6699: 5151: 4202: 3852: 3807: 2322: 2207: 2092: 1798:, a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery; and 1609: 1605: 1557: 1431: 905: 882: 843: 781: 718: 538: 22258: 14095:

Sharp, Patrick B. (2000). "From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima'".

4638:

measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers, in the 1990s.

4006: 2037:, the acting chief of staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman. It read: 1922:

August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive.

1790:, an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; 1410:

Over the next six months, the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 64 Japanese cities. The

26084: 25998: 25872: 25867: 25604: 24491: 24372: 24356: 24295: 24122: 24037: 23981: 23265: 23197: 23133: 23061: 22826: 22579: 22524: 22435: 22358: 22263: 22248: 21590: 21483: 21285: 21236: 21139: 21032: 21002: 20785: 20673: 20399: 20190: 19781: 19762: 19732: 19279: 19249: 18706: 17937: 17831: 16922: 16886: 16862: 16759: 16744: 16593: 16505: 16032: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15665: 14930:

The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves

9912: 8322: 8288: 6698:[Air Raid Notice] (in Japanese). 岐阜新聞社 (Gifu Shinbunsha (Open Library)). Archived from 4847: 4601: 3947: 3291: 2939: 2103: 1201: 1144: 1132: 1094: 1059: 1019: 893:

on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government

804: 582: 293: 24681: 9149: 9127: 7041:"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 2157:

pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components) left

1667:, pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements. 1656:

B-29s. These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with

1189:

preparing the public for the invasion of Japan after the end of the war with Germany and Italy

26013: 25511: 25290: 24901: 24157: 24152: 24027: 23750: 23301: 23284: 23260: 23153: 23148: 23095: 22917: 22885: 22693: 22678: 22268: 22243: 22228: 22081: 21804: 21647: 21543: 21513: 21469: 21209: 21174: 21167: 21090: 20988: 20429: 20406: 20253: 19864: 19401: 19141: 19127: 18810: 18586: 18428: 18413: 18290: 17818: 17794: 17763: 16946: 16408: 16273: 16098: 15841: 15786: 15308: 15150:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. pp. 831–922. 13617:

McNelly, Theodore H. (2000). "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb". In Jacob Neufeld (ed.).

10468:

Mole, R. H. (1992). "ICRP and impairment of mental function following prenatal irradiation".

10093:

The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

9792: 9038: 8817: 8252: 8250: 8248: 6195: 4770:

Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. The 2006 documentary

4547: 4356:

The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4291: 4274:

Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and

4098:

started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945. On 24 October 1945, a

3943: 3875: 3449: 2430: 2391: 2286: 1953: 1834: 1704:

on Tinian, between 15 and 22 May. There were also two representatives from Washington, D.C.,

1601: 1545: 1537: 1124: 1063: 1043: 858: 737: 497: 340: 179: 24996: 24821: 24776: 19699: 14342: 13176:

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

12721:

Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo

9927: 8631:"Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing" 6090: 4539: 4323:

time but the average radiation dose that would kill approximately 50 percent of adults (the

26068: 25599: 25259: 25187: 25046: 24931: 24428: 24247: 24212: 24117: 24092: 23781: 23278: 23230: 23170: 23006: 22927: 22787: 22710: 22668: 22547: 22497: 22482: 22465: 22365: 22253: 22223: 21905: 21760: 21411: 21368: 21338: 21264: 21074: 21053: 19979: 19456: 19134: 18488: 18435: 18236: 18045: 18034: 17735: 17077: 16901: 16891: 16403: 16083: 16078: 15937: 15811: 14357: 12813: 12202: 11184: 10945: 10681: 10630: 10477: 10037: 3750:

the destruction to medical and administrative infrastructure would have been even greater.

3224: 3009:, who acted as his chief of staff. Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used 2979: 2412: 2123: 1701: 1625: 1316: 1223: 1216: 1131:, the Allied invasion of Japan. The operation had two parts: set to begin in October 1945, 682: 670: 558: 364: 25238: 24721: 24645: 11177:"Twice Bombed, Twice Survived: Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki" 10230:"Long-term health effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs not as dire as perceived" 9581: 8895: 8245: 1628:. Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive 1197: 8: 25736: 25630: 25197: 24881: 24761: 24232: 24182: 24137: 24127: 24112: 24102: 24087: 24067: 24042: 24032: 24022: 23776: 23596: 23586: 23028: 22777: 22470: 22388: 22383: 22333: 22233: 22101: 22023: 21797: 21675: 21631: 21153: 20287: 20053: 19580: 19410: 19394: 19343: 18325: 18089: 18072: 18061: 18051: 17977: 17907: 17729: 17704: 17304: 17251: 17224: 17214: 17160: 17155: 17140: 17017: 16841: 16520: 16515: 16398: 15942: 15897: 15857: 15680: 15549: 15415: 15402: 14193:. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. 13913: 6221: 4207: 4115: 4060: 4045: 3911:

The seventh paragraph gives the reason for the ending of hostilities against the Allies:

3887: 3868: 3827: 3660: 3591: 3579: 3197: 2983: 2715: 2295: 2080: 2066: 1840: 1802:, a major industrial center. The target selection was subject to the following criteria: 1419: 1222:

The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup, which was accurately tracked through

890: 553: 427: 25011: 24906: 24866: 24826: 24439: 17092: 14787:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings

14361: 14341:

Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L. (2007).

13253:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings

12817: 12206: 10685: 10634: 10481: 10041: 3938: 3786:

paraphrased Truman as saying "there will be further dropping of the atomic bomb," while

3620:

spotted the explosion from 160 kilometers (100 mi) away, and flew over to observe.

2576:

At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major

25894: 25761: 25706: 25666: 25614: 25228: 24605: 24252: 24227: 24132: 24072: 24047: 24017: 24007: 23606: 23601: 23591: 23581: 23294: 23272: 22792: 22651: 22626: 22596: 22557: 22440: 22283: 22016: 21849: 21774: 21728: 21698: 21606: 21446: 21111: 20995: 20889: 20840: 20778: 20534: 20485: 20294: 19918: 19573: 19371: 18377: 18361: 18353: 18077: 17800: 17693: 17273: 17210: 17032: 17002: 16543: 16007: 15831: 15801: 15741: 15484: 15340: 15292: 15143: 15131: 15023: 14664: 14502: 14461: 14120: 14061: 13960: 13830: 13805:

Quester, George H. (September 1970). "Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty".

13755: 13747: 13512: 13364:"Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography" 13205: 13174: 13169: 13080: 13048: 12522: 12464: 12441: 12178: 12170: 12034: 11735: 11727: 11059: 11032: 10756: 10744: 10697: 10654: 10537: 10532: 10515: 10493: 10156: 8303: 7800: 6568: 5066: 4966: 4867: 4826: 4804:

During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as

4402:

who had still been living between 1958 and 1987 and who took part in the study. As the

4398:, a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 4220: 4085: 4069: 3998: 3968: 3855: 3823: 3796: 3665: 3564: 3189: 3138: 2674: 2669: 2364: 2191: 2098:

declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash (

2083:, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan. The declaration was presented as an 2023: 1881: 1768: 1715: 1621: 1496:

in 1938 made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Fears that a

1354: 1330: 1297: 1285: 1246: 1193: 1168: 1128: 1118: 1083: 1039: 1028: 929: 900:

The consent of the United Kingdom was obtained for the bombing, as was required by the

812: 808: 777: 711: 704: 643: 633: 607: 459: 381: 25487: 24936: 24625: 13907: 13400:

Flames Over Tokyo: the US Army Air Forces' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944–1945

11853:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 11558:"Historians: Soviet offensive, key to Japan's WWII surrender, was eclipsed by A-bombs" 9007: 8613:"The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb" 7920: 7538: 7500: 6156: 5763: 4346:(ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the 4290:, thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases. The sometimes extensive 3976: 3859: 3714: 1636:

Operation Centerboard was assigned. The officer responsible for its allocation in the

25851: 25776: 25716: 25711: 25635: 25609: 25517: 25428: 25343: 25308: 25041: 24536: 24501: 24424: 24187: 24142: 24082: 24057: 24012: 23955: 23192: 23023: 22836: 22423: 22218: 22179: 22007: 21891: 21781: 21721: 21682: 21615: 21597: 21563: 21506: 21460: 21404: 21229: 20967: 20959: 20896: 20749: 20343: 19875: 19336: 19315: 19025: 18711: 18596: 18099: 17971: 17949: 17747: 17699: 17314: 17007: 16987: 16754: 16383: 16222: 16211: 16118: 15977: 15972: 15922: 15771: 15766: 15756: 15617: 15151: 15123: 15092: 15068: 15062: 15047: 15027: 14977: 14960: 14943: 14933: 14914: 14897: 14880: 14870: 14842: 14822: 14812: 14790: 14771: 14752: 14730: 14724: 14694: 14684: 14656: 14648: 14619: 14618:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 14595: 14571: 14561: 14537: 14527: 14506: 14494: 14490: 14465: 14432: 14422: 14405: 14375: 14329: 14319: 14302: 14292: 14275: 14265: 14243: 14223: 14213: 14194: 14177: 14167: 14150: 14140: 14132: 14112: 14083: 14073: 14049: 14039: 14022: 14012: 13995: 13985: 13966: 13935: 13927: 13917: 13891: 13881: 13859: 13849: 13843: 13822: 13791: 13785: 13772: 13759: 13739: 13702: 13692: 13672: 13662: 13645: 13622: 13590: 13568: 13558: 13541: 13519: 13498: 13481: 13471: 13428: 13404: 13398: 13385: 13350: 13340: 13323: 13304: 13285: 13266: 13256: 13239: 13222: 13212: 13191: 13181: 13153: 13143: 13126: 13103: 13093: 13061: 13034: 13015: 13009: 13005: 12993: 12983: 12963: 12934: 12924: 12907: 12897: 12877: 12857: 12847: 12841: 12821: 12794: 12784: 12765: 12746: 12724: 12707: 12697: 12677: 12667: 12660: 12646: 12636: 12617: 12607: 12587: 12577: 12569: 12549: 12530: 12503: 12493: 12472: 12448: 12427: 12417: 12400: 12390: 12371: 12354: 12344: 12323: 12313: 12287: 12268: 12249: 12230: 12225:(1996). "Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation". In Hogan, Michael J. (ed.). 12182: 12162: 12130: 12120: 12113: 12100: 12090: 12061: 12042: 11739: 11653: 11620: 11111: 11064: 10996: 10965: 10961: 10886:"Children of Hiroshima, Nagasaki survivors facing prejudice, discrimination in Japan" 10834: 10748: 10713: 10705: 10658: 10646: 10642: 10580: 10497: 10489: 10450: 10440: 10371: 10268: 10160: 10146: 10073: 10068: 10055: 10021: 9941: 9770: 9066: 8031: 7736: 5253: 5219: 5085: 4906: 4783: 4705: 4697: 4211: 4182: 4178: 3883: 3513: 3467:

At 03:47 Tinian time (GMT+10), 02:47 Japanese time, on the morning of 9 August 1945,

3417: 3410: 3027: 2661: 2531: 2528: 2508: 2469: 2345: 2203: 2134: 1957: 1948: 1877: 1822: 1772: 1748: 1682: 1616: 1533: 1517: 1487: 1479: 1391:(USAAF) headquarters in Washington, LeMay changed tactics and decided that low-level 1359: 1273: 1071: 1035: 832: 744: 697: 602: 447: 432: 376: 174: 25151: 25131: 25071: 25031: 24921: 24650: 16463: 16022: 15324: 15170:

Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism."

15135: 12630: 10760: 10541: 2974: 2584:

was 18.5 km (11.5 mi) away before it felt the shock waves from the blast.

2095: 1856:

Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance. Stimson then approached

1837:

in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value."

1722:, the commander of Project Alberta, they became known as the "Tinian Joint Chiefs". 25846: 25751: 25731: 25413: 25403: 25338: 25177: 25056: 25006: 24926: 24771: 24711: 24531: 24481: 24217: 24097: 24062: 23960: 23875: 23870: 23361: 22799: 22762: 22688: 22646: 22542: 22502: 22303: 22298: 21926: 21919: 21863: 21527: 21292: 21278: 21181: 21118: 21069: 20882: 20735: 20682: 20492: 20443: 20357: 19587: 19564: 19097: 18448: 18443: 18280: 18134: 17455: 17175: 16896: 16568: 16243: 16042: 16027: 15992: 15967: 15821: 15776: 15421: 15408: 15115: 15015: 15007: 14911:

Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6 – September 30, 1945

14804: 14668: 14640: 14514: 14486: 14457: 14365: 14104: 13951: 13814: 13731: 13689:

The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made

13375: 13165: 12955: 12738: 12543: 12301: 12214: 12210: 12190: 12154: 12142: 11719: 11612: 11562: 11054: 11044: 11033:"Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy" 10957: 10740: 10689: 10638: 10572: 10527: 10485: 10432: 10260: 10138: 10115: 10063: 10045: 9931: 9389:"Imperial Rescript ending war – What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech" 8814: 7688: 5207: 5177: 4909:. The committee also planned to establish 30 commemorative plaques in three years. 4440: 4252: 4127: 4022: 3985: 3921: 3787: 3722: 3642:. Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing, the 3500: 3490: 3431: 2970: 2270: 2195: 2145: 1994: 1918: 1795: 1756: 1752: 1423: 1411: 1396: 1373: 1257: 1242: 1234: 1172: 1103: 1031: 963: 901: 840: 816: 638: 466: 452: 422: 335: 315: 24941: 24731: 24615: 19106: 17430: 15044:

Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima

15011: 12069: 11463: 9440: 9227: 8532: 7345: 3983:

purposes. Yamahata took scores of photographs, and on 21 August, they appeared in

3295:

The harbor at Nagasaki in August 1945 before the city was hit with the atomic bomb

2335:, named after Tibbets's mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, 2310:. These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of 6 August 1945. 25701: 25423: 25393: 25363: 24285: 24222: 24177: 24077: 23083: 23016: 22912: 22873: 22757: 22700: 22572: 22475: 22373: 22293: 22288: 22238: 21949: 21661: 21576: 21534: 21432: 21375: 21243: 21025: 21016: 20545: 20127: 20103: 19357: 18736: 18545: 18481: 18401: 17688: 17527: 17475: 17180: 17102: 17022: 16495: 16334: 16248: 16088: 16052: 15982: 15917: 15907: 15882: 15781: 15761: 15736: 15556: 14957:

Original Child Bomb: Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave

14235: 13943: 13684: 13533: 13031:

Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age

12869: 12689: 12548:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 12485: 11135:"NUCLEAR CRISIS: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science" 10861: 10320:"Nuclear Crisis: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science" 10257:

Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 – Health Impacts of Large Releases of Radionuclides

9655: 9418: 7827: 7283: 6933: 6931: 6918: 6916: 5163: 5077: 4503: 4451: 4256: 4215: 4037: 3783: 3726: 3639: 3537: 3396: 3232: 3209: 2959: 2476: 2398: 2350: 2199: 2034: 1888: 1860: 1645: 1493: 1346: 1250: 1227: 1139:

intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island,

1127:

on 8 May 1945, plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War,

1015: 878: 568: 543: 412: 71: 25182: 25121: 24836: 24746: 24716: 22061: 18473: 17097: 15997: 15382: 10092: 7885: 7789: 7787: 6014: 4958: 4534:

post-attack environment, data from this cohort do support the increased risk of

3597:

At 11:01 Japanese Time, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed

3582:

who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the

2130:, and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government. 25804: 25571: 25418: 25378: 25368: 25348: 25313: 24876: 23965: 23033: 23011: 22989: 22967: 22962: 22487: 22418: 22348: 22093: 21956: 21492: 21418: 19470: 19329: 18550: 18330: 17717: 17650: 17425: 17319: 17145: 17135: 16992: 16956: 16378: 16191: 16186: 15957: 15902: 15892: 15887: 15806: 15731: 15660: 15575: 15119: 14744: 13903: 13871: 13086:

Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission

12807: 11649: 10922: 10264: 9755: 9686: 8258: 6019: 5119: 5089: 4858: 4735: 4570: 4476: 4228: 4141: 4132: 4041: 3810:, to collect them. At Los Alamos, technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast 3803: 3700: 3216: 2990: 2935: 2604: 2600: 2577: 2562: 2558: 2180: 2138: 1892: 1730: 1661: 1657: 1505: 1427: 1265: 1099: 1087: 920: 626: 480: 388: 310: 59: 24816: 17460: 17435: 15566: 15449: 15438: 15427: 14644: 14541: 14526:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 34–55, 317–321. 13455: 13380: 13363: 13140:

The American Experience in World War II: The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory

12959: 12054:

Appleman, Roy E.; Burns, James M.; Gugeler, Russell A.; Stevens, John (1948).

11616: 10829: 10207: 8711: 6928: 6913: 6569:"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources" 6361: 4295: 3834: 3806:

for Tinian on 11 and 14 August, and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to

1437:

The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country's

1148: 26078: 25433: 25408: 25358: 25353: 25333: 23175: 22952: 21767: 19692: 19541: 19380: 17806: 16951: 16672: 16662: 16490: 16455: 16206: 16068: 16037: 16017: 15962: 15952: 15862: 15751: 15726: 15670: 15127: 14901: 14826: 14698: 14676: 14652: 14599: 14498: 14469: 14379: 14306: 14279: 14116: 13939: 13826: 13776: 13743: 13649: 13572: 13545: 13514:

Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age: Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights

13485: 13432: 13389: 13270: 13243: 13130: 13065: 12997: 12967: 12911: 12889: 12798: 12711: 12681: 12662:

The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America

12621: 12599: 12591: 12553: 12534: 12507: 12431: 12166: 12104: 12065: 11958: 11870: 11624: 11419: 10969: 10059: 9614: 8795: 8687: 8653: 8547: 8104: 8028:

Fallout: the Hiroshima cover-up and the reporter who revealed it to the world

7942: 7784: 7257: 5351: 5184: 5145: 4642: 4495: 4484: 4459: 4455: 4424: 4407: 4064: 4028: 3975:

On 10 August 1945, the day after the Nagasaki bombing, military photographer

3755: 3734: 3605: 3178: 2994: 2318: 2262: 2142: 2015: 1947:

In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led

1905: 1529: 1475: 1438: 1238: 169: 140: 127: 109: 96: 24671: 17052: 14947: 14884: 14575: 14436: 14409: 14370: 14333: 14181: 14154: 14087: 14053: 14026: 13999: 13895: 13863: 13706: 13676: 13354: 13327: 13226: 13195: 13157: 13107: 12938: 12861: 12650: 12404: 12358: 12327: 12134: 11323: 11142: 10173: 10050: 9959:

CERVENY, T. JAN; MacVITTIE, THOMAS J.; YOUNG, ROBERT W. (27 December 2016).

7127:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Atomic-bomb Survivor Research Program" 6901: 6820: 3540:

the previous day. Additionally, the Yahata Steel Works intentionally burned

3268: 1592: 1528:

to construct the production facilities necessary to produce uranium-235 and

26044: 25373: 25323: 23164: 23100: 22641: 22066: 21870: 20170: 20075: 19706: 19069: 18833: 18791: 16548: 16425: 16263: 16145: 16002: 15947: 15927: 15912: 15816: 15640: 15572:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later

14964: 14768:

140 Days to Hiroshima: The Story of Japan's Last Chance to Avert Armageddon

14660: 14623: 14227: 13947: 13594: 13502: 13014:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 12881: 12825: 12476: 12046: 11283: 11068: 11049: 10752: 10650: 10454: 10319: 9246: 9033: 8113:. Burnie, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 9 August 1945. p. 1 7373: 5192: 4926: 4843: 4759: 4751: 4662: 4609: 4559: 4531: 4432: 4423:

While during the preimplantation period, that is one to ten days following

4411: 4403: 4335:

and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately

4248: 3710: 3220: 2592: 2455: 2353:, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called 2269:, which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan, and was located in 2247: 2072: 2019: 2002: 1982: 1909: 1629: 1612: 1384: 1213: 1024: 908: 800: 780:

to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the

765: 617: 612: 526: 45: 17122: 16739: 15383:"Photo Essay: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 75th anniversary of atomic bombings" 15155: 14896:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy, History Division. 14397:

Diplomatic Papers: The Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference), 1945

12452: 11272:, p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates. 10717: 10584: 10555:

Blot, William J.; Miller, Robert W. (1973). "Mental Retardation Following

10426: 10255:

Streffer, Christian (2007). "Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation".

10077: 8281:"Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima" 5732: 4613: 4520:

Despite the small sample size of 1,600 to 1,800 persons who came forth as

4177:

and other German atomic scientists, whom the British held at Farm Hall in

1604:

was constituted on 9 December 1944, and activated on 17 December 1944, at

1471: 53: 25556: 25388: 24583: 23056: 22984: 22900: 22720: 22445: 21705: 21691: 21353: 20029: 19850: 19835: 19189: 18395: 18177: 17195: 16749: 16093: 16047: 16012: 15987: 15932: 15836: 15826: 15710: 15082: 14839:

Road to Surrender: Three Men and the Countdown to the End of World War II

14834: 14809:

Nuclear Dawn: the Atomic Bomb, from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War

14065: 12305: 12222: 10917: 10805: 10142: 9715: 9042:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1945. p. 20 8980: 8952: 8592: 8580: 8087: 8085: 6796: 5214:

came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the

5123: 4930: 4739: 4589: 4555: 4480: 4436: 4428: 4388:

strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter

4383: 4319: 4136: 3730: 3623: 3563:

had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to

3545: 3528:

After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half-hour,

3285: 3205: 3182: 3006: 3002: 2703: 2596: 2554: 2546: 2534:, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area. 2251: 2232: 2030: 1986: 1653: 1521: 1513: 1392: 1011: 958: 866: 828: 303: 274: 41: 13982:

Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II

13751: 13427:. Hiroshima: The Radiation Effects Research Foundation. pp. 42–61. 4961:, and an arch near ground zero. In 2013, four locations were designated 3249: 2599:, by approximately 240 m (800 ft) and detonated directly over 2569:

flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by

1062:. Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in 25383: 25328: 23143: 23051: 22957: 22890: 22663: 21060: 20813: 20792: 19685: 19018: 18946: 18781: 18270: 17837: 16997: 16613: 16196: 16140: 15877: 15867: 15796: 15019: 14164:

Nuke-rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons

13834: 13769:

Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Atomic Bomb Survivors and Their Children

13735: 13580: 13277: 12460: 12174: 11959:"Editorial: It's time for Japan to step up and join nuclear ban treaty" 11731: 11108:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)" 10779: 10701: 10372:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)" 10119: 9776: 9476:"For one reporter, 1945 visit to Hiroshima was about more than a scoop" 8188: 7815: 7515: 4605: 4593: 4328: 4311: 4283: 4194: 3980: 3811: 3768: 3272: 3150: 3022: 2707: 2243: 2076: 1810: 1783: 1561: 1553: 1284:

units were trained in their use. Consideration was also given to using

916: 836: 22979: 16906: 15524:"Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 15185: 14124: 11835:"Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them" 10709: 10576: 10428:

Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V

9945: 8468: 8163: 8082: 7388: 7059: 7038: 5080:. The Japanese may have surrendered without the bombings, but only an 3192:

had informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the

1930: 1771:

from Project Alberta, and the Manhattan Project's scientific advisor,

25398: 25318: 24506: 24496: 22809: 22428: 22278: 21323: 20728: 20525: 20336: 20134: 20089: 17893: 17324: 17299: 17294: 17107: 16978: 16911: 16583: 16238: 16104: 15872: 15675: 13125:(3rd ed.). Hiroshima: Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. 2003. 10296: 10091:

National Research Council (1991). Neel, J. V.; Schull, W. J. (eds.).

7881: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 5073: 4681: 4657: 4634: 4174: 4033: 3746: 3742: 3609: 3586:, urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these 3509: 3494:

Nagasaki before and after the bombing, after the fires had burned out

3353: 3277: 3097: 3062: 2665: 2588: 2448: 2331: 2307: 2238: 2188: 2108: 2084: 1965:

we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked

1787: 1765: 1664: 1648:, known as the 1st Technical Detachment. The 509th Composite Group's 1633: 1549: 1186: 894: 851: 769: 726: 82: 19610: 15586: 14445: 14191:

The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact: A Diplomatic History, 1941–1945

13818: 12632:

MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945

12492:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History. pp. 383–452. 12368:

House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power

12158: 12089:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 24–58. 11871:"Nuclear weapons: Which countries have them and how many are there?" 11723: 10776:"Hiroshima urges shift from nuclear deterrence on 79th A-bomb anniv" 10693: 9936: 6991: 6874:

can fall anywhere in the range of "ignore" to "treat with contempt".

5874: 3055: 3043: 2079:

desert exceeded expectations. On 26 July, Allied leaders issued the

1508:

report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of

1365: 23185: 23123: 22895: 22814: 19594: 19322: 17403: 16836: 16527: 16471: 16278: 16111: 15645: 15580: 15471: 14913:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 14108: 13557:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 12975: 12781:

Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945–1947

6849: 6837: 5215: 5093: 4672: 4521: 4378: 3886:

which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite an

3541: 3389: 3323: 3255: 3167: 2796: 2550: 2184: 1865: 1791: 1697: 1693: 1460: 1443: 1269: 1261: 1106: 1086:

were killed. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending

773: 86: 17496: 16303: 15550:

Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims

13121: 12840:

Goldstein, Donald; Dillon, Katherine V; Wenger, J Michael (1995).

12387:

Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb

10436: 10180: 9092:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 19. Archived from 8440:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 15. Archived from 7833: 7412: 7400: 6726: 6586: 4772:

Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4596:– rather than the biologically significant, biologically weighted 1829:

to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released.

1734:

The mission runs of 6 and 9 August, with Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and

16578: 16268: 16135: 15562:

Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims

14393: 14240:

War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission

12527:

Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man

11945:"122 countries adopt 'historic' UN treaty to ban nuclear weapons" 11646:

Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II

11502: 9391:. Translated by William Wetherall. Yosha Research. Archived from 9164: 8309: 7713:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 9. Archived from 7126: 7071: 6200:

Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims

5278: 5276: 4755: 4622: 4617: 4597: 4287: 3843: 3802:

Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied, and scheduled to leave

3613: 3260: 2969:

headquarters were undergoing physical training on the grounds of

2623: 2537: 2162: 2127: 2114: 1744: 1671: 1569: 1509: 1434:, the U.S. fire-bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities. 1320: 1079: 847: 827:

on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the

15180:

Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson"

15146:(1966). "Manhattan Project". In Ahnfeldt, Arnold Lorentz (ed.). 14404:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 13931: 10514:

Otake, Masanori; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi; Schull, William J. (1989).

9205: 9203: 7558: 7556: 6979: 6765:. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. 4 July 1945 5341: 5339: 5249:

Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations: Historical Essays

5191:. By 1986, the United States had 23,317 nuclear weapons and the 4842:

was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park. Hiroshima also contains a

2339:, about six hours' flight time from Japan, at 02:45 local time. 1516:

were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a

1455:

Japanese had 137,800,000 litres (1,156,000 US bbl) of

20204: 18802: 17256: 16430: 15654: 15500: 14585:"Memory Wars: The Politics of Remembering the Asia-Pacific War" 11157: 7740: 7443: 7441: 7439: 6137: 4588:

The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of

4526: 4332: 4275: 3817: 3472: 3171: 2783:

worn by a survivor burned into her skin in tight-fitting areas.

2780: 2336: 2198:

in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by

2119: 1779: 1735: 1342: 1338: 1152: 1140: 874: 15265:"The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 13164: 12843:

Rain of Ruin: a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

12414:

Japan, 1945: From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki

12265:

Creating Military Power: the Sources of Military Effectiveness

12006: 11490: 10386: 9824:. Associated Press. 7 August 1945. p. 1–A. Archived from 9345: 9233: 9108: 8717: 8349: 7650: 7133:(Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC)) 6937: 6922: 6404: 5982: 5273: 5225:

On 7 July 2017, more than 120 countries voted to adopt the UN

5202:, but Japan was not one of them. Japan reluctantly signed the 5084:

surrender would satisfy the Allies. Others, such as historian

4734:

and their children were (and still are) victims of fear-based

4090:

The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4054:

then apparently reversed course and ran a front-page story by

2137:

that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped.

1891:

had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration.

242: 20392: 16623: 14558:

Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II

13301:

The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War: The Rongelap Report

11082: 10830:"Cancer did not hinder atomic bomb survivor's annual mission" 9215: 9200: 8759: 8737: 7553: 7310: 7298: 7003: 6777: 6055: 5850: 5838: 5790: 5778: 5682: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5586: 5336: 4953: 4667: 4371:

Cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation

3946:

dated 8 August 1945. The cartoon refers back to the Japanese

3673:. He also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of 2982:, when the bomb exploded. She used a special phone to inform 1993:

In 1943, the United States and the United Kingdom signed the

1799: 1456: 1277: 13536:; Tolzer, Eliot (August 1957). "How We Dropped the A-Bomb". 13011:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

11925: 11746: 11699:. International Law Association of Japan. 1994. p. 147. 9925: 9893: 9582:"Oppenheimer: Monaghan man who captured nuclear devastation" 9333: 9321: 8390: 8388: 8145:"Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima" 7436: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6955: 6943: 6632: 6630: 5423: 5399: 5387: 5206:

in February 1970, but is still sheltered under the American

3934:

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture

3332:

Special Mission 16, secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945

2702:(A-bomb) dome, which was only 150 m (490 ft) from 2371:

Special Mission 13, primary target Hiroshima, 6 August 1945

2194:, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier 18140:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

17824: 16216: 15685: 15088:

Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945

13661:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. 13281:

Unforgettable Fire: Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors

12574:

My true course: Dutch Van Kirk, Northumberland to Hiroshima

12053: 12007:"Japan | Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 11913: 11804: 11802: 11301: 9636: 8480: 8256: 7653:

Unforgettable fire: Pictures drawn by atomic bomb survivors

6469: 6362:"Atomic Bomb: Decision – Target Committee, May 10–11, 1945" 6118:. 509th Composite Group. 1945. pp. 8–9. Archived from 5922: 5598: 5574: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5521:"Minutes of Meeting held at the White House, June 18, 1945" 5357: 5211: 4641:

Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes, such as

4530:

absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the

4431:" can cause complications of implantation and death of the 4324: 2998: 2942:

that engulfed the city, some three hours after the bombing.

