Islamic architecture

2287: 8426: 3267: 5760: 3686: 5848: 8679:

new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

7437: 3291: 5864: 5218: 7946: 4697: 8348:

Architecture is what is causing the style to lose its status. There are scholars that also believe that the distinguishing features of the Islamic Architecture style were not necessarily found within the architecture, but were rather environmental markers, such as the sounds of prayer, the city around it, the events that occurred there. The example given is that we can only truly know that a building is a mosque by what happens there, rather than by visual cues. Specific features that are notably related to Islamic Architecture – the Mihrab, the Minaret, and the Gate – are seen in multiple locations and do not always serve the same use, and symbolism for being Islamic in nature is seen to be demonstrated more culturally than it is architecturally. Islamic Architecture is also sometimes referred to as a 'hidden architecture', one that doesn't necessarily show the physical traits of the style, rather it is something that is experienced.

3156: 2967: 3825: 4554: 2311: 44: 3463: 4351:("bond of cohesion", or "family loyalty"), strictly separated from the "outside". In general, the morphology of an Islamic city is granting—or denying—access according to the basic concept of hierarchical degrees of privacy. The inhabitants move from public space to the living quarters of their tribe, and onwards to their family home. Within a family house, there are again to be found common and separate spaces, the latter, and most private, usually reserved for women and children. In the end, only the family heads have free and unlimited access to all rooms and areas of their private home, as opposed to the more European concept of interconnecting different spaces for free and easy access. The hierarchy of privacy thus guides and structures the entire social life in a city, from the ruler to the commoner, from the town to the house. 5198: 5253: 8449:

that express an Islamic architect's motives with their structures. Due to the wide geographic range of the Islamic religion, there is a large variation between thousands of existing mosques with little consistency between them. Lastly, since it is against the Islamic faith to idolize earthly beings, any depictions of earthly beings lack religious connection. These characteristics combine to make it difficult for historians to form symbolic connections from architecture in Islamic places of worship. Some authors have attempted to ascribe mystical or mathematical symbolisms to various aspects Islamic architecture. However, while these symbolic meanings may be plausible for certain specific buildings, they are not necessarily applicable to the rest of Islamic architecture.

5461: 3120: 6600: 6749: 4681: 1401: 3059: 5477: 4449:

peninsula. In western scholarship, a traditional assumption was that the Arabs of the early 7th century, at the time of Muhammad, were nomadic pastoralists who did not have strong architectural traditions. Thanks to more recent studies and archeological investigations, this view has since been revised and is now considered obsolete. According to scholar Beatrice Saint Laurent, early academic investigations into the history of Islamic monumental architecture led to the "flawed view that saw the roots of an Early Islamic monumental architecture and art solely in the traditions of the conquered regions". Scholars now agree that a rich architectural tradition also preceded the appearance of Islam in Arabia and the first Islamic monuments.

6769: 5497: 1213: 7635: 2463: 2354: 8944:

generations. It is, of course, true that the vast peninsula has not been as well investigated as it should be and that surprises may well await archeologists in the future. At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

3015: 4758: 6241: 3774: 3136: 5903: 7724: 2616:), the central medallion of the apex and the ribs of the dome became separate structural elements: the ribs are more pronounced and connect to the central medallion, which also stands out more pronouncedly, so that the entire construction gives the impression as if ribs and medallion are separate from, and underpin, the proper shell of the dome. Elaborately decorated ceilings and dome interiors draw influence from Near Eastern and Mediterranean architectural decoration while also serving as explicit and symbolic representations of the heavens. These dome shaped architectural features could be seen at the early Islamic palaces such as Qusayr ῾amra (c.712–15) and Khirbat al-mafjar (c.724–43). 3351: 5832: 6172: 2995: 6737: 8314:. A difference to note is the appearance of mosques without domes, as in the past mosques for the most part all had them, but these new dome-less mosques seem to follow a function over form design, and are created by those not of the Islamic faith, in most cases. The influence of Islam still pervades the style of creation itself, and provides a 'conceptual framework', for the making of a building that exemplifies the styles and beliefs of Islam. It has also been influenced by the now meeting of many different cultures, such as European styles meeting Islamic styles, leading to Islamic architects incorporating features of other architectural and cultural styles. 6645: 1540: 3101: 3331: 7236: 4237:

Islamic facilities were inserted into the existing urban fabric after the conquest. In the case of Damascus and Aleppo, for example, the cities were largely of Roman-Byzantine heritage and their topography changed slowly. The Islamic presence was signaled at first only by the presence of a mosque (and, in Damascus, the royal palace). This transformation, which resulted in what is often regarded as the traditional "Islamic" city, occurred over a long period and was shaped by multiple social and economic causes that varied according to region and period. The arrival of Islamic rule was only one stage in a process that had already begun by the 6th century.

5779: 4717: 6226: 5952: 3706: 6714: 7349: 5937: 5816: 5524: 7396: 2673: 19705: 6789: 5576: 6620: 5441: 3514: 7294: 8229:, off the coast of Tanzania, hosts the remains of multiple historic mosques and palaces. The Great Mosque is most impressive, the largest in East Africa before the 19th century. It was built and modified in multiple phases, with the oldest surviving section dating possibly to the 11th century, to which was later added a courtyard with porticos of coral stone columns and a side chamber with the largest historic dome on the East African coast (5 meters in diameter). The courtyard is the only known medieval example of its kind in the region, though it was rebuilt and covered with domes and barrel vaults in the 15th century. 6156: 6319: 6192: 7384: 1452: 3035: 7659: 5544: 4786: 6257: 5883: 4885: 5922: 3670: 3763:, which doubled as a place for prayer. The first confirmed minarets in the form of towers date from the early 9th century under Abbasid rule and they did not become a standard feature of mosques until the 11th century. These first minaret towers were placed in the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall. Among them, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, dating from 836, is one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world and the oldest in North Africa. It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters. 3085: 5608: 2526:, located several bays before the mihrab. In sections which now supporting these domes, additional supporting structures were needed to bear the thrust of the cupolas. The architects solved this problem by the construction of intersecting arches. The domes themselves are built with eight intersecting stone ribs. Rather than meeting in the centre of the dome, the ribs intersect one another off-center, leaving the central space to be occupied by a smaller cupola. For the domes in front of the mihrab, the ribs form an eight-pointed star and an octagonal cupola in the centre. For the dome over the 5290: 3307: 272: 7327: 55: 7255: 6341: 7800: 5319: 7766: 2562: 1488: 7615: 3488: 3248: 5592: 8273: 6683: 5272: 2979: 3172: 1867: 6288: 5560: 4577:. The four-iwan plan revolutionised the form and function of the mosques in the region and introduced new types of buildings involving madrasas and caravanserais which spread through Iran, Anatolia, and Syria. Large caravanserais were built as a way to foster trade and assert Seljuk authority in the countryside. They typically consisted of a building with a fortified exterior appearance, monumental entrance portal, and interior courtyard surrounded by various halls, including iwans. Some notable examples, only partly preserved, are the caravanserais of 7456: 7275: 6940: 2119: 1768: 7686: 2658: 2330: 3841: 3805: 5238: 1686: 3639: 7415: 8216: 2688: 6804: 6698: 6136: 11334:

commercial needs of the new Islamic polity, a transformation that set a trajectory for medieval cities throughout the Middle East (and perhaps even Europe of the early Middle Ages). Thus an Arabian concept of urbanism lies at the foundation of the early Islamic city; the existence of a distinctive 'Islamic city' from the beginnings of Islam begins to take form with specific archaeological characteristics. This hypothesis is derived from 'Aqaba and other urban plans and can be tested on other sites in Arabia and the Levant.

6208: 4736: 2444: 8478:

the entrance, as people move deeper into the building more significant religious areas are revealed. Hierarchy is also present because certain Islamic architects are tasked to design specifically for the presence of royalty, although in Islamic belief all Muslims in the mosque are equal. Designated locations had been carefully chosen in the mosque to highlight an individual's position in society. This emphasis could be made by being within view to all attendees, by being placed in the focal point of artistry, or with a

7992: 7907: 17368: 5798: 4294:

Islamic city was the south Arabian city, such as Sana’a, to which type Mecca and Fustat belonged. Two urban types based on social organization have been proposed by Walter Dostal. The first is called the San'a-formation, developed from a market center and inhabited by groups of the same tribe with social differentiation based on his "farmer-craftsman" technological specializations. The second urban type is the Tarim-formation, in which quarter organization reflects the social structure of a multi-tribal settlement.

2483: 11694:, p. 84: "It was decisive for the future that the Umayyad caliphs were to some extent aware of their own cultural history." "The glory of the Himyarite kings (singular tubbaʿ ) was remembered, according to the Kitab al-Tijan fi muluk Himyar (The Book of Crowns on the Kings of Himyar) by Ibn Hisham (d. c. 833), as the "immediate predecessor and pattern of the Umayyads" (Retsö 2005–2006: 232). Perhaps their palaces were distant forerunners of the Umayyad palaces of Syria, such as that at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi" 2342: 6664: 3651: 7369: 6272: 5049: 6304: 1347: 2406: 8031: 7498: 8086: 1277: 4943: 4394: 6830: 7752: 2642: 66: 4666: 3434: 20775: 4358: 4816: 2425: 2286: 7526:(normally marks the entrance to the most sacred precincts), balai nobat (a tower supposedly used to store royal musical instruments) and the sacred pyramidal roof was used for Islamic architecture. For centuries, Malay-Indonesian mosques lacked domes or minarets, both considered of Middle Eastern origin. Malay-Indonesian original mosques feature multi-layered pyramidal roofs and no minaret. Prayer is called by striking a prayer's drum known as 6898: 8161: 8912:

Islamic empire was moved to Syria immediately after the end of this period, the contribution of the building traditions of these two cities, and of pre-Islamic Arabia in general, to the development of Islamic architecture was limited. Only the Ka῾ba, the pre-Islamic sanctuary at Mecca that became the focus for Muslim prayer and pilgrimage, and the combined residence and mosque that the Prophet built in Medina seem to have made any impact.

2506: 2712: 2098:. Later-period vaults were erected using pre-formed lateral ribs modelled from gypsum, which served as a temporal formwork to guide and center the vault. These ribs, which were left in the structure afterwards, do not carry any load. The ribs were cast in advance on strips of cloth, the impression of which can still be seen in the ribs today. Similar structures are known from Sasanian architecture, for example from the palace of 1079:

in the 8th century the mosque was repeatedly expanded to include a large flat-roofed prayer hall supported by columns (a hypostyle hall) with a central courtyard. It became one of the main models for the early mosques built elsewhere. Scholars generally agree that aside from Muhammad's mosque/house, the architecture of the Arabian Peninsula seems to have had only a limited role in the formulation of later Islamic architecture.

7778: 16175: 7738: 7309: 7216: 4453:

architecture was the earliest expression of Islamic art on a grand scale and the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus reproduced the hypostyle model at a monumental scale. Moreover, the Umayyads did not come from a cultural void and were aware of their own Arabian cultural history. Some scholars suggest they sought to continue the pre-Islamic Arabian architectural tradition of building tall palaces to symbolize the ruler's power.

8250: 17087: 8521: 4306:" Islamic town is based on cultural and sociological concepts which differ from those of European cities. In both cultures, a distinction is made between the areas used by the rulers and their government and administration, public places of everyday common life, and the areas of private life. While the structures and concepts of European towns originated from a sociological struggle to gain basic rights of freedom—or 17100: 8535: 982: 6874: 4376: 3790: 2041: 7487: 8722:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period." 2226:(both completed around 1404) were notable in their use of large double-shelled domes. These domes were composed of an inner shell which was visible from the interior and a larger outer shell, visible from the exterior and often of a slightly different shape. The Gur-i Amir Mausoleum's dome, the oldest one to have survived to the present day, features an exterior ribbed profile with a band of 5091:, or seven-colour style of tile burning, a process that enabled them to apply more colours to each tile, creating richer patterns, sweeter to the eye. The colours that the Persians favoured were golden, white and turquoise patterns on a dark- blue background. The extensive inscription bands of calligraphy and arabesque on most of the major buildings where carefully planned and executed by 4855: 15056:

meaning. Others have sought to explain all Islamic architecture with principles of geometric harmonization derived from mathematical treatises and the careful measurement of buildings. Although this may work in individual cases, such as the shrine of Ahmad Yasavi in Turkestan (see §VI, A, 2 below), these principles cannot be ascribed indiscriminately to all buildings at all times.

8027:(established in the 14th-15th centuries and rebuilt in the 16th century, with later additions), had a tapering minaret and a prayer hall with rows of arches. The presence of tapering minarets may also reflect cultural contacts with M'zab region to the north, while decoration found at Timbuktu may reflect contacts with Berber communities in what is now Mauritania. 1595:), from which later empires in the region would also emerge and contribute to its artistic evolution. The original Great Mosque of Cordoba was noted for its unique hypostyle hall with rows of double-tiered, two-coloured, arches, which were repeated and maintained in later extensions of the building. The mosque was expanded multiple times, with the expansion by 5710:

second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. Domes also transitioned from wooden or brick structures, sometimes of bulbous shape, to pointed stone domes with complex geometric or arabesque motifs carved into their outer surfaces. The peak of this stone dome architecture was achieved under the reign of Qaytbay in the late 15th century.