2250:(center in photograph) can be seen with six members of the 2211: 1904:

The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the

1334: 15526:. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Archived from 14867:

Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War

14446:"The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update" 12694:

The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner

12606:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–142. 11901: 11855:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 17 June 2019. 11758: 9527: 9415:"Emperor Hirohito's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops" 7322: 7202:"Literary Fallout: The legacies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7169: 6967: 6576:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162

6520: 6157:"Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945" 5934: 5489: 5411: 5375: 5137:

In 1963 the bombings were subjected to judicial review in

4542:, the data collected suggests a threshold intrauterine or 4241:

Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation

3200:, Soviet infantry, armor, and air forces had launched the 2541:

The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2–5 minutes after detonation

2001:, which included one Canadian representative, was held at 1681:

for the Marianas, while group materiel was shipped on the

1674:, Washington. On 6 May the support elements sailed on the 1005: Gray: Areas controlled by the Soviet Union (neutral) 944:

were a war crime, raising moral and ethical implications.

24469: 15309:"Tale of Two Cities: The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 14234: 13123:

Eyewitness Testimonies: Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors

12229:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–115. 11514: 11030: 10424: 10090: 9871: 9869: 9730: 9369: 9008:"How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows" 8801: 8693: 8659: 8598: 8586: 8553: 8405: 8403: 8385: 8361: 7617: 7015: 6659: 6657: 6627: 6602:"The Information War in the Pacific, 1945 Paths to Peace" 6457: 6380: 6263: 6251: 5826: 5658: 5061:

Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

3762: 3072: 2822:

A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima

11877: 11814: 11799: 10946:"The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study" 10516:"Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage" 10352: 9357: 9239: 9150:"The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai | 長崎市平和・原爆" 8918:"A Veiled Truth: The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb" 8844: 8832: 8771: 8492: 8184:"Hidden History: American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima" 7767:"A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7102: 7100: 7098: 6532: 6496: 6392: 6335: 6323: 6067: 5910: 5670: 5535: 5363: 4509: 3858:

had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General

2603:. It released the equivalent energy of 16 ± 2 2304:

systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government

1786:), the site of one of Japan's largest munitions plants; 1319:

involved India-based B-29s staging through bases around

1204:

troops prepared to defend the home islands, backed by a

764:

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two

13636:

Moore, Mike (July–August 1995). "Troublesome Imagery".

12337:

The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the

11889: 11578: 11110:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Archived from 8868: 8504: 8337: 8007: 7157: 6763:"Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee" 6676: 6674: 6672: 6486: 6484: 6447: 6445: 6311: 5886: 5562: 5435: 4439:

caused by the radiation from the bombings, during this

3551:

With fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump,

1972: 1109:

that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate.

19464:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

15293:"Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster" 14716:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions – Planes & Crews" 14340: 13234:

Hubbell, Harry; Cheka, Joseph; Jones, Throyce (1969).

12894:

Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

12343:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 11478: 10730: 9866: 9188: 9176: 8783: 8559: 8456: 8415: 8400: 7821: 7424: 7181: 7083: 6654: 6508: 6239: 6043: 5814: 5312: 5300: 5288: 4742:; much of the public persist with the belief that the 4646:

size is too small to determine with any significance.

3567:, which had become entirely Allied-occupied territory 3196:

on 5 April. At two minutes past midnight on 9 August,

3033: 1816:

The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945.

26028: 18526:

United States aircraft production during World War II

14974:

Hiroshima no shiroi sora (The White Sky in Hiroshima)

14869:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 14858:

Unconditional: The Japanese Surrender in World War II

13767:

Peterson, Leif E.; Abrahamson, Seymour, eds. (1998).

12923:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 12839: 11526: 11251: 9958: 9881: 8948:"Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim" 7462:"The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions" 7145: 7095: 6997: 6743: 6714: 6089:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from 5802: 5477: 4951:

Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a

4925:

Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The

4458:

led the study which found that the overall number of

1711:, the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project, and 15503:. Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives 15295:. Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University 15238:"Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb" 14238:; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997). 12471:. Vol. 6. London: Purnell. pp. 2536–2544. 12193:(1986). "A postwar myth: 500,000 U.S. lives saved". 12041:. Vol. 6. London: Purnell. pp. 2566–2576. 11348:. Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. Archived from 11183:. Columbia University. 2 August 2006. Archived from 10671: 10513: 10137:, United Nations, pp. 3–10, 12 September 2016, 10095:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press 9742: 9592: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9460: 9458: 8373: 8105:"Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer" 7562: 7039:

United States Strategic Bombing Survey (June 1946).

6889: 6669: 6642: 6544: 6481: 6442: 5756:"1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain" 5501: 5324: 4627:

higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed

2325:

for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on 5 August 1945

2202:. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a 1887:

During the meetings on 31 May and 1 June, scientist

1070:

and the Philippines. In April 1945, American forces

18018:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

15487:. Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives 15214:"Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb" 14560:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 14166:. Iowa City, Iowa: The Spirit That Moves Us Press. 14139:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 14070:

The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

14036:

Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II

13621:. New York: Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131–170. 12312:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 10–25. 12267:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 12009:. International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 11697:

The Japanese Annual of International Law: Volume 36

10022:"The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect" 8856: 8723: 8699: 8125: 8044: 8030:. New York: First Simon & Schuster. p. 5. 7995: 7493:"The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945" 6877: 6425:"Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon" 5994: 5970: 5946: 5898: 5862: 5703:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy" 4427:, intrauterine radiation exposure of "at least 0.2 4106:cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. All 3907:

lead to the total extinction of human civilization.

3208:on the nation, with the support of Minister of War 1219:, predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths. 15420:is available for free viewing and download at the 15407:is available for free viewing and download at the 14286: 13766: 13511: 13204: 13173: 12806:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977). 12659: 12602:(1996). "The Bombed". In Hogan, Michael J. (ed.). 12490:Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority 12440: 12112: 11318: 11316: 10259:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp. 155–166. 10186: 10174:"The Fallout – the medical aftermath of Hiroshima" 9675: 9673: 8474: 8169: 8091: 7521: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7077: 7065: 6907: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6012: 5958: 5731:. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from 5204:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 4373:; instead, radiation-induced cancer has a minimum 3878:, asked whether the war would be continued if the 3215:On 7 August, a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, 2214:transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 1536:, eventually under the direction of Major General 1078:, most fought until they were killed or committed 18503: 15429:Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent) 13787:Before The Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima 12743:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 11374:. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Archived from 9840: 9609: 9607: 9488: 9455: 9279:. Voices of the Manhattan Project. Archived from 8818:"Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki" 7591: 5726: 5218:, a policy that became known in the 1950s as the 1615:. Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a 915:, for atomic bombs to be used against Hiroshima, 815:that devastated 64 Japanese cities, including an 26135:Strategic bombing conducted by the United States 26076: 22123: 17481:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 15440:Reconstruction video of the bombing of Hiroshima 14318:. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. 13278:Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) (1977). 12635:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 12341:and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs 10563:to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". 10431:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 9818:"Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb" 8531:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7537:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7344:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7282:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7280:"Timeline #2 – the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission" 7256:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 4974:former Nagasaki City Shiroyama Elementary School 4727:; 344,306 in Hiroshima and 198,785 in Nagasaki. 3967:The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946, by 2934:For decades this photo was misidentified as the 2227: 979: White and green: Areas controlled by Japan 18201:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 18166:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 17451:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 15467:The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki 15325:"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 15273:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 15218:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 14860:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 13047: 11313: 10026:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9670: 9128:"Rescue and Relief Activities | 長崎市平和・原爆" 8976:"Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list" 8673:"Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 (CGP-ASPI-025)" 8285:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 8259:"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 8233: 7977:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 7703: 7342:"Timeline #2- the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission" 7334: 7248: 7246: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 6855: 6843: 6737: 6347: 6013:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 6006: 4602:difference between X-ray and neutron absorption 3244: 2607:(66.9 ± 8.4 TJ). The weapon was 1112: 1082:. Nearly 99 percent of the 21,000 defenders of 782:Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan 16440: 15240:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 15064:Hibakusha: Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 14633:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 14262:Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History 13716:Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism 13509: 13238:. Hiroshima: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. 12805: 12783:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 12389:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 11083:"Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)" 10509: 10507: 10392: 9604: 9555:Goodman, Amy; Goodman, David (5 August 2005). 9554: 9114: 8529:"Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission" 7043:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 6292:. Tinian. 1945. pp. 17–22. Archived from 5753: 5023: 5008: 4993: 4978: 4721: 4687: 4418: 3512:as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain 2910:A mobilized school girl suffered burns to face 2653: 2640: 967:Situation of the Pacific War on 1 August 1945. 865:was trained and equipped with the specialized 24455: 22394:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 22109: 18818: 18489: 17512: 16319: 15602: 15341:"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II" 14894:The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb 14137:A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies 13984:. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. 13619:Pearl to V-J Day: World War II in the Pacific 13493:Knebel, Fletcher; Bailey, Charles W. (1960). 13454: 13250: 13233: 12576:. Lawrenceville, Georgia: Red Gremlin Press. 12567: 12521: 12463:(1969). "Japan at the End of Her Tether". In 12262: 12033:Allen, Louis (1969). "The Nuclear Raids". In 11307: 11207:"Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor" 10620: 10192: 9642: 9613: 9351: 7693:"Counting the dead at Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7479: 7316: 7304: 6961: 6949: 6181: 5345: 5252:. University of Missouri Press. p. 228. 4550:neural cells (8 to 15 weeks post-conception) 3461:Strike spare – did not complete mission 2838:for the American airmen who died in the blast 2520:Strike spare – did not complete mission 2106:, that the government intended to ignore it ( 2029:Orders for the attack were issued to General 2026:, as this also required British concurrence. 1778:The Target Committee nominated five targets: 813:conventional bombing and firebombing campaign 258: 23318:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 18250:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 14060: 14009:World War II in the Pacific: an Encyclopedia 13492: 13334: 12263:Brooks, Risa; Stanley, Elizabeth A. (2007). 12248:. Mankato, Minnesota: The Creative Company. 11508: 11496: 9787: 9785: 9777:Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 1977 8432: 8430: 8257:Manhattan Engineer District (29 June 1946). 8239: 8220:National Archives and Records Administration 7651:Japan Broadcasting Corporation, ed. (1977). 7587:– via Defense Threat Reduction Agency. 7527: 7243: 7112: 5729:"Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima" 5227:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 4139:and originally published in article form in 3818:Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 3574:A few minutes later at 11:00 Japanese Time, 2133:At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from 1738:(the original target for 9 August) displayed 1587: 1151:, near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of 18125:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 17607:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 16803:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 15583:2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary 14630: 14513: 14256: 13532: 13335:Jowett, Philip S.; Andrew, Stephen (2002). 13079: 12666:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 11919: 11372:"Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum" 11163: 10504: 10289:"The Radiation Effects Research Foundation" 9810: 9751:"Eighty-Five from the Archive: John Hersey" 9301: 9253:. Aviation Publishing Group. Archived from 8807: 7665: 7328: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6410: 5880: 4675:, Japan. One-legged torii in the background 3950:to rationalize the American atomic bombing. 3471:, flown by Sweeney's crew, lifted off from 3212:, to stop anyone attempting to make peace. 3116:Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima 3061:Hiroshima after the bombing and subsequent 1143:. This was to be followed in March 1946 by 24462: 24448: 22116: 22102: 18825: 18811: 18496: 18482: 17989:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 17519: 17505: 16326: 16312: 15609: 15595: 15417:Children of Hiroshima (Reel 2 of 2) (1952) 15404:Children of Hiroshima (Reel 1 of 2) (1952) 14675: 14394:United States Department of State (1960). 14287:Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). 14188: 13841: 13417: 13028: 12718: 12542:Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953). 12541: 11466:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs 11412: 10554: 9989:"Nuclear fallout medical effects. Mettler" 9899: 8765: 8355: 7875: 7796:"The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Wasn't" 7771:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7447: 7175: 7026: 6783: 6636: 6386: 6257: 6079: 5928: 5916: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5796: 5784: 5688: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 4738:and exclusion for marriage or work due to 3733:, and seven Dutch POWs. One American POW, 2647:—a brilliant flash of light—followed by a 2051:That day, Truman noted in his diary that: 2033:on 25 July under the signature of General 1466: 1135:involved a series of landings by the U.S. 265: 251: 62:over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) 26100:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 25687:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 22842:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 18717:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 17712:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 17201:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 16816:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 14416: 14369: 13909:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 13510:Krimsky, Sheldon; Shorett, Peter (2005). 13379: 13251:Ishikawa, Eisei; Swain, David L. (1981). 12778: 12529:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. 12384: 12189: 12141: 11832: 11712:The American Journal of International Law 11209:. Sky News. 24 March 2009. Archived from 11058: 11048: 10910: 10773: 10604:"New Study Questions Hiroshima Radiation" 10531: 10067: 10049: 9935: 9782: 9512: 9417:. Taiwan Document Project. Archived from 9221: 9209: 8777: 8427: 7229:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline" 7009: 6985: 6429:Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog 6329: 5940: 5694: 5544: 5495: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5282: 4679:The survivors of the bombings are called 4234: 3890:by militarists opposed to the surrender. 3694: 3594:, met with Sagane and signed the letter. 2739:Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing 2359:, commanded by Captain George Marquardt. 1989:ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs 1949:Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee 1871: 998: Red: Areas controlled by the Allies 835:had produced two types of atomic bombs: " 35:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 18221:1944 United States presidential election 16589:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 14613: 14033: 13771:. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. 13691:. New York: William Morrow and Company. 13368:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 13298: 13180:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 13029:Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark, eds. (1997). 13004: 12921:Imperial Japan's World War II, 1931–1945 12762:Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō "dokuhakuroku" 12759: 12688: 12334: 12300: 12282:Bungei, Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai (1981). 12115:World War II: A 50th Anniversary History 11931: 11907: 11883: 11820: 11808: 11752: 11691: 11689: 11679:International Committee of the Red Cross 11597:Gómez, Javier Guisández (20 June 1998). 10913:"Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors" 10420: 10418: 10416: 10358: 10254: 9798:. German History in Documents and Images 9533: 9363: 9339: 9327: 8850: 8838: 8665: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8510: 8498: 8343: 8181: 8110:Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890–1954) 7572:. Defense Nuclear Agency. Archived from 7563:W. McRaney; J. McGahan (6 August 1980). 7254:"509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima" 7223: 7221: 7219: 7032: 6973: 6556: 6475: 6463: 6317: 6269: 6245: 5556: 5455:"The Final Months of the War With Japan" 5318: 5306: 5294: 5106:Aerial bombardment and international law 4661: 4260: 4151: 4018:(ICRC), on 30 August 1945 from Hiroshima 4016:International Committee of the Red Cross 4005: 3953: 3937: 3772: 3709: 3622: 3489: 3307: 3290: 3248: 3202:Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation 2929: 2536: 2317: 2231: 1976: 1929: 1747:William P. Fisher, Joyce C. Stearns and 1729: 1591: 1470: 1364: 1301: 1177: 962: 913:chief of staff of the United States Army 27:August 1945 attacks in Japan during WWII 25797: 22997:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 17878:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 17639:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 14928:Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia (2005). 14683:. Fortress. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 14555: 14313: 14131: 14006: 13804: 13783: 13683: 13616: 13320:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb 13207:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 13168:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 12945: 12657: 12438: 12365: 12246:The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki 11895: 11456: 10827: 10374:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation 10339: 10337: 9748: 9170: 8802:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8694:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8660:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8610: 8599:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8587:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8554:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8486: 7906: 7834:Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 7163: 6663: 6526: 6514: 6422: 6143: 6073: 5820: 5808: 5676: 5483: 5099: 5054: 5004:former Nagasaki Medical University gate 4245:Acute radiation syndrome § History 3091: 2696:Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall 2629: 2313: 1324:required to reach key Japanese cities. 904:, and orders were issued on 25 July by 786:invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria 14: 26077: 20672: 20650:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 18338:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 17984:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 17742:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 17399:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 14723:Allen, Thomas; Polmar, Norman (1995). 14476: 14443: 14402:Foreign Relations of the United States 14189:Slavinskiĭ, Boris Nikolaevich (2004). 13958: 13902: 13870: 13656: 13552: 13137: 12888: 12868: 12281: 12243: 11764: 11544: 11520: 11484: 11281: 11233:"Man who survived two atom bombs dies" 11169: 11132: 10883: 10317: 10019: 9875: 9708: 9679: 9473: 9245: 9194: 9182: 9034:"POW's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki" 8789: 8462: 8421: 8310:United States Department of State 1960 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7635: 7599:"Super-fortress crew tell their story" 7453: 7199: 7187: 7151: 7089: 6749: 6720: 6680: 6550: 5988: 4298:when they cover a large area of skin. 4167:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 4082:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 3839:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan 3763:Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 3627:The bomb destroyed the Roman Catholic 3303: 2683:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 2060: 24471:Strategic bombing during World War II 24443: 23925: 23687: 23349: 22153: 22097: 21521:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20953:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 20599:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 20555:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 19660:Rape during the occupation of Germany 18806: 18477: 18012:President's Committee on Civil Rights 17844:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 17500: 16307: 15616: 15590: 15363:"Photo gallery of aftermath pictures" 14582: 14207: 14161: 14094: 14038:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13635: 13555:Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima 13518:. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield. 13361: 13317: 12918: 12737: 12598: 12447:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12370:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 12084: 12032: 11686: 11604:International Review of the Red Cross 11596: 11532: 11442:"Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline" 11269: 11257: 11012:from the original on 15 December 2017 10943: 10602:Broad, William J. (13 October 1992). 10601: 10413: 10344:"The American Spectator, Volume 35". 10293:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 10204:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 9887: 9736: 9598: 9375: 8874: 8516: 8394: 8367: 8025: 7907:Slavick, Elin O'Hara (27 July 2009). 7793: 7623: 7459: 7430: 7216: 7131:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 7106: 6895: 6867: 6822:Harry S. Truman, Diary, July 25, 1945 6648: 6538: 6502: 6490: 6451: 6398: 6341: 6149: 6087:"Factsheets: 509th Operational Group" 6061: 6049: 6000: 5976: 5964: 5507: 5245: 5171:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 4825:Hiroshima was subsequently struck by 4704: 4696: 4510:Investigations into brain development 4500:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4396:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4360:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4337:suppresses the white blood cell count 3705:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 2978:issued for Hiroshima and neighboring 2898:Corpse near the Western Parade Ground 2688:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 1401:strategic bombing during World War II 1291: 811:. This undertaking was preceded by a 788:. The Japanese government signed the 246: 25564: 20643:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 19675:Rape during the liberation of France 16808:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 16564:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 14419:The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb 13979: 13579: 13396: 13337:The Japanese Army 1931–45: 2 1942–45 13202: 12874:Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945 12719:Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). 12696:. New York; London: Bloomsbury USA. 12628: 12483: 12459: 12411: 11776: 11709: 11422:(in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media 10467: 10334: 10113: 9961:"ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME IN HUMANS" 9574: 9513:Nakashima, Leslie (27 August 1945). 9302:Wellerstein, Alex (16 August 2013). 8813: 8705: 8409: 8379: 8064:"Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 6599: 6290:Air Force Historical Research Agency 5952: 5904: 5892: 5868: 5727:Laurence M. Vance (14 August 2009). 5700: 5523:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum 5461:. Part III (note 24). Archived from 5441: 5369: 5330: 4294:is not unusual, being common to all 4118:, but the Hiroshima-based magazine, 3516:, who was piloting the support B-29 3227:intercepted the cabinet's messages. 3078:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff 2343:was accompanied by two other B-29s: 2161:, California, on 16 July aboard the 1973:Consultation with Britain and Canada 1725: 1620:Wendover for his training base over 1482:director, with a map of the Far East 1210:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 26006: 18211:Democratic National Convention 1944 18030:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 17919:National Institute of Mental Health 17554:Vice President of the United States 17526: 17471:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 16718:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 16333: 15581:Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 15451:Hiroshima – 1945 – Movietone Moment 15067:. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. 14932:. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press. 14749:The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb 14718:. Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2016. 13965:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 13713: 13303:. Walnutt Creek: Left Coast Press. 12974: 12545:The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki 12221: 11584: 11239:from the original on 7 January 2010 9062:"Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary" 9054: 8862: 8131: 8050: 8013: 8001: 7747:from the original on 29 August 2005 7674: 7670:. Harper and Row. pp. 187–189. 7212:from the original on 6 August 2021. 6998:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1995 6883: 6870:, pp. 233–234. The meaning of 4793: 4765: 4516:Radiation-induced cognitive decline 4365: 4185:did not believe the news at first. 3443:Strike observation and photography 3034:Japanese realization of the bombing 2502:Strike observation and photography 2406:Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima) 2118:(Imperial institution and national 1548:to organize and head the project's 1042:. Worried by the losses sustained, 24: 22684:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 22674:Assassination of James A. Garfield 20869:German invasion of the Netherlands 19149:Weather events during World War II 18615:Hispanic Americans in World War II 18521:American music during World War II 16074:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 15311:. National Science Digital Library 14729:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 14707: 14462:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x 14444:Walker, J. Samuel (January 1990). 14421:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 14011:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 13880:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12948:Intelligence and National Security 11833:Reichmann, Kelsey (16 June 2019). 11566:. Associated Press. 14 August 2010 11282:Palmer, David (20 February 2008). 10745:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x 10623:Journal of Radiological Protection 10533:10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x 10470:Journal of Radiological Protection 10425:National Research Council (1990). 9474:Haynes, Danielle (6 August 2015). 9277:"Lawrence Litz's Interview (2012)" 8637:. 23 November 2015. Archived from 7953:from the original on 16 April 2007 7497:United States Department of Energy 6368:from the original on 8 August 2005 6169:from the original on 9 August 2006 5112:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 4800:Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan 4730:If they discuss their background, 4554:of approximately "0.09" to "0.15" 4377:of some five years and above, and 3584:University of California, Berkeley 3425:Blast measurement instrumentation 3383:Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) 3276:difficult to locate at night with 3104: 3071:The Tokyo control operator of the 2484:Blast measurement instrumentation 2442:Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) 1452:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 1448:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 25: 26146: 22716:Assassination of William McKinley 21500:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 18620:Native Americans and World War II 17774:National Security Resources Board 15516: 15191: 15164: 15046:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 14991:O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2019). 14583:White, Geoffrey. M. (July 1995). 14350:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14072:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. 13845:My Life Between Japan And America 13714:Orr, James J. (2008). "Review of 13638:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 12488:. In Cooling, B. Franklin (ed.). 12286:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 12195:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 11859:from the original on 2 July 2019. 10944:Heath, Clark W. (5 August 1992). 10911:Matsubara, Hiroshi (8 May 2001). 10828:Soejima, Hideki (7 August 2024). 10774:Mochizuki, Toma (6 August 2024). 9709:Richie, Donald (16 August 2013). 7794:Broad, William J. (23 May 2016). 7697:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7668:At Work in the Fields of the Bomb 7366: 7200:Nathan, Richard (6 August 2021). 809:invasion of the Japanese mainland 26125:History of the Manhattan Project 26062: 26050: 26038: 24423: 24414: 24413: 24378: 24377: 22935:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22728:Nadir of American race relations 22607:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 22060: 18832: 18637: 18566:Internment of Japanese Americans 18457: 18456: 17813:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 17614:State of the Union Address (1946 17171:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 16439: 16290: 16289: 15543: 15460: 14892:Gosling, Francis George (1994). 14491:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x 13403:. New York: Donald I. Fine Inc. 12876:. London: Macmillan Publishing. 12304:(2004). "The Atomic Plague". In 11999: 11969: 11951: 11937: 11863: 11845: 11826: 11770: 11703: 11666: 11638: 11590: 11550: 11538: 11434: 11390: 11364: 11346:"Peace Memorial City, Hiroshima" 11338: 11275: 11263: 11225: 11199: 11126: 11100: 11075: 11024: 10976: 10962:10.1001/jama.1992.03490050109039 10937: 10904: 10884:Simons, Lewis M. (7 June 1984). 10877: 10849: 10821: 10793: 10767: 10724: 10665: 10614: 10595: 10548: 10461: 10398: 10364: 10311: 10281: 10248: 10222: 10166: 10126: 10107: 10084: 10020:Putnam, Frank W. (12 May 1998). 10013: 9981: 9952: 9919: 9905: 9702: 9648: 9548: 9539: 9506: 9467: 9433: 9407: 9381: 9295: 9269: 9142: 9120: 9082: 9026: 9000: 8968: 8940: 8910: 8880: 8675:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation 8623: 8611:Kleeman, Sophie (29 July 2014). 8604: 8315: 8273: 8208: 8182:Mitchell, Greg (5 August 2011). 8175: 8137: 8097: 8056: 8019: 7965: 7935: 7900: 7869: 7839: 7759: 7729: 7659: 7644: 7629: 7485: 7467:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 7360: 7272: 7231:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation 7193: 6861: 6813: 6219: 5754:Joseph Coleman (10 March 2005). 5200:nine nations had nuclear weapons 5134:international humanitarian law. 5036: 4914: 4780:double explosion-affected people 4286:, and to show that, much like a 3689:, which was in fact, Victor 89. 3479:During pre-flight inspection of 3365:Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) 3149:Problems playing this file? See 3120: 3054: 3042: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2788: 2772: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2634:People on the ground reported a 2424:Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) 1568:that used plutonium-239, called 1315:became ready for use in combat. 1306:A B-29 over Osaka on 1 June 1945 52: 22637:First transcontinental railroad 18561:Internment of Italian Americans 18095:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 18024:Housing and Home Finance Agency 17186:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 15567:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 13299:Johnston, Barbara Rose (2008). 12846:. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. 12604:Hiroshima in History and Memory 12469:History of the Second World War 12227:Hiroshima in History and Memory 12039:History of the Second World War 11983:. 9 August 2020. Archived from 11398:"Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park" 10200:"Frequently Asked Questions #2" 9690:. From the Archives. p. 66 8984:. 5 August 2005. Archived from 8287:. 6 August 1945. Archived from 7851:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 6789: 6755: 6686: 6416: 6275: 6213: 6105: 6034:Gross Domestic Product deflator 5747: 5720: 5513: 5447: 4989:former Urakami Cathedral Belfry 4840:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 4344:Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission 4308:Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission 3652:pilots standing on the brakes, 3194:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1969:..." Hiroshima was not listed. 1751:from the USAAF; and scientists 1582: 1577:Japanese nuclear weapon program 272: 231:Total killed (by end of 1945): 21747:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 19457:Territorial changes of Germany 19365:Indonesian National Revolution 18556:Internment of German Americans 18541:New Mexico during World War II 17864:Office of Defense Mobilization 17852:Defense Production Act of 1950 17724:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 17543:President of the United States 17441:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 16559:Imperial Rescript on Education 15172:New England Journal of History 14242:. New York: Quill Publishing. 13848:. New York: Harper & Row. 12809:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 12215:10.1080/00963402.1986.11459388 11133:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011). 10733:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 10318:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011). 10187:Peterson & Abrahamson 1998 9711:"The pure horror of Hiroshima" 9680:Angell, Roger (31 July 1995). 9619:"The Great Hiroshima Cover-Up" 8475:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 8170:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 8092:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7522:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7460:Malik, John (September 1985). 7419:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7407:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7395:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7078:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7066:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 6908:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 5239: 5116:international humanitarian law 5019:Sannō shrine second torii gate 4969:in 2016. These sites include: 4933:seen in the left of the image. 4820: 4506:in the children of survivors. 4296:second- and third-degree burns 3888:attempted military coup d'état 3160:the German atomic bomb project 3073:Japan Broadcasting Corporation 2965:Most elements of the Japanese 2874:A victim with whole body burns 2862:A victim with whole body burns 1941:Japanese opposition to the war 1845:U.S. Army Intelligence Service 1813:would create effective damage. 1560:that used uranium-235, called 1237:commissioned his own study by 952: 925:effects of the atomic bombings 887:Imperial Japanese armed forces 13: 1: 26130:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 21147:Japanese invasion of Thailand 21098:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 20862:German invasion of Luxembourg 19243:Mediterranean and Middle East 18625:Puerto Ricans in World War II 18582:Women Airforce Service Pilots 18505:United States in World War II 18346:Backstairs at the White House 18130:Missouri Office and Courtroom 18083:Unrelated Business Income Tax 17999:Legislative Reference Service 17931:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 17754:National Security Act of 1947 16892:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 16798:Imperial General Headquarters 16389:Foreign commerce and shipping 15269:U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey 15012:10.1080/01402390.2018.1559150 14417:Wainstock, Dennis D. (1996). 13877:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 13842:Reischauer, Edwin O. (1986). 13790:. New York: Walker & Co. 13659:Truman and the Hiroshima Cult 13339:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 13051:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 12385:Christman, Albert B. (1998). 12335:Campbell, Richard H. (2005). 12025: 10135:Radiation Effects and Sources 7943:"Testimony of Akiko Takakura" 6015:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 4938: 4885:Fukuromachi Elementary School 4832:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park 4631:radiation dose reconstruction 4187:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker 4073:. Less than a week after his 2886:Victim with burns on her back 2228:Hiroshima during World War II 1566:implosion-type nuclear weapon 1446:and Okinawa. That month, the 1399:with incendiaries. Like most 1389:United States Army Air Forces 947: 863:United States Army Air Forces 855:implosion-type nuclear weapon 23805:Hispanic and Latino American 22659:Second Industrial Revolution 22493:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 22199:Exploration of North America 22125:History of the United States 21054:Invasion of the Soviet Union 20743:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 20061:Independent State of Croatia 18592:Woman's Land Army of America 17943:Council of Economic Advisers 17219:Hirohito surrender broadcast 16619:Greater East Asia Conference 16234:Oppenheimer security hearing 15000:Journal of Strategic Studies 14972:Murakami, Chikayasu (2007). 14959:. New York: New Directions. 14766:Barrett, David Dean (2020). 14556:Werrell, Kenneth P. (1996). 14260:; Young, Marilyn B. (2009). 14097:Twentieth Century Literature 13497:. New York: Harper and Row. 13466:] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: 13284:. New York: Pantheon Books. 12412:Chun, Clayton K. S. (2008). 11873:. BBC News. 14 January 2020. 10034:National Academy of Sciences 9749:Michaub, Jon (8 June 2010). 8325:. Atomic Heritage Foundation 8026:Blume, Lesley M. M. (2020). 7909:"Hiroshima: A Visual Record" 7666:Del Tredici, Robert (1987). 