3570:) is the direction in which Mecca is from any given location, towards which Muslims face during prayers. Within Islamic architecture it is a major component of both the features and the orientation of the building itself. Mosques and religious structures are built to have one side aligned with this direction, usually marked by a visual feature called a 8138:, which was previously established in the 14th century but demolished in the early 19th century, was rebuilt in 1906–1907 under the direction of Ismaila Traoré and with guidance from French engineers. Now the largest earthen building in sub-Saharan Africa, it served as a model for the new style and for other mosques in the region, including the 7976:. Here, a mosque has been discovered which consisted of a courtyard, a prayer hall, and a square minaret, built in dry stone covered in red mud used as plaster. On both the exterior and interior of the mosque, this plaster was painted with floral, geometric, and epigraphic motifs. A similar stone mosque from the same period has been found at 1138:, who were clients of the Byzantines and protected their eastern borders. These two Arab dynasties were significant patrons of architecture in their respective regions. Their architecture is not well understood due to the scarcity of identifiable remains today, but they borrowed and adapted the architecture of their Byzantine and Sasanian 3266: 1265:

Umayyad patrons recruited craftsmen from across the empire and architects were allowed, or even encouraged, to mix elements from different artistic traditions and to disregard traditional conventions and restraints. Partly as a result of this, Umayyad architecture is distinguished by the extent and variety of decoration, including

6913:), stone, or a combination of both, with timber used for roofs and floors. While these structures are repaired and restored over time, this architectural style has remained generally unchanged for hundreds of years. The old city of Sanaa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site today, contains many examples. Some villages and towns, such as 3209:. This apparently near-simultaneous development in distant regions of the Islamic world has led to multiple scholarly theories about their origin and spread, with one current theory proposing that they originated in one region at least a century earlier and then spread from there. Some of the earliest surviving examples preserved 8065:). The eastern or Hausa style is generally more plain on the exterior of buildings, but is characterized by diverse interior decoration and the much greater use of wood. Mosques often have prayer halls with pillars supporting flat or slightly domed roofs of wood and mud. An exceptional example is the 19th-century Great Mosque of 10725:, "Balconies in Islamic Architecture" "Wooden balconies projecting at upper levels and constructed with latticed screens to ensure privacy but allow air circulation were a feature of Islamic domestic architecture in many countries, and specific types developed in particular areas over time, such as the wooden screen known as 1929:). The use of this space included the aesthetic effects of plants and water, the penetration of natural light, allowing breezes and air circulation into the structure during summer heat, as a cooler space with water and shade, and as a protected and proscribed place where the women of the house need not be covered in the 8640:, p. 295: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important." 1386:, and both were influential in the design of later mosques elsewhere. The Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque are also notable for their extensive program of mosaic decoration that drew on late Antique motifs and craftsmanship. However, mosaic decoration eventually fell out of fashion in Islamic architecture. 5151:-like elements on its courtyard façade. The city walls of Diyarbakir also feature several towers built by the Artuqids and decorated with a mix of calligraphic inscriptions and figurative images of animals and mythological creatures carved in stone. One of the culminations of later Artuqid architecture is the 8880:

Ghumdān castle in South Arabia and the structures of Khawarnaq and Sadīr in North Arabia, buildings whose fame may have exceeded their architectural merit—Arabia does not seem to have possessed an important architectural tradition and was not a significant source for the development of Islamic architecture.

6593:) also has distinctive mosques and houses that are completely whitewashed, but built in rammed earth. Its structures also make frequent use of domes and barrel vaults. Unlike Jerba, the distinctive minarets here are tall and have a square base, tapering towards the end and crowned with "horn"-like corners. 8879:

Because Islam originated in western Arabia, scholars have looked to the architecture of that region for clues to understanding the earliest Islamic architecture. Overall, the results have been disappointing, for with the exception of the simple structure of the Kaʿba and a few other sites—such as the

8468:

There are several aspects of Islamic architecture that to modern knowledge lack a symbolic religious meaning, but there are connections that do exist. A repeated and significant motif in mosques is calligraphy. Calligraphy plays a huge role in delivering religious connections through artistic design.

8338:

All of these buildings show the influence of Islam over them, but also the movements of things like minimalism which are rising to popularity in the architectural field. Designers that use the aspects of both modern styles and the Islamic styles found a way to have the Western-inspired modernism with

5086:

as the centerpiece of his new capital. The distinct feature of Persian domes, which separates them from those domes created in the Christian world or the Ottoman and Mughal empires, was the colorful tiles, with which they covered the exterior of their domes, as they would on the interior. These domes

3578:

alignments of mosques built in different periods and locations do not all point to the same place. This is due to discrepancies in the calculations of the Islamic scientists in the past who determined where Mecca was from their individual locations. Scholars note that these differences come about for

2575:

developed a specific form of monumental, representative building: wide central domes with huge diameters were erected on top of a centre-plan building. Despite their enormous weight, the domes appear virtually weightless. Some of the most elaborate domed buildings have been constructed by the Ottoman

2018:

Some scholars refer to the early hypostyle mosque with courtyard as the "Arab plan" or "Arab-type" mosque. Such mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties; subsequently, however, the simplicity of this type of plan limited the opportunities for further development, and as

1751:

inscriptions, and rich stucco decoration featuring vine scrolls and acanthus leaves that draw from the earlier styles of Samarra. Another important architectural trend to arise in the 10th to 11th centuries is the development of mausolea, which took on monumental forms for the first time. One type of

11540:

J. Allan's revised edition of K.A.C. Creswell's A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture first characterized pre-Islamic Arabian architecture as consisting largely of mud huts, a point that he later revoked. Other colleagues were quick to join the criticism of this controversial, wide-spread but

8678:

Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the

8500:

A key feature of the mosque is the mihrab, a universal part of any Islamic place of worship. The mihrab is easily identifiable through a receding wall and a gable overhead often consisting of intricate patterns. Upon entering, the most crucial religious function the architecture of the mosque serves

8477:

Islamic architecture varies vastly across the world. Specifically, some mosques have different goals and intentions than others. These intentions often highlighted religious and social hierarchies within the mosque. Mosques are designed to have the least significant portions of the layout closest to

8006:

As Islamization progressed across the region, more variations developed in mosque architecture, including the adoption of traditional local forms not previously associated with Islamic architecture. Under Songhai influence, minarets took on a more pyramidal appearance and became stepped or tiered on

6853:

Yemeni architecture can be characterized as "conservative", as it combines both pre-Islamic and Islamic features. In Antiquity, Yemen was home to several wealthy city-states and an indigenous tradition of South Arabian architecture. By the 5th century AD, there is evidence that the indigenous styles

2133:

is a hall that is walled on three sides and open on one side. It is typically covered by a vault although this can vary. This feature was present in Sasanian architecture, though its exact origins are older and still debated. It was later incorporated into Islamic architecture. Its usage became more

1078:

was changed to face towards Mecca in 624, a similar portico was added on the south side, facing towards that city. Muhammad and his family lived in separate rooms attached to the mosque, and Muhammad himself was buried in one of these rooms upon his death in 632. Over the rest of the 7th century and

8943:

Altogether, the Arabian past seems to have played a relatively small role in the development of Islamic art, especially if forms are considered exclusively. Its importance was greater in the collective memories it created and in the Arabic vocabulary for visual identification it provided for future

5732:

s), actually grew in number during the Ottoman period. In modern times, from the late 19th century onwards, a "neo-Mamluk" style was also used, partly as a nationalist response against Ottoman and European styles, in an effort to promote local "Egyptian" styles (though the architects were sometimes

5677:

Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings. Patrons, including

4572:

in the 11th century, which conquered all of Iran and other extensive territories in Central Asia and the Middle East. The most important religious monument from the Great Seljuk period is the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, which was expanded and modified by various Seljuk patrons in the late 11th century

15055:

Some authors have found hidden mystical meanings in all the components of Islamic architecture, such as color, light and shade, and particular geometric shapes. Mysticism was an important element in Islamic society, but its practice was by no means universal, and all buildings do not have mystical

8211:

in Mogadishu, dated to 1269, is the most architecturally sophisticated mosque in East Africa. It consists of a courtyard leading to a square hypostyle prayer of nine bays, with a dome over the central bay which resembles the conical domes of Anatolian Seljuk architecture. The mihrab is carved from

7716:

The original mosque in Malaysia had a basic architectural style and structure: with four pillars for the foundation and palm fronds for the roof. In Malacca, the architectural design is a cross between local Malay, Indian and Chinese architecture. Traditionally, the minaret resembles a pagoda with

7597:

was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period and continued to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes as Islam become incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Two of the Hindu features adopted into

7517:

archipelago from the 12th century onwards, and especially during the 15th century as the Sultanate of Malacca dominated the region. The introduction of Islam was slow and gradual. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition but saw the appropriation of existing

7099:

in the late 16th century. Major mosques built by Mughal emperors and their family include the Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque) in Delhi, the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, and other mosques of similar form which were often built near or within other imperial complexes. Even the Mughal nobility were able to

6854:

were being influenced by Byzantine and Late Antique Mediterranean art. Yemen was Islamized in the 7th century, but few buildings from the early Islamic period have been preserved intact today. It is only from the 10th century onward that distinctive Islamic architectural styles can be documented.

5692:

agreements that also served the secondary purpose of ensuring some form of income or property for the patrons' descendants. The cruciform or four-iwan floor plan was adopted for madrasas and became more common for new monumental complexes than the traditional hypostyle mosque, although the vaulted

3758:

The origin of the minaret and its initial functions are not clearly known and have long been a topic of scholarly discussion. The earliest mosques lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. The early Muslim community of Medina gave the call to prayer

3616:

to worshippers. It also acquired ritual and ceremonial importance over time, and its shape was even used as a symbol on some coinage. The very first mosques did not have mihrabs; the first known concave mihrab niche was the one added to the Prophet's Mosque in Medina by Caliph al-Walid I in 706 or

2779:

One of the hallmarks of Persian gardens is the four-part garden laid out with axial paths that intersect at the garden's centre. This highly structured geometrical scheme, called the chahar bagh, became a powerful metaphor for the organization and domestication of the landscape, itself a symbol of

1158:. The culture and architecture of the Lakhmids and Ghassanids probably played a subsequent role in transmitting and filtering the architectural traditions of the Sasanian and the Byzantine/Roman worlds to the later Arab Islamic dynasties who established their political centers in the same regions. 142:

encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according to local materials and techniques,

8487:

Maintaining a sociological hierarchy within a mosque would typically represent a recognition by a higher being aware of a delegation of power. This hierarchy does exist but not with any sort of religious message as Hillenbrand points out, "in neither case is this hierarchy employed for especially

8448:

Islamic architecture is a neglected subject within historical studies of world architecture. Many scholars that study historical architecture often gloss over, if not completely ignore Islamic structures. This is caused by multiple elements, one being that there are little historic literary works

8322:

Urban design and the tradition of Islamic styled architecture have begun to combine to form a new 'neo-Islamic' style, where the efficiency of the urban style meshes with the spirituality and aesthetic characteristics of Islamic styles. Islamic Architecture in itself is a style that showcases the

7933:

networks. While the Islamic architecture of this region shares a certain style, a wide variety of materials and local styles are evident across this wide geographic range. In the more arid western Sahara and northern Sahel regions, stone predominates as a building material and is often associated

7176:(1374–75), the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent, though partially ruined today. Built of stone demolished from temples, it featured a monumental ribbed barrel vault over the central nave, the first such giant vault used anywhere in the subcontinent. The mosque was modeled on the imperial 6070:

and Edirne also contain a concentration of Ottoman monuments. Ottoman architecture is also found across the empire's provinces, ranging from Eastern Europe to the Middle East to North Africa. Major religious monuments, such as those sponsored by sultan and his family, were typically architectural

4996:

is marked by its grand scale, prominent double-shelled domes, extensive use of ceramic tiles on the outside, and elaborate geometric vaulting on the inside. It drew on the previous developments of Ilkhanid architecture and refined them, developing an imperial style that was influential beyond its

4865:

Starting in the 10th century and especially during the period of Seljuk domination, the eastern Islamic world – including Iran and Central Asia – generally shared a common architectural style. This style was characterized by the prominent use of brick as both construction material and decoration,

3583:

itself, the fact that the geographic coordinates of the past do not line up with the coordinates of today, and that the determination of this direction was more an astronomical calculation, rather than a mathematical one. Early mosques were constructed according to either the calculations of what

2237:

The "non-radial rib vault", an architectural form of ribbed vaults with a superimposed spherical dome, is the characteristic architectural vault form of the Islamic East. From its beginnings in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, this form of vault was used in a sequence of important buildings up to the

1264:

and Byzantine art was still widely evident because political power and patronage was centered in Syria, a former Roman/Byzantine province. Some former Ghassanid structures also appear to have been reused and modified during this period. However, a significant amount of experimentation occurred as

11370:

Especially significant is the identification of a major Arab Islamic contribution to the urban history of Syria-Palestine that originated in pre-Islamic practices in the Arabian Peninsula. The towns were, accordingly, not the product of a solitary lineal process carried forward from late antique

5847: 4448:

References on Islamic architecture generally agree that pre-Islamic architecture in the Arabian Peninsula had only limited influence on the development of Islamic architecture, at least by comparison with the influences of existing architectural traditions in the conquered territories beyond the

4421:

In particular, the regions of the newly conquered Byzantine Empire (Southwestern Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and the Maghreb) supplied architects, masons, mosaicists and other craftsmen to the new Islamic rulers. These artisans were trained in Byzantine architecture and decorative arts, and continued

4236:

More often than founding new cities, the new Islamic rulers took over existing towns. Most of the new Arab settlers nonetheless settled into previously existing urban centers throughout the conquered territories. These cities were transformed according to the needs of the new Islamic society and

3204:

is a three-dimensional sculpted motif created by the geometric subdivision of a vaulting structure into miniature, superimposed pointed-arch substructures or niches, also known as "honeycomb" or "stalactite" vaults. They can be made from different materials like stone, brick, wood or stucco. The

2959:

windows. Capitals, the upper part or crowing feature of a column, serve as a transition piece and are often decoratively carved. They range greatly in design and shape in Islamic Architecture. Early Islamic buildings in Iran featured "Persian" type capitals which included designs of bulls heads,

11559:

This perspective led to a flawed view that saw the roots of an Early Islamic monumental architecture and art solely in the traditions of the conquered regions, notably the Byzantium and Sasanian Iran. Thankfully this picture is changing with recent studies in textual re-evaluation, history, art

8911:

During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632) and the rule of his immediate successors (632–61), the caliphs Abu Bakr, ῾Umar, ῾Uthman and ῾Ali, the political center of the Islamic world remained in western Arabia, in the cities of Mecca and Medina. However, because the capital of the new

8707:

At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the

5709:

were evident in these trends. Minarets, which were also elaborate, usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. Late mamluk minarets, for example, most typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the

2521:

was initially built with a system of double-arched arcades supporting the flat timberwork ceiling. The columns of the arcades are connected by horseshoe arches which support brick pillars, which are in turn interconnected by semicircular arches. This arcade system was copied during the mosque's

11333:

The Muslim conquest initiated a conscious attempt to recreate specific morphological features that constituted an urban pattern characteristic of western and south-western Arabian culture. The institutional components of this south Arabian city were adapted to the religious, administrative and

8172:

East African architecture lacks some features typical of Islamic architecture, such as the construction of hammams. Historic mosques were generally rectangular in plan, lacked courtyards, and featured side rooms. Along the East African coast, common construction materials included coral stone,

5421:

in Sivas) or a central court covered by a dome (e.g. the Karatay and Ince Minareli madrasas in Konya). Monumental caravanserais were also built along trade routes, typically with a fortified exterior appearance, a tall entrance portal decorated with carved stone, and an interior courtyard that

4293:

whose Arabian traditions contributed to the urban development of the early Islamic cities. Outside Arabia, the early military encampments of Kufa, Basra, Fustat, and Kairouan were rapidly transformed into permanent foundations and planned cities. One of the traditions contributing to the early

3766:

Minarets have had various forms (in general round, squared, spiral or octagonal) depending on the period and architectural tradition. The number of minarets by mosques is not fixed; originally one minaret would accompany each mosque, but some architectural styles can include multiple minarets.