6580:George Washington University 5140:Ryuichi Shimoda v. The State 5076:, and that they constituted 5065:The role of the bombings in 4874:Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital 4815: 4649: 4616:that surrounded the core of 4608:emitting substantially more 4552:to begin at a threshold dose 4348:National Academy of Sciences 3927: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3259:and its crew, who dropped a 3245:Nagasaki during World War II 3049:Hiroshima before the bombing 2698:, now commonly known as the 2375: 2246:" atomic bomb on Hiroshima. 2222: 2216:320th Troop Carrier Squadron 2159:Hunters Point Naval Shipyard 1526:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1113:Preparations to invade Japan 881:. The Allies called for the 831:. By July 1945, the Allies' 792:on 2 September, effectively 768:over the Japanese cities of 719:Manchuria and Northern Korea 224:8–13 Allied prisoners of war 7: 23329:Indictments of Donald Trump 22520:First Industrial Revolution 22354:Declaration of Independence 22344:Second Continental Congress 22038:End of World War II in Asia 21878:Western invasion of Germany 21385:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 21362:Second Battle of El Alamein 20932:Hundred Regiments Offensive 20904:Battle of the Mediterranean 20757:Italian invasion of Albania 18931:Air warfare of World War II 18531:Arizona during World War II 18286:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 17857:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 17788:Central Intelligence Agency 16604:Supreme Court of Judicature 15477: 15470:public domain audiobook at 15365:. Time-Life. Archived from 15196: 15184:71#1 (1998), pp. 5–32 14909:Hachiya, Michihiko (1955). 14865:Gordin, Michael D. (2007). 13962:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb 13724:Journal of Japanese Studies 13553:Lifton, Robert Jay (1991). 13540:. pp. 71–75, 209–210. 12896:. New York: Da Capo Press. 12723:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 12284:The Day Man Lost: Hiroshima 10801:"Relief for A-bomb victims" 7979:. p. 7. Archived from 6856:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6844:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6738:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6607:Central Intelligence Agency 5701:Long, Tony (9 March 2011). 5459:Central Intelligence Agency 4946:Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum 4722: 4468:statistically insignificant 4419:Birth defect investigations 4342:In the spring of 1948, the 3992:Leslie Nakashima, a former 3588:weapons of mass destruction 3437:Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. 3377:Captain Charles F. McKnight 3359:Captain George W. Marquardt 3239: 2609:considered very inefficient 2514:Captain Charles F. McKnight 2496:Captain George W. Marquardt 2071:The 16 July success of the 1925: 1183:U.S. Army propaganda poster 1052:returned to the Philippines 1050:In the Pacific, the Allies 821:war in the European theatre 517:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 474:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 10: 26151: 26105:August 1945 events in Asia 23926: 23688: 23350: 23221:Killing of Osama bin Laden 22309:First Continental Congress 22154: 21964:Naval bombardment of Japan 21332:First Battle of El Alamein 21251:Battle of Christmas Island 21196:Japanese invasion of Burma 20960:Italian invasion of Greece 20876:German invasion of Belgium 20848:German invasion of Denmark 20821:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 20690:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 18954:Comparative military ranks 18536:Nevada during World War II 17913:National Mental Health Act 17870:Science Advisory Committee 17759:U.S. Department of Defense 17666:Presidential Proclamations 17562:U.S. Senator from Missouri 17310:Second Philippine Republic 17088:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 15257: 15182:The New England Quarterly, 15120:10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.162 15091:. New York: W. W. Norton. 14841:. New York: Random House. 14162:Sklar, Morty, ed. (1984). 13959:Rotter, Andrew J. (2008). 13720:The End of the Pacific War 13657:Newman, Robert P. (1995). 13458:; Yoshitake, Oka (1966). 13397:Kerr, E. Bartlett (1991). 13138:Hixson, Walter L. (2002). 12745:. New York: Random House. 10643:10.1088/0952-4746/22/4/302 10490:10.1088/0952-4746/12/2/005 10393:Krimsky & Shorett 2005 10265:10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 9520:United Press International 9481:United Press International 9304:"The Third Core's Revenge" 9115:Glasstone & Dolan 1977 7876:Kato, Toru (4 June 1999). 5246:Asada, Sadao (June 2007). 5161: 5103: 5058: 4948:opened in the mid-1990s. 4797: 4655: 4569:8 weeks, that is prior to 4513: 4238: 3931: 3821: 3766: 3095: 3020:to the Aioi Bridge by the 2064: 1660:engines, Curtiss Electric 1498:German atomic bomb project 1485: 1295: 1116: 956: 666:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 205:12 Allied prisoners of war 18:Atomic bombing of Nagasaki 25997: 25962: 25931: 25920: 25881: 25860: 25839: 25818: 25644: 25623: 25592: 25555: 25480: 25444: 25299: 25268: 25247: 25221: 25165: 24989: 24664: 24604: 24597: 24566: 24545: 24524: 24515: 24477: 24399: 24365: 24309: 24273: 24261: 24000: 23974: 23936: 23932: 23921: 23694: 23683: 23356: 23345: 23211: 23114: 23042: 22943: 22854: 22805:Wall Street Crash of 1929 22736: 22617: 22602:Emancipation Proclamation 22533: 22456: 22404: 22371:Articles of Confederation 22324: 22209:Native American epidemics 22189: 22164: 22160: 22149: 22131: 22053: 21885:Bratislava–Brno offensive 21825: 21816:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 21553: 21440:Allied invasion of Sicily 21394: 21300:Aleutian Islands campaign 21272:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 21219: 21210:Greek famine of 1941–1944 21105:Second Battle of Changsha 21010:German invasion of Greece 20978: 20855:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 20830: 20768: 20663: 20544: 20270: 20180: 20028: 19731: 19722: 19480: 19305: 19197:North and Central Pacific 19158: 18920: 18913: 18840: 18787:Destroyers-for-bases deal 18772: 18725: 18694: 18685:Medal of Honor recipients 18646: 18635: 18605: 18574: 18511: 18423: 18408:Martha Ellen Young Truman 18388: 18309: 18301:Statue of Harry S. Truman 18258: 18191: 18183:Truman Little White House 18161:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 18148: 18112: 18006:National School Lunch Act 17926:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 17892: 17769:National Security Council 17679: 17572: 17534: 17418: 17391: 17333: 17287: 17244: 17237: 17191:Japan during World War II 17151:Pacification of Manchukuo 17121: 17051: 17043:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 17038:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 16976: 16969: 16920: 16907:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 16860: 16786: 16779: 16726: 16644: 16637: 16629:Imperial Japanese Airways 16536: 16483: 16448: 16437: 16341: 16287: 16177:Bismuth phosphate process 16172:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 16159: 16128: 16061: 15850: 15719: 15633: 15624: 15348:National Security Archive 15148:Radiology in World War II 15061:Sekimori, Gaynor (1986). 14789:. New York: Basic Books. 14645:10.1007/s00127-002-0572-5 14314:Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). 14210:The Politics of Terrorism 14034:Schaffer, Ronald (1985). 14007:Sandler, Stanley (2001). 13381:10.1163/18765610-01902004 13255:. New York: Basic Books. 13211:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 13033:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. 12982:. Sydney: HarperCollins. 12960:10.1080/02684529808432475 12658:Edwards, Pail N. (1996). 12570:Van Kirk, Theodore Jerome 11617:10.1017/S0020860400091075 11308:Ishikawa & Swain 1981 10993:World Health Organization 9643:Ishikawa & Swain 1981 9352:Kido & Yoshitake 1966 9173:, pp. 175, 203, 224. 7317:Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 7305:Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 6910:, pp. 326, 356, 370. 5883:, pp. 5, 84–85, 117. 5346:Brooks & Stanley 2007 5157: 5024: 5009: 4994: 4979: 4688: 4536:severe mental retardation 4352:National Research Council 3884:capitulation announcement 3014:-class suicide motorboats 2654: 2641: 2206:. The core departed from 1999:Combined Policy Committee 1843:, a Japan expert for the 1692:made brief port calls at 1650:393d Bombardment Squadron 1588:Organization and training 1405:undermine civilian morale 1313:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1125:surrender of Nazi Germany 871:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 282: 188: 164: 156: 77: 67: 51: 39: 34: 26090:1945 in military history 24487:Aerial bombing of cities 24291:Northern Mariana Islands 22864:Strike wave of 1945–1946 21477:Allied invasion of Italy 21454:Solomon Islands campaign 21203:Third Battle of Changsha 20800:First Battle of Changsha 20706:Second Sino-Japanese War 19646:German military brothels 19512:United States war crimes 18774:Diplomatic participation 18281:Truman Dam and Reservoir 18057:Agricultural Act of 1949 18041:Agricultural Act of 1948 17883:National Security Agency 17166:Second Sino-Japanese War 17113:Racial Equality Proposal 16693:Agriculture and Commerce 15555:3 September 2009 at the 15042:Ogura, Toyofumi (2001). 14856:Gallichio, Marc (2020). 14614:Williams, M. H. (1960). 13980:Russ, Harlow W. (1990). 13468:Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai 13459: 13362:Kelly, Jason M. (2012). 13083:; Holl, Jack M. (1989). 13054:The New World, 1939–1946 12779:Giangreco, D.M. (2009). 12764:. Tōkyō: Ōtsuki Shoten. 12760:Fujiwara, Akira (1991). 12629:Drea, Edward J. (1992). 12439:Compton, Arthur (1956). 12244:Bodden, Valerie (2007). 12057:Okinawa: The Last Battle 11947:. CBC News. 7 July 2017. 11599:"The Law of Air Warfare" 11509:Selden & Selden 1990 11497:Jowett & Andrew 2002 10995:. 2013. pp. 23–24. 10407:Press Institute of India 9557:"The Hiroshima Cover-Up" 9251:"Paul Tibbets Interview" 9012:News from Indian Country 8240:Knebel & Bailey 1960 7878:"A Short-Sighted Parrot" 6694: 6146:, pp. 163, 167–168. 6064:, pp. 511–516, 522. 5991:, pp. 40–43, 76–79. 5232: 5189:tactical nuclear weapons 4836:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 4573:or at a gestational age 4492:Johns Hopkins University 4316:acute radiation syndrome 3188:Soviet Foreign Minister 2712:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 2151: 1282:Chemical Warfare Service 753:Second Sino-Japanese War 593:Estevan Point Lighthouse 348:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 299:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 199:80,000–156,000 civilians 26095:1945 in the environment 23826:Middle Eastern American 23643:Technology and industry 22513:Seneca Falls Convention 22314:Continental Association 22214:Settlement of Jamestown 21899:Second Guangxi campaign 21754:Philippines (1944–1945) 21258:Battle of the Coral Sea 21161:Fall of the Philippines 20807:Battle of South Guangxi 20713:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 20119:Italian Social Republic 18429:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 18365:(1997 documentary film) 18276:Harry S Truman Building 17994:Federal Tort Claims Act 17083:Washington Naval Treaty 17028:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 17013:First Sino-Japanese War 16832:Nuclear weapons program 16574:Great Japan Youth Party 16501:National seals of Japan 16254:S-1 Executive Committee 16202:Einstein–Szilard letter 14955:Merton, Thomas (1962). 14371:10.5194/acp-7-1973-2007 14316:Return Of The Enola Gay 14264:. New York: New Press. 14212:. New York: M. Dekker. 14208:Stohl, Michael (1979). 13784:Preston, Diana (2005). 13318:Jones, Vincent (1985). 13203:Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001). 13142:. New York: Routledge. 12486:"Air War Against Japan" 12484:Coox, Alvin D. (1994). 12366:Carroll, James (2007). 11920:Hewlett & Holl 1989 11235:. CNN. 8 January 2010. 11164:Yamada & Izumi 2002 10051:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5426 9515:"Hiroshima as I saw it" 8567:"The Story of Nagasaki" 7535:"The Bomb-"Little Boy"" 7329:Lewis & Tolzer 1957 5881:Tanaka & Young 2009 5152:Treaty of San Francisco 4100:U.S. military policeman 3853:Chief Cabinet Secretary 3808:Albuquerque, New Mexico 3629:Urakami Tenshudo Church 3263:atomic bomb on Nagasaki 2208:Kirtland Army Air Field 1954:shock in the leadership 1876:In early May 1945, the 1606:Wendover Army Air Field 1558:gun-type fission weapon 1502:Einstein–Szilard letter 1467:Atomic bomb development 883:unconditional surrender 844:gun-type fission weapon 823:concluded when Germany 790:instrument of surrender 355:Japanese merchant raids 218:60,000–80,000 civilians 24492:Area bombing directive 23946:Admission to the Union 23312:Afghanistan withdrawal 23307:January 6 insurrection 23226:Rise in mass shootings 23198:Virginia Tech shooting 22751:Paris Peace Conference 22525:Second Great Awakening 22264:American Enlightenment 21484:Armistice of Cassibile 21286:Battle of Dutch Harbor 21237:Battle of the Java Sea 21140:Attack on Pearl Harbor 21040:Syria–Lebanon campaign 21033:Battle of South Shanxi 21003:Invasion of Yugoslavia 20786:Battle of the Atlantic 20400:Korean Liberation Army 20113:(until September 1943) 20070:(until September 1944) 20048:(until September 1944) 18707:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18648:Military participation 18436:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 17938:Employment Act of 1946 17832:Revolt of the Admirals 17131:Shōwa financial crisis 16923:Imperial Japanese Navy 16863:Imperial Japanese Army 16594:Peace Preservation Law 15696:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 15327:. Atomic Archive. 1946 15275:. 1946. Archived from 15108:International Security 14747:; Tree, Sanho (1996). 14679:; Noon, Steve (2010). 13685:Nichols, Kenneth David 13170:Westfall, Catherine L. 12919:Gruhl, Werner (2007). 12568:Dietz, Suzanne Simon; 12147:International Security 12119:. London: Hale. 1990. 11050:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600748 10133:"What is Radiation?", 9900:Hein & Selden 1997 7176:Fiévé & Waley 2003 7027:Zaloga & Noon 2010 6988:, pp. 64–65, 163. 6784:Craven & Cate 1953 6637:Craven & Cate 1953 6258:Craven & Cate 1953 5929:Zaloga & Noon 2010 5917:Zaloga & Noon 2010 5857:Craven & Cate 1953 5845:Craven & Cate 1953 5833:Craven & Cate 1953 5797:Craven & Cate 1953 5785:Craven & Cate 1953 5689:Craven & Cate 1953 5665:Craven & Cate 1953 5653:Craven & Cate 1953 5641:Craven & Cate 1953 5629:Craven & Cate 1953 5617:Craven & Cate 1953 5605:Craven & Cate 1953 5593:Craven & Cate 1953 5581:Craven & Cate 1953 5569:Craven & Cate 1953 5285:, pp. 2–3, 49–51. 4967:National Historic Site 4676: 4443:period, is not known. 4358:. The ABCC became the 4299: 4235:Post-attack casualties 4170: 4147:The Unforgettable Fire 4019: 3972: 3951: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3812:another plutonium core 3778: 3718: 3631: 3604:s bombardier, Captain 3569:only six weeks earlier 3495: 3487:continue the mission. 3317: 3296: 3264: 3109: 3003:Korean imperial family 2943: 2765:Hiroshima Genbaku Dome 2714:and was made a UNESCO 2710:). The ruin was named 2591:, the bomb missed the 2542: 2326: 2255: 2219:arriving on 2 August. 2058: 2049: 1990: 1935: 1902: 1872:Proposed demonstration 1853: 1739: 1597: 1483: 1416:Operation Meetinghouse 1377: 1371:Operation Meetinghouse 1307: 1190: 1007: 807:prepared for a costly 654:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 498:Burma and India (1944) 321:Gilberts and Marshalls 196:90,000–166,000 killed 141:32.77361°N 129.86333°E 110:34.39472°N 132.45472°E 23938:Territorial evolution 23302:George Floyd Protests 23285:Unite the Right rally 23154:Oklahoma City bombing 23149:Republican Revolution 23096:Space Shuttle program 22918:Civil Rights Movement 22886:North Atlantic Treaty 22694:Sherman Antitrust Act 22679:Chinese Exclusion Act 22269:French and Indian War 22259:Prelude to Revolution 22244:First Great Awakening 22204:European colonization 21648:Second Battle of Guam 21544:Bengal famine of 1943 21514:Second Battle of Kiev 21470:Battle of the Dnieper 21175:Battle of Wake Island 21047:East African campaign 20989:Battle of South Henan 20634:atrocities by Germans 20407:Korean Volunteer Army 19388:Occupation of Germany 19142:Music in World War II 18414:Clifton Truman Daniel 18318:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 18291:Truman Sports Complex 18120:Early life and career 17819:North Atlantic Treaty 17795:Displaced Persons Act 17764:Joint Chiefs of Staff 17671:Eisenhower transition 17656:"The buck stops here" 17629:Judicial appointments 17602:Assassination attempt 17073:Siberian Intervention 16882:Railways and Shipping 16698:Commerce and Industry 16394:Industrial production 16274:X-10 Graphite Reactor 16229:Nobel Prize laureates 16099:509th Composite Group 14751:. New York: Vintage. 14681:Defense of Japan 1945 14616:Chronology, 1941–1945 11652:. 2010. p. 167. 10346:Saturday Evening Club 9656:"Destructive Effects" 8312:, pp. 1376–1377. 7636:Hersey, John (1946). 6600:Williams, Josette H. 6162:. National Archives. 5372:, pp. 2540–2544. 5150:government under the 4665: 4292:burn scar contracture 4273: 4164: 4009: 3966: 3944:Chicago Daily Tribune 3941: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3776: 3713: 3626: 3493: 3455:Major Ralph R. Taylor 3311: 3294: 3252: 3108: 2933: 2601:Shima Surgical Clinic 2540: 2436:Major Ralph R. Taylor 2349:, commanded by Major 2321: 2235: 2124:Japanese Home Islands 2053: 2039: 2011:Henry Maitland Wilson 1980: 1933: 1897: 1895:later recalled that: 1849: 1733: 1652:was equipped with 15 1608:, Utah, commanded by 1602:509th Composite Group 1595: 1564:, and a more complex 1550:Los Alamos Laboratory 1546:J. Robert Oppenheimer 1538:Leslie R. Groves, Jr. 1474: 1380:Hansell's successor, 1368: 1351:islands were captured 1305: 1181: 1167:Armies, as well as a 1147:, the capture of the 966: 939:, and there is still 859:509th Composite Group 799:In the final year of 564:Philippines (1944–45) 522:Philippines (1941–42) 215:60,000–80,000 killed 180:509th Composite Group 26115:History of Hiroshima 24857:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 24589:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 23852:Palestinian American 23279:Obergefell v. Hodges 23171:September 11 attacks 23007:Second-wave feminism 22928:Cuban Missile Crisis 22788:Bath School disaster 22706:Spanish–American War 22669:The Gospel of Wealth 22548:California Gold Rush 22508:Mexican–American War 22498:Nullification crisis 22466:Era of Good Feelings 22366:Confederation period 22274:Proclamation of 1763 22224:Atlantic slave trade 21934:Surrender of Germany 21412:Battle of West Hubei 21369:Guadalcanal campaign 21339:Battle of Stalingrad 21265:Battle of Madagascar 20039:Albania protectorate 19826:(formerly Swaziland) 19535:Wehrmacht war crimes 19351:Expulsion of Germans 19135:Art and World War II 19033:British contribution 18982:Governments in exile 18321:(1975 play and film) 18237:Dewey Defeats Truman 18046:Executive Order 9981 17736:Executive Order 9835 17705:Declaration to Japan 17486:Political dissidence 17335:Occupied territories 17078:General Election Law 16902:Taiwan Army of Japan 16182:British contribution 16084:Operation Peppermint 16079:Operation Crossroads 15938:Maria Goeppert Mayer 15174:64.1 (2007): 31–48. 14976:. Tokyo: Bungeisha. 14811:. New York: Osprey. 14520:The Age of Hiroshima 14291:. London: Hamilton. 13914:Simon & Schuster 12191:Bernstein, Barton J. 12143:Bernstein, Barton J. 12087:Hiroshima in History 12072:on 26 September 2009 11511:, pp. xxx–xxxi. 11400:. Japan Deluxe Tours 11326:. Atomic Bomb Museum 11288:Asia-Pacific Journal 11145:on 25 September 2020 10520:Congenital Anomalies 10457:– via nap.edu. 10409:. 2008. p. 697. 10143:10.18356/64ea2039-en 9977:on 27 December 2016. 9682:"Hersey and History" 9658:. Atomic Bomb Museum 9395:on 15 September 2013 9234:Hoddeson et al. 1993 8922:Duke East Asia Nexus 8815:Laurence, William L. 8731:"Stories from Riken" 8718:Hoddeson et al. 1993 7913:Asia-Pacific Journal 7524:, pp. 423. 427. 6938:Hoddeson et al. 1993 6923:Hoddeson et al. 1993 6695:空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 6222:"The Luck of Kokura" 5358:Appleman et al. 1948 5100:Legal considerations 5055:Debate over bombings 4963:Registered Monuments 4706:[çibakɯ̥ꜜɕa] 4698:[çibaꜜkɯ̥ɕa] 4633:work, the estimated 4203:L'Osservatore Romano 3695:Events on the ground 3092:Events of 7–9 August 2630:Events on the ground 2418:Major John A. Wilson 2365:photography aircraft 2314:Bombing of Hiroshima 2018:, the leader of the 1985:'s order to General 1908:issued by physicist 1626:Mountain Home, Idaho 1412:firebombing of Tokyo 1374:firebombing of Tokyo 1317:Operation Matterhorn 365:Homfreyganj massacre 26120:History of Nagasaki 25932:Mandatory Palestine 24301:U.S. Virgin Islands 23787:Lithuanian American 23743:Vietnamese American 23089:End of the Cold War 23079:Invasion of Grenada 23029:Iran hostage crisis 22778:Tulsa race massacre 22585:Election of Lincoln 22580:Dred Scott decision 22568:Kansas–Nebraska Act 22471:Missouri Compromise 22389:Northwest Ordinance 22379:Pennsylvania Mutiny 22374:and Perpetual Union 22334:American Revolution 22249:War of Jenkins' Ear 22024:Potsdam Declaration 21913:Italy (Spring 1945) 21676:Liberation of Paris 21133:Siege of Sevastopol 20151:(until August 1944) 20054:Wang Jingwei regime 19876:from September 1943 19836:from September 1944 19774:from September 1944 19634:Romanian war crimes 19625:Persecution of Jews 19611:Croatian war crimes 19581:Japanese war crimes 19395:Occupation of Japan 19344:First Indochina War 19056:Military production 18968:Declarations of war 18396:Bess Wallace Truman 18296:U.S. Postage stamps 18090:Revenue Act of 1951 18073:Revenue Act of 1950 18067:Dingell–Johnson Act 18062:Housing Act of 1949 18052:Revenue Act of 1948 17908:Revenue Act of 1945 17700:Agreement on Europe 17305:Wang Jingwei regime 17215:Potsdam Declaration 17206:Soviet–Japanese War 17161:Anti-Comintern Pact 17156:January 28 incident 17141:London Naval Treaty 17018:Triple Intervention 16847:Supreme War Council 16731:deliberative bodies 15943:George Kistiakowsky 15898:Charles Critchfield 15501:"Hiroshima Archive" 15279:on 16 November 2018 15208:. Wikisource. 2015. 15144:Warren, Stafford L. 14770:. Diversion Books. 14592:Asia-Pacific Issues 14362:2007ACP.....7.1973T 14062:Selden, Kyoko Iriye 13586:The Final Campaigns 13081:Hewlett, Richard G. 13049:Hewlett, Richard G. 12818:1977enw..book.....G 12523:Coster-Mullen, John 12465:Hart, Basil Liddell 12207:1986BuAtS..42f..38B 12035:Hart, Basil Liddell 11934:, pp. 319–322. 11778:Khan, Shahedul Anam 11767:, pp. 212–213. 11755:, pp. 266–267. 11587:, pp. 521–529. 11166:, pp. 409–415. 10892:. Knight-Rider News 10686:1988RadR..113....1M 10635:2002JRP....22..357H 10482:1992JRP....12...93M 10348:. 2002. p. 57. 10210:on 28 November 2010 10042:1998PNAS...95.5426P 9739:, pp. 434–452. 9421:on 12 February 2012 9378:, pp. 316–319. 9342:, pp. 209–210. 9330:, pp. 207–208. 9249:(1 November 2007). 9236:, pp. 396–397. 9224:, pp. 111–112. 9212:, pp. 149–173. 8988:on 20 December 2005 8928:on 26 February 2018 8898:on 26 February 2018 8804:, pp. 222–226. 8696:, pp. 216–217. 8662:, pp. 213–215. 8641:on 22 November 2015 8556:, pp. 204–205. 8535:on 11 February 2012 8489:, pp. 233–234. 8477:, pp. 353–354. 8397:, pp. 283–284. 8370:, pp. 288–289. 8358:, pp. 153–154. 8196:on 18 February 2017 8172:, pp. 444–445. 8094:, pp. 443–444. 8016:, pp. 330–331. 7923:on 9 September 2009 7919:(3). Archived from 7847:"Special Exhibit 3" 7626:, pp. 264–265. 7397:, pp. 391–392. 7260:on 20 December 2007 7068:, pp. 224–225. 7012:, pp. 70, 163. 6858:, pp. 395–396. 6846:, pp. 389–390. 6786:, pp. 712–713. 6740:, pp. 372–373. 6541:, pp. 255–260. 6529:, pp. 238–239. 6505:, pp. 255–256. 6478:, pp. 149–150. 6423:Wellerstein, Alex. 6413:, pp. 319–321. 6401:, pp. 183–203. 6344:, pp. 528–529. 6220:Alex, Wellerstein. 6093:on 24 February 2013 6036:figures follow the 5895:, pp. 412–414. 5859:, pp. 642–643. 5847:, pp. 614–617. 5799:, pp. 568–570. 5787:, pp. 608–610. 5735:on 13 November 2012 5691:, pp. 574–576. 5655:, pp. 558–560. 5643:, pp. 548–551. 5631:, pp. 514–521. 5619:, pp. 507–509. 5595:, pp. 169–175. 5559:, pp. 164–165. 5444:, pp. 202–225. 5432:, pp. 121–124. 5408:, pp. 169–171. 5396:, pp. 125–130. 5360:, pp. 462–467. 4896:Hiroshima City Hall 4846:, built in 1966 by 4394:, conducted by the 4214:, prohibited using 4208:Cuthbert Thicknesse 4173:The bombing amazed 4116:occupation of Japan 4061:U.S. Army Air Force 4046:radiation poisoning 4010:A telegram sent by 3948:Pearl Harbor Attack 3828:Occupation of Japan 3661:William L. Laurence 3580:University of Tokyo 3334: 3304:Bombing of Nagasaki 2967:Second General Army 2850:A victim with burns 2797:thermal flash burns 2779:The pattern of the 2716:World Heritage Site 2372: 2296:reinforced concrete 2267:Second General Army 2081:Potsdam Declaration 2067:Potsdam Declaration 2061:Potsdam Declaration 1841:Edwin O. Reischauer 1420:fighting on Okinawa 1095:gross register tons 1044:President Roosevelt 891:Potsdam Declaration 160:6 and 9 August 1945 146:32.77361; 129.86333 137: / 115:34.39472; 132.45472 106: / 26110:Explosions in 1945 26057:Nuclear technology 25208:Rotterdam (Allied) 23951:Historical regions 23907:Transgender people 23465:Capital punishment 23324:Support of Ukraine 23273:Black Lives Matter 23181:War in Afghanistan 23106:Invasion of Panama 23062:Iran–Contra affair 22923:Early–mid Cold War 22793:Harlem Renaissance 22652:Compromise of 1877 22627:Reconstruction era 22563:Fugitive Slave Act 22558:Compromise of 1850 22503:Westward expansion 22441:Louisiana Purchase 22284:Stamp Act Congress 22229:King William's War 22017:Surrender of Japan 21850:Battle of Iwo Jima 21699:Belgrade offensive 21112:Siege of Leningrad 20996:Battle of Shanggao 20925:British Somaliland 20890:Dunkirk evacuation 20841:Norwegian campaign 20779:Invasion of Poland 20606:Japanese prisoners 19574:Italian war crimes 19505:British war crimes 19420:Soviet occupations 19204:South-West Pacific 19091:Allied cooperation 19049:Military equipment 18753:Japanese Americans 18587:Women's Army Corps 18449:Alben W. Barkley → 18444:← Henry A. Wallace 18078:Excess profits tax 17950:Flood Control Acts 17801:Key West Agreement 17694:Potsdam Conference 17033:Russo-Japanese War 17003:Two Lords Incident 16658:Imperial Household 16008:Henry DeWolf Smyth 15787:Robert Oppenheimer 15742:Priscilla Duffield 15485:"Nagasaki Archive" 14726:Code-Name Downfall 14479:Diplomatic History 14450:Diplomatic History 14133:Sherwin, Martin J. 13736:10.1353/jjs.0.0036 13006:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi 12980:Hiroshima Nagasaki 12416:. Oxford: Osprey. 11523:, pp. 97–114. 11352:on 6 February 2008 10608:The New York Times 10120:10.21236/ada308549 9848:"No Abbey Service" 9308:nuclearsecrecy.com 9152:. City of Nagasaki 9130:. City of Nagasaki 9096:on 5 November 2018 8768:, pp. 43, 46. 8444:on 5 November 2018 8323:"Warning Leaflets" 8242:, pp. 175–201 7983:on 1 February 2016 7949:. Atomic Archive. 7801:The New York Times 7717:on 1 February 2016 7480:Hubbell et al 1969 7367:Rosen, Rebecca J. 7206:Red Circle Authors 7047:on 11 October 2004 6962:Coster-Mullen 2012 6950:Coster-Mullen 2012 6702:on 12 October 2013 6299:on 27 January 2012 6125:on 27 January 2012 4677: 4581:radiation energy. 4410:and 11 percent of 4300: 4171: 4086:Daniel A. McGovern 4070:Chicago Daily News 4052:The New York Times 4020: 4014:, delegate of the 3999:The New York Times 3973: 3969:Daniel A. McGovern 3952: 3942:The front page of 3856:Hisatsune Sakomizu 3824:Surrender of Japan 3797:Operation Downfall 3779: 3745:was available, no 3719: 3666:The New York Times 3632: 3496: 3397:Charles W. Sweeney 3330: 3318: 3297: 3265: 3225:Magic codebreakers 3190:Vyacheslav Molotov 3139:Potsdam Conference 3110: 3001:, a prince of the 2944: 2751:Ruins of Hiroshima 2675:radiation sickness 2670:Yoshito Matsushige 2553:, 261 en route to 2543: 2477:Charles W. Sweeney 2399:Claude R. Eatherly 2370: 2327: 2294:contained several 2287:anti-aircraft guns 2256: 2024:Potsdam Conference 2022:, at the upcoming 1991: 1936: 1882:nuclear technology 1769:Frederick Ashworth 1740: 1720:William S. Parsons 1716:William R. Purnell 1622:Great Bend, Kansas 1598: 1484: 1378: 1355:XXI Bomber Command 1331:Haywood S. Hansell 1308: 1298:Air raids on Japan 1292:Air raids on Japan 1286:biological weapons 1247:George C. Marshall 1191: 1169:Commonwealth Corps 1129:Operation Downfall 1119:Operation Downfall 1040:Ardennes Offensive 1029:military personnel 1008: 930:radiation sickness 873:, and deployed to 817:operation on Tokyo 712:Japanese surrender 678:Naval bombardments 608:Fire balloon bombs 331:Volcano and Ryukyu 326:Marianas and Palau 26026: 26025: 26022: 26021: 25993: 25992: 25922:Mediterranean and 25916: 25915: 25814: 25813: 25551: 25550: 25324:Barrow-in-Furness 25309:Battle of Britain 24985: 24984: 24762:Freiburg (Allies) 24502:Strategic bombing 24437: 24436: 24395: 24394: 24391: 24390: 23956:American frontier 23917: 23916: 23847:Lebanese American 23832:Egyptian American 23767:Estonian American 23757:Albanian American 23751:European American 23728:Japanese American 23718:Filipino American 23679: 23678: 23341: 23340: 23337: 23336: 23290:COVID-19 pandemic 23193:Hurricane Katrina 23134:Los Angeles riots 23024:Watergate scandal 22869:Start of Cold War 22837:Manhattan Project 22424:Whiskey Rebellion 22254:King George's War 22219:Thirteen Colonies 22180:Pre-Columbian Era 22091: 22090: 22049: 22048: 21892:Battle of Okinawa 21791:Burma (1944–1945) 21625:Mariana and Palau 21405:Tunisian campaign 21230:Fall of Singapore 21154:Fall of Hong Kong 20897:Battle of Britain 20750:Operation Himmler 20659: 20658: 20323:Dutch East Indies 19966:Southern Rhodesia 19718: 19717: 19618:Genocide of Serbs 19521:German war crimes 19498:Soviet war crimes 19491:Allied war crimes 19337:Division of Korea 19316:Chinese Civil War 19114:Strategic bombing 19026:Manhattan Project 18800: 18799: 18768: 18767: 18748:Chinese Americans 18733:African Americans 18712:Normandy landings 18633: 18632: 18597:Rosie the Riveter 18471: 18470: 18349:(1979 miniseries) 18171:Historic District 18108: 18107: 18100:1952 steel strike 17972:Fulbright Program 17748:Hoover Commission 17494: 17493: 17466:Socialist thought 17414: 17413: 17353:Dutch East Indies 17315:Empire of Vietnam 17233: 17232: 17008:Satsuma Rebellion 16988:Meiji Restoration 16965: 16964: 16775: 16774: 16713:Greater East Asia 16599:Political parties 16554:Foreign relations 16301: 16300: 16223:Los Alamos Primer 16212:Interim Committee 16167:African Americans 16119:The Great Artiste 15978:Isidor Isaac Rabi 15973:Norman Ramsey Jr. 15772:Franklin Matthias 15711:Heavy water sites 15618:Manhattan Project 15224:on 5 October 2011 15098:978-0-393-08065-0 15074:978-4-333-01204-6 15053:978-4-7700-2776-4 14983:978-4-286-03708-0 14939:978-0-923568-66-5 14920:978-0-80784-547-9 14876:978-0-691-12818-4 14848:978-0-399-58925-6 14818:978-1-84603-396-4 14805:Delgado, James P. 14796:978-0-465-02985-3 14777:978-1-63576-581-6 14758:978-0-679-76285-0 14736:978-0-684-80406-4 14690:978-1-84603-687-3 14677:Zaloga, Steven J. 14567:978-1-56098-665-2 14533:978-0-691-19344-1 14515:Wellerstein, Alex 14428:978-0-275-95475-8 14325:978-0-9703666-0-3 14298:978-0-241-89726-3 14289:Ruin from the Air 14271:978-1-59558-547-9 14249:978-0-380-78874-3 14219:978-0-8247-6764-8 14200:978-0-415-32292-8 14173:978-0-930370-16-9 14146:978-0-8047-3957-3 14079:978-0-87332-773-2 14045:978-0-19-503629-9 14018:978-0-8153-1883-5 13991:978-0-944482-01-8 13972:978-0-19-280437-2 13923:978-0-68-480400-2 13855:978-0-06-039054-9 13797:978-0-8027-1445-9 13668:978-0-87013-403-6 13628:978-1-4379-1286-9 13564:978-0-8078-4344-4 13525:978-0-7425-4341-6 13477:978-4-13-030012-4 13464:Kido Kōichi Diary 13442:on 10 August 2015 13410:978-1-55611-301-7 13346:978-1-84176-354-5 13310:978-1-59874-346-3 13291:978-0-394-74823-8 13262:978-0-465-02985-3 13218:978-0-8154-1118-5 13187:978-0-521-44132-2 13166:Hoddeson, Lillian 13149:978-0-415-94035-1 13099:978-0-520-06018-0 13040:978-1-56324-967-9 13021:978-0-674-01693-4 12989:978-0-7322-8845-7 12930:978-0-7658-0352-8 12903:978-0-306-80189-1 12853:978-1-57488-033-5 12790:978-1-59114-316-1 12771:978-4-272-52022-0 12752:978-0-679-41424-7 12739:Frank, Richard B. 12730:978-0-7007-1409-4 12703:978-1-60819-670-8 12673:978-0-262-55028-4 12642:978-0-7006-0504-0 12613:978-0-521-56682-7 12583:978-0-692-01676-3 12499:978-0-912799-63-6 12423:978-1-84603-284-4 12396:978-1-55750-120-2 12377:978-0-618-87201-5 12350:978-0-7864-2139-8 12319:978-0-224-06288-6 12302:Burchett, Wilfred 12293:978-0-87011-471-7 12274:978-0-8047-5399-9 12255:978-1-58341-545-0 12236:978-0-521-56682-7 12126:978-0-7090-3991-4 12096:978-0-8262-1962-6 11987:on 31 August 2020 11963:The Asahi Shimbun 11910:, pp. 80–82. 11780:(6 August 2017). 11659:978-1-8454-5844-7 11499:, pp. 23–24. 11420:"ヒロシマの記録 1981 1月" 11378:on 30 August 2007 11114:on 9 October 2014 11002:978-92-4-150513-0 10925:on 10 August 2007 10835:The Asahi Shimbun 10577:10.1148/106.3.617 10446:978-0-309-03995-6 10274:978-0-470-51500-6 10152:978-92-1-059959-7 9902:, pp. 25–26. 9828:on 23 August 2013 9617:(7 August 2009). 9561:The Baltimore Sun 9536:, pp. 10–25. 9257:on 13 August 2020 8888:"Yosuke Yamahata" 8877:, pp. 56–60. 8412:, pp. 64–65. 8068:The Asahi Shimbun 8037:978-1-982128-51-7 7691:(4 August 2020). 7689:Wellerstein, Alex 7655:. Pantheon Books. 7450:, pp. 42–43. 6976:, pp. 38–40. 6582:. 13 August 1945. 6466:, pp. 67–68. 6272:, pp. 14–15. 6076:, pp. 50–52. 6052:, pp. 82–84. 5943:, pp. 79–80. 5931:, pp. 58–59. 5766:on 27 August 2011 5679:, pp. 24–26. 5607:, pp. 29–31. 5583:, pp. 22–24. 5498:, pp. 98–99. 5420:, pp. 45–48. 5384:, pp. 32–34. 5348:, pp. 41–44. 5333:, pp. 48–49. 5259:978-0-8262-6569-2 5086:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 5067:Japan's surrender 4907:Hiroshima Station 4848:Nipponzan-Myōhōji 4784:Tsutomu Yamaguchi 4703: 4271: 4212:dean of St Albans 4183:Werner Heisenberg 4179:Operation Epsilon 4162: 3964: 3687:The Great Artiste 3679:The Great Artiste 3671:The Great Artiste 3576:The Great Artiste 3557:The Great Artiste 3534:The Great Artiste 3532:, accompanied by 3518:The Great Artiste 3514:Frederick C. Bock 3465: 3464: 3418:Frederick C. Bock 3411:The Great Artiste 3132: 3028:Kyushu University 2836:Andersonville NHS 2767:after the bombing 2724:Hiroshima bombing 2561:and 66 bound for 2557:, 111 headed for 2532:Morris R. Jeppson 2529:Second Lieutenant 2524: 2523: 2470:The Great Artiste 2346:The Great Artiste 2204:neutron reflector 2183:, along with its 2135:Winston Churchill 2104:Cairo Declaration 1958:Robert Jay Lifton 1878:Interim Committee 1773:Richard C. Tolman 1749:David M. Dennison 1726:Choice of targets 1706:Brigadier General 1534:Manhattan Project 1518:neutron moderator 1492:The discovery of 1488:Manhattan Project 1480:Manhattan Project 1424:aircraft carriers 1360:precision bombing 1328:Brigadier General 1274:cyanogen chloride 1198:Operation Ketsugō 1194:Japan's geography 1145:Operation Coronet 1133:Operation Olympic 1072:landed on Okinawa 1036:wounded in action 833:Manhattan Project 778:Japan surrendered 761: 760: 603:Lookout Air Raids 510:Southwest Pacific 241: 240: 175:Manhattan Project 16:(Redirected from 26142: 26067: 26066: 26065: 26055: 26054: 26053: 26043: 26042: 26041: 26034: 26004: 26003: 25929: 25928: 25826:Allied Singapore 25795: 25794: 25562: 25561: 25520:(Czechoslovakia) 25203:Rotterdam (Axis) 24602: 24601: 24522: 24521: 24517:European theatre 24482:Area bombardment 24464: 24457: 24450: 24441: 24440: 24427: 24417: 24416: 24381: 24380: 24310:Outlying islands 24267:Washington, D.C. 24262:Federal District 23961:Manifest destiny 23934: 23933: 23923: 23922: 23865:Native Americans 23837:Iranian American 23811:Mexican American 23797:Serbian American 23782:Italian American 23772:Finnish American 23762:English American 23713:Chinese American 23700:African American 23685: 23684: 23490:Direct democracy 23480:The Constitution 23439:Higher education 23362:American Century 23347: 23346: 22800:Great Depression 22773:Women's suffrage 22763:Roaring Twenties 22689:Haymarket affair 22647:Enforcement Acts 22436:Jeffersonian era 22384:Shays' Rebellion 22304:Intolerable Acts 22299:Boston Tea Party 22234:Queen Anne's War 22162: 22161: 22151: 22150: 22118: 22111: 22104: 22095: 22094: 22084: 22077: 22070: 22067:World portal 22065: 22064: 22040: 22033: 22026: 22019: 22010: 22003: 21996: 21987: 21980: 21973: 21966: 21959: 21952: 21943: 21936: 21929: 21927:Prague offensive 21922: 21920:Battle of Berlin 21915: 21908: 21901: 21894: 21887: 21880: 21873: 21866: 21864:Vienna offensive 21859: 21852: 21845: 21843:Battle of Manila 21838: 21818: 21809: 21800: 21793: 21784: 21777: 21770: 21763: 21756: 21749: 21742: 21733: 21724: 21717: 21708: 21701: 21694: 21687: 21678: 21671: 21664: 21657: 21650: 21643: 21636: 21627: 21620: 21611: 21602: 21593: 21586: 21584:Korsun–Cherkassy 21579: 21568: 21546: 21537: 21530: 21523: 21516: 21509: 21502: 21495: 21486: 21479: 21472: 21465: 21456: 21449: 21442: 21435: 21428: 21426:Bombing of Gorky 21421: 21414: 21407: 21387: 21380: 21371: 21364: 21357: 21348: 21341: 21334: 21327: 21316: 21309: 21302: 21295: 21293:Battle of Midway 21288: 21281: 21279:Battle of Gazala 21274: 21267: 21260: 21253: 21246: 21239: 21232: 21212: 21205: 21198: 21191: 21189:Battle of Borneo 21184: 21182:Malayan campaign 21177: 21170: 21163: 21156: 21149: 21142: 21135: 21128: 21126:Bombing of Gorky 21121: 21119:Battle of Moscow 21114: 21107: 21100: 21093: 21086: 21079: 21063: 21056: 21049: 21042: 21035: 21028: 21019: 21012: 21005: 20998: 20991: 20971: 20962: 20955: 20948: 20941: 20934: 20927: 20920: 20913: 20906: 20899: 20892: 20885: 20883:Battle of France 20878: 20871: 20864: 20857: 20850: 20843: 20823: 20816: 20809: 20802: 20795: 20788: 20781: 20759: 20752: 20745: 20738: 20736:Munich Agreement 20731: 20724: 20715: 20708: 20701: 20692: 20685: 20670: 20669: 20652: 20645: 20636: 20629: 20622: 20621:Soviet prisoners 20615: 20608: 20601: 20592: 20585: 20576: 20569: 20562: 20561:German prisoners 20557: 20537: 20528: 20521: 20514: 20509: 20502: 20495: 20488: 20481: 20474: 20467: 20460: 20453: 20446: 20439: 20432: 20425: 20418: 20409: 20402: 20395: 20388: 20381: 20374: 20367: 20360: 20353: 20346: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20318: 20311: 20304: 20297: 20290: 20283: 20263: 20256: 20249: 20242: 20235: 20228: 20221: 20214: 20207: 20200: 20193: 20173: 20166: 20159: 20152: 20144: 20137: 20130: 20121: 20114: 20106: 20099: 20097:French Indochina 20092: 20085: 20078: 20071: 20063: 20056: 20049: 20041: 20021: 20012: 20005: 19996: 19989: 19982: 19975: 19968: 19961: 19954: 19947: 19944:from August 1944 19935: 19928: 19921: 19914: 19907: 19900: 19893: 19886: 19879: 19867: 19860: 19853: 19846: 19839: 19827: 19819: 19812: 19805: 19798: 19791: 19784: 19777: 19765: 19758: 19751: 19744: 19729: 19728: 19709: 19702: 19695: 19688: 19681: 19670: 19655: 19648: 19641: 19636: 19627: 19620: 19613: 19604: 19597: 19590: 19588:Nanjing Massacre 19583: 19576: 19567: 19565:Nuremberg trials 19558: 19551: 19544: 19537: 19530: 19523: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19473: 19466: 19459: 19450: 19443: 19436: 19429: 19422: 19415: 19406: 19397: 19390: 19383: 19376: 19367: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19339: 19332: 19325: 19318: 19298: 19289: 19282: 19275: 19266: 19259: 19252: 19245: 19236: 19229: 19222: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19192: 19185: 19178: 19171: 19169:Asia and Pacific 19151: 19144: 19137: 19130: 19123: 19116: 19109: 19100: 19098:Mulberry harbour 19093: 19086: 19079: 19072: 19065: 19058: 19051: 19044: 19035: 19028: 19021: 19012: 19005: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18977: 18970: 18963: 18956: 18949: 18940: 18933: 18918: 18917: 18906: 18899: 18890: 18883: 18876: 18869: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18827: 18820: 18813: 18804: 18803: 18760:Jewish Americans 18692: 18691: 18641: 18572: 18571: 18498: 18491: 18484: 18475: 18474: 18460: 18459: 18373:(2022 TV series) 18135:Truman Committee 18035:Taft–Hartley Act 17902:Medal of Freedom 17677: 17676: 17661:Executive Orders 17565: 17557: 17546: 17521: 17514: 17507: 17498: 17497: 17456:Shinmin no Michi 17446:Internment camps 17358:French Indochina 17242: 17241: 17093:Taishō Democracy 16974: 16973: 16897:Japanese holdout 16784: 16783: 16708:Colonial Affairs 16642: 16641: 16569:Yokusan Sonendan 16475: 16467: 16459: 16443: 16442: 16369:Economic history 16328: 16321: 16314: 16305: 16304: 16293: 16292: 16244:Quebec Agreement 16028:John von Neumann 15968:George B. Pegram 15777:Dorothy McKibbin 15611: 15604: 15597: 15588: 15587: 15539: 15537: 15535: 15512: 15510: 15508: 15496: 15494: 15492: 15464: 15463: 15452: 15441: 15430: 15422:Internet Archive 15409:Internet Archive 15398: 15396: 15394: 15378: 15376: 15374: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15345: 15336: 15334: 15332: 15320: 15318: 15316: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15288: 15286: 15284: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15244:on 31 March 2010 15233: 15231: 15229: 15220:. Archived from 15209: 15159: 15139: 15102: 15078: 15057: 15038: 15036: 15034: 14997: 14987: 14968: 14951: 14924: 14905: 14888: 14861: 14852: 14830: 14800: 14781: 14762: 14740: 14719: 14702: 14672: 14627: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14589: 14579: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14525: 14510: 14473: 14440: 14413: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14373: 14356:(8): 1973–2002. 14347: 14337: 14310: 14283: 14253: 14236:Sweeney, Charles 14231: 14204: 14185: 14158: 14128: 14091: 14057: 14030: 14003: 13976: 13955: 13952:Internet Archive 13899: 13867: 13838: 13801: 13780: 13763: 13710: 13680: 13653: 13632: 13613: 13611: 13609: 13603: 13597:. Archived from 13576: 13549: 13534:Lewis, Robert A. 13529: 13517: 13506: 13489: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13441: 13435:. Archived from 13426: 13414: 13393: 13383: 13358: 13331: 13314: 13295: 13274: 13247: 13230: 13210: 13199: 13179: 13161: 13134: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13091: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13059: 13044: 13025: 13001: 12971: 12942: 12915: 12885: 12870:Gowing, Margaret 12865: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12802: 12775: 12756: 12734: 12715: 12690:Ellsberg, Daniel 12685: 12665: 12654: 12625: 12595: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12538: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12480: 12456: 12446: 12435: 12408: 12381: 12362: 12331: 12297: 12278: 12259: 12240: 12218: 12186: 12138: 12118: 12108: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12068:. Archived from 12050: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11941: 11935: 11929: 11923: 11917: 11911: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11887: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11830: 11824: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11693: 11684: 11683: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11611:(323): 347–363. 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11563:Fox News Channel 11554: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11530: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11324:"After the Bomb" 11320: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11279: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11213:on 18 April 2016 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11141:. Archived from 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11104: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11062: 11052: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11011: 10990: 10980: 10974: 10973: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10921:. Archived from 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10809:. 15 August 2007 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10535: 10511: 10502: 10501: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10422: 10411: 10410: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10295:. Archived from 10285: 10279: 10278: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10236:. 11 August 2016 10226: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10206:. Archived from 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10071: 10053: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10000: 9994:. Archived from 9993: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9970:. Archived from 9965: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9939: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9854:. 15 August 1945 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9797: 9789: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9611: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9588:. 31 March 2024. 9578: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9552: 9546: 9545:Blume, pp. 28–31 9543: 9537: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9510: 9504: 9503:Blume, pp. 26–27 9501: 9486: 9485: 9471: 9465: 9464:Blume, pp. 25–26 9462: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9070:. 10 August 2005 9058: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8972: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8924:. Archived from 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8894:. Archived from 8892:noorderlicht.com 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8820:. Atomic Archive 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8740:. Archived from 8735: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8525: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8434: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8398: 8392: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8261:. Trinity Atomic 8254: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8192:. Archived from 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7884:. Archived from 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7857:on 19 April 2018 7853:. Archived from 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7822:Toon et al. 2007 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7541:on 17 April 2021 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7499:. Archived from 7489: 7483: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7225: 7214: 7213: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7123: 7110: 7104: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6926: 6920: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6667: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6610:. Archived from 6597: 6584: 6583: 6573: 6565: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6411:Wellerstein 2020 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6358: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6287: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6192: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5762:. Archived from 5760:CommonDreams.org 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5243: 5208:nuclear umbrella 5178:William D. Leahy 5040: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5014: 5012: 5011: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4918: 4904: 4893: 4882: 4871: 4794:Korean survivors 4766:Double survivors 4740:public ignorance 4725: 4710: 4708: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4548:undifferentiated 4435:. The number of 4366:Cancer increases 4272: 4253:Hiroshima (book) 4192: 4163: 4112: 4080:A member of the 4023:Wilfred Burchett 3986:Mainichi Shimbun 3971:and Harry Mimura 3965: 3922:human extinction 3865:Foreign Minister 3794: 3788:Henry A. Wallace 3723:prisoners of war 3603: 3404:Weapon delivery 3335: 3329: 3166:The 50,000-watt 3134: 3133: 3107: 3058: 3046: 2971:Hiroshima Castle 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2792: 2776: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2621: 2549:, 102 bound for 2463:Weapon delivery 2373: 2369: 2271:Hiroshima Castle 2196:Raemer Schreiber 2192:urchin initiator 2146:Leonard Cheshire 2005:on 4 July 1945. 1995:Quebec Agreement 1968: 1964: 1919:prisoners of war 1835:Emperor's palace 1832: 1757:Robert R. Wilson 1753:John von Neumann 1662:reversible-pitch 1397:area bombardment 1393:incendiary raids 1333:determined that 1260:. Quantities of 1243:William Shockley 1235:Henry L. Stimson 1232:Secretary of War 1206:civilian militia 1123:Even before the 1056:recaptured Burma 1032:killed in action 1006: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 991: 987: 985: 980: 978: 974: 972: 902:Quebec Agreement 841:enriched uranium 733:Manchuria (1945) 588:Aleutian Islands 438:Indochina (1945) 408:Indochina (1940) 394:2nd Indian Ocean 377:1st Indian Ocean 372:Christmas Island 277: 267: 260: 253: 244: 243: 165:Executed by 152: 151: 149: 148: 147: 142: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 56: 32: 31: 21: 26150: 26149: 26145: 26144: 26143: 26141: 26140: 26139: 26075: 26074: 26073: 26063: 26061: 26051: 26049: 26039: 26037: 26029: 26027: 26018: 25989: 25958: 25923: 25912: 25877: 25856: 25835: 25810: 25793: 25640: 25619: 25588: 25547: 25476: 25440: 25301: 25295: 25264: 25243: 25217: 25161: 25107:Reggio Calabria 24981: 24962:Wiener Neustadt 24767:Friedrichshafen 24757:Freiburg (Axis) 24660: 24607: 24593: 24562: 24541: 24511: 24473: 24468: 24438: 24433: 24387: 24361: 24305: 24269: 24257: 23996: 23970: 23928: 23913: 23819:Jewish American 23792:Polish American 23733:Korean American 23723:Indian American 23690: 23675: 23530:Merchant Marine 23500:Law enforcement 23352: 23333: 23207: 23203:Great Recession 23110: 23084:Reagan Doctrine 23038: 23017:Stonewall riots 22939: 22913:Project Mercury 22874:Truman Doctrine 22850: 22758:First Red Scare 22732: 22701:Progressive Era 22613: 22573:Bleeding Kansas 22529: 22476:Monroe Doctrine 22452: 22400: 22359:Treaty of Paris 22320: 22294:Boston Massacre 22289:Sons of Liberty 22185: 22156: 22145: 22127: 22122: 22092: 22087: 22080: 22073: 22059: 22057: 22045: 22036: 22029: 22022: 22015: 22006: 21999: 21992: 21983: 21978:Atomic bombings 21976: 21969: 21962: 21955: 21948: 21939: 21932: 21925: 21918: 21911: 21904: 21897: 21890: 21883: 21876: 21869: 21862: 21855: 21848: 21841: 21834: 21821: 21814: 21803: 21796: 21789: 21780: 21773: 21766: 21759: 21752: 21745: 21736: 21727: 21720: 21711: 21704: 21697: 21690: 21681: 21674: 21669:Eastern Romania 21667: 21662:Warsaw Uprising 21660: 21655:Tannenberg Line 21653: 21646: 21641:Western Ukraine 21639: 21630: 21623: 21614: 21605: 21596: 21589: 21582: 21571: 21562: 21549: 21542: 21533: 21526: 21519: 21512: 21505: 21498: 21491: 21482: 21475: 21468: 21459: 21452: 21445: 21438: 21433:Battle of Kursk 21431: 21424: 21417: 21410: 21403: 21390: 21383: 21374: 21367: 21360: 21351: 21344: 21337: 21330: 21321: 21312: 21305: 21298: 21291: 21284: 21277: 21270: 21263: 21256: 21249: 21244:St Nazaire Raid 21242: 21235: 21228: 21215: 21208: 21201: 21194: 21187: 21180: 21173: 21166: 21159: 21152: 21145: 21138: 21131: 21124: 21117: 21110: 21103: 21096: 21089: 21082: 21068: 21059: 21052: 21045: 21038: 21031: 21026:Anglo-Iraqi War 21024: 21017:Battle of Crete 21015: 21008: 21001: 20994: 20987: 20974: 20965: 20958: 20951: 20946:Eastern Romania 20944: 20937: 20930: 20923: 20916: 20909: 20902: 20895: 20888: 20881: 20874: 20867: 20860: 20853: 20846: 20839: 20826: 20819: 20812: 20805: 20798: 20791: 20784: 20777: 20764: 20755: 20748: 20741: 20734: 20727: 20720: 20711: 20704: 20697: 20688: 20681: 20655: 20648: 20641: 20632: 20625: 20620: 20611: 20604: 20597: 20588: 20581: 20572: 20565: 20560: 20553: 20540: 20533: 20524: 20517: 20512: 20507:Western Ukraine 20505: 20498: 20491: 20484: 20477: 20470: 20463: 20456: 20451:Northeast China 20449: 20442: 20435: 20428: 20421: 20414: 20405: 20398: 20391: 20384: 20377: 20370: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20342: 20335: 20328: 20321: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20266: 20259: 20252: 20245: 20238: 20231: 20224: 20217: 20210: 20203: 20196: 20189: 20176: 20169: 20162: 20157:Slovak Republic 20155: 20147: 20140: 20133: 20128:Empire of Japan 20126: 20117: 20109: 20102: 20095: 20088: 20081: 20074: 20066: 20059: 20052: 20044: 20037: 20024: 20017: 20008: 20001: 19992: 19985: 19978: 19971: 19964: 19957: 19950: 19938: 19931: 19924: 19917: 19910: 19903: 19896: 19889: 19882: 19870: 19863: 19856: 19849: 19842: 19830: 19822: 19815: 19808: 19801: 19794: 19787: 19780: 19768: 19761: 19754: 19747: 19740: 19714: 19705: 19698: 19691: 19684: 19673: 19658: 19651: 19644: 19640:Sexual violence 19639: 19632: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19600: 19593: 19586: 19579: 19572: 19563: 19554: 19547: 19540: 19533: 19526: 19519: 19510: 19503: 19496: 19489: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19446: 19439: 19432: 19425: 19418: 19409: 19400: 19393: 19386: 19379: 19370: 19363: 19358:Greek Civil War 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19328: 19321: 19314: 19301: 19294: 19285: 19278: 19271: 19262: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19232: 19225: 19218: 19209: 19202: 19195: 19188: 19183:South-East Asia 19181: 19174: 19167: 19154: 19147: 19140: 19133: 19126: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19096: 19089: 19082: 19075: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19047: 19042:Military awards 19040: 19031: 19024: 19017: 19008: 19001: 18994: 18987: 18980: 18973: 18966: 18959: 18952: 18945: 18936: 18929: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18867: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18836: 18831: 18801: 18796: 18764: 18743:Asian Americans 18737:Tuskegee Airmen 18721: 18702:List of battles 18690: 18642: 18629: 18601: 18570: 18546:G.I. Generation 18507: 18502: 18472: 18467: 18419: 18402:Margaret Truman 18384: 18305: 18254: 18187: 18144: 18104: 17978:Hill–Burton Act 17888: 17730:Luce–Celler Act 17689:Truman Doctrine 17675: 17568: 17560: 17549: 17538: 17530: 17528:Harry S. Truman 17525: 17495: 17490: 17476:Yasukuni Shrine 17410: 17387: 17329: 17283: 17229: 17181:Tripartite Pact 17176:Rape of Nanking 17117: 17103:Tapani incident 17047: 17023:Boxer Rebellion 16981: 16961: 16925: 16916: 16865: 16856: 16791: 16771: 16765:Representatives 16733: 16730: 16729:Legislative and 16722: 16688:Foreign Affairs 16651: 16648: 16633: 16532: 16511:Government Seal 16496:Rising Sun Flag 16479: 16473: 16465: 16457: 16444: 16435: 16337: 16335:Empire of Japan 16332: 16302: 16297: 16283: 16249:RaLa Experiment 16155: 16124: 16089:Project Alberta 16057: 16053:Chien-Shiung Wu 15983:James Rainwater 15918:Richard Feynman 15908:John R. Dunning 15883:Norris Bradbury 15846: 15832:Stafford Warren 15802:William Purnell 15782:Kenneth Nichols 15762:Ernest Lawrence 15737:James B. Conant 15715: 15629: 15620: 15615: 15557:Wayback Machine 15546: 15533: 15531: 15530:on 5 March 2012 15522: 15519: 15506: 15504: 15499: 15490: 15488: 15483: 15480: 15461: 15450: 15439: 15428: 15414:The short film 15401:The short film 15392: 15390: 15389:. 8 August 2020 15381: 15372: 15370: 15369:on 19 July 2012 15361: 15352: 15350: 15343: 15339: 15330: 15328: 15323: 15314: 15312: 15307: 15298: 15296: 15291: 15282: 15280: 15263: 15260: 15247: 15245: 15236: 15227: 15225: 15212: 15202: 15199: 15194: 15167: 15162: 15142: 15105: 15099: 15081: 15075: 15060: 15054: 15041: 15032: 15030: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14971: 14954: 14940: 14927: 14921: 14908: 14891: 14877: 14864: 14855: 14849: 14833: 14819: 14803: 14797: 14784: 14778: 14765: 14759: 14745:Alperovitz, Gar 14743: 14737: 14722: 14714: 14710: 14708:Further reading 14705: 14691: 14604: 14602: 14587: 14568: 14546: 14544: 14534: 14523: 14429: 14384: 14382: 14345: 14326: 14299: 14272: 14250: 14220: 14201: 14174: 14147: 14080: 14068:, eds. (1990). 14046: 14019: 13992: 13973: 13924: 13904:Rhodes, Richard 13888: 13872:Rhodes, Richard 13856: 13819:10.2307/2643028 13798: 13699: 13669: 13629: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13565: 13538:Popular Science 13526: 13478: 13461: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13424: 13411: 13347: 13311: 13292: 13263: 13219: 13188: 13150: 13112: 13110: 13100: 13089: 13070: 13068: 13057: 13041: 13022: 12990: 12931: 12904: 12854: 12830: 12828: 12791: 12772: 12753: 12731: 12704: 12674: 12643: 12614: 12584: 12558: 12556: 12512: 12510: 12500: 12424: 12397: 12378: 12351: 12320: 12310:Tell me No Lies 12294: 12275: 12256: 12237: 12159:10.2307/2539014 12127: 12111: 12097: 12075: 12073: 12028: 12023: 12022: 12012: 12010: 12005: 12004: 12000: 11990: 11988: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11943: 11942: 11938: 11930: 11926: 11918: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11894: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11869: 11868: 11864: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11831: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11807: 11800: 11790: 11788: 11775: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11751: 11747: 11724:10.2307/2197093 11708: 11704: 11695: 11694: 11687: 11672: 11671: 11667: 11660: 11644: 11643: 11639: 11629: 11627: 11595: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11531: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11507: 11503: 11495: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11425: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11413: 11403: 11401: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11381: 11379: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11353: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11292: 11290: 11280: 11276: 11268: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11190: 11188: 11187:on 3 April 2009 11175: 11174: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11148: 11146: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11091: 11089: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11029: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10942: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10909: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10882: 10878: 10868: 10866: 10865:. 9 August 2024 10855: 10854: 10850: 10840: 10838: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10810: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10772: 10768: 10729: 10725: 10694:10.2307/3577175 10670: 10666: 10619: 10615: 10600: 10596: 10553: 10549: 10512: 10505: 10466: 10462: 10447: 10423: 10414: 10404: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10342: 10335: 10325: 10323: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10299:on 8 March 2009 10287: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10253: 10249: 10239: 10237: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10185: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10153: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10089: 10085: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 10001:on 12 July 2018 9998: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9974: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9937:10.2172/4421057 9924: 9920: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9890:, pp. 1–8. 9886: 9882: 9874: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9747: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9678: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9489: 9472: 9468: 9463: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9354:, p. 1223. 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9300: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9283:on 1 March 2019 9275: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9201: 9197:, pp. 743. 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9133: 9131: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9032: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8957: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8823: 8821: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8776: 8772: 8766:Kerr et al 2005 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8747:on 10 June 2012 8744: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8635:Mainichi Weekly 8629: 8628: 8624: 8609: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8517: 8509: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8356:Slavinskiĭ 2004 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8291:on 12 June 2019 8279: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8255: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8114: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8083: 8073: 8071: 8070:. 6 August 2005 8062: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7888:on 9 March 2009 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824:, p. 1994. 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7792: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7687: 7686: 7675: 7664: 7660: 7649: 7645: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7605:. 8 August 1945 7597: 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7579:on 24 June 2006 7576: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7503:on 24 June 2010 7491: 7490: 7486: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7448:Kerr et al 2005 7446: 7437: 7433:, p. 2566. 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7286:on 20 June 2013 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7217: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7113: 7105: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6617: 6615: 6614:on 13 June 2007 6598: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6387:Reischauer 1986 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6226:Restricted Data 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6193: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6025: 6023: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5465:on 12 June 2007 5453: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5166: 5164:Nuclear warfare 5160: 5108: 5102: 5078:state terrorism 5063: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5021: 5006: 4991: 4976: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4898: 4887: 4876: 4865: 4863:Motoyasu Bridge 4823: 4818: 4802: 4796: 4774:documented 165 4768: 4748:later conceived 4693: 4685: 4660: 4654: 4540:threshold point 4518: 4512: 4473:gestational age 4421: 4392:Life Span Study 4368: 4261: 4259: 4257:Terufumi Sasaki 4237: 4216:St Albans Abbey 4190: 4152: 4110: 4042:radiation burns 4038:nuclear fallout 4012:Fritz Bilfinger 3977:Yōsuke Yamahata 3954: 3936: 3930: 3860:Yoshijirō Umezu 3830: 3822:Main articles: 3820: 3792: 3784:James Forrestal 3771: 3765: 3727:Royal Air Force 3715:Yōsuke Yamahata 3697: 3640:Yontan Airfield 3601: 3306: 3247: 3242: 3233:Project Alberta 3210:Korechika Anami 3156: 3155: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3121: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3036: 2960:Terufumi Sasaki 2954:of the attack. 2940:firestorm-cloud 2928: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2911: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2887: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2851: 2848: 2839: 2832: 2823: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2726: 2725: 2651: 2638: 2632: 2619: 2605:kilotons of TNT 2456:Paul W. Tibbets 2351:Charles Sweeney 2316: 2230: 2225: 2200:Philip Morrison 2154: 2069: 2063: 2035:Thomas T. Handy 1975: 1966: 1962: 1928: 1889:Ernest Lawrence 1874: 1861:Harry S. Truman 1830: 1728: 1646:Project Alberta 1590: 1585: 1494:nuclear fission 1490: 1469: 1347:Mariana Islands 1300: 1294: 1228:Battle of Leyte 1217:Takijirō Ōnishi 1173:Japanese winter 1121: 1115: 1016:Empire of Japan 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 994: 989: 988: 983: 982: 981: 976: 975: 970: 969: 968: 961: 955: 950: 937:popular culture 897:the ultimatum. 879:Mariana Islands 869:version of the 762: 757: 749: 661:Mariana Islands 534:Solomon Islands 503:Burma (1944–45) 493:Burma (1942–43) 488:Burma (1941–42) 481:Burma and India 413:Franco-Thai War 360:Andaman Islands 287:Central Pacific 278: 273: 271: 237: 234:150,000–246,000 229: 210: 202:10,000 soldiers 184: 145: 143: 139: 136: 131: 128: 126: 124: 123: 122: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 91: 90: 72:Nuclear bombing 63: 60:mushroom clouds 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26148: 26138: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26122: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26102: 26097: 26092: 26087: 26072: 26071: 26059: 26047: 26024: 26023: 26020: 26019: 26017: 26016: 26010: 26008: 26001: 25995: 25994: 25991: 25990: 25988: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25972: 25966: 25964: 25960: 25959: 25957: 25956: 25951: 25946: 25941: 25935: 25933: 25926: 25918: 25917: 25914: 25913: 25911: 25910: 25904: 25898: 25892: 25885: 25883: 25879: 25878: 25876: 25875: 25870: 25864: 25862: 25858: 25857: 25855: 25854: 25849: 25843: 25841: 25837: 25836: 25834: 25833: 25831:Axis Singapore 25828: 25822: 25820: 25816: 25815: 25812: 25811: 25809: 25808: 25801: 25799: 25792: 25791: 25786: 25785: 25784: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25684: 25679: 25674: 25669: 25664: 25659: 25654: 25648: 25646: 25642: 25641: 25639: 25638: 25633: 25627: 25625: 25621: 25620: 25618: 25617: 25612: 25607: 25602: 25596: 25594: 25590: 25589: 25587: 25586: 25585: 25584: 25582:Allied Rangoon 25579: 25572:Burma campaign 25568: 25566: 25559: 25553: 25552: 25549: 25548: 25546: 25545: 25539: 25533: 25527: 25521: 25515: 25509: 25503: 25497: 25491: 25484: 25482: 25478: 25477: 25475: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25463: 25462: 25457: 25448: 25446: 25442: 25441: 25439: 25438: 25437: 25436: 25431: 25426: 25421: 25416: 25411: 25406: 25401: 25396: 25391: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25371: 25366: 25361: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25316: 25314:Baedeker Blitz 25311: 25305: 25303: 25297: 25296: 25294: 25293: 25288: 25283: 25278: 25272: 25270: 25266: 25265: 25263: 25262: 25257: 25251: 25249: 25245: 25244: 25242: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25225: 25223: 25219: 25218: 25216: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25169: 25167: 25163: 25162: 25160: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25014: 25009: 25004: 24999: 24993: 24991: 24987: 24986: 24983: 24982: 24980: 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24939: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24834: 24829: 24824: 24822:Kaiserslautern 24819: 24814: 24809: 24804: 24799: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24754: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24709: 24704: 24699: 24694: 24689: 24684: 24679: 24674: 24668: 24666: 24662: 24661: 24659: 24658: 24653: 24648: 24643: 24638: 24633: 24628: 24623: 24618: 24612: 24610: 24599: 24595: 24594: 24592: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24570: 24568: 24564: 24563: 24561: 24560: 24555: 24549: 24547: 24543: 24542: 24540: 24539: 24534: 24528: 24526: 24519: 24513: 24512: 24510: 24509: 24504: 24499: 24494: 24489: 24484: 24478: 24475: 24474: 24467: 24466: 24459: 24452: 24444: 24435: 24434: 24432: 24431: 24421: 24411: 24409:Historiography 24406: 24400: 24397: 24396: 24393: 24392: 24389: 24388: 24386: 24385: 24375: 24369: 24367: 24363: 24362: 24360: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24347:Navassa Island 24344: 24339: 24334: 24332:Johnston Atoll 24329: 24324: 24322:Howland Island 24319: 24313: 24311: 24307: 24306: 24304: 24303: 24298: 24293: 24288: 24283: 24281:American Samoa 24277: 24275: 24271: 24270: 24265: 24263: 24259: 24258: 24256: 24255: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24235: 24230: 24225: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24203:South Carolina 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24168:North Carolina 24165: 24160: 24155: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24105: 24100: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24004: 24002: 23998: 23997: 23995: 23994: 23992:The West Coast 23989: 23984: 23978: 23976: 23972: 23971: 23969: 23968: 23966:Indian removal 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23942: 23940: 23930: 23929: 23919: 23918: 23915: 23914: 23912: 23911: 23910: 23909: 23904: 23899: 23887: 23880: 23879: 23878: 23873: 23861: 23860: 23859: 23857:Saudi American 23854: 23849: 23844: 23842:Iraqi American 23839: 23834: 23822: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23801: 23800: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23779: 23777:Irish American 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23747: 23746: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23725: 23720: 23715: 23707:Asian American 23703: 23695: 23692: 23691: 23681: 23680: 23677: 23676: 23674: 23673: 23672: 23671: 23666: 23661: 23656: 23651: 23639: 23638: 23637: 23635:Sexual slavery 23625: 23618: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23604: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23584: 23572: 23571: 23570: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23533: 23526: 23519: 23518: 23517: 23512: 23507: 23505:Postal service 23502: 23497: 23495:Foreign policy 23492: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23472: 23467: 23462: 23450: 23443: 23442: 23441: 23429: 23428: 23427: 23415: 23414: 23413: 23401: 23400: 23399: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23372: 23365: 23357: 23354: 23353: 23343: 23342: 23339: 23338: 23335: 23334: 23332: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23298: 23297: 23287: 23282: 23275: 23270: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23223: 23217: 23215: 23209: 23208: 23206: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23189: 23188: 23183: 23173: 23168: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23120: 23118: 23112: 23111: 23109: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23092: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23071: 23069:Crack epidemic 23066: 23065: 23064: 23059: 23048: 23046: 23040: 23039: 23037: 23036: 23034:Moral Majority 23031: 23026: 23021: 23020: 23019: 23012:Gay liberation 23009: 23004: 23002:Counterculture 22999: 22994: 22993: 22992: 22990:Fall of Saigon 22987: 22982: 22972: 22971: 22970: 22968:Apollo program 22965: 22963:Project Gemini 22955: 22949: 22947: 22941: 22940: 22938: 22937: 22932: 22931: 22930: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22904: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22881:Early Cold War 22878: 22877: 22876: 22866: 22860: 22858: 22852: 22851: 22849: 22848: 22847: 22846: 22845: 22844: 22834: 22829: 22819: 22818: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22797: 22796: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22760: 22755: 22754: 22753: 22742: 22740: 22734: 22733: 22731: 22730: 22725: 22724: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22698: 22697: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22661: 