2603:

domes, and thus are not visible from within the building. In the dome of the Hagia Sophia, the ribs and shell of the dome unite in a central medallion at the apex of the dome, the upper ends of the ribs being integrated into the shell; shell and ribs form one single structural entity. In later

8347:

There are some who also debate whether Islamic Architecture can truly be called a style, as the religious aspect is seen as separate and having no bearing on the architectural style, while on the other side people also argue that the newfound trend and divergence from the style of old Islamic

7887:

have a gabled roof and a minaret placed in the center of the mosque, above the roof, rather than at the side or corner of the building. Examples of such mosques survive from the 18th and 19th centuries and were restored in modern times. This style is also found among the wooden mosques of the

6889:

The Ayyubids introduced domed mosque types as well as Sunni-syle madrasas to the region, but none of their buildings in Yemen have survived. The Rasulids who followed them (13th–15th centuries) were prolific patrons of architecture and perpetuated these new building types, influenced by their

5713:

After the Ottoman conquest of 1517, new Ottoman-style buildings were introduced, however the Mamluk style continued to be repeated or combined with Ottoman elements in many subsequent monuments. Some building types from the late Mamluk period, such as sabil-kuttabs (a combination of sabil and

2918:

inscriptions. The geometric or floral, interlaced forms, taken together, constitute an infinitely repeated pattern that extends beyond the visible material world. Figural motifs, such as animals, humans, and imaginary creatures, have a rich tradition in Islamic art, though they generally more

6865:

rule consisted of a large cubic chamber with one entrance, which had antecedents in the pre-Islamic temple architecture of the region. Another type consisted of a rectangular chamber with a transverse orientation, with multiple entrances and supporting columns inside, sometimes preceded by a

2926:

The importance of the written word in Islam ensured that epigraphic or calligraphic decoration played a prominent role in architecture. Epigraphic decoration can also indicate further political or religious messages through the selection of a textual program of inscriptions. For example, the

1479:

palace, and became widely used in some regions at later periods. Samarra also saw the appearance of new decorative styles, particularly in stucco and plasterwork, which rendered the earlier vegetal motifs of late antique traditions into more abstract and stylized forms, as exemplified by the

4452:

The major architectural contribution that took place in Arabia during the early Islamic period was the development of a distinctive Muslim mosque. The hypostyle mosque constructed by Muhammad in Medina served as a model for early mosque design throughout the Islamic world. Umayyad religious

8073:

arches and a roof of shallow domes. The western or "Sudan" style is characterized by more elaborate and decorated exterior façades whose compositions emphasize verticality. They have tapering buttresses with cone-shaped summits, mosques have a large tower over the mihrab, and wooden stakes

1273:, non-figural decoration and more abstract scenes became highly favoured, especially in religious architecture. The Umayyad period thus played a crucial role in transforming and enriching existing architectural traditions during the formation of early Islamic society's visual culture. 5759: 4325:) and private living spaces rather coexist alongside each other. The buildings tend to be more inwardly oriented, and are separated from the surrounding "outside" either by walls or by the hierarchical ordering of the streets, or both. Streets tend to lead from public main roads to 7980:. Both mosques are dated generally between the 9th and 14th centuries. At Kumbi Saleh, locals lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the king's section of the city, surrounded by a great enclosure. Traders lived in stone houses in a section which possessed 12 mosques (as described by 7064:, which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in black marble to complement the Mecca-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. Another slightly later imperial mausoleum is the 1966:

s usually feature a central pool or fountain to aid with ablutions, sometimes sheltered under an open domed pavilion. Historically, because of the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard also served to accommodate larger numbers of worshippers during Friday

8295:

In modern times, the architecture of Islamic buildings, not just religious ones, has gone through some changes. The new architectural style doesn't stick with the same fundamental aspects that were seen in the past, but mosques for the most part still feature the same parts—the

4927:. The Ilkhanate period provided several innovations to dome-building that eventually enabled the Persians to construct much taller structures. These changes later paved the way for Safavid architecture. The pinnacle of Ilkhanate architecture was reached with the construction of 4253:

The antique concept of the architecture of a metropolis is based on a structure of main and smaller roads running through the entire city, and dividing it into quarters. The streets are oriented towards public buildings like a palace, temple, or a public square. Two main roads,

11426:

Die orientalische Stadt im islamischen Vorderasien und Nordafrika: Städtische Bausubstanz und räumliche Ordnung, Wirtschaftsleben und soziale Organisation. = The Oriental town in the Islamic Near East and North Africa. Urban building and spatial order, economic life and social

3685: 6129:(bathhouse), a cemetery with the founder's mausoleum, and eight madrasas along with their annexes. The buildings were arranged in a regular, partly symmetrical layout with the monumental mosque at its center, although not all the structures have survived to the present day. 5350:

Decoration in Anatolian Seljuk architecture was concentrated on entrance portals, windows, and mihrabs. Stone-carving was one of the most accomplished techniques, with motifs ranging from earlier Iranian stucco motifs to local Byzantine and Armenian motifs. The madrasas of

1733:. It is around this period that many of the distinctive features of subsequent Iranian and Central Asian architecture first emerged, including the use of baked brick for both construction and decoration, the use of glazed tile for surface decoration, and the development of 5179:, built many more madrasas, fortifications, hammams, and other charitable buildings in the cities of Syria. Unlike Seljuk and Iranian madrasas, the Syrian madrasas are smaller and more diverse in their layouts, adapted to the dense urban fabric of cities like Damascus and 6870:, origiinally commissioned by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid (r. 705–15) and reconstructed at later times, was one of the few mosques of this type in the region. The mosque's decoration reflects Yemeni techniques of carved and painted wood, carved stone, and carved stucco. 1526:

While the origins of the minaret are uncertain, it is believed that the first true minarets appeared in this period. Several of the Abbasid mosques built in the early ninth century had minaret towers which stood at the northern ends of the building, opposite the central

8496:

Deeper meanings in Islamic architecture often take form as functional purposes. For example, mosques are built around the idea that it should not just be a place of mesmerizing aesthetics, but a place where the aesthetics' fluidity guide the person into proper worship.

4240:

The principle of arranging buildings is known as "horizontal spread". Residencies and public buildings as well as private housing tend to be laid out separately, and are not directly related to each other architectonically. Archaeological excavations at the city of

1370:. Despite the religious and historical importance of the Dome of the Rock, its layout did not frequently serve as a model for major Islamic monuments after it. In hypostyle mosques, the Umayyads introduced the tradition of making the "nave" or aisle in front of the 8425: 5197: 1447:

and architecture during this time. During the Abbasid Caliphate's golden years in the 8th and 9th centuries, its great power and unity allowed architectural fashions and innovations to spread quickly to other areas of the Islamic world under its influence.

3290: 5863: 5174:

or Bimaristan of Nur al-Din, which was highly influential in the Islamic world and is notable for the muqarnas vaulting of its entrance portal and a muqarnas dome of Mesopotamian influence over the vestibule. The Zengids and their successors, the Kurdish

2138:

in the 10th century. Iwans were used in a variety of ways and arranged in varying positions in relation to the rest of the building. They are found in many types of buildings including mosques, madrasas, palaces, and caravanserais. A common layout is the

3155: 7171:

ornamentation. One feature in the sultanate was the relative absence of minarets. Many small and medium-sized medieval mosques, with multiple domes and artistic niche mihrabs, were constructed throughout the region. The grand mosque of Bengal was the

8708:

Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

4190:). This policy continued up to the Umayyad period. Like frontier colonies, these towns served as bases for further conquests. Initially, they appear to have been modest settlements consisting of an agglomeration of tents, perhaps similar to ancient 2943:

and to proclaim the triumph of Islam over Christianity and Judaism. Additionally, foundation inscriptions on buildings commonly indicate its founder or patron, the date of its construction, the name of the reigning sovereign, and other information.

1309:

in 707. It seems to have represented the place where the Prophet stood when leading prayer. This almost immediately became a standard feature of all mosques. Several major early monuments of Islamic architecture built under the Umayyads include the

5217: 6496:

with relatively few changes, while in Algeria and Tunisia it became blended with Ottoman architecture after the Ottoman conquest of the region in the 16th century. Much later, particularly in the 19th century, the Moorish style was frequently

4696: 4329:

byroads and onwards into more private plots, and then end there. There are no, or very few, internal connections between different quarters of the city. In order to move from one quarter to the next, one has to go back to the main road again.

8181:. in the Somali coastal towns, local architecture reflected a certain degree of influence from Islamic architecture in other regions. New buildings were often built on the ruins of older structures, a practice that continued for centuries. 8339:

the classical cultural aspects of Islamic architecture. This concept though brings up the controversy of the identity of the Islamic community, of the traditional Islamic community, within a space that doesn't follow the way they knew it.

8240:

at Kilwa, dating possibly to the 13th century, which has an imposing entrance and multiple sections arranged around internal courtyards. Starting in the early 19th century, the Omanis introduced a new type of palace with multiple stories.

2522:

subsequent expansions, but the expansion by al-Hakam II after 961 also introduced a series of ornate ribbed domes. Three domes span the vaults in front of the mihrab wall while another one covers an area now known by its Spanish name, the

7634: 7534:

is a great example of Malay-Indonesian architecture. Malay-Indonesian mosque architecture also features strong influence from the Middle Eastern architecture styles. This style of architecture can be found on the design of mosques in

11679:

Seldom emphasized however, is that the Umayyads did not come from a cultural void... They also cultivated a genuine culture with deep roots in the pre-Islamic heritage of the vast area they shared with other Arabs inside and outside

4680: 7112:

under Shah Jahan. In the later Mughal period some local governors became semi-autonomous, prompting them to build their own monuments and embellish their own regional capitals with highly-creative local styles of architecture. The

4194:. They were established outside existing non-Muslim cities. They were often unfortified and the residents were organized according to tribal origins. Rather than maintaining their original purpose to serve as a military base, many 7934:

with Berber cultures. In the southern Sahel and savannah regions mud-brick and rammed earth are the main material and is now associated with the most monumental examples of West African Islamic architecture. In some places, like

1063:

structure built in unbaked brick, with a rectangular, almost square, floor plan measuring about 53 by 56 meters. A shaded portico supported by palm trunks stood on the north side of the courtyard, in the direction of prayer (the

7436: 1330:

compound, also in Jerusalem, was also rebuilt by al-Walid I, replacing an earlier simple structure built around 670. A number of palaces from this period have also partially survived or have been excavated in modern times. The

5252: 2031:

follows two distinct architectural styles: While Umayyad architecture in the west continues Syrian traditions of the sixth and seventh century, eastern Islamic architecture was mainly influenced by Sasanian styles and forms.

11293:

Anjar: spätantik oder frühislamisch? = Anjar: Late antique or early Islamic? In: Karin Bartl, Abd al-Razzaq Moaz (Eds.): Residences, castles, settlements. Transformation processes from late antiquity to early Islam in Bilad

7167:, which flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. It incorporated influences from Persia, Byzantium and North India, which were with blended indigenous Bengali elements, such as curved roofs, corner towers and complex 5778: 1161:

When the early Arab-Muslim conquests spread out from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century and advanced across the Middle East and North Africa, new garrison cities were established in the conquered territories, such as

8133:

During the French colonial occupation of the Sahel, French engineers and architects had a role in popularizing a "Neo-Sudanese" style based on local traditional architecture but emphasizing symmetry and monumentality. The

3380:

screen which projects from the side of a building and which protected privacy by allowed those inside to look outside without being visible from outside. Another type of lattice screen, not restricted to balconies, is the

8469:

Calligraphy, in a mosque setting, is specifically used to reference excerpts from both the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings. These references are one of the few religious connections architects include within their work.