22656: 22655: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22623: 22621: 22615: 22614: 22612: 22611: 22610: 22609: 22604: 22594: 22593: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22576: 22575: 22565: 22560: 22553:Prelude to War 22550: 22545: 22543:Antebellum Era 22539: 22537: 22531: 22530: 22528: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22516: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22488:Trail of Tears 22483:Jacksonian era 22480: 22479: 22478: 22473: 22462: 22460: 22454: 22453: 22451: 22450: 22449: 22448: 22443: 22433: 22432: 22431: 22426: 22419:Federalist Era 22416: 22414:Bill of Rights 22410: 22408: 22402: 22401: 22399: 22398: 22397: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22363: 22362: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22349:Lee Resolution 22346: 22341: 22330: 22328: 22322: 22321: 22319: 22318: 22317: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22211: 22206: 22201: 22195: 22193: 22187: 22186: 22184: 22183: 22176: 22168: 22166: 22158: 22157: 22147: 22146: 22144: 22143: 22138: 22132: 22129: 22128: 22121: 22120: 22113: 22106: 22098: 22089: 22088: 22086: 22085: 22078: 22071: 22054: 22051: 22050: 22047: 22046: 22044: 22043: 22042: 22041: 22034: 22027: 22013: 22012: 22011: 21997: 21994:South Sakhalin 21990: 21989: 21988: 21974: 21967: 21960: 21953: 21946: 21945: 21944: 21930: 21923: 21916: 21909: 21902: 21895: 21888: 21881: 21874: 21867: 21860: 21853: 21846: 21839: 21831: 21829: 21823: 21822: 21820: 21819: 21812: 21811: 21810: 21794: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21771: 21764: 21757: 21750: 21743: 21734: 21725: 21718: 21709: 21702: 21695: 21688: 21679: 21672: 21665: 21658: 21651: 21644: 21637: 21628: 21621: 21612: 21603: 21594: 21587: 21580: 21569: 21559: 21557: 21551: 21550: 21548: 21547: 21540: 21539: 21538: 21531: 21517: 21510: 21503: 21496: 21489: 21488: 21487: 21473: 21466: 21457: 21450: 21443: 21436: 21429: 21422: 21419:Battle of Attu 21415: 21408: 21400: 21398: 21392: 21391: 21389: 21388: 21381: 21372: 21365: 21358: 21349: 21342: 21335: 21328: 21319: 21318: 21317: 21310: 21296: 21289: 21282: 21275: 21268: 21261: 21254: 21247: 21240: 21233: 21225: 21223: 21217: 21216: 21214: 21213: 21206: 21199: 21192: 21185: 21178: 21171: 21168:Battle of Guam 21164: 21157: 21150: 21143: 21136: 21129: 21122: 21115: 21108: 21101: 21094: 21091:Battle of Kiev 21087: 21080: 21066: 21065: 21064: 21050: 21043: 21036: 21029: 21022: 21021: 21020: 21006: 20999: 20992: 20984: 20982: 20976: 20975: 20973: 20972: 20963: 20956: 20949: 20942: 20935: 20928: 20921: 20914: 20907: 20900: 20893: 20886: 20879: 20872: 20865: 20858: 20851: 20844: 20836: 20834: 20828: 20827: 20825: 20824: 20817: 20810: 20803: 20796: 20789: 20782: 20774: 20772: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20760: 20753: 20746: 20739: 20732: 20718: 20717: 20716: 20709: 20695: 20694: 20693: 20678: 20676: 20667: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20646: 20639: 20638: 20637: 20630: 20618: 20617: 20616: 20602: 20595: 20594: 20593: 20590:United Kingdom 20586: 20579: 20578: 20577: 20558: 20550: 20548: 20542: 20541: 20539: 20538: 20531: 20530: 20529: 20522: 20510: 20503: 20496: 20489: 20482: 20475: 20468: 20461: 20454: 20447: 20440: 20433: 20426: 20419: 20412: 20411: 20410: 20403: 20389: 20382: 20375: 20368: 20361: 20354: 20347: 20340: 20333: 20326: 20319: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20276: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20265: 20264: 20257: 20250: 20243: 20236: 20229: 20222: 20215: 20208: 20201: 20194: 20186: 20184: 20178: 20177: 20175: 20174: 20167: 20160: 20153: 20145: 20138: 20131: 20124: 20123: 20122: 20107: 20100: 20093: 20086: 20079: 20072: 20064: 20057: 20050: 20042: 20034: 20032: 20026: 20025: 20023: 20022: 20015: 20014: 20013: 19999: 19998: 19997: 19994:British Empire 19987:United Kingdom 19983: 19976: 19969: 19962: 19955: 19948: 19936: 19929: 19922: 19915: 19908: 19901: 19894: 19887: 19880: 19868: 19861: 19854: 19847: 19840: 19828: 19820: 19813: 19806: 19803:Czechoslovakia 19799: 19792: 19785: 19778: 19766: 19759: 19752: 19745: 19737: 19735: 19726: 19720: 19719: 19716: 19715: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19710: 19703: 19700:Rape of Manila 19696: 19689: 19682: 19671: 19656: 19649: 19637: 19630: 19629: 19628: 19621: 19607: 19606: 19605: 19598: 19591: 19577: 19570: 19569: 19568: 19561: 19560: 19559: 19552: 19538: 19531: 19517: 19516: 19515: 19508: 19501: 19486: 19484: 19478: 19477: 19475: 19474: 19471:United Nations 19467: 19460: 19453: 19452: 19451: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19416: 19407: 19398: 19391: 19384: 19377: 19368: 19361: 19354: 19347: 19340: 19333: 19330:Decolonization 19326: 19319: 19311: 19309: 19303: 19302: 19300: 19299: 19292: 19291: 19290: 19276: 19269: 19268: 19267: 19260: 19253: 19239: 19238: 19237: 19230: 19216: 19215: 19214: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19164: 19162: 19156: 19155: 19153: 19152: 19145: 19138: 19131: 19124: 19117: 19110: 19103: 19102: 19101: 19094: 19080: 19073: 19066: 19059: 19052: 19045: 19038: 19037: 19036: 19022: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19006: 19003:United Kingdom 18999: 18985: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18943: 18942: 18941: 18926: 18924: 18915: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18907: 18900: 18893: 18892: 18891: 18884: 18877: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18849: 18841: 18838: 18837: 18830: 18829: 18822: 18815: 18807: 18798: 18797: 18795: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18778: 18776: 18770: 18769: 18766: 18765: 18763: 18762: 18757: 18756: 18755: 18750: 18740: 18729: 18727: 18723: 18722: 18720: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18698: 18696: 18689: 18688: 18681:Service medals 18678: 18673: 18668: 18666:Army Air Force 18663: 18652: 18650: 18644: 18643: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18611: 18609: 18603: 18602: 18600: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18578: 18576: 18575:American women 18569: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18551:Schools at War 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18517: 18515: 18509: 18508: 18501: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18478: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18452: 18451: 18446: 18440: 18439: 18432: 18424: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18417: 18411: 18405: 18399: 18392: 18390: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18382: 18374: 18370:The First Lady 18366: 18358: 18350: 18342: 18334: 18329:(1975 song by 18322: 18313: 18311: 18307: 18306: 18304: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18247: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18233: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18197: 18195: 18189: 18188: 18186: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18174: 18173: 18163: 18158: 18152: 18150: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18105: 18103: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18086: 18085: 18080: 18070: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18043: 18038: 18032: 18027: 18021: 18015: 18009: 18003: 18002: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17981: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17923: 17922: 17921: 17910: 17905: 17898: 17896: 17890: 17889: 17887: 17886: 17880: 17875: 17874: 17873: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17835: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17816: 17810: 17804: 17798: 17792: 17791: 17790: 17785: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17751: 17745: 17739: 17733: 17727: 17721: 17718:War Brides Act 17715: 17709: 17708: 17707: 17702: 17691: 17685: 17683: 17681:Foreign policy 17674: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17651:Truman Balcony 17648: 17643: 17642: 17641: 17636: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17610: 17609: 17599: 17598: 17597: 17592: 17586:Inaugurations 17584: 17578: 17576: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17558: 17547: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17524: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17501: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17422: 17420: 17416: 17415: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17407: 17406: 17395: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17339: 17337: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17320:State of Burma 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17291: 17289: 17285: 17284: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17248: 17246: 17239: 17235: 17234: 17231: 17230: 17228: 17227: 17222: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17146:Musha Incident 17143: 17138: 17136:Jinan incident 17133: 17127: 17125: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17069: 17068: 17057: 17055: 17049: 17048: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16993:Beipu uprising 16990: 16984: 16982: 16977: 16971: 16967: 16966: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16957:Treaty Faction 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16928: 16926: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16887:Imperial Guard 16884: 16879: 16874: 16868: 16866: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16828: 16827: 16812: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16794: 16792: 16787: 16781: 16777: 16776: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16736: 16734: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16654: 16652: 16647:Administration 16645: 16639: 16635: 16634: 16632: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16530: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16498: 16493: 16487: 16485: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16477: 16469: 16461: 16452: 16450: 16446: 16445: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16331: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16308: 16299: 16298: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16192:Chicago Pile-1 16189: 16187:Calutron Girls 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16163: 16161: 16160:Related topics 16157: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16132: 16130: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16023:Stanisław Ulam 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15958:Edwin McMillan 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15903:Harry Daghlian 15900: 15895: 15893:John Cockcroft 15890: 15888:James Chadwick 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15854: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15812:Charles Thomas 15809: 15807:Frank Spedding 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15767:James Marshall 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15747:Thomas Farrell 15744: 15739: 15734: 15732:Arthur Compton 15729: 15723: 15721: 15720:Administrators 15717: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15630: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15614: 15613: 15606: 15599: 15591: 15585: 15584: 15578: 15576:Democracy Now! 15569: 15564: 15559: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15540: 15518: 15517:Bibliographies 15515: 15514: 15513: 15497: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15458: 15447: 15436: 15425: 15412: 15399: 15379: 15359: 15337: 15321: 15305: 15289: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15234: 15210: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15192:External links 15190: 15189: 15188: 15178: 15166: 15165:Historiography 15163: 15161: 15160: 15140: 15114:(4): 162–179. 15103: 15097: 15079: 15073: 15058: 15052: 15039: 15006:(7): 971–991. 14988: 14982: 14969: 14952: 14938: 14925: 14919: 14906: 14889: 14875: 14862: 14853: 14847: 14831: 14817: 14801: 14795: 14782: 14776: 14763: 14757: 14741: 14735: 14720: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14703: 14689: 14673: 14639:(9): 409–415. 14628: 14611: 14580: 14566: 14553: 14532: 14511: 14485:(2): 311–334. 14474: 14441: 14427: 14414: 14391: 14338: 14324: 14311: 14297: 14284: 14270: 14254: 14248: 14232: 14218: 14205: 14199: 14186: 14172: 14159: 14145: 14129: 14109:10.2307/827841 14103:(4): 434–452. 14092: 14078: 14058: 14044: 14031: 14017: 14004: 13990: 13977: 13971: 13956: 13922: 13900: 13886: 13868: 13854: 13839: 13813:(9): 765–778. 13802: 13796: 13781: 13764: 13730:(2): 521–528. 13711: 13697: 13681: 13667: 13654: 13633: 13627: 13614: 13604:on 25 May 2009 13577: 13563: 13550: 13530: 13524: 13507: 13495:No High Ground 13490: 13476: 13452: 13415: 13409: 13394: 13374:(2): 183–203. 13359: 13345: 13332: 13315: 13309: 13296: 13290: 13275: 13261: 13248: 13231: 13217: 13200: 13186: 13162: 13148: 13135: 13119: 13098: 13077: 13045: 13039: 13026: 13020: 13002: 12988: 12972: 12943: 12929: 12916: 12902: 12890:Groves, Leslie 12886: 12866: 12852: 12837: 12803: 12789: 12776: 12770: 12757: 12751: 12735: 12729: 12716: 12702: 12686: 12672: 12655: 12641: 12626: 12612: 12600:Dower, John W. 12596: 12582: 12565: 12539: 12519: 12498: 12481: 12461:Coox, Alvin D. 12457: 12436: 12422: 12409: 12395: 12382: 12376: 12363: 12349: 12332: 12318: 12298: 12292: 12279: 12273: 12260: 12254: 12241: 12235: 12219: 12187: 12153:(4): 149–173. 12139: 12125: 12109: 12095: 12082: 12051: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12020: 11998: 11968: 11965:. 7 July 2020. 11950: 11936: 11924: 11922:, p. 272. 11912: 11900: 11898:, p. 765. 11888: 11886:, p. 269. 11876: 11862: 11844: 11825: 11823:, p. 291. 11813: 11811:, p. 267. 11798: 11786:The Daily Star 11769: 11757: 11745: 11718:(4): 759–793. 11702: 11685: 11665: 11658: 11650:Berghahn Books 11637: 11589: 11577: 11549: 11537: 11535:, p. 279. 11525: 11513: 11501: 11489: 11487:, p. 334. 11477: 11455: 11444:. World Guides 11433: 11411: 11389: 11363: 11337: 11312: 11300: 11274: 11262: 11260:, p. 111. 11250: 11224: 11198: 11168: 11156: 11125: 11099: 11074: 11043:(3): 382–387. 11023: 11001: 10975: 10956:(5): 661–662. 10936: 10903: 10890:Ottawa Citizen 10876: 10848: 10820: 10792: 10766: 10739:(5): 344–349. 10723: 10664: 10613: 10594: 10571:(3): 617–619. 10547: 10526:(4): 309–320. 10503: 10460: 10445: 10412: 10405:"Data India". 10397: 10395:, p. 118. 10385: 10363: 10361:, p. 143. 10351: 10333: 10322:. E&E News 10310: 10280: 10273: 10247: 10221: 10191: 10189:, p. 101. 10179: 10165: 10151: 10125: 10106: 10083: 10012: 9980: 9951: 9918: 9904: 9892: 9880: 9878:, p. 239. 9865: 9839: 9822:The Miami News 9809: 9781: 9769: 9756:The New Yorker 9741: 9729: 9701: 9687:The New Yorker 9669: 9647: 9635: 9603: 9591: 9573: 9547: 9538: 9526: 9505: 9487: 9466: 9454: 9432: 9406: 9380: 9368: 9366:, p. 129. 9356: 9344: 9332: 9320: 9294: 9268: 9238: 9226: 9222:Giangreco 2009 9214: 9210:Bernstein 1991 9199: 9187: 9185:, p. 689. 9175: 9163: 9141: 9119: 9117:, p. 304. 9107: 9081: 9067:People's Daily 9053: 9025: 8999: 8967: 8956:. 25 June 2005 8939: 8909: 8879: 8867: 8865:, p. 367. 8855: 8853:, p. 184. 8843: 8841:, p. 222. 8831: 8806: 8794: 8792:, p. 346. 8782: 8778:Wainstock 1996 8770: 8758: 8722: 8720:, p. 295. 8710: 8698: 8686: 8664: 8652: 8622: 8603: 8601:, p. 211. 8591: 8589:, p. 212. 8579: 8558: 8546: 8515: 8503: 8501:, p. 114. 8491: 8479: 8467: 8465:, p. 309. 8455: 8426: 8424:, p. 342. 8414: 8399: 8384: 8382:, p. 401. 8372: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8314: 8302: 8272: 8244: 8232: 8207: 8174: 8162: 8136: 8134:, p. 333. 8124: 8096: 8081: 8055: 8053:, p. 325. 8043: 8036: 8018: 8006: 8004:, p. 330. 7994: 7964: 7934: 7899: 7868: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7783: 7758: 7728: 7702: 7673: 7658: 7643: 7628: 7616: 7590: 7552: 7526: 7514: 7484: 7452: 7435: 7423: 7421:, p. 415. 7411: 7409:, p. 414. 7399: 7387: 7359: 7333: 7321: 7319:, p. 467. 7309: 7307:, p. 462. 7297: 7271: 7242: 7215: 7192: 7190:, p. 267. 7180: 7178:, p. 330. 7168: 7166:, p. 262. 7156: 7144: 7111: 7109:, p. 263. 7094: 7092:, p. 316. 7082: 7070: 7058: 7031: 7014: 7010:Giangreco 2009 7002: 6990: 6986:Giangreco 2009 6978: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6940:, p. 265. 6927: 6925:, p. 262. 6912: 6900: 6888: 6886:, p. 290. 6876: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6812: 6788: 6776: 6754: 6752:, p. 372. 6742: 6725: 6723:, p. 215. 6713: 6685: 6668: 6666:, p. 138. 6653: 6651:, p. 153. 6641: 6639:, p. 656. 6626: 6585: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6517:, p. 240. 6507: 6495: 6493:, p. 530. 6480: 6468: 6456: 6454:, p. 529. 6441: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6389:, p. 101. 6379: 6346: 6334: 6332:, p. 176. 6330:Christman 1998 6322: 6320:, p. 100. 6310: 6274: 6262: 6260:, p. 706. 6250: 6238: 6212: 6180: 6148: 6136: 6104: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6038:MeasuringWorth 6032:United States 6020:MeasuringWorth 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5955:, p. 429. 5945: 5941:Giangreco 2009 5933: 5921: 5909: 5907:, p. 422. 5897: 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 207. 5861: 5849: 5837: 5835:, p. 750. 5825: 5823:, p. 250. 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5746: 5719: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5667:, p. 566. 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 112. 5545:Giangreco 2009 5534: 5512: 5510:, p. 340. 5500: 5496:Giangreco 2009 5488: 5476: 5446: 5434: 5430:Giangreco 2009 5422: 5418:Giangreco 2009 5410: 5406:Giangreco 2009 5398: 5394:Giangreco 2009 5386: 5382:Giangreco 2009 5374: 5362: 5350: 5335: 5323: 5321:, p. 527. 5311: 5309:, p. 532. 5299: 5297:, p. 307. 5287: 5283:Giangreco 2009 5272: 5258: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5162:Main article: 5159: 5156: 5120:aerial warfare 5104:Main article: 5101: 5098: 5090:Gar Alperovitz 5083: 5059:Main article: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5016: 5001: 4986: 4940: 4937: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4861:(hypocenter), 4859:Shima Hospital 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4795: 4792: 4776:nijū hibakusha 4767: 4764: 4736:discrimination 4656:Main article: 4653: 4648: 4621:absorption of 4612:, whereas the 4571:synaptogenesis 4511: 4508: 4477:microencephaly 4441:radiosensitive 4420: 4417: 4390:, in the 1987 4375:latency period 4367: 4364: 4236: 4233: 4229:mushroom cloud 4142:The New Yorker 4133:Pulitzer Prize 4108:Nippon Eigasha 4104:Nippon Eigasha 4095:Nippon Eigasha 4075:New York Times 3929: 3926: 3869:Shigenori Tōgō 3819: 3816: 3804:Kirtland Field 3767:Main article: 3764: 3761: 3701:Urakami Valley 3696: 3693: 3614:Urakami Valley 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372:Laggin' Dragon 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3305: 3302: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3217:Yoshio Nishina 3146: 3136: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3060: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3032: 2991:Senkichi Awaya 2936:mushroom cloud 2925: 2924: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2662:magnesium bomb 2631: 2628: 2578:Thomas Ferebee 2567:Straight Flush 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491:Necessary Evil 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392:Straight Flush 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2361:Necessary Evil 2356:Necessary Evil 2315: 2312: 2283:224th Division 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2181:plutonium core 2153: 2150: 2139:William Penney 2096:Kantarō Suzuki 2093:Prime Minister 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2044: 1974: 1971: 1927: 1924: 1893:Arthur Compton 1873: 1870: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1761:William Penney 1727: 1724: 1709:Thomas Farrell 1685:Emile Berliner 1638:War Department 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1506:MAUD Committee 1486:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1428:Ryukyu Islands 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1276:were moved to 1117:Main article: 1114: 1111: 1100:Fumimaro Konoe 1076:taken prisoner 1060:invaded Borneo 1027:included both 957:Main article: 954: 951: 949: 946: 794:ending the war 759: 758: 748: 747: 742: 741: 740: 730: 722: 721: 715: 714: 709: 702: 701: 700: 690: 688:South Sakhalin 685: 680: 675: 668: 663: 658: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 630: 629: 623: 622: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 579: 578: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 524: 519: 513: 512: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 484: 483: 477: 476: 471: 464: 457: 450: 445: 443:Malacca Strait 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 403: 401:Southeast Asia 397: 396: 391: 386: 385: 384: 374: 369: 368: 367: 357: 351: 350: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Doolittle Raid 308: 301: 296: 290: 289: 283: 280: 279: 270: 269: 262: 255: 247: 239: 238: 236: 235: 230: 228: 227: 226: 225: 222: 219: 211: 209: 208: 207: 206: 203: 200: 192: 190: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 168: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 81: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 57: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26147: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26106: 26103: 26101: 26098: 26096: 26093: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26085:1945 in Japan 26083: 26082: 26080: 26070: 26069:United States 26060: 26058: 26048: 26046: 26036: 26035: 26032: 26015: 26012: 26011: 26009: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25996: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25967: 25965: 25961: 25955: 25952: 25950: 25947: 25945: 25942: 25940: 25937: 25936: 25934: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25919: 25909:(Philippines) 25908: 25905: 25902: 25899: 25896: 25893: 25890: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25880: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25865: 25863: 25861:United States 25859: 25853: 25850: 25848: 25845: 25844: 25842: 25838: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25823: 25821: 25817: 25806: 25803: 25802: 25800: 25796: 25790: 25787: 25783: 25780: 25779: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25757: 25756:10 March 1945 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25680: 25678: 25675: 25673: 25670: 25668: 25665: 25663: 25660: 25658: 25655: 25653: 25650: 25649: 25647: 25643: 25637: 25634: 25632: 25629: 25628: 25626: 25622: 25616: 25613: 25611: 25608: 25606: 25603: 25601: 25598: 25597: 25595: 25591: 25583: 25580: 25578: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25570: 25569: 25567: 25563: 25560: 25558: 25554: 25543: 25540: 25537: 25534: 25531: 25528: 25526:(Switzerland) 25525: 25522: 25519: 25516: 25513: 25510: 25507: 25504: 25501: 25498: 25495: 25492: 25489: 25486: 25485: 25483: 25479: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25461: 25458: 25456: 25453: 25452: 25450: 25449: 25447: 25443: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25420: 25417: 25415: 25412: 25410: 25407: 25405: 25402: 25400: 25397: 25395: 25392: 25390: 25387: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25321: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25306: 25304: 25298: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25282: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25273: 25271: 25267: 25261: 25258: 25256: 25253: 25252: 25250: 25246: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25224: 25220: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25170: 25168: 25164: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25020: 25018: 25015: 25013: 25010: 25008: 25005: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24994: 24992: 24988: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24967:Wilhelmshaven 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24818: 24815: 24813: 24810: 24808: 24805: 24803: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24753: 24750: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24669: 24667: 24663: 24657: 24654: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24646:Gelsenkirchen 24644: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24613: 24611: 24609: 24603: 24600: 24596: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24571: 24569: 24565: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24550: 24548: 24544: 24538: 24535: 24533: 24530: 24529: 24527: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24514: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24495: 24493: 24490: 24488: 24485: 24483: 24480: 24479: 24476: 24472: 24465: 24460: 24458: 24453: 24451: 24446: 24445: 24442: 24430: 24426: 24422: 24420: 24412: 24410: 24407: 24405: 24404:List of years 24402: 24401: 24398: 24384: 24376: 24374: 24373:Urban history 24371: 24370: 24368: 24364: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24352:Palmyra Atoll 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24327:Jarvis Island 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24314: 24312: 24308: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24282: 24279: 24278: 24276: 24274:Insular areas 24272: 24268: 24264: 24260: 24254: 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24243:West Virginia 24241: 24239: 24236: 24234: 24231: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24148:New Hampshire 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24108:Massachusetts 24106: 24104: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24005: 24003: 23999: 23993: 23990: 23988: 23985: 23983: 23980: 23979: 23977: 23973: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23943: 23941: 23939: 23935: 23931: 23924: 23920: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23893: 23892: 23888: 23886: 23885: 23881: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23868: 23867: 23866: 23862: 23858: 23855: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23835: 23833: 23830: 23829: 23828: 23827: 23823: 23821: 23820: 23816: 23812: 23809: 23808: 23807: 23806: 23802: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23754: 23753: 23752: 23748: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23738:Thai American 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23710: 23709: 23708: 23704: 23702: 23701: 23697: 23696: 23693: 23686: 23682: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23657: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23646: 23645: 23644: 23640: 23636: 23633: 23632: 23631: 23630: 23626: 23624: 23623: 23619: 23617: 23616: 23612: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23585: 23583: 23580: 23579: 23578: 23577: 23576:Party Systems 23573: 23569: 23566: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23540: 23539: 23538: 23534: 23532: 23531: 23527: 23525: 23524: 23520: 23516: 23515:Voting rights 23513: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23457: 23456: 23455: 23451: 23449: 23448: 23444: 23440: 23437: 23436: 23435: 23434: 23430: 23426: 23423: 23422: 23421: 23420: 23416: 23412: 23409: 23408: 23407: 23406: 23402: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23379: 23378: 23377: 23373: 23371: 23370: 23366: 23364: 23363: 23359: 23358: 23355: 23348: 23344: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23319: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23296: 23293: 23292: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23280: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23228: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23218: 23216: 23214: 23210: 23204: 23201: 23199: 23196: 23194: 23191: 23187: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23178: 23177: 23176:War on terror 23174: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23166: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23121: 23119: 23117: 23113: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23076: 23075: 23074:Late Cold War 23072: 23070: 23067: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23055: 23054: 23053: 23050: 23049: 23047: 23045: 23041: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23018: 23015: 23014: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22977: 22976: 22973: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22960: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22953:Great Society 22951: 22950: 22948: 22946: 22942: 22936: 22933: 22929: 22926: 22925: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22908:Post-war boom 22906: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22883: 22882: 22879: 22875: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22867: 22865: 22862: 22861: 22859: 22857: 22853: 22843: 22840: 22839: 22838: 22835: 22833: 22830: 22828: 22825: 22824: 22823: 22820: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22802: 22801: 22798: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22765: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22752: 22749: 22748: 22747: 22744: 22743: 22741: 22739: 22735: 22729: 22726: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22703: 22702: 22699: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22666: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22629: 22628: 22625: 22624: 22622: 22620: 22616: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22599: 22598: 22595: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22555: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22540: 22538: 22536: 22532: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22481: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22468: 22467: 22464: 22463: 22461: 22459: 22455: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22437: 22434: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22421: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22411: 22409: 22407: 22403: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22369: 22368: 22367: 22364: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22336: 22335: 22332: 22331: 22329: 22327: 22323: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22196: 22194: 22192: 22188: 22182: 22181: 22177: 22175: 22174: 22170: 22169: 22167: 22163: 22159: 22152: 22148: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22133: 22130: 22126: 22119: 22114: 22112: 22107: 22105: 22100: 22099: 22096: 22083: 22079: 22076: 22072: 22069: 22068: 22063: 22056: 22055: 22052: 22039: 22035: 22032: 22028: 22025: 22021: 22020: 22018: 22014: 22009: 22005: 22004: 22002: 22001:Kuril Islands 21998: 21995: 21991: 21986: 21982: 21981: 21979: 21975: 21972: 21968: 21965: 21961: 21958: 21954: 21951: 21947: 21942: 21938: 21937: 21935: 21931: 21928: 21924: 21921: 21917: 21914: 21910: 21907: 21903: 21900: 21896: 21893: 21889: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21875: 21872: 21868: 21865: 21861: 21858: 21854: 21851: 21847: 21844: 21840: 21837: 21833: 21832: 21830: 21828: 21824: 21817: 21813: 21808: 21807: 21802: 21801: 21799: 21795: 21792: 21788: 21783: 21779: 21778: 21776: 21772: 21769: 21768:Syrmian Front 21765: 21762: 21758: 21755: 21751: 21748: 21744: 21741: 21740: 21735: 21732: 21731: 21726: 21723: 21719: 21716: 21715: 21714:Market Garden 21710: 21707: 21703: 21700: 21696: 21693: 21689: 21686: 21685: 21680: 21677: 21673: 21670: 21666: 21663: 21659: 21656: 21652: 21649: 21645: 21642: 21638: 21635: 21634: 21629: 21626: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21613: 21610: 21609: 21604: 21601: 21600: 21595: 21592: 21588: 21585: 21581: 21578: 21574: 21573:Monte Cassino 21570: 21567: 21566: 21561: 21560: 21558: 21556: 21552: 21545: 21541: 21536: 21532: 21529: 21525: 21524: 21522: 21518: 21515: 21511: 21508: 21504: 21501: 21497: 21494: 21490: 21485: 21481: 21480: 21478: 21474: 21471: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21458: 21455: 21451: 21448: 21444: 21441: 21437: 21434: 21430: 21427: 21423: 21420: 21416: 21413: 21409: 21406: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21397: 21393: 21386: 21382: 21379: 21378: 21373: 21370: 21366: 21363: 21359: 21356: 21355: 21350: 21347: 21343: 21340: 21336: 21333: 21329: 21326: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21311: 21308: 21304: 21303: 21301: 21297: 21294: 21290: 21287: 21283: 21280: 21276: 21273: 21269: 21266: 21262: 21259: 21255: 21252: 21248: 21245: 21241: 21238: 21234: 21231: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21222: 21218: 21211: 21207: 21204: 21200: 21197: 21193: 21190: 21186: 21183: 21179: 21176: 21172: 21169: 21165: 21162: 21158: 21155: 21151: 21148: 21144: 21141: 21137: 21134: 21130: 21127: 21123: 21120: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21102: 21099: 21095: 21092: 21088: 21085: 21081: 21077: 21076: 21071: 21067: 21062: 21058: 21057: 21055: 21051: 21048: 21044: 21041: 21037: 21034: 21030: 21027: 21023: 21018: 21014: 21013: 21011: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20993: 20990: 20986: 20985: 20983: 20981: 20977: 20970: 20969: 20964: 20961: 20957: 20954: 20950: 20947: 20943: 20940: 20939:Baltic states 20936: 20933: 20929: 20926: 20922: 20919: 20915: 20912: 20908: 20905: 20901: 20898: 20894: 20891: 20887: 20884: 20880: 20877: 20873: 20870: 20866: 20863: 20859: 20856: 20852: 20849: 20845: 20842: 20838: 20837: 20835: 20833: 20829: 20822: 20818: 20815: 20811: 20808: 20804: 20801: 20797: 20794: 20790: 20787: 20783: 20780: 20776: 20775: 20773: 20771: 20767: 20758: 20754: 20751: 20747: 20744: 20740: 20737: 20733: 20730: 20726: 20725: 20723: 20719: 20714: 20710: 20707: 20703: 20702: 20700: 20696: 20691: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20680: 20679: 20677: 20675: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20662: 20651: 20647: 20644: 20640: 20635: 20631: 20628: 20624: 20623: 20619: 20614: 20610: 20609: 20607: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20591: 20587: 20584: 20583:United States 20580: 20575: 20571: 20570: 20568: 20564: 20563: 20559: 20556: 20552: 20551: 20549: 20547: 20543: 20536: 20532: 20527: 20523: 20520: 20519:Quốc dân Đảng 20516: 20515: 20511: 20508: 20504: 20501: 20497: 20494: 20490: 20487: 20483: 20480: 20476: 20473: 20469: 20466: 20462: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20448: 20445: 20441: 20438: 20434: 20431: 20427: 20424: 20420: 20417: 20413: 20408: 20404: 20401: 20397: 20396: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20383: 20380: 20376: 20373: 20369: 20366: 20362: 20359: 20355: 20352: 20348: 20345: 20341: 20338: 20334: 20331: 20327: 20324: 20320: 20317: 20313: 20310: 20306: 20303: 20299: 20296: 20292: 20289: 20285: 20282: 20278: 20277: 20275: 20273: 20269: 20262: 20258: 20255: 20251: 20248: 20244: 20241: 20237: 20234: 20230: 20227: 20223: 20220: 20219:Liechtenstein 20216: 20213: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20195: 20192: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20183: 20179: 20172: 20168: 20165: 20161: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20143: 20139: 20136: 20132: 20129: 20125: 20120: 20116: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20105: 20101: 20098: 20094: 20091: 20087: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20073: 20069: 20065: 20062: 20058: 20055: 20051: 20047: 20043: 20040: 20036: 20035: 20033: 20031: 20027: 20020: 20016: 20011: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20003:United States 20000: 19995: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19984: 19981: 19977: 19974: 19970: 19967: 19963: 19960: 19956: 19953: 19949: 19945: 19941: 19937: 19934: 19930: 19927: 19923: 19920: 19916: 19913: 19909: 19906: 19902: 19899: 19895: 19892: 19888: 