5693:

iwans of the early period were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later period. The decoration of monuments also became more elaborate over time, with stone-carving and colored marble paneling and mosaics (including

3058: 6526:

In addition to the general Moorish style, some styles and structures in North Africa are distinctively associated with areas that have maintained strong Berber populations and cultures, including but not limited to the

3135: 3014: 5369:

striped marble also appears on some entrance portals in Konya. Anatolian architecture innovated further in the use of tile revetments to cover entire surfaces independently of other forms of decoration, as seen in the

5087:

soon numbered dozens in Isfahan, and the distinct, blue-colored shape came to dominate the skyline of the city. This distinct style of architecture was perfected during the Safavid period, which saw the advent of the

3350: 2214:

of the squinches were split up into further subdivisions or systems of niches, resulting in a complex interplay of supporting structures forming an ornamental spatial pattern which hides the weight of the structure.

11452:

Die Stadt als Haus. In: Hofhaus und Paradiesgarten. Architektur und Lebensformen in der islamischen Welt = The town seen as a house. In: Atrium house and paradise garden. Architecture and way of life in the Islamic

6768: 1948:) is the formal courtyard found in almost every mosque in Islamic architecture. The courtyards are open to the sky and surrounded on all sides by structures with halls and rooms, and often a shaded semi-open arcade 2462: 4757: 4573:

and early 12th century. Two major and innovative domed chambers were added to it in the late 11th century. Four large iwans were then erected around the courtyard around the early 12th century, giving rise to the

3824: 2635:(eight pillars with four diagonal semi-domes, 1567/8–1574/5). In the history of architecture, the structure of the Selimiye Mosque has no precedent. All elements of the building are subordinate to its great dome. 4432:

Mesopotamia and Persia, despite adopting elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style, retained their independent architectural traditions, which derived from Sasanian architecture and its predecessors.

2966: 1682:, which was completed in 879. It was strongly influenced by Abbasid architecture in Samarra and remains one of the most notable and best-preserved examples of 9th-century architecture from the Abbasid Caliphate. 4499:. Among the most remarkable monuments of these two dynasties are a number of ornate brick towers and minarets that have survived as stand-alone structures and whose exact functions are unclear. They include the 3621:

evolved to become the usual focus of architectural decoration in the building. The details of its shape and materials varied from region to region. In congregational mosques, the mihrab was usually flanked by a

2994: 6373:". Scholars sometimes use "Western Islamic architecture" or "architecture of the Islamic west" as a more precise term for this subject. This architectural style developed primarily in Al-Andalus (present-day 3462: 5330:

The Anatolian Seljuks ruled a territory that was multi-ethnic and only newly settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from other cultures such as Iranian,

6908:

Yemen is also notable for its historic tower-houses, built on two or more floors. These houses vary in form and materials from region to region. They are typically built of mud (rammed earth or sun-dried

8109:

roof which protects from the rain. This type of roof was an existing feature of the traditional circular huts inhabited by the locals, re-adapted to cover new rectangular mosques when the mostly Muslim

5460: 5335:, and local Byzantine architecture. In contrast with Seljuk constructions further east, Anatolian architecture was largely built of stone. The golden age of their Anatolian empire, with its capital at 4601:) in 1139. More innovative, however, was the introduction of mausoleums with a square or polygonal floor plan, which later became a common form of monumental tombs. Early examples of this are the two 8840:

With the partial and possibly controversial exception of Muhammad's house, it is a question largely of moods and attitudes; forms and motifs came almost exclusively from the lands conquered by Islam.

6599: 5476: 4282:. Donald Whitcomb argues that the early Muslim conquests initiated a conscious attempt to recreate specific morphological features characteristic of earlier western and southwestern Arabian cities. 5343:. The Mongol Ilkhanids then ruled eastern Anatolia indirectly through Seljuk vassals until 1308, when they took direct control. Smaller principalities and local emirates, known collectively as the 3034: 7827:

built their mosques in a combination of eastern and western styles. The mosques are set in walled courtyards entered through archways and they feature flared roofs, miniature domes, and minarets.

7254: 5103:

would become the tallest in the city when it was finished in 1629. It was built as a double-shelled dome, with 14 m spanning between the two layers, and resting on an octagonal dome chamber.

1507:

built by al-Mutawakkil measured 256 by 139 metres (840 by 456 ft), had a flat wooden roof supported by columns, and was decorated with marble panels and glass mosaics. The prayer hall of the

7348: 3330: 3119: 7215: 5882: 8461:, Islamic art tends to not depict living beings because it is viewed as a conflict with the Qur'an. From an Islamic viewpoint, anything created by God is under his order and thus should not be 6788: 7032:, mostly built between about 1560 and 1720. Early Mughal architecture developed from existing Indo-Islamic architecture but also followed the model of Timurid architecture, due in part to the 5831: 2978: 7892:, whose mosque architecture was influenced by the Kazan (Volga) Tatars. Another type of mosque, with a domed roof and a minaret standing above the entrance, appeared in the mid-19th century. 6585:

in Tunisia has a traditional mosque architecture featuring low-lying structures built in stone and covered in whitewash. Their prayer halls are domed and they have short, round minarets. The

4475:

began moving into the Middle East from the 8th century onward and, after converting to Islam, became major political and military forces in the region. The first major Turkic dynasty was the

11574:, p. 84: "The foundations of the "new" Islamic art were painting, sculpture, and above all architecture, and all of these were well established in the cultural life of the peninsula." 6748: 5674:), were especially prolific. While Cairo was the main center of patronage, Mamluk architecture also appears in other cities of their realm such as Damascus, Jerusalem, Aleppo, and Medina. 4440:(Levant region) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. In this region, late antique, or Christian, architectural traditions merged with the pre-Islamic Arabian heritage of the conquerors. 7383: 5815: 5523: 4881:, or caravanserai) for travellers and their animals, generally displayed utilitarian rather than ornamental architecture, with rubble masonry, strong fortifications, and minimal comfort. 1634:

After its initial apogee of power, the Abbasid Caliphate became partly fragmented into regional states in the 9th century which were formally obedient to the caliphs in Baghdad but were

3084: 4735: 2619:

Mimar Sinan solved the structural issues of the Hagia Sophia dome by constructing a system of centrally symmetric pillars with flanking semi-domes, as exemplified by the design of the

11352:

This is a reminder that the new masters of Syria and Palestine were not cameleers and pastoralists of nomadic origin. They were city dwellers of Mecca, Medina, Tayma, Ta'if and Duma.

7005:

in the region during the 14th and 15th centuries resulted in the emergence of a more distinctive Indo-Islamic style around this time, as exemplified by the monuments built under the

6894:

after 1538, Rasulid-style architecture continued to be the local norm in Sunni-controlled areas, but elements of Ottoman architecture began to be introduced in the late 16th century.

6365:

The architectural style which developed in the westernmost territories of the historic Muslim world is often referred to as "Moorish architecture". The term "Moorish" comes from the

5936: 5648:. Despite their often tumultuous and violent internal politics, the Mamluk sultans were prolific patrons of architecture and contributed enormously to the repertoire of monuments in 3100: 2310: 8142:

built by the French administration in 1935. Other 20th-century and more recent mosques in West Africa have tended to replicate a more generic style similar to that of modern Egypt.

6682: 5951: 11973: 8323:

values, and the culture of Islam, but in modern times sticking to tradition is falling out of practice, so a combination style formed. Examples showing this are places such as the

7235: 6318: 20682: 7293: 6256: 3306: 2537:

in Toledo was constructed with a similar, eight-ribbed dome, surrounded by eight other ribbed domes of varying design. Similar domes are also seen in the mosque building of the

7593:

which can be read as the Saka equivalent of 1454 CE. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture which is apparent in the gates or drum towers. The

13947:

Michell, George and Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,

7009:

and other local states. Among other features, this style made increased use of arches, vaulted spaces, domes, and water features, while also integrating them with indigenous

6539:

regions of Algeria, and southern Tunisia. They do not form one single style but rather a diverse variety of local vernacular styles. In Morocco, the largely Berber-inhabited

5559: 4716: 2067:

period. They were mainly used to cover houses and cisterns. The architectural form of covering diaphragm arches with barrel vaults, however, was likely newly introduced from

8232:

Apart from mosques, the most common type of historic building to have survived, even if only partially, are palaces. Monumental palaces have been excavated at Shanga and at

2591:. The brickwork-and-mortar ribs and the spherical shell of the central dome of the Hagia Sophia were built simultaneously, as a self-supporting structure without any wooden 6921:), others were encircled by a high mud-brick wall (e.g. Shibam), and some were built so that the houses themselves formed an outer wall along the perimeter (e.g. Khawlan). 7658: 4785: 7326: 5496: 2533:

The ribbed domes of the Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba served as models for later mosque buildings in the Islamic West of Al-Andalus and the Maghreb. At around 1000 AD, the

6803: 5636:

The Mamluks were a military corps recruited from slaves that served under the Ayyubid dynasty and eventually took over from that dynasty in 1250, ruling over Egypt, the

11706:, p. 98 "the palace of Muawiya...shows that the early Umayyad palaces continued the pre-Islamic Arabian tradition of tall palaces to signifying the ruler's power." 6240: 5147:, founded in the 7th century but rebuilt under the Seljuks and the Artuqids in the 12th century. It is similar in form to the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus and has ornate 3233:. From the 12th century onward its usage became common across the Islamic world and different local styles developed over time. In addition to serving as squinches and 3773: 2395:(completed around 1571–72), including its double-shelled dome, suggests that its architects were familiar with Timurid monuments in Samarqand. The central dome of the 1591:

in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). This style of architecture established in Al-Andalus was also largely shared with the architecture of western North Africa (the

1178:

format. In other cities, especially in Syria, new mosques were established by converting or occupying parts of existing churches in existing cities, as for example in

7395: 6644: 5607: 5440: 3171: 19923: 7079:

The Mughals also built monumental palaces and mosques. A famous example of the charbagh style of Mughal garden is the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, where the domeless

5697:) replacing stucco as the most dominant architectural decoration. Monumental decorated entrance portals became common compared to earlier periods, often carved with 4908:(in present-day Turkmenistan), has preserved several structures from the Khwarazmian period (late 12th and early 13th century), including the so-called Mausoleum of 4436:

The transition process between late Antiquity, or post-classical, and Islamic architecture is exemplified by archaeologic findings in North Syria and Palestine, the

3411:

term applied to a balcony or lookout pavilion in Andalusi palaces like the Alhambra. Balconies also became an architectural element inside some mosques, such as the

2218:

The tradition of double-shelled brick domes in Iran has been traced back to the 11th century. At the beginning of the 15th century, major Timurid monuments like the

1607:, a new capital and monumental palace-city in the 10th century, also created an important complex of royal architecture and patronage. Smaller monuments such as the 1427:(750–1513) was particularly influenced by Sasanian architecture, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. Other influences such as ancient 11661:

It is clear that many subsequent mosques, including the early great Umayyad mosque of Damascus that was first to reproduce the Prophet's model at a monumental scale

7811:

As in other regions, Chinese Islamic architecture reflects local architecture in its style. Some Chinese mosques, especially in eastern China, resemble traditional

6171: 5921: 5797: 4631:

After the decline of the Great Seljuks in the late 12th century various Turkic dynasties formed smaller states and empires. A branch of the Seljuk dynasty ruled a

4333:

Within a city quarter, byroads lead towards individual building complexes or clusters of houses. The individual house is frequently also oriented towards an inner

8212:

marble from northern India. It also features the oldest known minaret in East Africa, a feature which did not become common in the region until the 19th century.

7685: 18506: 18484: 11553:

St. Laurent, B (2020). "From Arabia to Bilad al-Sham: : Muawiya's Development of an Infrastructure and Monumental Architecture of Early Umayyad Statehood".

6047:

is one of the surviving examples from this period. The last Ottoman period saw more influences from Western Europe, brought in by architects such those from the

5289: 6191: 3669: 15072: 2939:), and the role of Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", which have been interpreted as an attempt to announce the rejection of the Christian concept of the 9817:

Petruccioli, Attilio. "House and Fabric in the Islamic Mediterranean City". In Jayyusi, Salma K.; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; Raymond, Andre (eds.).

5163:(1148 and 1170–1172), of which only the original minaret was preserved up to modern times. (The minaret and the rebuilt mosque were recently destroyed in the 5143:

in Arabic) became important centers of architectural development that had a long-term influence in the wider region. One of the most notable monuments is the

16255: 6736: 5902: 5575: 3731:

The minaret is a tower that traditionally accompanies a mosque building. Its formal function is to provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer, or

3650: 2837: 1747:, one of the oldest surviving congregational mosques in Iran, contains some of the best-preserved features from this period, including decorative brickwork, 11317:

Whitcomb, Donald (2007). "An Urban Structure for the Early Islamic City: An archaeological hypothesis". In Bennison, Amira K.; Gascoigne, Alison L. (eds.).

7559:. Today, with increasing Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Malay-Indonesian mosques are developing a more standard, international style, with a dome and minaret. 6619: 14226: 7945: 5543: 3705: 1802:

in Egypt followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials, but also developed its own features. The first Fatimid congregational mosque in Cairo was

13633:

Finster, Barbara (2009). "Arabian Peninsula, art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

11842: 5678:

sultans and high-ranking emirs, typically set out to build mausoleums for themselves but attached to them various charitable structures such as madrasas,

5381:

Anatolian Seljuk mosques included more conservative hypostyle constructions alongside less traditional floor plans. An important hypostyle example is the

2927:

calligraphic inscriptions adorning the Dome of the Rock include quotations from the Qur'an that reference the miracle of Jesus and his human nature (e.g.

19704: 18489: 15108: 13412: 9938:

In: Proceedings of the second international congress on construction history Vol. I. Queens' College, Cambridge University 29.03.–02.04.2006, S. 195–220

3513: 3804: 3370:

Balconies are a common feature of Islamic domestic architecture due to the warm climates in most countries. One of the mosque recognizable types is the

8188:

in present-day Kenya, where a succession of mosques on one site were built and rebuilt from the 9th to 14th centuries. Other early mosques include the

4997:

original borders, such as in the early Ottoman Empire to the west and the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent. The monuments erected by Timur and

7368: 6890:

political links with Egypt. During the same period, the Zaydi imams in northern Yemen were buried in richly-decorated domed tombs. With the advent of

6713: 5347:, progressively emerged. Despite this decline, the Seljuk tradition of architecture largely persisted and continued to evolve under these new rulers. 1102:. These two empires both cultivated their own major architectural traditions. Occupying the borderlands between these two empires – in the desert and 20714: 18626: 17213: 15876: 15025: 9750: 8049:

In the earthen (mud) architecture of the region, scholar Andrew Petersen distinguishes two main styles: a "western" style that may have its roots in

7455: 6287: 4156: 1743:. Hypostyle mosques continued to be built and there is also evidence of multi-domed mosques, though most were modified or rebuilt in later eras. The 1523:

in what is now Afghanistan was about 20 by 20 metres (66 by 66 ft) square, with three rows of three square bays, supporting nine vaulted domes.

5591: 4877:

Under the Seljuks, the "Iranian plan" or four-iwan plan of mosque construction, with four axial iwans, appeared for the first time. Lodging places (

19101: 18511: 8465:. This leaves typical religious Western symbols out of the picture, and replaces them with an emphasis on complex geometrical shapes and patterns. 7614: 6405:), and contemporary artistic currents in the Islamic Middle East to elaborate a unique style over centuries with recognizable features such as the 6207: 4665: 4029: 10546: 7717:

the style of "Balai Nobat". An ancient cemetery also usually lies next to the mosque is where some notable preachers and missionaries are buried.

6340: 6225: 3247: 1374:

wider than the others, dividing the prayer room along its central axis. This innovation was probably inspired by the layout of existing Christian

13768: 5271: 1059:). It is usually described as his house, but may have been designed to serve as a community center from the beginning. It consisted of a simple 18313: 18055: 15965: 11150: 10401: 10373: 9996: 7823:. In western China, mosques resemble those of the Middle East, with slender minarets, arches, and domed roofs. In northwest China, the Chinese 5170:

Damascus regained some prominence after it came under Nur al-Din's control in 1154. That same year, Nur al-Din founded a hospital complex, the

13469: 11628:

As far as later architecture is concerned, the major contribution of early Islam in Arabia was the development of a specifically Muslim masjid

9832: 6155: 20709: 19883: 19584: 9942: 4815: 2353: 19863: 6421:). Major centers of this artistic development included the main capitals of the empires and Muslim states in the region's history, such as 1841:(r. 1073–1094), the city walls were rebuilt in stone along with several monumental gates, three of which have survived to the present-day: 7518:

architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements. Existing architectural features in Malay-Indonesia such as the

6663: 1531:. Among the most famous of these is the Malwiyya minaret, a stand-alone tower with a "spiral" form built for the Great Mosque of Samarra. 18526: 17057: 12153:

Asher, Catherine B. (2020). "Mughal architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

11610:

A particularly rich repertoire of Arab myths and memories, as well as architecture preceded the appearance of the first Islamic monument.

4049: 3840: 2156:, means the entrance portal (sometimes an iwan) projecting from the façade of a building, often decorated with calligraphy bands, glazed 5385:

of Konya (built between 1156 and 1235, with later additions). Mosques in the later Beylik period were more diverse in form, such as the

3612:

wall (the wall standing in the direction of prayer) of a mosque or other prayer space. It symbolized and indicated the direction of the

2011:. In Islamic architecture, the hypostyle hall is the main feature of the hypostyle mosque. One of the earliest hypostyle mosques is the 18039: 13819:

O'Kane, Bernard (2017). "Architecture and Court Cultures of the Fourteenth Century". In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).

7308: 6415:

gardens (symmetrically divided courtyard gardens), and elaborate geometric and arabesque motifs in wood, stucco, and tilework (notably

3741:, is made. The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night. In most modern mosques, the 3638: 3205:

earliest monuments to make use of this feature date from the 11th century and are found in Iraq, North Africa, Iran, Central Asia, and

2672: 2482: 15933: 10015: 4507:

built by the Ghurids (late 12th century). Around the same time, between the late 10th century and the early 13th century, the Turkic

4314:, an Islamic town or city is fundamentally influenced by the preservation of the unity of secular and religious life throughout time. 3487: 2923:, non-figural decoration remained more dominant overall and figural motifs were generally excluded from religious buildings entirely. 19188: 18516: 18318: 18142: 17347: 16485: 11920:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2011). "Aleppo, architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7025:(1423), the latter of which is a particularly harmonious example of Islamic and indigenous Indian elements combined in one building. 6271: 4036: 2952: 2329: 1481: 1012: 9285:

Milwright, Marcus (2014). "Dome of the Rock". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

3592:

facing south, as that was the direction that Muhammad was facing when he prayed in Medina, which is a city directly north of Mecca.

2443: 19242: 18538: 18092: 10963: 17001: 15743: 9614:. Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. Museum With No Frontiers & Ministry of Culture, the National Institute of Heritage, Tunis. 9237:"The Dome of the Rock in Light of the Development of Concentric Martyria in Jerusalem: Architecture and Architectural Iconography" 6077:, which had multiple elements providing various charitable services. These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a 4553: 20811: 18494: 18454: 18012: 17289: 7723: 6697: 4069: 4024: 2405: 14022:

Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques:The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. pp. 23–27.

11534:

Yule, Paul (2007). "'Decadence', 'Decline' and Persistence: Zafar and Himyar, Yemen Bridging the Gap between Past and Present".

7581:, although this is not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in 7274: 6135: 6051:. This period also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the 5409:(1304). Madrasas were typically centered around either a traditional open courtyard bordered by a varying number of iwans (e.g. 4200:

developed into urbanized administrative and commercial centers. In particular, this happened in the case of the Iraqi cities of

18521: 17946: 14851:

ELARABY, KADRI M.G. (1996). "Neo-Islamic Architecture and Urban Design in the Middle East: From Threshold to Adaptive Design".

13799: 13797: 13795: 7505:, the construction of the mosque was started around 1552 and was completed in 1566, one of the few oldest mosques in Indonesia. 7414: 4936: 4904:

The decline of the Seljuks was followed by the rise of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The former Khwarazmian capital,

4044: 2733:

Gardens and water have for many centuries played an essential role in Islamic culture, and are often compared to the garden of

1435:

have also been noted. This was partly a result of the caliphate's political center shifting further east to the new capital of

170:

conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the

18726: 13863:

Vaughan, Philippa (2011). "Indian Subcontinent: from Sultanate to Mughal Empire". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

11501:

Finster, B (2009). "Arabia In Late Antiquity: An Outline Of The Cultural Situation In The Peninsula At The Time Of Muhammad".

5237: 4589:, respectively. The Seljuks also continued to build "tower tombs", an Iranian building type from earlier periods, such as the 2087:

in Syria. During the early period, the diaphragm arches are built from coarsely cut limestone slabs, without using supporting

1362:

The Dome of the Rock has a centralized floor plan with an octagonal layout. This was most likely modeled on earlier Byzantine

19210: 18619: 18533: 18476: 17510: 17416: 17136: 17062: 16701: 16033: 15810: 15723: 15702: 15681: 15641: 15599: 15570: 15530: 15511: 15411: 15388: 15319: 15244: 15223: 15152: 14641: 14186: 13111: 13078: 13007: 12270: 12008: 11485: 11460: 11434: 11301: 11187: 10634: 10424: 10065: 9919: 9733: 8855:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

8596:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7340: 7140: 6052: 4174:

In the newly-conquered areas of the early Muslim expansion, military settlements were often founded, known individually as a

4149: 4015: 43: 13792: 9074:

Walmsley, Alan (2020). "al-Mushattā". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

3433: 2775:, comprises a rectangular irrigated space with elevated pathways, which divide the garden into four sections of equal size: 20494: 19106: 15902: 10507: 7765: 5645: 3297: 18801: 13370:

Giese, Francine; Varela Braga, Ariane; Lahoz Kopiske, Helena; Kaufmann, Katrin; Castro Royo, Laura; Keller, Sarah (2016).

12838: 11819: 5323: 4870:, glazed tile decoration on the outside of buildings, the privileged use of domes and vaulting, and the increasing use of 4393: 2341: 20654: 18813: 18019: 16996: 5889: 1378:

in the region. Both the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Great Mosque of Damascus feature a hypostyle hall in this fashion, with a

15671: 13068: 12997: 11994: 5503: 5410: 2657: 20668: 20566: 19344: 19133: 18808: 15958: 15774: 15500:

Hillenbrand, Robert (1999a). "Anjar and early Islamic urbanism". In Brogiolo, Gian Pietro; Perkins, Bryan Ward (eds.).

15482: 15269: 7676: 2234:

in Cairo, which was built earlier in the 1350s and appears to have copied this same design from the Iranian tradition.

15899:

Open access, online resource on architecture and art of Muslim societies, globally and throughout history to our times

15847:

Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2015). "Evolution Of Abstract Vegetal Ornaments on Islamic Architecture".

12258: 6977:

and built monuments in northern India in the 12th and 13th centuries. The most notable monument of this period is the

2514: 1443:

in the 9th century, which is now a major archeological site that has provided numerous insights into the evolution of

77: 19577: 18212: 18060: 17940: 17920: 17909: 15755: 15660: 15620: 15549: 15459: 15367: 15346: 15298: 15202: 15183: 15073:"Glossary of Terms | Lecture Notes | Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures | Architecture | MIT OpenCourseWare" 15048: 14722: 14695: 14210: 14155: 14027: 13952: 13872: 13642: 13479: 13332: 13312: 12914: 12850: 12818: 12536: 12479: 12409: 12384: 12310: 12057: 11929: 11880: 11788: 11518: 11326: 10896: 10517: 9801: 9764: 9723: 9594: 9294: 9083: 8936: 8904: 8864: 8833: 8700: 8671: 8605: 7846:, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, it follows traditional 6866:

courtyard. The hypostyle mosque with courtyard, common elsewhere, was comparatively rare in early Islamic Yemen. The

4939:

and the tallest masonry dome ever erected. The thin, double-shelled dome was reinforced by arches between the layers.

4006: 17: 13371: 8725: 7044:. Mughal architecture's most prominent examples are the series of imperial mausolea, which started with the pivotal 6303: 4495:, of uncertain ethnic origin, replaced them as the major power in the region from northern India to the edge of the 2264:, the ribs were hidden behind additional architectural elements in later periods, as exemplified in the dome of the 1400: 1212: 20018: 19215: 19195: 19062: 18976: 18646: 18612: 18459: 18399: 18298: 17936: 17225: 16050: 11779:

Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

4317:

In a Muslim city, palaces and residences as well as public places like charitable or religious complexes (mosques,

4142: 3909: 2083:. The earliest known example for barrel vaults resting on diaphragm arches from Umayyad architecture is known from 463: 325: 14260:"Identity of the architecture of mosques in Russia in the late XX-early XXI century (as exemplified by Tatarstan)" 12564: 8488:

portentous ends." Hierarchy exists in the church in different forms, but is meant for purely functional purposes.

2391:. Many monumental Mughal domes were also double-shelled and derived from the Iranian tradition. The design of the 20153: 19084: 18427: 17905: 16970: 11871:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands.".

9936:

Umayyad arches, vaults & domes: Merging and re-creation. Contributions to early Islamic construction history.

8122:, built in 1850 (with later restorations). Many others are attested in the same region overlapping with southern 7942:, both building materials are used together, with stone constructions either covered or bound with a mud plaster. 7060:

who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetrical except for Shah Jahan's

6402: 5838: 5822: 5164: 5006: 4266:) cross each other at right angles in the center of the city. A few cities were founded during the early Islamic 3985: 3918: 3676: 14234: 12301:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands".

3574:. The layout of some Muslim cities may have also been influenced by this orientation. In practice, however, the 2641: 20729: 20699: 20139: 19312: 19270: 19096: 19022: 18841: 18764: 17874: 17613: 17067: 16748: 13354: 13248: 13223: 10946: 10624: 10210: 8034: 6066:

While Istanbul was the main site of imperial patronage for most of the empire's history, the early capitals of

6005: 5224: 5160: 4923:

Iran and Central Asia were conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, which led to the establishment of the

4656: 3995: 3970: 2374: 1701:

In Iran and Central Asia, a number of other local and regional dynasties held sway prior to the arrival of the

13420: 11478:

Residences, castles, settlements. Transformation processes from late antiquity to early Islam in Bilad al-Sham

11065: 2687: 2059:

with lintelled ceilings made of wood or stone beams, or, alternatively, with barrel vaults, were known in the

1499:

Abbasid mosques all followed the courtyard plan with hypostyle halls. The earliest was the mosque that Caliph

20801: 19200: 19118: 19113: 18971: 18886: 18871: 18679: 18293: 18135: 17899: 17884: 17178: 17047: 17042: 17037: 15993: 15951: 11129: 5313: 3990: 3904: 2230:

around its drum. However, domes of this shape and style were likely constructed earlier, as evidenced by the

2195:

provides an overview over the experiments Islamic architects conducted with complicated vaulting structures.

1005: 17279: 15421:

Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1999). "The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus".

8093:

in Guinea, first built in 1850, a hybrid of traditional mosque and local hut architecture (photo circa 1900)

7001:

temples and the complex became a prototype for many mosques built in the region afterwards. The progress of

5204: 5144: 3417:

in Ottoman mosques, a separate and protected space where the sultan could perform his prayers (similar to a

3001: 2587:, they found a variety of Byzantine Christian churches, the largest and most prominent amongst them was the 20779: 20592: 20254: 20104: 20073: 19968: 19915: 19830: 19729: 19570: 19405: 19349: 19205: 19165: 19148: 19138: 19042: 19037: 18554: 18230: 18082: 18077: 17926: 17889: 17254: 17183: 17052: 17032: 17027: 17006: 16879: 16267: 16111: 16003: 11839: 9610:

Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2010).