19885: 19881: 19877: 19873: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19855: 19852: 19848: 19845: 19841: 19837: 19833: 19829: 19825: 19821: 19818: 19814: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19797: 19793: 19790: 19786: 19783: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19767: 19764: 19760: 19757: 19753: 19750: 19746: 19743: 19739: 19738: 19736: 19734: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19721: 19708: 19704: 19701: 19697: 19694: 19693:Comfort women 19690: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19677: / 19676: 19672: 19669: 19666: / 19665: 19662: / 19661: 19657: 19654: 19653:Camp brothels 19650: 19647: 19643: 19642: 19638: 19635: 19631: 19626: 19622: 19619: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19608: 19603: 19599: 19596: 19592: 19589: 19585: 19584: 19582: 19578: 19575: 19571: 19566: 19562: 19557: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19542:The Holocaust 19539: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19528:forced labour 19525: 19524: 19522: 19518: 19513: 19509: 19506: 19502: 19499: 19495: 19494: 19492: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19483: 19479: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19435: 19431: 19428: 19424: 19423: 19421: 19417: 19414: 19413: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19399: 19396: 19392: 19389: 19385: 19382: 19381:Marshall Plan 19378: 19375: 19374: 19369: 19366: 19362: 19359: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19341: 19338: 19334: 19331: 19327: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19308: 19304: 19297: 19293: 19288: 19284: 19283: 19281: 19277: 19274: 19270: 19265: 19261: 19258: 19254: 19251: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19240: 19235: 19234:Eastern Front 19231: 19228: 19227:Western Front 19224: 19223: 19221: 19217: 19212: 19208: 19205: 19201: 19198: 19194: 19191: 19187: 19184: 19180: 19177: 19173: 19172: 19170: 19166: 19165: 19163: 19161: 19157: 19150: 19146: 19143: 19139: 19136: 19132: 19129: 19125: 19122: 19121:Puppet states 19118: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19104: 19099: 19095: 19092: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19081: 19078: 19074: 19071: 19067: 19064: 19063:Naval history 19060: 19057: 19053: 19050: 19046: 19043: 19039: 19034: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19023: 19020: 19016: 19011: 19010:United States 19007: 19004: 19000: 18997: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18986: 18983: 18979: 18976: 18972: 18969: 18965: 18962: 18958: 18955: 18951: 18948: 18944: 18939: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18928: 18927: 18925: 18923: 18919: 18916: 18912: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18894: 18889: 18885: 18882: 18878: 18875: 18871: 18870: 18866: 18861: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18843: 18842: 18839: 18835: 18828: 18823: 18821: 18816: 18814: 18809: 18808: 18805: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18775: 18771: 18761: 18758: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18741: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18730: 18728: 18724: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18693: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18661: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18645: 18640: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18612: 18610: 18608: 18604: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18573: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18518: 18516: 18514: 18510: 18506: 18499: 18494: 18492: 18487: 18485: 18480: 18479: 18476: 18464: 18463: 18454: 18453: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18441: 18438: 18437: 18433: 18431: 18430: 18426: 18425: 18422: 18415: 18412: 18409: 18406: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18394: 18393: 18391: 18387: 18380: 18379: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18367: 18364: 18363: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18343: 18340: 18339: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18308: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18248: 18244: 18243:campaign song 18241: 18238: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18194: 18190: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18169: 18168: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18147: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18111: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18074: 18071: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18019: 18016: 18013: 18010: 18007: 18004: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17982: 17979: 17976: 17973: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17939: 17936: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17927: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17903: 17900: 17899: 17897: 17895: 17891: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17871: 17867: 17866: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17841: 17840: 17839: 17836: 17833: 17830: 17826: 17822: 17821: 17820: 17817: 17814: 17811: 17808: 17807:Marshall Plan 17805: 17802: 17799: 17796: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17752: 17749: 17746: 17743: 17740: 17737: 17734: 17731: 17728: 17725: 17722: 17719: 17716: 17713: 17710: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17686: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17634:Supreme Court 17632: 17631: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17603: 17600: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17579: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17541: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17529: 17522: 17517: 17515: 17510: 17508: 17503: 17502: 17499: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17431:Fukoku kyōhei 17429: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17417: 17405: 17402: 17401: 17400: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17390: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17288:Puppet states 17286: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17259: 17258: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17243: 17240: 17236: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17124: 17120: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17067: 17064: 17063: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17054: 17050: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16952:Fleet Faction 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16932:General Staff 16930: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16919: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16872:General Staff 16870: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16859: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16826: 16825:military code 16824: 16820: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16755:Imperial Diet 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16745:Privy Council 16743: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16725: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16663:Home Ministry 16661: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16535: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16506:Imperial Seal 16504: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16491:Flag of Japan 16489: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16476: 16470: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16329: 16324: 16322: 16317: 16315: 16310: 16309: 16306: 16296: 16286: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16207:Franck Report 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16158: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16127: 16121: 16120: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16109: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16069:Alsos Mission 16067: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16043:Robert Wilson 16041: 16039: 16038:Eugene Wigner 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16018:Edward Teller 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15993:Glenn Seaborg 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15963:Mark Oliphant 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15953:Willard Libby 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15863:Robert Bacher 15861: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15849: 15843: 15842:Roscoe Wilson 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15757:John Lansdale 15755: 15753: 15752:Leslie Groves 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15727:Vannevar Bush 15725: 15724: 15722: 15718: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15623: 15619: 15612: 15607: 15605: 15600: 15598: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15544:Commemoration 15529: 15525: 15521: 15520: 15502: 15498: 15486: 15482: 15481: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15459: 15457: 15453: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15388: 15384: 15380: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15349: 15342: 15338: 15326: 15322: 15310: 15306: 15294: 15290: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15261: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15206: 15201: 15200: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15168: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15137: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15104: 15100: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15070: 15066: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14994: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14975: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14922: 14916: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14868: 14863: 14859: 14854: 14850: 14844: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14792: 14788: 14783: 14779: 14773: 14769: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14712: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14612: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14586: 14581: 14577: 14573: 14569: 14563: 14559: 14554: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14456:(1): 97–114. 14455: 14451: 14447: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14424: 14420: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14398: 14392: 14381: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14321: 14317: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14290: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14211: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14192: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14165: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14037: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14010: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13983: 13978: 13974: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13887:0-671-44133-7 13883: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13799: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13698:0-688-06910-X 13694: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13660: 13655: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13620: 13615: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13457: 13453: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13423: 13422: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13338: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13302: 13297: 13293: 13287: 13283: 13282: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13178: 13177: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13141: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13078: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13017: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12838: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12786: 12782: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12722: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12664: 12663: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12566: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12546: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12383: 12379: 12373: 12369: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12247: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12117: 12116: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12031: 12030: 12008: 12002: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11946: 11940: 11933: 11932:Ellsberg 2017 11928: 11921: 11916: 11909: 11908:Ellsberg 2017 11904: 11897: 11892: 11885: 11884:Ellsberg 2017 11880: 11872: 11866: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11840: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11821:Ellsberg 2017 11817: 11810: 11809:Ellsberg 2017 11805: 11803: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11773: 11766: 11761: 11754: 11753:Ellsberg 2017 11749: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11698: 11692: 11690: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11661: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11593: 11586: 11581: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11553: 11546: 11541: 11534: 11529: 11522: 11517: 11510: 11505: 11498: 11493: 11486: 11481: 11465: 11459: 11443: 11437: 11421: 11415: 11399: 11393: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11309: 11304: 11289: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11266: 11259: 11254: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11186: 11182: 11181:Columbia News 11178: 11172: 11165: 11160: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10986: 10979: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10891: 10887: 10880: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10824: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10629:(4): 357–70. 10628: 10624: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10510: 10508: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10476:(2): 93–105. 10475: 10471: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10437:10.17226/1224 10434: 10430: 10429: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10373: 10367: 10360: 10359:Johnston 2008 10355: 10347: 10340: 10338: 10321: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10251: 10235: 10234:Science Daily 10231: 10225: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10175: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10094: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10036:: 5426–5431. 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10016: 9997: 9990: 9984: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9908: 9901: 9896: 9889: 9884: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9794: 9788: 9786: 9778: 9773: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9676: 9674: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9615:Greg Mitchell 9610: 9608: 9601:, p. 73. 9600: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9542: 9535: 9534:Burchett 2004 9530: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9470: 9461: 9459: 9442: 9436: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9377: 9372: 9365: 9364:Fujiwara 1991 9360: 9353: 9348: 9341: 9340:Hasegawa 2006 9336: 9329: 9328:Hasegawa 2006 9324: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9247:Terkel, Studs 9242: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9206: 9204: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9167: 9151: 9145: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9014:. August 1997 9013: 9009: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8971: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8852: 8851:Campbell 2005 8847: 8840: 8839:Campbell 2005 8835: 8819: 8816: 8810: 8803: 8798: 8791: 8786: 8780:, p. 92. 8779: 8774: 8767: 8762: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8726: 8719: 8714: 8708:, p. 70. 8707: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8674: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8568: 8562: 8555: 8550: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8513:, p. 32. 8512: 8511:Campbell 2005 8507: 8500: 8499:Campbell 2005 8495: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8431: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8389: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8346:, p. 46. 8345: 8344:Hasegawa 2006 8340: 8324: 8318: 8311: 8306: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8260: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8236: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8151:. 4 June 2009 8150: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7836:, p. 14. 7835: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7647: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7575: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7557: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7348:on 1 May 2013 7347: 7343: 7337: 7331:, p. 72. 7330: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7154:, p. 20. 7153: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7086: 7080:, p. 38. 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7029:, p. 59. 7028: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7006: 7000:, p. 41. 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6974:Campbell 2005 6970: 6964:, p. 45. 6963: 6958: 6952:, p. 30. 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6909: 6904: 6898:, p. 39. 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6764: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6722: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6683:, p. 17. 6682: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6553:, p. 86. 6552: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6476:Hasegawa 2006 6472: 6465: 6464:Hasegawa 2006 6460: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6318:Campbell 2005 6314: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6270:Campbell 2005 6266: 6259: 6254: 6248:, p. 25. 6247: 6246:Campbell 2005 6242: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6140: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6003:, p. 89. 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5979:, p. 12. 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5919:, p. 54. 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5811:, p. 83. 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5557:Schaffer 1985 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5486:, p. 48. 5485: 5480: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5319:Williams 1960 5315: 5308: 5307:Williams 1960 5303: 5296: 5295:Williams 1960 5291: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185:hydrogen bomb 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175:Fleet Admiral 5172: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5146:obiter dictum 5142: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082:unconditional 5081: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5045: 5039: 5020: 5017: 5005: 5002: 4990: 4987: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4684: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4643:schizophrenia 4639: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625:which have a 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:James F. Crow 4493: 4488: 4486: 4485:control group 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4460:birth defects 4457: 4456:James V. Neel 4453: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4413: 4412:solid cancers 4409: 4408:Sadako Sasaki 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329:polytraumatic 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280:line-of-sight 4277: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4131:, written by 4130: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4120:Chugoku Bunka 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4084:, Lieutenant 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4065:George Weller 4062: 4057: 4056:Bill Lawrence 4053: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4029:Daily Express 4024: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3760: 3757: 3756:Takashi Nagai 3751: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3735:Joe Kieyoomia 3732: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3681:. Except for 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606:Kermit Beahan 3600: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347:Mission role 3336: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179:radio station 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:standard wave 3164: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3140: 3117: 3099: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3064: 3057: 3045: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995:Shunroku Hata 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385:Mission role 2384: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Shunroku Hata 2261: 2260:Field Marshal 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242:dropped the " 2241: 2240: 2234: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2173:Francis Birch 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143:Group Captain 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:Joseph Stalin 2012: 2008: 2007:Field Marshal 2004: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906:Franck Report 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658:fuel-injected 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:pumpkin bombs 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1594: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:plutonium-239 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1476:Leslie Groves 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1439:civil defense 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1382:Major General 1375: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Quincy Wright 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Japanese Army 1199: 1195: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010:In 1945, the 965: 960: 945: 942: 938: 933: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911:, the acting 910: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 756: 755: 754: 746: 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 729: 728: 724: 723: 720: 717: 716: 713: 710: 708: 707: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 693:Kuril Islands 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576:North America 574: 573: 570: 569:Borneo (1945) 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 482: 479: 478: 475: 472: 470: 469: 465: 463: 462: 458: 456: 455: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392: 390: 389:Bay of Bengal 387: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 373: 370: 366: 363: 362: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 276: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 248: 245: 233: 232: 223: 220: 217: 216: 214: 213: 204: 201: 198: 197: 195: 194: 191: 187: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170:United States 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 119: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 25999:North Africa 25901:Kuala Lumpur 25882:Other cities 25868:Pearl Harbor 25686: 25524:Schaffhausen 25481:Other cities 25269:Soviet Union 24702:Braunschweig 24682:Aschersleben 24665:Other cities 24342:Midway Atoll 24337:Kingman Reef 24317:Baker Island 24296:Puerto Rico 24208:South Dakota 24198:Rhode Island 24193:Pennsylvania 24173:North Dakota 23889: 23882: 23863: 23824: 23817: 23803: 23749: 23705: 23698: 23641: 23627: 23620: 23613: 23574: 23548:Marine Corps 23535: 23528: 23521: 23485:Debt ceiling 23470:Civil Rights 23452: 23445: 23431: 23417: 23403: 23374: 23369:Antisemitism 23367: 23360: 23316: 23277: 23213:2008–present 23165:Bush v. Gore 23163: 23101:War on drugs 22975:Mid Cold War 22841: 22827:Pearl Harbor 22822:World War II 22642:Ku Klux Klan 22239:Dummer's War 22178: 22171: 22165:Pre-Colonial 22075:Bibliography 22058: 21977: 21871:Project Hula 21836:Vistula–Oder 21805: 21738: 21729: 21713: 21683: 21632: 21616: 21607: 21598: 21564: 21461: 21376: 21352: 21322: 21073: 20966: 20911:North Africa 20613:Soviet Union 20567:Soviet Union 20493:Soviet Union 20261:Vatican City 20171:Vichy France 20076:German Reich 19973:Soviet Union 19959:South Africa 19952:Sierra Leone 19905:Newfoundland 19724:Participants 19707:Marocchinate 19411: 19402: 19372: 19250:North Africa 19211:Indian Ocean 19070:Nazi plunder 18961:Cryptography 18834:World War II 18792:Project Hula 18716: 18671:Marine Corps 18455: 18434: 18427: 18376: 18368: 18360: 18352: 18344: 18336: 18326:Harry Truman 18324: 18316: 18310:Public image 18266:Bibliography 17711: 17419:Other topics 17255: 17200: 17098:Taishō Roman 16852:Conscription 16822: 16814: 16789:Armed Forces 16649:(ministries) 16549:Charter Oath 16544:Constitution 16426:State Shinto 16409:Essentialism 16359:Demographics 16279:Y-12 Project 16264:Smyth Report 16259:S-50 Project 16221: 16217:K-25 Project 16146:Pumpkin bomb 16117: 16110: 16103: 16073: 16033:John Wheeler 16003:Louis Slotin 15998:Emilio Segrè 15948:George Koval 15928:James Franck 15913:Enrico Fermi 15858:Luis Alvarez 15817:Paul Tibbets 15792:Deak Parsons 15532:. Retrieved 15528:the original 15505:. Retrieved 15489:. Retrieved 15466: 15416: 15403: 15391:. Retrieved 15386: 15371:. Retrieved 15367:the original 15351:. Retrieved 15329:. Retrieved 15313:. Retrieved 15297:. Retrieved 15281:. Retrieved 15277:the original 15268: 15246:. Retrieved 15242:the original 15226:. Retrieved 15222:the original 15204: 15181: 15171: 15147: 15111: 15107: 15087: 15083:Toll, Ian W. 15063: 15043: 15031:. Retrieved 15003: 14999: 14973: 14956: 14929: 14910: 14893: 14866: 14857: 14838: 14835:Thomas, Evan 14808: 14786: 14767: 14748: 14725: 14680: 14636: 14632: 14615: 14603:. Retrieved 14591: 14557: 14545:. Retrieved 14519: 14482: 14478: 14453: 14449: 14418: 14396: 14383:. Retrieved 14353: 14349: 14315: 14288: 14261: 14258:Tanaka, Yuki 14239: 14209: 14190: 14163: 14136: 14100: 14096: 14069: 14066:Selden, Mark 14035: 14008: 13981: 13961: 13950:– via 13912:. New York: 13908: 13876: 13844: 13810: 13807:Asian Survey 13806: 13786: 13768: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13688: 13658: 13644:(4): 73–74. 13641: 13637: 13618: 13606:. Retrieved 13599:the original 13585: 13554: 13537: 13513: 13494: 13463: 13456:Kido, Kōichi 13444:. Retrieved 13437:the original 13420: 13399: 13371: 13367: 13336: 13319: 13300: 13280: 13252: 13235: 13206: 13175: 13139: 13122: 13111:. Retrieved 13085: 13069:. Retrieved 13053: 13030: 13010: 12979: 12954:(2): 32–60. 12951: 12947: 12920: 12893: 12873: 12842: 12829:. Retrieved 12808: 12780: 12761: 12742: 12720: 12693: 12661: 12631: 12603: 12573: 12557:. Retrieved 12544: 12526: 12511:. Retrieved 12489: 12468: 12443:Atomic Quest 12442: 12413: 12386: 12367: 12340: 12336: 12309: 12306:Pilger, John 12283: 12264: 12245: 12226: 12223:Bix, Herbert 12201:(6): 38–40. 12198: 12194: 12150: 12146: 12114: 12086: 12074:. Retrieved 12070:the original 12056: 12038: 12011:. Retrieved 12001: 11989:. Retrieved 11985:the original 11980: 11971: 11962: 11953: 11939: 11927: 11915: 11903: 11896:Quester 1970 11891: 11879: 11865: 11847: 11839:Defense News 11838: 11828: 11816: 11789:. Retrieved 11785: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11696: 11677: 11668: 11645: 11640: 11628:. Retrieved 11608: 11602: 11592: 11580: 11570:18 September 11568:. Retrieved 11561: 11552: 11540: 11528: 11516: 11504: 11492: 11480: 11468:. Retrieved 11458: 11446:. Retrieved 11436: 11424:. Retrieved 11414: 11402:. Retrieved 11392: 11380:. Retrieved 11376:the original 11366: 11354:. Retrieved 11350:the original 11340: 11328:. Retrieved 11310:, p. 6. 11303: 11291:. Retrieved 11287: 11277: 11265: 11253: 11241:. Retrieved 11227: 11215:. Retrieved 11211:the original 11201: 11189:. Retrieved 11185:the original 11180: 11171: 11159: 11147:. Retrieved 11143:the original 11139:E&E News 11138: 11128: 11116:. Retrieved 11112:the original 11102: 11090:. Retrieved 11086: 11077: 11040: 11036: 11026: 11014:. Retrieved 10984: 10978: 10953: 10949: 10939: 10927:. Retrieved 10923:the original 10916: 10906: 10894:. Retrieved 10889: 10879: 10867:. Retrieved 10860: 10851: 10839:. Retrieved 10833: 10823: 10811:. Retrieved 10804: 10795: 10783:. Retrieved 10769: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10607: 10597: 10588: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10523: 10519: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10427: 10406: 10400: 10388: 10376:. Retrieved 10366: 10354: 10345: 10324:. Retrieved 10313: 10301:. Retrieved 10297:the original 10283: 10256: 10250: 10238:. Retrieved 10233: 10224: 10212:. Retrieved 10208:the original 10194: 10182: 10168: 10134: 10128: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10086: 10029: 10025: 10015: 10003:. Retrieved 9996:the original 9983: 9972:the original 9967: 9954: 9921: 9907: 9895: 9883: 9856:. Retrieved 9852:The Guardian 9851: 9842: 9830:. Retrieved 9826:the original 9821: 9812: 9802:24 September 9800:. Retrieved 9779:, p. 1. 9772: 9760:. Retrieved 9754: 9744: 9732: 9720:. Retrieved 9714: 9704: 9692:. Retrieved 9685: 9660:. Retrieved 9650: 9645:, p. 5. 9638: 9626:. Retrieved 9622: 9594: 9585: 9576: 9566:15 September 9564:. Retrieved 9560: 9550: 9541: 9529: 9518: 9508: 9479: 9469: 9445:. Retrieved 9435: 9425:15 September 9423:. Retrieved 9419:the original 9409: 9399:15 September 9397:. Retrieved 9393:the original 9383: 9371: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311:. Retrieved 9307: 9297: 9285:. Retrieved 9281:the original 9271: 9259:. Retrieved 9255:the original 9241: 9229: 9217: 9190: 9178: 9171:Nichols 1987 9166: 9154:. Retrieved 9144: 9132:. Retrieved 9122: 9110: 9098:. Retrieved 9094:the original 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9065: 9056: 9044:. Retrieved 9037: 9028: 9018:15 September 9016:. Retrieved 9011: 9002: 8990:. Retrieved 8986:the original 8979: 8970: 8958:. Retrieved 8951: 8942: 8930:. Retrieved 8926:the original 8921: 8912: 8900:. Retrieved 8896:the original 8891: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8846: 8834: 8822:. Retrieved 8809: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8761: 8749:. Retrieved 8742:the original 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8677:. Retrieved 8667: 8655: 8643:. Retrieved 8639:the original 8634: 8625: 8616: 8606: 8594: 8582: 8570:. Retrieved 8561: 8549: 8537:. Retrieved 8533:the original 8506: 8494: 8487:Sherwin 2003 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446:. Retrieved 8442:the original 8417: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327:. Retrieved 8317: 8305: 8293:. Retrieved 8289:the original 8275: 8263:. Retrieved 8235: 8223:. Retrieved 8210: 8198:. Retrieved 8194:the original 8187: 8177: 8165: 8153:. Retrieved 8148: 8139: 8127: 8117:17 September 8115:. Retrieved 8108: 8099: 8072:. Retrieved 8067: 8058: 8046: 8027: 8021: 8009: 7997: 7985:. Retrieved 7981:the original 7967: 7955:. Retrieved 7946: 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7921:the original 7916: 7912: 7902: 7890:. Retrieved 7886:the original 7882:Geocities.jp 7871: 7859:. Retrieved 7855:the original 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805:. Retrieved 7799: 7774:. Retrieved 7761: 7749:. Retrieved 7731: 7719:. Retrieved 7715:the original 7705: 7696: 7667: 7661: 7652: 7646: 7637: 7631: 7619: 7607:. Retrieved 7603:The Guardian 7602: 7593: 7581:. Retrieved 7574:the original 7565: 7543:. Retrieved 7539:the original 7529: 7517: 7505:. Retrieved 7501:the original 7487: 7469:. Retrieved 7455: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378:. Retrieved 7374:The Atlantic 7372: 7362: 7350:. Retrieved 7346:the original 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7284:the original 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7258:the original 7233:. Retrieved 7205: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7164:Preston 2005 7159: 7147: 7135:. Retrieved 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049:. Retrieved 7045:the original 7034: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827:. Retrieved 6821: 6815: 6803:. Retrieved 6797: 6791: 6779: 6769:18 September 6767:. Retrieved 6757: 6745: 6716: 6704:. Retrieved 6700:the original 6688: 6664:McNelly 2000 6644: 6616:. Retrieved 6612:the original 6605: 6575: 6546: 6534: 6527:Compton 1956 6522: 6515:Compton 1956 6510: 6498: 6471: 6459: 6432:. Retrieved 6428: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301:. Retrieved 6294:the original 6289: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229:. Retrieved 6225: 6215: 6203:. Retrieved 6199: 6171:. Retrieved 6151: 6144:Tibbets 1998 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6120:the original 6107: 6095:. Retrieved 6091:the original 6081: 6074:Grunden 1998 6069: 6057: 6045: 6037: 6024:. Retrieved 6018: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5967:, p. 7. 5960: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5821:Werrell 1996 5816: 5809:Edwards 1996 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5764:the original 5759: 5749: 5737:. Retrieved 5733:the original 5722: 5710:. Retrieved 5706: 5696: 5684: 5677:Sandler 2001 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5571:, p. 4. 5564: 5552: 5525:. Retrieved 5515: 5503: 5491: 5484:Carroll 2007 5479: 5467:. Retrieved 5463:the original 5458: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5290: 5263:. Retrieved 5248: 5241: 5224: 5197: 5193:Soviet Union 5182: 5167: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5130:or specific 5109: 5071: 5064: 5018: 5003: 4988: 4973: 4959:Sannō Shrine 4952: 4950: 4942: 4927:Genbaku Dome 4855:Genbaku Dome 4852: 4844:Peace Pagoda 4824: 4809: 4806:forced labor 4803: 4787: 4786:as a double 4779: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4760:somatization 4752:radiotherapy 4747: 4743: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4680: 4678: 4666: 4650: 4640: 4610:neutron flux 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4564: 4560:neurogenesis 4543: 4532:malnourished 4525: 4519: 4489: 4465: 4445: 4437:miscarriages 4433:human embryo 4422: 4404:epidemiology 4399: 4391: 4369: 4355: 4341: 4305: 4301: 4249:Radiobiology 4221: 4201: 4199: 4172: 4146: 4140: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4051: 4050: 4027: 4021: 3997: 3994:United Press 3991: 3984: 3974: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3879: 3876:Prince Asaka 3873: 3850: 3842: 3831: 3801: 3780: 3752: 3743:fuel density 3739: 3720: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3617: 3598: 3596: 3592:Luis Alvarez 3575: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3448: 3430: 3409: 3388: 3370: 3352: 3331: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3298: 3282: 3266: 3254: 3229: 3221:Soemu Toyoda 3214: 3187: 3165: 3157: 3148: 3086: 3082: 3070: 3021: 3018: 3011: 2989:Since Mayor 2988: 2964: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2834:Memorial at 2711: 2699: 2692: 2679: 2648: 2635: 2633: 2614: 2613: 2593:aiming point 2586: 2581: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2544: 2525: 2507: 2489: 2468: 2447: 2429: 2411: 2390: 2360: 2354: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2323:Strike order 2301: 2292: 2279:5th Division 2257: 2248:Paul Tibbets 2237: 2178: 2168:Indianapolis 2167: 2155: 2132: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2090: 2073:Trinity Test 2070: 2054: 2050: 2028: 2020:Soviet Union 2003:the Pentagon 1992: 1983:Thomas Handy 1946: 1937: 1915: 1910:James Franck 1903: 1898: 1886: 1875: 1854: 1850: 1839: 1827: 1819: 1777: 1741: 1713:Rear Admiral 1690:Cape Victory 1689: 1684: 1678:Cape Victory 1677: 1669: 1642: 1617:combat group 1613:Paul Tibbets 1599: 1583:Preparations 1575:There was a 1574: 1542: 1510:isotopically 1491: 1436: 1415: 1414:, codenamed 1409: 1385:Curtis LeMay 1379: 1370: 1326: 1309: 1255: 1221: 1214:Vice Admiral 1192: 1155:by the U.S. 1122: 1092: 1064:Bougainville 1049: 1025:World War II 1014:between the 1009: 934: 909:Thomas Handy 899: 801:World War II 798: 766:atomic bombs 763: 751: 750: 725: 705: 671: 653: 618: 613:Project Hula 598:Fort Stevens 527: 467: 460: 453: 341:Ocean Island 304: 294:Pearl Harbor 221:150 soldiers 58:Atomic bomb 46:World War II 40:Part of the 29: 25963:Other areas 25924:Middle East 25897:(Sri Lanka) 25557:Pacific War 25429:Southampton 25344:Bournemouth 25166:Netherlands 24997:Alessandria 24937:Schweinfurt 24932:Saarbrücken 24777:Halberstadt 24737:Dietzenbach 24687:Baden-Baden 24357:Wake Island 24123:Mississippi 24038:Connecticut 23982:New England 23649:Agriculture 23568:Coast Guard 23563:Space Force 23411:Immigration 23139:WTC bombing 23057:Reaganomics 22985:Vietnam War 22901:McCarthyism 22783:Second Klan 22768:Prohibition 22746:World War I 22721:Square Deal 22711:Imperialism 22446:War of 1812 22173:Prehistoric 21806:Bodenplatte 21692:Gothic Line 20918:West Africa 20465:Philippines 20444:Netherlands 20309:Czech lands 20247:Switzerland 20191:Afghanistan 20142:Philippines 20010:Puerto Rico 19926:Philippines 19912:New Zealand 19898:Netherlands 19851:Free France 19602:Prosecution 19403:Osoaviakhim 19273:West Africa 19257:East Africa 18904:Conferences 18381:(2023 film) 18378:Oppenheimer 18357:(1995 film) 18341:(1976 film) 18178:Blair House 17842:1950–1953; 17564:(1935–1945) 17545:(1945–1953) 17461:Shōwa Modan 17436:Hakkō ichiu 17373:Philippines 17260:after 1943) 17238:Territories 17196:Pacific War 17061:World War I 16937:Air Service 16877:Air Service 16750:Gozen Kaigi 16466:(Yoshihito) 16458:(Mutsuhito) 16404:Nationalism 16349:Agriculture 16094:Silverplate 16048:Leona Woods 16013:Leo Szilard 15988:Bruno Rossi 15933:Klaus Fuchs 15837:Ed Westcott 15827:Harold Urey 15574:– video by 15020:10023/20214 13581:Long, Gavin 12013:23 November 11981:Japan Times 11791:23 February 11765:Rhodes 1995 11545:Rhodes 1986 11521:Walker 1990 11485:Walker 2005 11470:20 December 11448:22 February 11330:22 February 11037:Br J Cancer 10918:Japan Times 10806:Japan Times 10680:(1): 1–14. 10674:Radiat. Res 10378:22 December 10326:22 December 10099:3 September 9876:Hixson 2002 9716:Japan Times 9662:22 December 9287:27 February 9195:Rhodes 1986 9183:Rhodes 1986 9046:22 February 8981:Japan Times 8953:Japan Times 8932:25 February 8902:25 February 8790:Groves 1962 8463:Groves 1962 8448:21 December 8422:Groves 1962 8200:24 February 8155:28 December 7188:Rotter 2008 7152:Bodden 2007 7090:Groves 1962 6750:Gowing 1964 6721:Bungei 1981 6681:Lifton 1991 6551:Newman 1995 6097:25 December 6026:30 November 5989:Gowing 1964 5469:17 December 5124:laws of war 5118:to include 4931:Aioi Bridge 4899: [ 4888: [ 4877: [ 4866: [ 4827:Typhoon Ida 4629:. From the 4494:geneticist 4481:anencephaly 4320:Midori Naka 4284:flash burns 4137:John Hersey 3835:Kōichi Kido 3731:Ronald Shaw 3546:Jacob Beser 3288:batteries. 3286:searchlight 3206:martial law 3183:Radio Japan 3170:station on 3007:Kumao Imoto 2704:ground zero 2597:Aioi Bridge 2555:Nishinomiya 2252:ground crew 2126:, Korea or 2031:Carl Spaatz 1987:Carl Spaatz 1702:North Field 1654:Silverplate 1522:heavy water 1514:uranium-235 1432:Yuki Tanaka 1266:mustard gas 1149:Kantō Plain 1012:Pacific War 959:Pacific War 953:Pacific War 941:much debate 867:Silverplate 829:Pacific War 825:surrendered 738:Mutanchiang 559:New Britain 275:Pacific War 193:Hiroshima: 144: / 132:129°51′48″E 113: / 101:132°27′17″E 42:Pacific War 26079:Categories 25903:(Malaysia) 25891:(Thailand) 25772:Utsunomiya 25532:(Bulgaria) 25500:Hammerfest 25445:Yugoslavia 25414:Nottingham 25404:Manchester 25339:Birmingham 25291:Stalingrad 25193:Middelburg 24912:Peenemünde 24892:Nordhausen 24842:Königsberg 24807:Hildesheim 24722:Crailsheim 24636:Düsseldorf 24238:Washington 24158:New Mexico 24153:New Jersey 24028:California 23523:Journalism 23475:Corruption 23454:Government 23405:Demography 23392:Newspapers 23241:Sandy Hook 23144:Waco siege 23052:Reagan era 22958:Space Race 22891:Korean War 22832:home front 22664:Gilded Age 22632:Amendments 21906:West Hunan 21739:Pointblank 21075:Silver Fox 21061:Summer War 20814:Winter War 20793:Phoney War 20574:Azerbaijan 20535:Yugoslavia 20430:Luxembourg 20272:Resistance 20019:Yugoslavia 19884:Luxembourg 19686:Sook Ching 19482:War crimes 19084:Technology 19077:Opposition 19019:Lend-Lease 18996:Australian 18989:Home front 18947:Blitzkrieg 18897:Casualties 18888:Commanders 18860:Operations 18782:Lend-Lease 18726:Minorities 18607:Minorities 18513:Home front 18416:(grandson) 18404:(daughter) 18271:Truman Day 18156:Birthplace 17838:Korean War 17783:Department 17574:Presidency 17225:Occupation 17053:Taishō era 16998:Boshin War 16842:War crimes 16638:Government 16614:Tonarigumi 16521:Privy Seal 16516:State Seal 16474:(Hirohito) 16399:Militarism 16354:Censorship 16197:Demon core 16141:Little Boy 16062:Operations 15878:Niels Bohr 15868:Hans Bethe 15851:Scientists 15797:Boris Pash 15676:Los Alamos 15373:8 February 15033:5 December 14542:1099689341 14385:4 December 13608:31 October 12831:5 December 12076:26 January 12026:References 11533:Stohl 1979 11426:1 November 11270:Dower 1996 11258:Gruhl 2007 11217:4 November 11118:2 February 11087:rerf.or.jp 10896:29 January 10862:Japan News 10780:Kyodo News 10240:16 October 9930:(Report). 9888:White 1995 9762:3 February 9737:Sharp 2000 9722:12 October 9694:24 January 9599:Moore 1995 9447:5 December 9376:Frank 1999 9313:27 January 9156:29 January 9134:29 January 9100:23 January 8875:Sklar 1984 8645:23 January 8395:Frank 1999 8368:Frank 1999 8329:5 December 8265:10 January 8225:5 December 8189:The Nation 8149:Allgov.com 7987:23 January 7807:4 December 7776:4 December 7721:23 January 7624:Frank 1999 7431:Allen 1969 7380:4 December 7107:Frank 1999 6896:Asada 1996 6868:Frank 1999 6829:23 October 6805:26 January 6706:31 January 6649:Frank 1999 6618:5 December 6539:Frank 1999 6503:Frank 1999 6491:Jones 1985 6452:Jones 1985 6399:Kelly 2012 6342:Jones 1985 6303:1 February 6129:1 February 6062:Jones 1985 6050:Jones 1985 6001:Jones 1985 5977:Jones 1985 5965:Jones 1985 5508:Frank 1999 5074:war crimes 4798:See also: 4762:symptoms. 4694:pronounced 4606:Little Boy 4522:prenatally 4514:See also: 4425:conception 4312:hypocenter 4282:nature of 4239:See also: 4195:Karl Wirtz 4102:stopped a 3981:propaganda 3932:See also: 3769:Third Shot 3458:Dimples 83 3450:Full House 3440:Dimples 90 3422:Dimples 89 3401:Dimples 77 3380:Dimples 95 3362:Dimples 82 3273:Mitsubishi 3198:Tokyo time 3151:media help 3096:See also: 3023:Kempei Tai 2950:Rest House 2708:hypocenter 2517:Dimples 72 2509:Top Secret 2499:Dimples 91 2481:Dimples 89 2460:Dimples 82 2439:Dimples 83 2431:Full House 2421:Dimples 71 2403:Dimples 85 2308:firebreaks 2244:Little Boy 2179:The first 2100:yakinaoshi 2077:New Mexico 1823:incendiary 1811:blast wave 1784:Kitakyushu 1665:propellers 1562:Little Boy 1554:New Mexico 1258:poison gas 1185:depicting 1137:Sixth Army 1068:New Guinea 948:Background 837:Little Boy 683:Sagami Bay 672:Starvation 554:New Guinea 212:Nagasaki: 189:Casualties 129:32°46′25″N 98:34°23′41″N 26014:Fort Lamy 25980:Gibraltar 25840:Australia 25819:Singapore 25789:Yokkaichi 25782:June 1944 25762:Toyohashi 25682:Hiratsuka 25677:Hamamatsu 25624:Indonesia 25605:Hong Kong 25600:Chongqing 25544:(Croatia) 25538:(Austria) 25508:(Finland) 25496:(Ireland) 25490:(Hungary) 25467:Podgorica 25451:Belgrade 25424:Sheffield 25394:Liverpool 25364:Clydebank 25319:The Blitz 25281:Leningrad 25255:Bucharest 25213:The Hague 25188:Enkhuizen 25178:Eindhoven 25173:Amsterdam 25012:Benevento 24947:Stuttgart 24917:Pforzheim 24907:Paderborn 24902:Osnabrück 24897:Nuremberg 24867:Magdeburg 24827:Karlsruhe 24812:Innsbruck 24802:Heilbronn 24752:Frankfurt 24727:Darmstadt 24656:Wuppertal 24606:Battle of 24507:V-weapons 24497:Firestorm 24248:Wisconsin 24213:Tennessee 24118:Minnesota 24093:Louisiana 23987:The South 23558:Air Force 23433:Education 23295:recession 23251:Las Vegas 23159:Columbine 23116:1991–2008 23044:1980–1991 22945:1964–1980 22856:1945–1964 22810:Dust Bowl 22738:1917–1945 22619:1865–1917 22597:Civil War 22590:Secession 22535:1849–1865 22458:1815–1849 22429:Quasi-War 22406:1789–1815 22326:1776–1789 22279:Sugar Act 21971:Manchuria 21857:Indochina 21633:Bagration 21084:Lithuania 20729:Anschluss 20526:Viet Minh 20423:Lithuania 20365:Hong Kong 20135:Manchukuo 20090:Azad Hind 19749:Australia 19549:Aftermath 19412:Paperclip 19307:Aftermath 19107:Total war 18975:Diplomacy 18938:In Europe 18193:Elections 17894:Fair Deal 17779:Air Force 17426:Sonnō jōi 17378:Singapore 17363:Hong Kong 17325:Azad Hind 17300:Mengjiang 17295:Manchukuo 17269:Kantō-shū 17211:Surrender 17123:Shōwa era 17108:Truku War 16979:Meiji era 16947:Tokkeitai 16912:Kempeitai 16823:Senjinkun 16740:Daijō-kan 16703:Munitions 16584:Mokusatsu 16374:Education 16239:Plutonium 16105:Enola Gay 15923:Val Fitch 15873:Aage Bohr 15822:Bud Uanna 15691:Oak Ridge 15534:3 January 15507:3 January 15491:3 January 15353:3 January 15331:3 January 15315:3 January 15299:3 January 15283:3 January 15248:3 January 15228:3 January 15128:1531-4804 15028:159190983 14902:637052193 14827:297147193 14699:503042143 14653:0933-7954 14600:1522-0966 14507:154708989 14499:1467-7709 14470:1467-7709 14380:1680-7316 14307:252041787 14280:624416971 14117:0041-462X 13940:456652278 13827:0004-4687 13777:937289722 13760:144221035 13744:0095-6848 13650:0096-3402 13573:490493399 13546:0161-7370 13486:959675458 13433:271477587 13390:1058-3947 13271:715904227 13244:404745043 13131:853288543 13066:493738019 12998:746754306 12976:Ham, Paul 12968:0268-4527 12912:932666584 12892:(1983) . 12799:643381863 12712:968158870 12682:807140394 12622:466874831 12592:797975707 12554:256469807 12535:298514167 12508:842361345 12432:191922849 12339:Enola Gay 12183:153724357 12167:0162-2889 12105:720831424 12066:226537810 11991:15 August 11740:146916745 11625:1560-7755 11382:17 August 11356:14 August 11293:3 January 11243:8 January 10970:0098-7484 10929:25 August 10869:12 August 10841:12 August 10813:2 October 10785:12 August 10659:250864399 10590:Nagasaki. 10565:Radiology 10498:250823660 10161:124536768 10060:0027-8424 9832:22 August 9443:. Bonhams 9261:2 January 9039:The Argus 8992:9 January 8960:9 January 8706:Chun 2008 8410:Russ 1990 8380:Hoyt 2001 7861:30 August 7638:Hiroshima 6872:mokusatsu 5953:Coox 1994 5905:Coox 1994 5893:Coox 1994 5869:Kerr 1991 5527:1 January 5442:Drea 1992 5370:Coox 1969 5331:Long 1963 5198:By 2020, 5132:customary 5010:旧長崎医科大学門柱 4980:旧城山国民学校校舎 4821:Hiroshima 4816:Memorials 4810:Hibakusha 4788:hibakusha 4744:hibakusha 4732:hibakusha 4723:hibakusha 4717:hibakusha 4713:hibakusha 4682:hibakusha 4658:Hibakusha 4651:Hibakusha 4635:dosimetry 4575:more than 4567:less than 4504:inherited 4490:In 1985, 4487:in Kure. 4400:hibakusha 4175:Otto Hahn 4128:Hiroshima 4125:The book 4034:radiation 3928:Reportage 3747:firestorm 3729:Corporal 3683:Enola Gay 3618:Big Stink 3610:plutonium 3522:Big Stink 3510:Yakushima 3506:Big Stink 3501:Big Stink 3432:Big Stink 3354:Enola Gay 3344:Call sign 3278:AN/APQ-13 3098:Mokusatsu 3063:firestorm 2980:Yamaguchi 2666:firestorm 2615:Enola Gay 2589:crosswind 2582:Enola Gay 2571:Enola Gay 2449:Enola Gay 2413:Jabit III 2382:Call sign 2341:Enola Gay 2332:Enola Gay 2275:59th Army 2239:Enola Gay 2223:Hiroshima 2189:beryllium 2166:USS 2109:mokusatsu 2102:) of the 2085:ultimatum 1858:President 1825:target." 1788:Hiroshima 1766:Commander 1634:code name 1187:Uncle Sam 1175:to pass. 852:plutonium 770:Hiroshima 727:Kantokuen 634:Air raids 549:Australia 539:Coral Sea 433:Singapore 428:Hong Kong 83:Hiroshima 25954:Tel Aviv 25873:Unalaska 25807:(Taiwan) 25798:Colonies 25767:Toyokawa 25747:Shizuoka 25636:Surabaya 25631:Sukabumi 25615:Shanghai 25577:Mandalay 25514:(Norway) 25506:Helsinki 25502:(Norway) 25488:Budapest 25472:Sarajevo 25419:Plymouth 25379:Greenock 25369:Coventry 25349:Brighton 25260:Ploiești 25198:Nijmegen 25183:Enschede 25062:Grosseto 25047:Frascati 25022:Cagliari 24977:Würzburg 24872:Mannheim 24797:Hannover 24717:Chemnitz 24677:Augsburg 24631:Duisburg 24626:Dortmund 24608:the Ruhr 24579:Le Havre 24419:Category 24233:Virginia 24183:Oklahoma 24163:New York 24138:Nebraska 24128:Missouri 24113:Michigan 24103:Maryland 24088:Kentucky 24068:Illinois 24043:Delaware 24033:Colorado 24023:Arkansas 23902:Lesbians 23876:Comanche 23871:Cherokee 23664:Medicine 23622:Genocide 23615:Religion 23537:Military 23510:Taxation 23460:Abortion 23376:Cultural 23256:Parkland 23186:Iraq War 23124:Gulf War 22896:Ivy Mike 22815:New Deal 22191:Colonial 22136:Timeline 22082:Category 22031:document 21941:document 21798:Ardennes 21782:Budapest 21730:Crossbow 21608:Overlord 21447:Smolensk 20665:Timeline 20500:Slovakia 20486:Thailand 20337:Ethiopia 20302:Bulgaria 20226:Portugal 20164:Thailand 20046:Bulgaria 19824:Eswatini 19817:Ethiopia 19770:Bulgaria 19595:Unit 731 19556:Response 19373:Keelhaul 19323:Cold War 19296:Americas 19287:timeline 19280:Atlantic 19160:Theaters 18660:Uniforms 18462:Category 18410:(mother) 18231:campaign 17582:Timeline 17404:Yen bloc 17392:Ideology 17383:Thailand 17252:Karafuto 17245:Colonies 16837:Kamikaze 16780:Military 16683:Treasury 16537:Policies 16528:Kimigayo 16449:Emperors 16416:Politics 16384:Eugenics 16342:Overview 16295:Category 16151:Thin Man 16112:Bockscar 15706:Wendover 15686:New York 15681:Montreal 15671:Inyokern 15646:Berkeley 15627:Timeline 15553:Archived 15478:Archives 15472:LibriVox 15393:9 August 15387:BBC News 15197:Decision 15186:in JSTOR 15136:57563920 15085:(2020). 14948:59148135 14885:70630623 14837:(2023). 14807:(2009). 14661:12242616 14576:32921746 14437:33243854 14410:22435734 14334:69423383 14182:10072916 14155:52714712 14135:(2003). 14088:20057103 14054:11785450 14027:44769066 14000:24429257 13948:7720934M 13932:95011070 13906:(1995). 13896:13793436 13874:(1986). 13864:13114344 13752:27756604 13707:15223648 13687:(1987). 13677:32625518 13583:(1963). 13446:10 March 13355:59395824 13328:10913875 13227:12722494 13196:26764320 13172:(1993). 13158:59464269 13108:82275622 13071:26 March 13008:(2006). 12978:(2011). 12939:76871604 12872:(1964). 12862:31969557 12741:(1999). 12692:(2017). 12651:23651196 12572:(2012). 12525:(2012). 12405:38257982 12359:58554961 12328:61395938 12135:20394384 11857:Archived 11585:Orr 2008 11464:"長崎原爆遺跡" 11237:Archived 11191:31 March 11149:9 August 11092:4 August 11069:12569380 11016:9 August 11007:Archived 10761:39187806 10753:10563451 10651:12546224 10561:Exposure 10542:72075872 10455:25032334 10303:25 March 10005:10 April 9968:army.mil 9628:26 April 9623:HuffPost 9586:BBC News 9074:14 April 8863:Ham 2011 8824:28 March 8751:30 April 8572:29 March 8132:Ham 2011 8074:18 March 8051:Ham 2011 8014:Ham 2011 8002:Ham 2011 7957:30 April 7951:Archived 7927:21 April 7892:25 March 7751:6 August 7745:Archived 7640:. Knopf. 7235:9 August 7210:Archived 7137:2 August 6884:Bix 1996 6372:6 August 6366:Archived 6231:30 April 6205:29 March 6173:9 August 6164:Archived 6040:series. 5770:8 August 5739:8 August 5712:8 August 5220:New Look 5216:Cold War 5128:positive 5094:Cold War 5025:山王神社二の鳥居 4995:浦上天主堂旧鐘楼 4939:Nagasaki 4673:Nagasaki 4623:neutrons 4527:in utero 4379:leukemia 4224:magazine 4169:project. 3675:Bockscar 3654:Bockscar 3649:Bockscar 3644:Bockscar 3635:Bockscar 3599:Bockscar 3561:Bockscar 3553:Bockscar 3542:coal tar 3530:Bockscar 3485:Bockscar 3481:Bockscar 3469:Bockscar 3416:Captain 3390:Bockscar 3338:Aircraft 3324:Bockscar 3314:Bockscar 3269:ordnance 3256:Bockscar 3240:Nagasaki 2984:Fukuyama 2795:Direct, 2551:Maebashi 2454:Colonel 2376:Aircraft 2363:was the 2281:and the 2185:polonium 1981:General 1926:Leaflets 1866:Nagasaki 1792:Yokohama 1698:Eniwetok 1694:Honolulu 1461:military 1444:Iwo Jima 1426:and the 1270:tear gas 1262:phosgene 1107:Hirohito 1102:advised 1084:Iwo Jima 1018:and the 774:Nagasaki 745:Chongjin 706:Downfall 644:Yokosuka 461:Tiderace 418:Thailand 87:Nagasaki 78:Location 26031:Portals 25970:Bahrain 25895:Colombo 25889:Bangkok 25805:Taihoku 25727:Okazaki 25707:Nagaoka 25667:Fukuoka 25610:Nanjing 25434:Swansea 25409:Norwich 25359:Cardiff 25354:Bristol 25334:Belfast 25302:Kingdom 25248:Romania 25229:Frampol 25152:Viterbo 25147:Vicenza 25132:Trieste 25127:Treviso 25097:Pescara 25092:Palermo 25072:Messina 25067:Livorno 25037:Ferrara 25032:Catania 25027:Cassino 25017:Bologna 24927:Rostock 24922:Potsdam 24882:Münster 24847:Leipzig 24787:Hamburg 24772:Giessen 24742:Dresden 24712:Breslau 24697:Bocholt 24651:Krefeld 24621:Cologne 24598:Germany 24558:Tallinn 24546:Estonia 24525:Denmark 24253:Wyoming 24228:Vermont 24133:Montana 24073:Indiana 24053:Georgia 24048:Florida 24018:Arizona 24008:Alabama 23975:Regions 23897:Gay men 23669:Railway 23629:Slavery 23425:Banking 23419:Economy 23261:El Paso 23246:Orlando 22980:Détente 22141:Outline 22008:Shumshu 21775:Hungary 21722:Estonia 21706:Lapland 21684:Dragoon 21617:Neptune 21599:Ichi-Go 21565:Tempest 21507:Changde 21462:Cottage 21354:Jubilee 21070:Finland 20968:Compass 20674:Prelude 20627:Finland 20513:Vietnam 20479:Romania 20351:Germany 20330:Estonia 20316:Denmark 20295:Belgium 20288:Austria 20281:Albania 20212:Ireland 20198:Andorra 20182:Neutral 20149:Romania 20083:Hungary 20068:Finland 19940:Romania 19832:Finland 19810:Denmark 19756:Belgium 19742:Algeria 19448:Romania 19434:Hungary 19190:Pacific 18914:General 18868:Leaders 18853:Battles 18846:Outline 18331:Chicago 17646:Cabinet 16970:History 16942:Marines 16579:Kokutai 16484:Symbols 16464:Taishō 16421:Statism 16364:Economy 16269:Uranium 16136:Fat Man 16129:Weapons 15701:Trinity 15666:Hanford 15651:Chicago 15456:YouTube 15445:YouTube 15434:YouTube 15258:Effects 14965:4527778 14669:7257634 14624:1358166 14605:30 June 14547:26 July 14358:Bibcode 14228:4495087 13835:2643028 13595:1297619 13503:1212857 12882:3195209 12826:4016678 12814:Bibcode 12559:2 March 12513:2 March 12477:2466051 12467:(ed.). 12308:(ed.). 12203:Bibcode 12175:2539014 12047:2466051 12037:(ed.). 11732:2197093 11630:3 March 11060:2747537 10718:3340713 10710:5314107 10702:3577175 10682:Bibcode 10631:Bibcode 10585:4684805 10478:Bibcode 10214:2 March 10078:9576898 10038:Bibcode 9946:4421057 9858:17 July 8295:2 April 7609:17 July 7507:25 June 7471:9 March 7051:26 July 6434:25 July 5265:25 July 4756:anxiety 4618:Fat Man 4614:Baratol 4604:, with 4598:sievert 4448:control 4386:. In a 4288:sunburn 4222:Fortune 4135:winner 4067:of the 3916:powers. 3880:kokutai 3844:kokutai 3565:Okinawa 3280:radar. 3261:Fat Man 3012:Shin'yō 2975:Chugoku 2700:Genbaku 2626:fire". 2624:ack-ack 2587:Due to 2563:Imabari 2163:cruiser 2128:Formosa 2115:kokutai 2075:in the 1796:Niigata 1745:Colonel 1672:Seattle 1610:Colonel 1570:Fat Man 1345:in the 1321:Chengdu 1104:Emperor 1088:Okinawa 1080:suicide 921:Niigata 906:General 895:ignored 889:in the 885:of the 877:in the 861:of the 848:Fat Man 846:, and " 698:Shumshu 583:Ellwood 448:Vietnam 89:, Japan 25975:Cyprus 25907:Manila 25852:Darwin 25847:Broome 25777:Yawata 25742:Sendai 25737:Rabaul 25722:Numazu 25712:Nagoya 25657:Aomori 25542:Zagreb 25536:Vienna 25518:Prague 25512:Namsos 25494:Dublin 25399:London 25374:Exeter 25300:United 25239:Wieluń 25234:Warsaw 25222:Poland 25142:Verona 25112:Rimini 25082:Naples 25042:Foggia 25002:Ancona 24942:Siegen 24887:Munich 24852:Lübeck 24832:Kassel 24732:Dessau 24707:Bremen 24692:Berlin 24672:Aachen 24616:Bochum 24567:France 24429:Portal 24383:Cities 24366:Cities 24188:Oregon 24143:Nevada 24083:Kansas 24058:Hawaii 24013:Alaska 24001:States 23927:Places 23689:Groups 23659:Lumber 23597:Fourth 23587:Second 23397:Sports 23382:Cinema 23351:Topics 23266:Uvalde 23236:Aurora 23231:Tucson 22155:Events 21985:Debate 21957:Taipei 21950:Borneo 21528:Tarawa 20722:Europe 20683:Africa 20472:Poland 20458:Norway 20437:Malaya 20416:Latvia 20358:Greece 20344:France 20240:Sweden 20205:Bhutan 19933:Poland 19919:Norway 19891:Mexico 19858:Greece 19844:France 19782:Canada 19763:Brazil 19733:Allies 19679:Serbia 19668:Poland 19441:Poland 19427:Baltic 19220:Europe 18922:Topics 18874:Allied 18695:Events 18398:(wife) 18389:Family 18362:Truman 18354:Truman 18259:Legacy 18069:(1950) 18048:(1948) 18037:(1947) 18026:(1947) 18020:(1947) 18014:(1946) 18008:(1946) 17980:(1946) 17974:(1946) 17917:1946; 17904:(1945) 17885:(1952) 17872:, 1951 17868:1950; 17834:(1949) 17823:1949; 17815:(1949) 17809:(1948) 17803:(1948) 17797:(1948) 17750:(1947) 17744:(1947) 17738:(1947) 17732:(1946) 17726:(1946) 17720:(1945) 17714:(1945) 17698:1945; 17595:second 17556:(1945) 17368:Malaya 17343:Borneo 17279:Taiwan 17274:Nan'yō 17264:Chōsen 17257:naichi 16472:Shōwa 16456:Meiji 16431:Kazoku 16379:System 15661:Dayton 15655:Site A 15176:online 15156:630225 15154: 15134: 15126: 15095: 15071: 15050: 15026: 14980: 14963: 14946: 14936: 14917: 14900: 14883: 14873: 14845: 14825: 14815: 14793: 14774: 14755: 14733: 14697: 14687: 14667: 14659: 14651: 14622: 14598: 14594:(21). 14574: 14564: 14540: 14530: 14505: 14497: 14468: 14435: 14425: 14408: 14378: 14332: 14322: 14305: 14295: 14278: 14268: 14246: 14226: 14216: 14197: 14180: 14170: 14153: 14143: 14125:827841 14123: 14115: 14086: 14076: 14052: 14042: 14025: 14015: 13998: 13988: 13969: 13946: 13938: 13930: 13920: 13894: 13884: 13862: 13852: 13833: 13825: 13794: 13775: 13758: 13750: 13742: 13705: 13695: 13675: 13665: 13648: 13625: 13593: 13571: 13561: 13544: 13522: 13501: 13484: 13474: 13460:木戶幸一日記 13431: 13407: 13388: 13353: 13343: 13326: 13307: 13288: 13269: 13259: 13242: 13225: 13215: 13194: 13184: 13156: 13146: 13129: 13113:31 May 13106: 13096: 13064: 13037: 13018: 12996: 12986: 12966: 12937: 12927: 12910: 12900: 12880: 12860: 12850: 12824: 12797: 12787: 12768: 12749: 12727: 12710: 12700: 12680: 12670: 12649: 12639: 12620: 12610: 12590: 12580: 12552: 12533: 12506: 12496: 12475: 12453:173307 12451: 12430: 12420: 12403: 12393: 12374: 12357: 12347: 12326: 12316: 12290: 12271: 12252: 12233: 12181: 12173: 12165: 12133: 12123: 12103: 12093: 12064: 12045: 11738: 11730: 11656: 11623: 11404:23 May 11067: 11057: 10999: 10968: 10759: 10751: 10716: 10708: 10700: 10657: 10649: 10583: 10559:Utero 10540: 10496: 10453: 10443: 10271: 10159: 10149: 10076: 10066: 10058: 10032:(10). 9944: 8034: 7741:UNESCO 7583:9 June 5256: 5158:Legacy 4838:. The 4778:(lit. 4579:prompt 4450:city, 4333:sepsis 4276:keloid 4255:, and 4210:, the 4111:'s 3837:, the 3538:Yahata 3473:Tinian 3395:Major 3174:, the 3172:Saipan 2781:kimono 2620: 2595:, the 2475:Major 2397:Major 2337:Tinian 2277:, the 2120:polity 1967: 1963: 1831: 1780:Kokura 1736:Kokura 1688:. The 1512:-pure 1343:Saipan 1341:, and 1339:Tinian 1161:Eighth 1153:Honshū 1141:Kyūshū 1058:, and 1020:Allies 1003: 996: 992: 990: 986: 984: 977: 973: 971: 917:Kokura 875:Tinian 857:. The 839:", an 819:. The 805:Allies 803:, the 468:Zipper 454:Jurist 423:Malaya 382:Ceylon 316:Midway 26045:Japan 25985:Malta 25949:Jaffa 25944:Haifa 25752:Tokyo 25732:Osaka 25662:Fukui 25652:Akita 25645:Japan 25593:China 25565:Burma 25530:Sofia 25389:Leeds 25286:Minsk 25276:Gorky 25157:Zadar 25137:Turin 25122:Terni 25087:Padua 25077:Milan 25057:Gorla 25052:Genoa 24990:Italy 24972:Worms 24957:Wesel 24877:Moers 24862:Mainz 24837:Kleve 24792:Hanau 24782:Halle 24747:Emden 24641:Essen 24584:Royan 24553:Narva 24537:Rønne 24218:Texas 24098:Maine 24063:Idaho 23891:LGBTQ 23884:Women 23654:Labor 23607:Sixth 23602:Fifth 23592:Third 23582:First 23387:Music 23129:NAFTA 21761:Leyte 21591:Narva 21577:Anzio 21535:Makin 21493:Burma 21377:Torch 21346:Rzhev 21307:Kiska 20393:Korea 20379:Japan 20372:Italy 20254:Tibet 20233:Spain 20111:Italy 19872:Italy 19865:India 19789:China 19664:Japan 19264:Italy 19176:China 19128:Women 18149:Homes 17624:1952) 17590:first 17348:Burma 17066:Entry 16760:Peers 16624:Senbu 16609:Tokkō 15634:Sites 15344:(PDF) 15132:S2CID 15024:S2CID 14996:(PDF) 14665:S2CID 14588:(PDF) 14524:(PDF) 14503:S2CID 14346:(PDF) 14121:JSTOR 13831:JSTOR 13756:S2CID 13748:JSTOR 13602:(PDF) 13462:[ 13440:(PDF) 13425:(PDF) 13090:(PDF) 13058:(PDF) 12179:S2CID 12171:JSTOR 11736:S2CID 11728:JSTOR 11010:(PDF) 10989:(PDF) 10757:S2CID 10698:JSTOR 10655:S2CID 10538:S2CID 10494:S2CID 10157:S2CID 10069:33857 9999:(PDF) 9992:(PDF) 9975:(PDF) 9964:(PDF) 9796:(PDF) 8745:(PDF) 8738:Riken 8734:(PDF) 8679:5 May 8539:5 May 7577:(PDF) 7570:(PDF) 7545:5 May 7465:(PDF) 7352:5 May 7290:4 May 7264:5 May 6572:(PDF) 6297:(PDF) 6286:(PDF) 6167:(PDF) 6160:(PDF) 6123:(PDF) 6116:(PDF) 5707:Wired 5233:Notes 4954:torii 4903:] 4892:] 4881:] 4870:] 4668:Torii 4590:grays 4544:fetal 3791:kids. 3602:' 3341:Pilot 2706:(the 2379:Pilot 2210:on a 2152:Bombs 1800:Kyoto 1782:(now 1520:like 1457:avgas 1278:Luzon 1251:Luzon 1224:Ultra 1165:Tenth 1157:First 850:", a 639:Tokyo 627:Japan 544:Timor 26007:Chad 25939:Acre 25717:Naha 25702:Kure 25697:Kōfu 25692:Kobe 25672:Gifu 25460:1944 25455:1941 25384:Hull 25329:Bath 25117:Rome 25102:Pisa 25007:Bari 24817:Jena 24574:Caen 24532:Nexø 24286:Guam 24223:Utah 24178:Ohio 24078:Iowa 23553:Navy 23543:Army 23447:Flag 21827:1945 21555:1944 21396:1943 21324:Blue 21314:Attu 21221:1942 20980:1941 20832:1940 20770:1939 20699:Asia 20546:POWs 20386:Jews 20104:Iraq 20030:Axis 19980:Tuva 19796:Cuba 18881:Axis 18676:Navy 18656:Army 18226:1948 18216:1948 18206:1940 18113:Life 17965:1950 17960:1948 17955:1946 17825:NATO 17619:1950 17551:34th 17540:33rd 16678:Navy 16673:Army 15641:Ames 15536:2012 15509:2012 15493:2012 15395:2020 15375:2014 15355:2012 15333:2012 15317:2012 15301:2012 15285:2012 15250:2012 15230:2012 15152:OCLC 15124:ISSN 15093:ISBN 15069:ISBN 15048:ISBN 15035:2023 14978:ISBN 14961:OCLC 14944:OCLC 14934:ISBN 14915:ISBN 14898:OCLC 14881:OCLC 14871:ISBN 14843:ISBN 14823:OCLC 14813:ISBN 14791:ISBN 14772:ISBN 14753:ISBN 14731:ISBN 14695:OCLC 14685:ISBN 14657:PMID 14649:ISSN 14620:OCLC 14607:2013 14596:ISSN 14572:OCLC 14562:ISBN 14549:2023 14538:OCLC 14528:ISBN 14495:ISSN 14466:ISSN 14433:OCLC 14423:ISBN 14406:OCLC 14387:2016 14376:ISSN 14330:OCLC 14320:ISBN 14303:OCLC 14293:ISBN 14276:OCLC 14266:ISBN 14244:ISBN 14224:OCLC 14214:ISBN 14195:ISBN 14178:OCLC 14168:ISBN 14151:OCLC 14141:ISBN 14113:ISSN 14084:OCLC 14074:ISBN 14050:OCLC 14040:ISBN 14023:OCLC 14013:ISBN 13996:OCLC 13986:ISBN 13967:ISBN 13936:OCLC 13928:LCCN 13918:ISBN 13892:OCLC 13882:ISBN 13860:OCLC 13850:ISBN 13823:ISSN 13792:ISBN 13773:OCLC 13740:ISSN 13718:and 13703:OCLC 13693:ISBN 13673:OCLC 13663:ISBN 13646:ISSN 13623:ISBN 13610:2011 13591:OCLC 13569:OCLC 13559:ISBN 13542:ISSN 13520:ISBN 13499:OCLC 13482:OCLC 13472:ISBN 13448:2014 13429:OCLC 13405:ISBN 13386:ISSN 13351:OCLC 13341:ISBN 13324:OCLC 13305:ISBN 13286:ISBN 13267:OCLC 13257:ISBN 13240:OCLC 13223:OCLC 13213:ISBN 13192:OCLC 13182:ISBN 13154:OCLC 13144:ISBN 13127:OCLC 13115:2017 13104:OCLC 13094:ISBN 13073:2013 13062:OCLC 13035:ISBN 13016:ISBN 12994:OCLC 12984:ISBN 12964:ISSN 12935:OCLC 12925:ISBN 12908:OCLC 12898:ISBN 12878:OCLC 12858:OCLC 12848:ISBN 12833:2016 12822:OCLC 12795:OCLC 12785:ISBN 12766:ISBN 12747:ISBN 12725:ISBN 12708:OCLC 12698:ISBN 12678:OCLC 12668:ISBN 12647:OCLC 12637:ISBN 12618:OCLC 12608:ISBN 12588:OCLC 12578:ISBN 12561:2014 12550:OCLC 12531:OCLC 12515:2014 12504:OCLC 12494:ISBN 12473:OCLC 12449:OCLC 12428:OCLC 12418:ISBN 12401:OCLC 12391:ISBN 12372:ISBN 12355:OCLC 12345:ISBN 12324:OCLC 12314:ISBN 12288:ISBN 12269:ISBN 12250:ISBN 12231:ISBN 12163:ISSN 12131:OCLC 12121:ISBN 12101:OCLC 12091:ISBN 12078:2018 12062:OCLC 12043:OCLC 12015:2022 11993:2020 11793:2018 11654:ISBN 11632:2023 11621:ISSN 11572:2013 11472:2023 11450:2017 11428:2022 11406:2017 11384:2007 11358:2007 11332:2017 11295:2012 11245:2010 11219:2010 11193:2009 11151:2020 11120:2014 11094:2020 11065:PMID 11018:2020 10997:ISBN 10966:ISSN 10950:JAMA 10931:2007 10898:2016 10871:2024 10843:2024 10815:2007 10787:2024 10749:PMID 10714:PMID 10706:OSTI 10647:PMID 10581:PMID 10451:PMID 10441:ISBN 10380:2013 10328:2013 10305:2009 10269:ISBN 10242:2021 10216:2014 10147:ISBN 10101:2023 10074:PMID 10056:ISSN 10007:2018 9942:OSTI 9860:2016 9834:2013 9804:2016 9764:2014 9724:2013 9696:2018 9664:2016 9630:2011 9568:2013 9449:2016 9427:2013 9401:2013 9315:2015 9289:2015 9263:2012 9158:2018 9136:2018 9102:2016 9076:2007 9048:2014 9020:2013 8994:2009 8962:2009 8934:2018 8904:2018 8826:2013 8753:2007 8681:2007 8647:2016 8574:2013 8541:2007 8450:2012 8331:2016 8297:2015 8267:2013 8227:2016 8202:2017 8157:2012 8119:2013 8076:2014 8032:ISBN 7989:2016 7959:2007 7929:2013 7894:2009 7863:2010 7809:2016 7778:2016 7753:2005 7723:2016 7611:2016 7585:2006 7547:2007 7509:2010 7473:2014 7382:2016 7354:2007 7292:2007 7266:2007 7237:2020 7139:2024 7053:2009 6831:2020 6807:2018 6771:2017 6708:2013 6620:2016 6436:2023 6374:2005 6305:2012 6233:2019 6207:2023 6175:2006 6131:2012 6099:2011 6028:2023 5772:2011 5741:2011 5714:2011 5529:2024 5471:2013 5267:2023 5254:ISBN 5212:NATO 5110:The 4905:and 4758:and 4594:rads 4592:and 4479:and 4452:Kure 4325:LD50 4306:One 4044:and 4036:and 3826:and 3555:and 3312:The 3253:The 2999:Yi U 2763:The 2636:pika 2547:Saga 2236:The 2212:C-54 2141:and 2009:Sir 1809:The 1759:and 1696:and 1624:and 1600:The 1450:and 1369:The 1335:Guam 1272:and 1241:and 1163:and 1034:and 784:and 772:and 649:Kure 336:Truk 157:Date 85:and 68:Type 24952:Ulm 22339:War 16668:War 15454:on 15443:on 15432:on 15116:doi 15016:hdl 15008:doi 14641:doi 14487:doi 14458:doi 14366:doi 14105:doi 13815:doi 13732:doi 13722:". 13376:doi 12956:doi 12211:doi 12155:doi 11720:doi 11613:doi 11055:PMC 11045:doi 10958:doi 10954:268 10741:doi 10737:100 10690:doi 10678:113 10639:doi 10573:doi 10569:106 10528:doi 10486:doi 10433:doi 10261:doi 10139:doi 10116:doi 10064:PMC 10046:doi 9932:doi 8617:Mic 4957:at 4689:被爆者 3663:of 3176:OWI 2649:don 2559:Ube 2265:'s 1683:SS 1676:SS 1552:in 44:of 26081:: 21575:/ 17847:83 17217:, 15385:. 15346:. 15271:. 15267:. 15216:. 15130:. 15122:. 15112:31 15110:. 15022:. 15014:. 15004:42 15002:. 14998:. 14942:. 14879:. 14821:. 14693:. 14663:. 14655:. 14647:. 14637:37 14635:. 14590:. 14570:. 14536:. 14501:. 14493:. 14483:29 14481:. 14464:. 14454:14 14452:. 14448:. 14431:. 14400:. 14374:. 14364:. 14352:. 14348:. 14328:. 14301:. 14274:. 14222:. 14176:. 14149:. 14119:. 14111:. 14101:46 14099:. 14082:. 14064:; 14048:. 14021:. 13994:. 13944:OL 13942:. 13934:. 13926:. 13916:. 13890:. 13858:. 13829:. 13821:. 13811:10 13809:. 13754:. 13746:. 13738:. 13728:34 13726:. 13701:. 13671:. 13642:54 13640:. 13567:. 13480:. 13470:. 13384:. 13372:19 13370:. 13366:. 13349:. 13265:. 13221:. 13190:. 13152:. 13102:. 12992:. 12962:. 12952:13 12950:. 12933:. 12906:. 12856:. 12820:. 12793:. 12706:. 12676:. 12645:. 12616:. 12586:. 12502:. 12426:. 12399:. 12353:. 12322:. 12209:. 12199:42 12197:. 12177:. 12169:. 12161:. 12151:15 12149:. 12129:. 12099:. 11979:. 11961:. 11837:. 11801:^ 11784:. 11734:. 11726:. 11716:59 11714:. 11688:^ 11676:. 11648:. 11619:. 11609:38 11607:. 11601:. 11560:. 11315:^ 11286:. 11179:. 11137:. 11085:. 11063:. 11053:. 11041:88 11039:. 11035:. 11005:. 10991:. 10964:. 10952:. 10948:. 10915:. 10888:. 10859:. 10832:. 10803:. 10778:. 10755:. 10747:. 10735:. 10712:. 10704:. 10696:. 10688:. 10676:. 10653:. 10645:. 10637:. 10627:22 10625:. 10606:. 10587:. 10579:. 10567:. 10557:In 10536:. 10524:29 10522:. 10518:. 10506:^ 10492:. 10484:. 10474:12 10472:. 10449:. 10439:. 10415:^ 10336:^ 10291:. 10267:. 10232:. 10202:. 10155:, 10145:, 10072:. 10062:. 10054:. 10044:. 10030:95 10028:. 10024:. 9966:. 9940:. 9868:^ 9850:. 9820:. 9784:^ 9753:. 9713:. 9684:. 9672:^ 9621:. 9606:^ 9584:. 9559:. 9517:. 9490:^ 9478:. 9457:^ 9306:. 9202:^ 9064:. 9036:. 9010:. 8978:. 8950:. 8920:. 8890:. 8736:. 8633:. 8615:. 8518:^ 8429:^ 8402:^ 8387:^ 8283:. 8247:^ 8218:. 8186:. 8147:. 8107:. 8084:^ 8066:. 7975:. 7945:. 7915:. 7911:. 7880:. 7849:. 7798:. 7786:^ 7769:. 7743:. 7739:. 7695:. 7676:^ 7601:. 7555:^ 7495:. 7438:^ 7371:. 7245:^ 7218:^ 7208:. 7204:. 7129:. 7114:^ 7097:^ 7017:^ 6930:^ 6915:^ 6728:^ 6671:^ 6656:^ 6629:^ 6604:. 6588:^ 6578:. 6574:. 6558:^ 6483:^ 6444:^ 6427:. 6364:. 6349:^ 6288:. 6224:. 6198:. 6183:^ 6017:. 5758:. 5705:. 5537:^ 5457:. 5338:^ 5275:^ 5173:, 5154:. 4901:ja 4894:, 4890:ja 4883:, 4879:ja 4868:ja 4857:, 4850:. 4702:or 4692:, 4671:, 4562:. 4556:Gy 4429:Gy 4384:Gy 4339:. 4251:, 4247:, 4243:, 4149:. 3867:, 3080:. 2677:. 2655:ドン 2642:ピカ 2367:. 1775:. 1755:, 1572:. 1540:. 1478:, 1407:. 1337:, 1288:. 1268:, 1264:, 1212:, 1159:, 1066:, 1054:, 919:, 796:. 619:PX 528:RY 26033:: 25758:) 25754:( 24463:e 24456:t 24449:v 22117:e 22110:t 22103:v 21078:) 21072:( 19946:) 19942:( 19878:) 19874:( 19838:) 19834:( 19776:) 19772:( 18826:e 18819:t 18812:v 18739:) 18735:( 18687:) 18683:( 18662:) 18658:( 18497:e 18490:t 18483:v 18333:) 18239:" 18235:" 17781:/ 17520:e 17513:t 17506:v 17254:( 17221:) 17213:( 16327:e 16320:t 16313:v 15657:) 15653:( 15610:e 15603:t 15596:v 15538:. 15511:. 15495:. 15424:. 15411:. 15397:. 15377:. 15357:. 15335:. 15319:. 15303:. 15287:. 15252:. 15232:. 15158:. 15138:. 15118:: 15101:. 15077:. 15056:. 15037:. 15018:: 15010:: 14986:. 14967:. 14950:. 14923:. 14904:. 14887:. 14851:. 14829:. 14799:. 14780:. 14761:. 14739:. 14701:. 14671:. 14643:: 14626:. 14609:. 14578:. 14551:. 14509:. 14489:: 14472:. 14460:: 14439:. 14412:. 14389:. 14368:: 14360:: 14354:7 14336:. 14309:. 14282:. 14252:. 14230:. 14203:. 14184:. 14157:. 14127:. 14107:: 14090:. 14056:. 14029:. 14002:. 13975:. 13954:. 13898:. 13866:. 13837:. 13817:: 13800:. 13779:. 13762:. 13734:: 13709:. 13679:. 13652:. 13631:. 13612:. 13575:. 13548:. 13528:. 13505:. 13488:. 13450:. 13413:. 13392:. 13378:: 13357:. 13330:. 13313:. 13294:. 13273:. 13246:. 13229:. 13198:. 13160:. 13133:. 13117:. 13075:. 13043:. 13024:. 13000:. 12970:. 12958:: 12941:. 12914:. 12884:. 12864:. 12835:. 12816:: 12801:. 12774:. 12755:. 12733:. 12714:. 12684:. 12653:. 12624:. 12594:. 12563:. 12537:. 12517:. 12479:. 12455:. 12434:. 12407:. 12380:. 12361:. 12330:. 12296:. 12277:. 12258:. 12239:. 12217:. 12213:: 12205:: 12185:. 12157:: 12137:. 12107:. 12080:. 12049:. 12017:. 11995:. 11841:. 11795:. 11742:. 11722:: 11682:. 11662:. 11634:. 11615:: 11574:. 11474:. 11452:. 11430:. 11408:. 11386:. 11360:. 11334:. 11297:. 11247:. 11221:. 11195:. 11153:. 11122:. 11096:. 11071:. 11047:: 11020:. 10972:. 10960:: 10933:. 10900:. 10873:. 10845:. 10817:. 10789:. 10763:. 10743:: 10720:. 10692:: 10684:: 10661:. 10641:: 10633:: 10610:. 10575:: 10544:. 10530:: 10500:. 10488:: 10480:: 10435:: 10382:. 10330:. 10307:. 10277:. 10263:: 10244:. 10218:. 10176:. 10141:: 10122:. 10118:: 10103:. 10080:. 10048:: 10040:: 10009:. 9948:. 9934:: 9915:. 9862:. 9836:. 9806:. 9766:. 9726:. 9698:. 9666:. 9632:. 9570:. 9523:. 9484:. 9451:. 9429:. 9403:. 9317:. 9291:. 9265:. 9160:. 9138:. 9104:. 9078:. 9050:. 9022:. 8996:. 8964:. 8936:. 8906:. 8828:. 8755:. 8683:. 8649:. 8619:. 8576:. 8543:. 8452:. 8333:. 8299:. 8269:. 8229:. 8204:. 8159:. 8121:. 8078:. 8040:. 7991:. 7961:. 7931:. 7917:7 7896:. 7865:. 7811:. 7780:. 7755:. 7725:. 7699:. 7613:. 7549:. 7511:. 7475:. 7384:. 7356:. 7294:. 7268:. 7239:. 7141:. 7055:. 6833:. 6809:. 6773:. 6710:. 6624:) 6622:. 6438:. 6376:. 6307:. 6235:. 6209:. 6177:. 6133:. 6101:. 6030:. 5774:. 5743:. 5716:. 5531:. 5473:. 5269:. 5030:. 5028:) 5022:( 5013:) 5007:( 4998:) 4992:( 4983:) 4977:( 4709:) 4686:( 4382:1 4350:– 4191:' 4040:— 3793:' 3153:. 3141:. 2658:) 2652:( 2645:) 2639:( 2254:. 2187:- 305:K 266:e 259:t 252:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index