7901: 7794: 7641: 7013:

elements. In the northwestern part of the subcontinent, some notable examples from this period include the

6502: 5957: 5742: 5734: 4963: 4845: 4516: 2055:

structures, Umayyad period buildings show a mixture of ancient Roman and Persian architectural traditions.

1666:

in much of their current forms, as well as for building numerous other structures in the region. In Egypt,

1269:, wall painting, sculpture and carved reliefs. While figural scenes were notably present in monuments like 752: 350: 144: 9770: 3789: 2553:

founded in 1082, has twelve slender ribs, the shell between the ribs is filled with filigree stucco work.

2545:. The architectural form of the ribbed dome was further developed in the Maghreb: the central dome of the 2202:, which is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an 19307: 19175: 19123: 19032: 18769: 18674: 18499: 18449: 18432: 18389: 18384: 18288: 18240: 18050: 17962: 17894: 17208: 16028: 11279:

Market building at Jarash. Commercial transformation at the Tetrakionion in the 6th to 9th centuries C.E.

8927:

Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

8691:

Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

8276: 8105:, mosques were built with a traditional rectangular or square layout, but then covered by a huge conical 6458: 6198: 5874: 5854: 5095:, who was appointed head of the royal library and Master calligrapher at the Shah's court in 1598, while 3892: 163: 13455:, 6 (1989), document A264, published online on December 1, 2012, accessed on April 10, 2020. URL : 9032:

Yāsamīn Zahrān. (2009). The Lakhmids of Hira: Sons of the Water of Heaven. Stacey International. p. 179.

5363:

is distinguished by some of the most eclectic and extravagant stone-carving in the region. Syrian-style

4357: 4228:), and a market were likely the first major constructions to appear, located at the center of the town. 1980:, i.e., an open hall supported by columns, is considered to be derived from architectural traditions of 1705:

in the 11th century. By the 10th century, central Iran and the Abbasid heartland of Iraq were under the

1142:. Some of their buildings are known from archeology or historical texts, such as the Lakhmid palaces of 736: 19771: 19756: 19461: 19285: 19265: 19220: 19183: 19128: 19017: 19012: 18714: 18709: 18332: 18187: 17978: 17805: 16430: 15175: 12983: 9587:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

8429: 6394: 5359:(c. 1265) in Konya are among the most notable examples, while the Great Mosque and Hospital complex of 4849: 4001: 2534: 2161: 1827: 1608: 1367: 1261: 315: 183: 18687: 15925: 15920: 14443:

Historical Society of Ghana. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, The Society, 1957, p. 81

13846: 13844: 13842: 4337:, and enclosed by walls, which mostly are unadorned, unlike European outward-oriented, representative 1584: 1554: 1539: 20111: 19672: 19519: 19502: 19466: 19322: 19158: 19091: 18906: 18881: 18866: 17988: 17916: 17203: 17193: 17129: 16023: 16013: 13372:"Resplendence of al-Andalus: Exchange and Transfer Processes in Mudéjar and Neo-Moorish Architecture" 12811:

Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt

12527:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; B. Anatolia".

12184:

Blake, Stephen P.; Half the World, The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590–1722, pp. 143–144

11981: 7664: 7355: 6958: 6930: 5985: 4467: 4132: 3398: 3388: 2865: 2469: 2261: 1620: 320: 11584:

Khoury, N (1993). "The Dome of the Rock, the Kaʿba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments".

10791:

King, David (Aug 1, 1995). "The Orientation of Medieval Islamic Religious Architecture and Cities".

10584:"The Visual Construction of the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus through the Great Mosque of Cordoba" 10384: 9993: 8135: 7910: 1697:(10th century), built entirely of brick, is one of the oldest monumental tombs in the Islamic world. 20704: 20125: 18940: 18818: 18422: 18128: 16980: 16263: 16189: 13839: 12470:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; C. Anatolia".

10526: 9874: 8324: 7839: 7804: 7241: 7014: 6450: 5942: 5893: 5803: 5686:, or mosques. The revenues and expenses of these charitable complexes were governed by inalienable 4726: 3914: 3864: 3780: 2985: 2715: 2424: 1881: 1651: 1280: 998: 687: 283:. The present-day building is the result of many reconstructions and expansions up to modern times. 97: 9939: 7751: 4375: 1451: 20428: 20118: 19761: 19642: 19536: 19410: 19079: 18836: 18731: 18651: 18635: 16338: 16038: 15896: 13589:

Finster, Barbara (1992). "An Outline of the History of Islamic Religious Architecture in Yemen".

8378: 7284: 7189: 6462: 6454: 6025: 5340: 3752: 3337: 2833: 2693: 2628: 2546: 2192: 2123: 1504: 1492: 1335:

appears for the first time in Umayyad architecture, later to evolve to its most advanced form in

1315: 85: 18692: 11560:

history and archaeology that reveal strong traditions of architecture in the pre-Islamic period.

8236:

which date from before 1000 CE. The largest pre-19th-century palace along the coastal region is

6610: 3391:

and is made of perforated stone. Other examples of balconies and related structures include the

3213:

are tripartite squinches used as transitional elements for domes and semi-domes, such as at the

2530:, the ribs leave a central square space between them, with an octagonal cupola added over this. 2509:

Ribbed dome in front of the mihrab in the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, added in the 10th century

1603:

domes, which were imitated and elaborated in later monuments in the region. The construction of

1577: 20719: 20560: 20456: 19837: 19497: 19420: 19400: 19337: 18966: 18756: 18704: 18669: 18303: 16527: 16079: 11177: 9879: 8237: 7502: 7261: 7022: 6398: 6088: 5989: 5550: 5530: 5148: 4687: 3403: 2584: 2211: 1519:

wall. Both of the Samarra mosques have spiral minarets, the only examples in Iraq. A mosque at

1249: 1233: 1083: 777: 677: 167: 155: 20618: 17398: 17173: 15998: 15213: 14985: 14631: 6142: 5582: 5418: 5112: 3696: 2624: 1580: 1573: 953: 143:

local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes

20600: 20574: 20422: 20401: 20243: 20160: 19988: 19943: 19869: 19820: 19627: 19509: 19492: 19487: 19354: 18846: 18751: 18719: 18699: 18005: 17485: 16733: 16136: 16094: 16074: 15870: 15309: 15234: 15142: 15019: 13906: 13777:, Architecture; IV. c. 750–c. 900; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 3. Iran, Central Asia and India. 10136: 8220: 8189: 8139: 7816: 7700: 7389:

The Red Fort in Delhi, built between 1639 and 1648 as the citadel of Shah Jahan's new capital

7010: 6867: 6824: 6719: 6704: 6493: 6162: 5613: 5356: 5332: 5243: 5171: 5100: 5052: 5042: 4867: 4381: 4334: 3162: 2910:, including mathematically complicated, elaborate geometric patterns, floral motifs like the 2825: 2301: 1819: 1512: 1480:

so-called "beveled" style. These decorative techniques quickly spread to other regions where

1253: 1237: 1171: 712: 702: 365: 54: 15631: 15357: 14275: 10012: 8823: 7799: 6775: 6213: 6017: 5318: 3126: 2620: 1570: 20806: 20525: 20396: 20277: 19890: 19546: 19541: 19482: 19430: 19359: 19327: 19002: 18901: 18896: 18861: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18394: 18245: 17968: 17932: 17778: 17618: 17593: 17274: 17269: 17259: 17249: 17244: 17234: 17188: 17168: 17122: 17079: 16833: 16131: 16126: 16116: 16101: 16084: 16069: 16059: 16008: 15988: 14271: 13456: 11137:

Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, V: Art and Technology throughout the Ages

10938: 10800: 10463: 8373: 8363: 8151: 7847: 7139:

in the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent also developed their local Indo-Islamic

6918: 6688:

Giralda tower in Seville: former Almohad minaret (12th century) converted into a Christian

6360: 6309: 6096: 6036: 5993: 5975: 5908: 5769: 5566: 5427: 5083: 5056: 4993: 4974: 4909: 4839: 4791: 4610: 2572: 2561: 2265: 2231: 2068: 2052: 2028: 1799: 1757: 1744: 1588: 1420: 1405: 1395: 1294: 1257: 1207: 732: 649: 360: 340: 335: 330: 229: 159: 15930: 14878:

ALSAYYAD, NEZAR (1996). "Islamic Architecture and Urbanism: Middle Eastern Perspectives".

6385:

including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (part of the Maghreb). It blended influences from

6294: 5258: 4245:, the Gerasa of Antiquity, have revealed how the Umayyads have transformed the city plan. 3356:

Muqarnas in the entrance portal of the Madrasa of 'Abd al-'Aziz in Bukhara (17th century,

271: 8: 20750: 20675: 20414: 20045: 19664: 19593: 19551: 19514: 19384: 19369: 19275: 19153: 19052: 18981: 18918: 18891: 18851: 18340: 18177: 17732: 17689: 17603: 17239: 17218: 17091: 16849: 16691: 16621: 16593: 16532: 16425: 16106: 16089: 16064: 16043: 15910: 14284: 14259: 14178: 14172: 14147: 14141: 13995: 10128: 8526: 8208: 8185: 8165: 8155: 7930: 7757: 7729: 7692: 7531: 7105: 7029: 6962: 6952: 6934: 6262: 6247: 6182: 6044: 5738: 5631: 5184: 4821: 4776: 4508: 4079: 3926: 3831: 3469: 3413: 3178: 3142: 3090:

Calligraphic inscriptions and arabesques carved in stucco in the Alhambra (14th century,

2915: 2845: 2784:

A Charbagh from Achaemenid time has been identified in the archaeological excavations at

2719: 2679: 2605: 2565: 2246:

four intersecting ribs, at times redoubled and intersected to form an eight-pointed star;

2075:

before the arrival of the Umayyads. However, this form was well known in Iran from early

1912: 1846: 1794:. In 970, the Fatimids moved their center of power to Egypt and founded another capital, 1679: 1565:

After the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 by the Abbasids, a new branch of the

1459:(9th century), Iraq, exemplifying the "beveled" style that employed more abstract motifs. 1052: 747: 706: 398: 345: 276: 175: 119: 20066: 11657:

Cosmology and architecture in premodern islam an architectural reading of mystical ideas

10804: 10441: 5787:

in Cairo (built in 1284–85). It included a mausoleum, a madrasa, and a highly important

5402: 4884: 1899:

Residences and other secular buildings typically contain a central private courtyard or

1866: 1806:, founded at the same time as the city (970), which became the spiritual center for the 1599:(r. 961–976) introducing important aesthetic innovations such as interlacing arches and 1467:, and painted wall decoration, were continued and elaborated in the Abbasid period. The 1154:), and a Ghassanid audience hall incorporated into the later Umayyad rural residence at 20755: 20612: 20442: 20238: 20228: 20081: 19953: 19808: 19374: 19317: 18935: 18414: 18308: 18192: 18045: 17707: 17697: 17541: 17495: 17198: 16018: 15438: 15007: 14919: 14887: 14860: 14815: 14289: 13606: 13394: 11985: 11601: 11144: 10972: 10816: 10395: 9264: 8272: 8200:(rebuilt in the 18th century over 12th foundations), and three 13th-century mosques in 8097:

More hybrid styles also arose further south and on the edge of Islamized areas. In the

8054: 7703: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7226: 6978: 6794: 6759: 6755: 6574: 5927: 5295: 5152: 5022: 5013:, while most of the major monuments from Timur's reign are in Samarkand, including the 4928: 4897: 4652: 4488: 4087: 3887: 3847: 3712: 3357: 3321: 3313: 3277: 3226: 3214: 3091: 3071: 3041: 2920: 2609: 2600: 2360: 2297: 2277: 2223: 2005: 1989: 1650:) were notable patrons of architecture themselves, responsible for rebuilding both the 1111: 797: 792: 762: 757: 722: 692: 682: 663: 408: 151: 19948: 14910:

Al-Jasmi, Abdullah; Mitias, Michael H. (2004). "Does an Islamic Architecture Exist?".

12338: 11510: 11089: 8509:

is necessary for proper Islamic worship, and is revealed through architectural means.

5447: 5382: 200:

were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include

20476: 20450: 20332: 19993: 19531: 19524: 19332: 19072: 19057: 18986: 18930: 18255: 18250: 18222: 17679: 17674: 17656: 16788: 16200: 15806: 15792: 15770: 15751: 15719: 15698: 15677: 15656: 15637: 15616: 15595: 15576: 15566: 15545: 15526: 15507: 15488: 15478: 15455: 15407: 15384: 15363: 15342: 15315: 15294: 15275: 15265: 15240: 15219: 15198: 15179: 15148: 15044: 15011: 14834: 14718: 14691: 14637: 14293: 14206: 14182: 14151: 14023: 13948: 13868: 13638: 13475: 13350: 13328: 13308: 13244: 13219: 13107: 13074: 13013: 13003: 12910: 12846: 12814: 12532: 12475: 12405: 12380: 12306: 12266: 12158: 12053: 12004: 11925: 11876: 11784: 11514: 11481: 11456: 11430: 11322: 11297: 11260: 11183: 10958: 10942: 10820: 10630: 10605: 10513: 10420: 10206: 10061: 9915: 9885: 9797: 9760: 9729: 9590: 9290: 9256: 9079: 8932: 8900: 8870: 8860: 8829: 8696: 8667: 8601: 7949: 7889: 7594: 7374: 7299: 7280: 7185: 7136: 7101: 6986: 6673: 6654: 6606: 5750: 5653: 5344: 5134: 5079: 4917: 4858: 4644: 4586: 4267: 3975: 3075: 2857: 2762: 2738: 2599:, the ribs of the dome vault are fully integrated into the shell, similar to Western 2412: 2392: 2012: 2001: 1920: 1916: 1787: 1775: 1690: 1659: 1487: 1476: 1468: 1424: 1340: 1245: 1217: 1091: 1034: 807: 772: 767: 742: 727: 717: 672: 654: 506: 20464: 20007: 18109: 13398: 12617: 12593: 12581: 12418: 11989: 11852: 11797: 11748: 7777: 7268:(1423), which prominently combines Islamic and indigenous Indian architectural forms 6422: 6232: 5394: 4748:, south of present-day Tehran, Iran, built in 1139 as the tomb of the Seljuk sultan 4542:(1141), and several Qarakhanid mausoleums with monumental façades, such as those in 3258: 3110: 2183:

Because of its long history of building and re-building, spanning the time from the

1685: 20626: 20317: 20267: 20213: 20168: 20097: 19897: 19677: 19451: 19067: 18357: 18280: 17956: 17952: 17792: 17664: 17631: 17551: 17342: 16945: 16753: 16631: 16475: 16465: 16388: 16195: 15906: 15861: 15856: 15833: 15430: 14997: 14279: 13902: 13598: 13386: 12284: 12282: 11726: 11724: 11593: 11506: 10808: 10595: 10096: 9248: 8433: 8215: 8193: 8102: 8024: 8012: 7737: 7582: 7164: 7080: 6939: 6878: 6858: 6669: 6466: 6278: 6056: 5683: 5467: 5375: 5034: 4690:(prior to its destruction in 2013), built circa 1090 during the Great Seljuk period 4671: 4632: 4602: 4094: 3882: 3408: 3146: 3025: 2907: 2901: 2612:(formerly the Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes) or the Pantokrator Monastery (today 2147: 2118: 2095: 2084: 1604: 1508: 1475:, is first attested during the Abbasid period in monuments at Samarra, such as the 1351: 1311: 1095: 1026: 812: 787: 782: 697: 629: 590: 501: 487: 458: 237: 171: 135: 20322: 20147: 20133: 15926:

Tehranimages. Contemporary photos taken in some of the oldest districts of Tehran.

15290:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

12072: 7991: 7906: 6797:

in Tunis (17th century): an example of Ottoman influence blended with local styles

6558: 2765:, who shows the Greek his "Paradise at Sardis". The classical form of the Persian 1767: 433: 20760: 20488: 20377: 20292: 20272: 20223: 19813: 19719: 19694: 19632: 19047: 19027: 18591: 18207: 18151: 17983: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17669: 17505: 17472: 17389: 16920: 16738: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16450: 16210: 15937: 15800: 15796: 15713: 15692: 15610: 15589: 15560: 15501: 15471: 15378: 15338:

The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture

15336: 15288: 15169: 15144:

The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries

14308: 13101: 11846: 11823: 10961:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I". 10055: 10019: 10000: 9946: 9630: 9315: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 8403: 7812: 7442: 7420: 7065: 7045: 7033: 7006: 6974: 6862: 6650: 6528: 5784: 5371: 5277: 5188: 5176: 5099:

oversaw the construction projects. Reaching 53 meters in height, the dome of the

5075: 5064: 4998: 4722: 4703: 4582: 4500: 4423: 4307: 4118: 3872: 3815: 3445: 3049: 2829: 2766: 2623:(four pillars with two flanking shield walls and two semi-domes, 1550–1557), the 2450: 2380: 2249:

the omission of a transition zone between the vault and the supporting structure;

2099: 2076: 2044: 1908: 1811: 1803: 1718: 1667: 1566: 1456: 1440: 1270: 1229: 1099: 934: 802: 388: 299: 20282: 12869: 12545: 12442: 12356: 12279: 12214: 11901: 11721: 8621: 8619: 8617: 4935:, Iran, which measures 50 m in height and 25 m in diameter, making it 4341:. Thus, the spatial structure of a Muslim city essentially reflects the ancient 2387:

domes, and even more so than Persian domes, domes in South Asia tend to be more

1190:, although small shelters may have been constructed on the roofs to protect the 20327: 20302: 20248: 20233: 20189: 20060: 20052: 19933: 19652: 19280: 19007: 18743: 18586: 18444: 18202: 18182: 17836: 17722: 17598: 17500: 17457: 17452: 16894: 16889: 16778: 16680: 16568: 16537: 16215: 16205: 15838: 15821: 15503:

The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

14040: 12839:""Jeux de miroir": Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism" 11977: 10812: 10291: 10023: 9035: 8555: 8408: 8383: 8307: 8226: 8114:

settled the region in the 18th century. A good example is the Friday mosque of

8070: 7995: 7876: 7672: 7314: 7092: 7037: 6914: 6727: 6488:

in Spain, which made use of Moorish techniques and designs and adapted them to

6406: 6040: 5981: 5702: 5048: 4967: 4764: 4636: 4574: 4528: 4504: 4492: 4472: 4414:

Early Islamic architecture was influenced by two different ancient traditions:

4363: 4275: 4101: 3795: 3222: 2932: 2813: 2758: 2706: 2384: 2140: 2056: 1950: 1838: 1815: 1779: 1753: 1714: 1702: 1631:) demonstrate the prevalence of the same stylistic elements across the region. 1332: 1319: 1221: 1107: 634: 448: 383: 291: 197: 17367: 12083: 11816: 10369: 9252: 9193: 6779: 6485: 4568:

More significant was the arrival of the Seljuk Turks and the formation of the

1346: 20795: 20745: 20724: 20661: 20513: 20307: 20218: 20039: 19999: 19983: 19904: 19876: 19744: 19734: 19659: 19647: 19237: 19170: 19143: 18913: 18404: 18197: 17849: 17737: 17608: 17588: 17490: 16573: 16558: 15580: 15279: 12162: 11264: 10926: 10609: 9889: 9260: 8874: 8614: 8458: 8388: 8368: 8333: 8265: 8253: 8098: 8085: 8030: 8008: 7985: 7604:) which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate ( 7497: 7462: 7200: 7125: 7114: 6506: 6484:

of Al-Andalus the legacy of Moorish architecture was still carried on in the

6411: 6048: 5807: 5649: 4905: 4889: 4741: 4590: 4569: 4558: 4437: 4113: 3692: 3106: 2956: 2948: 2789: 2613: 2188: 2135: 2103: 2072: 1900: 1710: 1655: 1612: 1439:, in present-day Iraq. The Abbasids also built other capital cities, such as 958: 948: 880: 850: 821: 604: 576: 473: 418: 249: 15492: 13017: 12131: 11253:"From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria" 10643: 8643: 5262: 5122: 4527:. These include a great congregational mosque in Bukhara, of which only the 1756:(circa 1006–7), while the other main type was the domed square, such as the 20537: 20436: 20287: 20198: 20193: 20091: 20012: 19928: 19847: 19751: 19724: 19689: 19622: 19435: 19415: 19290: 18576: 18097: 17972: 17742: 17445: 17435: 17427: 17264: 17104: 16859: 16121: 13390: 11642:

Power, Patronage, and Memory in Early Islam: Perspectives on Umayyad Elites

11402:

Dostal, Walter (1984). "'Towards a Model of Cultural Evolution in Arabia".

8540: 8413: 8393: 8233: 8127: 8038: 7973: 7884: 7880: 7868: 7859: 7843: 7831: 7830:

The first Chinese mosque was established in the seventh century during the

7743: 7696: 7645: 7600: 7519: 7490: 7180:

style of Persia. Another exceptional example which survives in present-day

7173: 7057: 7002: 6973:

dating to 725 have been uncovered. The Ghurids laid the foundations of the

6891: 6835: 6829: 6554: 6489: 6430: 6382: 6116: 6009: 5721: 5096: 5068: 5018: 4942: 4893: 4806: 4625: 4578: 4367: 4274:. An example of a city planned according to such concepts was excavated at 3980: 3931: 3660: 3474: 2664: 2588: 2489: 2253: 2239: 1842: 1823: 1771: 1675: 1624: 1472: 1432: 1323: 1119: 986: 885: 875: 438: 355: 241: 139: 18604: 16225: 15890: 15002: 10867: 7652:, features a multi-layered roof typical of Indonesian mosque architecture. 6625: 6035:

Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by the

5374:(1251–1252) in Konya and evidenced by the mosaic tiles recovered from the 2538: 2019:

a result, these mosques gradually fell out of popularity in some regions.

1305:

reportedly appeared at Muhammad's mosque in Medina when it was rebuilt by

20586: 20359: 20297: 20208: 20203: 19803: 19766: 19379: 19227: 18945: 18923: 18270: 18159: 17814: 17623: 17412: 17406: 17394: 17145: 16706: 16440: 16420: 13537: 8358: 8111: 8058: 7965: 7922: 7552: 7510: 7061: 6557:

and decorated with local geometric motifs, as with the famous example of

6513: 6510: 6481: 6217: 6013: 6001: 5870: 5422:

sometimes contained a cubic prayer room elevated in the center (e.g. the

5386: 5092: 5026: 5001:

are found across the region but concentrated especially in Samarkand and

4562: 4512: 4496: 4484: 4311: 4303: 4222:

in North Africa. Basic facilities like a mosque, a governor's residence (

4060: 3500: 3424: 3377: 3206: 2817: 2805: 2742: 2596: 2577: 2473: 2272:, until they finally disappeared completely behind the double shell of a 1981: 1850: 1726: 1596: 1558: 1444: 1415:) in Iraq, one of the earliest surviving examples of Abbasid architecture 1115: 1087: 619: 614: 609: 599: 468: 374: 17332: 14923: 14891: 14864: 14819: 13806:, Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 3. India. 10600: 9268: 9236: 7203:

during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Mughals also copied the Bengali

6810: 6590: 6492:

patrons. In North Africa, the medieval Moorish style was perpetuated in

5617: 1276: 1260:

introduced new combinations of these styles. The reuse of elements from

65: 20407: 20312: 20262: 19842: 19637: 19247: 19232: 18103: 17462: 17317: 17302: 16904: 16864: 16675: 16410: 16323: 16259: 15943: 15442: 15138: 13610: 13264: 13050: 13048: 12661: 11605: 10934: 10727: 8565: 8398: 8115: 8090: 7969: 7953: 7824: 7625: 7590: 7446: 7401: 7229:

in Delhi, begun in the 1190s and expanded in the 13th to 14th centuries

7222: 7181: 7168: 7152: 7069: 7053: 6982: 6689: 6540: 6347: 6111: 5961: 5788: 5746: 5483: 5423: 5339:, was in the early 13th century. Seljuk authority declined after their 5156: 5014: 5010: 4959: 4932: 4772: 4547: 4476: 4422:

building and decorating in Byzantine style, which had developed out of

4326: 4322: 4285:

The Arab elite of the early Islam were city dwellers of Mecca, Medina,

4271: 4270:, the outlines of which were based on the Ancient Roman concept of the 3748: 3525: 3440: 3372: 3234: 3218: 3021: 2947:

These decorative motifs are expressed in a range of mediums, including

2881: 2797: 2785: 2648: 2550: 2518: 2399:

likewise features a bulbous profile and a double-shelled construction.

2388: 2317: 2219: 2064: 1616: 1336: 1306: 1139: 1135: 963: 925: 915: 624: 261: 131: 19562: 18087: 17011: 16925: 16763: 13758: 13756: 13754: 13752: 13732: 13495: 13369: 11252: 10976: 10905:, Chapter 1: The History of Scholarship and the Nature of the Problem. 10481: 8204:. Ruins of early mosques and other structures are also found at Gedi. 6265:, Istanbul (mid-18th century), an example of the Ottoman Baroque style 6073: 5360: 20371: 19958: 19938: 19607: 19456: 18961: 18464: 18167: 18065: 17800: 17402: 16696: 16654: 16636: 16405: 16328: 16273: 16220: 15308:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).

14712: 14685: 14544: 14085: 13978: 13976: 13703:

Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; C. Central Islamic lands; 2. Yemen

8288: 8257: 8201: 8178: 8160: 8106: 7977: 7957: 7668: 7649: 7598:

Islam in the palace is the two types of gateways - the split portal (

7548: 7540: 7523: 7514: 7359: 7336: 7332: 7265: 7148: 7144: 7088: 7073: 7049: 6944: 6520: 6434: 6060: 5126: 5030: 5025:. After Timur, one of the most important patrons of architecture was 4955: 4924: 4913: 4745: 4594: 4524: 4347: 4262: 3579:

a multitude of reasons, such as some misunderstanding the meaning of

2960:

while Mediterranean structures displayed a more classical influence.

2936: 2911: 2861: 2849: 2431: 2396: 2321: 2260:

While intersecting pairs of ribs from the main decorative feature of

2107: 2088: 1997: 1977: 1892: 1790:

rose to power in Ifriqiya, where it built a new fortified capital at

1639: 1600: 1500: 1363: 1355: 1175: 1143: 1071: 1060: 943: 920: 860: 536: 526: 179: 15434: 13602: 13045: 12048:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Kunya-Urgench".

11597: 10583: 9792:

Edwards, Brian; Sibley, Magda; Land, Peter; Hakmi, Mohammad (2006).

9754:

Saracen Strongholds 1100–1500: The Central and Eastern Islamic Lands

9303: 8050: 7302:

in Delhi, the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb (1560–1570)

6543:

valleys and oases of the Atlas and the south are marked by numerous

5398: 5074:

The renaissance in Persian mosque and dome building came during the

4338: 2972:

Carved marble capital from Caliphal period of Córdoba (10th century)

2505: 531: 20184: 19786: 19684: 19612: 19425: 19364: 19297: 18070: 17844: 17727: 17717: 17480: 17337: 16665: 16626: 16563: 16506: 16480: 16445: 16343: 16164: 15039:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

14806:

OMER, SPAHIC (2008). "Towards Understanding Islamic Architecture".

13963: 13961: 13749: 13578:

Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; B. Central Islamic lands; 4. Yemen

12119: 12029: 11889: 11760: 11736: 11709: 11455:(in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. pp. 244–255. 9139: 8895:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

8662:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

8479: 8462: 8261: 8197: 8174: 8082:

used for scaffolding but possibly also for some symbolic purpose.

7999: 7981: 7935: 7835: 7621: 7556: 7544: 7205: 7177: 7084: 6994: 6970: 6910: 6897: 6629: 6586: 6570: 6536: 6498: 6474: 6426: 6378: 6331: 6021: 5281: 5208: 4978: 4947: 4640: 4286: 4219: 3760: 3520: 3504: 3419: 3393: 3317: 3254: 3196: 3182: 3005: 2928: 2877: 2873: 2771: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2734: 2727: 2711: 2592: 2542: 2227: 2184: 2157: 1993: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1671: 1643: 1549: 1375: 1179: 1127: 1123: 1030: 551: 443: 233: 192: 123: 18120: 16828: 16174: 13973: 13929: 13265:"moor | Origin and meaning of moor by Online Etymology Dictionary" 12760: 12688: 12493: 12491: 12339:"Iraq begins rebuilding of Mosul landmark Great Mosque of al-Nuri" 7199:). Later, a provincial style influenced by North India evolved in 7091:

are huge castle-like fortified palaces, and the abandoned city of

6532: 3735: 2627:(eight pillars with four diagonal semi-domes, 1561–1563), and the 895: 561: 20086: 19825: 19739: 19617: 19302: 18559: 18377: 18372: 17768: 17747: 17327: 16975: 16798: 16783: 16773: 16758: 16611: 16455: 16353: 16283: 16230: 15673:

Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar

15562:

The architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700

14714:

Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning

14687:

Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning

14309:"The architecture of the wooden mosques of the Lithuanian Tatars" 14063: 14061: 13919: 13917: 13886: 13884: 13197: 13195: 12211:

Hattstein M., Delius P.; Islam, Art and Architecture; pp. 513–514

9609: 8549: 8249: 8123: 8062: 7939: 7872: 7586: 7466: 7405: 7163:

region developed a distinct regional style under the independent

7156: 7129: 6998: 6470: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6417: 6386: 5997: 5912: 5679: 5664: 5598: 5507: 5487: 5431: 5414: 5406: 5060: 5038: 4951: 4768: 4749: 4539: 4520: 4385: 4345:

tradition of living in a family group or tribe, held together by

4318: 4279: 3811: 3726: 3608:

The mihrab is a niche or alcove, typically concave, set into the

3529: 3273: 3238: 2940: 2885: 2793: 2379:

The use of domes in South Asia started with the establishment of

2300:

of pre-Islamic Persia. Squinches are one of the most significant

2293: 2203: 2199: 1985: 1885: 1877: 1807: 1761: 1740: 1694: 1647: 1628: 1592: 1436: 1327: 1191: 1187: 910: 900: 870: 845: 840: 644: 571: 478: 225: 205: 187: 89: 20683:

Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art

15307: 14018: 14016: 13958: 12678: 12676: 12623: 12599: 12587: 12551: 12448: 12424: 12362: 12288: 12220: 11907: 11858: 11803: 11754: 11730: 11659:. State University of New York Press, Albany. pp. 194–195. 10102: 10037: 10035: 10033: 9636: 9392: 9321: 9210: 9041: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8649: 6969:

in the 8th century, where remains of a congregational mosque at

6873: 6813:: an example of local architecture in the M'zab region (Algeria) 6326: 2955:, tilework, paint, glass mosaics, marble or stone paneling, and 1463:

Features from the late Umayyad period, such as vaulting, carved

19791: 18581: 18569: 18564: 18328: 18235: 17820: 17752: 17702: 17572: 17567: 17546: 17531: 17322: 16935: 16884: 16874: 16869: 16854: 16822: 16793: 16768: 16743: 16670: 16616: 16542: 16490: 16470: 16358: 16348: 16333: 16318: 15400:

Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung

15195:

Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture

13099: 12748: 12605: 12503: 12488: 12430: 12375:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Damascus".

12319: 12226: 11938: 11232: 11208: 11196: 11012: 11010: 10884: 10832: 10830: 9612:

Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia

8560: 8437: 8342: 8119: 7864: 7820: 7536: 7486: 7245: 7160: 7109: 7018: 6990: 6901: 6582: 6553:(fortified villages), typically flat-roofed structures made of 6544: 6366: 6126: 6121: 6105: 6029: 5716: 5706: 5637: 5390: 5299: 5180: 5130: 4707: 4606: 4598: 4557:

Dome in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Iran, added in 1088–89 by

4480: 4242: 4215: 4191: 3949: 3939: 3656: 3624: 3603: 3478: 3341: 3066: 3045: 2869: 2809: 2801: 2723: 2632: 2493: 2454: 2273: 2207: 2092: 2060: 2040: 1835: 1791: 1569:

succeeded in taking control of Al-Andalus in 756, creating the

1464: 1428: 1289: 1266: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1103: 1043: 1038: 968: 890: 855: 639: 566: 556: 546: 541: 516: 453: 423: 403: 280: 245: 221: 217: 213: 201: 105: 101: 17114: 17086: 15612:

The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment

14410: 14121: 14058: 13914: 13881: 13192: 12999:

Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 12

11157: 11106: 10995: 10655: 10548:

Islamic art in the Metropolitan Museum: The Historical Context

9419: 8822:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).

8802: 8800: 8520: 6008:

was a mixture of native Turkish tradition and influences from

5231:(before its destruction in 2017), dating from the 12th century 4674:, mausoleums of Seljuk princes, built in 1068 and 1093 in Iran 3161:

Arabesque and calligraphic decoration on tile-covered dome of

2919:

stylized than naturalistic. However, because of the religious

1826:(1125) with its richly-decorated street façade, and the domed 19776: 18437: 18367: 18350: 17810: 17773: 17712: 17526: 17440: 17297: 16950: 16930: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16521: 16511: 16460: 16415: 16400: 16394: 16368: 16363: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16278: 16159: 15914: 15849:

International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR

14731: 14566: 14564: 14427: 14425: 14013: 13780: 13070:

Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 3

12673: 12261:. In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.). 11475: 10417:

The Age of Sinan. Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire

10030: 8949: 8284: 8066: 7964:

The earliest mosques discovered in sub-Saharan Africa are at

7926: 7917:(c. 1907), a large mud-brick building in "Neo-Sudanese" style 7527: 7318: 7100:

build relatively major monuments, as with the example of the

7096: 7041: 6966: 6846: 6723: 6634: 6374: 6370: 6354: 6146: 6067: 5749:, and numerous private and public buildings such as those of 5641: 5451: 5365: 5352: 5336: 5228: 5118: 5002: 4982: 4825: 4543: 4342: 4290: 4256: 4205: 4176: 3628:(pulpit), and some historical mosques also included a nearby 3555: 3533: 3453: 3449: 2889: 2500: 2416: 2173: 2080: 2035: 2008: 2004:

in Rome. The Roman type of building has developed out of the

1959: 1930: 1925: 1795: 1748: 1663: 1520: 1225: 1195: 1126:, who were clients of the Sasanians and had their capital at 1066: 1048: 830: 581: 521: 511: 496: 428: 393: 127: 81: 14767: 14755: 14398: 14386: 14109: 13125: 13123: 12886: 12724: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12263:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

12017: 11849:- Rabah Saoud, Professor Salim Al-Hassani, Husamaldin Tayeh. 11621: 11007: 10827: 10738: 8978: 7159:(1656). In the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, the 5207:, founded in the 7th century and rebuilt by the Seljuks and 5082:, in 1598 initiated the reconstruction of Isfahan, with the 2984:

Vegetal arabesques and inscriptions carved in stucco in the

19798: 19781: 18362: 18345: 18265: 18260: 17536: 17312: 17307: 16940: 16899: 16685: 16659: 16516: 16435: 16251: 15477:(Casebound ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 15174:. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4. 14960: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14946: 14667: 14665: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14503: 14195: 14097: 11350:. Arab Institute for Research and Publishing. p. 102. 11220: 11130:"The Misr of Ayla: New Evidence for the Early Islamic City" 10983: 10328:. Paris: Ernest Leroux. pp. 100–117, 178–188, 192–214. 10323: 10308: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10129:"ARCHITECTURE iii. Sasanian Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 10108: 10086: 10084: 9698: 9466: 9464: 9380: 9327: 9166: 9014: 8797: 8280: 8053:(present-day Mali), and an "eastern" style associated with 8020: 7914: 7072:(1678) which was commissioned by the sixth Mughal emperor, 6948: 6882: 6578: 6549: 6517: 6369:

designation of the Muslim inhabitants of these regions as "

6079: 5688: 4854: 4802: 4621: 4609:(northern Iran), which have octagonal forms, and the large 4461: 4456: 4201: 3961: 3541: 3495: 3383: 3281: 3230: 2853: 2841: 2821: 2435: 2269: 2130: 1955: 1940: 1872: 1810:

branch of Islam. Other notable monuments include the large

1379: 1183: 1167: 1131: 905: 865: 413: 209: 93: 15089: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14610: 14608: 14595: 14593: 14591: 14576: 14561: 14422: 14073: 12789: 12787: 12712: 12565:"Kubadabad Palace - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum" 12202:

Canby, Sheila R.; Shah Abbas, The Remaking of Iran, p. 36.

12193:

Canby, Sheila R.; Shah Abbas, The Remaking of Iran, p. 30.

11644:. New York, NY : Oxford University Press. p. 52. 9957: 9955: 9873:

Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;

9156: 9154: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 8990: 8966: 6457:, the palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra (near Cordoba), the 6449:. Among the best-known monuments from these areas are the 5825:(built between 1356 and 1361), the largest Mamluk monument 5265:, built by Artuqid sultan Nasir al-Din Mahmud in 1208–1209 5005:, the main capitals. One of the earliest monuments is the 1515:

on rectangular brick piers running at right angles to the

1029:

began with the formation of Islam under the leadership of

18661: 15735:

Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City

13155: 13153: 13140: 13138: 13120: 12923: 12644: 10352: 10350: 10298:. Paris: Librairie de la société anonyme. pp. 67–69. 10162: 9183: 9181: 8821: 8184:

The oldest known mosques in the region were excavated at

8016: 7377:

in Lahore (1635), notable for its tile-decorated surfaces

4710:(in present-day Afghanistan), from the early 12th century 1587:, built in 785–786, marks the earliest major monument of 835: 15909:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from an 15769:(7th ed.). The American University in Cairo Press. 15236:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture

14943: 14938:

ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MALAY WORLD

14743: 14662: 14650: 14500: 14476: 14264:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

13542:

Riberana: digital library of the heritage of Ribera Alta

13457:

http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582

13035: 13033: 12947: 12634: 12632: 11345: 10750: 10243: 10081: 9476: 9461: 9370: 9368: 6742:

Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes (14th century, Marinid period)

6577:, typically built with loose stone bound by a mortar of 5996:

architecture along with architectural traditions of the

5155:

in Mardin, dating from 1385. In Mosul, the Zengid ruler

3747:

is made directly from the prayer hall and broadcast via

3000:

Figural imagery of lion and bull in carved stone at the

1037:. The first mosque was a structure built by Muhammad in 15903:

Fatimid-era Ayyubid Wall of Cairo Digital Media Archive

15653:

The Glory of the Sultans: Islamic Architecture in India

15544:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. 14779: 14605: 14588: 14525: 14488: 14464: 13814: 13812: 12969:, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485. 12935: 12784: 12772: 12736: 12700: 12265:. Fitzroy & Dearborn Publishers. pp. 190–193. 12238: 11034: 11022: 10908: 10150: 9952: 9849: 9488: 9151: 9092: 8327:, the Islamic Cultural Center and Museum of Tolerance, 6857:

One type of mosque attested during the early period of

2906:

As a common feature, Islamic architecture makes use of

27:

Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam

15041:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

13150: 13135: 12813:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 39–41. 12529:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12472:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12377:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12303:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12050:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11974:"Sald̲j̲ūḳids; VI. Art and architecture; 1. In Persia" 11873:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11840:

Muslim Architecture Under Seljuk Patronage (1038-1327)

11677:. Anthropology and Aesthetics, 43, 78–94. p. 80. 10704: 10381:

Muqarnas IV: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture

10347: 10260: 10219: 10057:

Die iranischen Feuerheiligtümer = Iranian Fire temples

9791: 9618: 9566: 9178: 9002: 8897:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

8664:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

7925:, Muslim merchants played a vital role in the western 6099:, built between 1463 and 1470, which also included: a 5565:

Stone-carved decoration in the entrance portal of the

4409: 3241:, portals, mihrabs, windows, arches, and entire domes. 2210:

dome, was already known in Sasanian architecture. The

96:); bottom: interior side view of the main dome of the 15356:

Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).

13827: 13327:

López Guzmán, Rafael. Arquitectura mudéjar. Cátedra.

13182: 13180: 13030: 12629: 9365: 9026: 8452: 7028:

The best known style of Indo-Islamic architecture is

5652:, their capital. Some long-reigning sultans, such as 4248: 2151: 279:, standing on the site of Muhammad's first mosque in 255: 15746:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). 13809: 12841:. In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Barry Flood, Finbarr (eds.). 11046: 9500: 8516: 7867:

architecture has evolved through the periods of the

7095:, 26 miles (42 km) west of Agra, was built for 6561:. Likewise, southern Tunisia is dotted with hilltop 6012:. One of the best representatives of this period is 5138: 5106: 4310:—from political or religious authorities during the 4231: 4223: 4209: 4195: 4185: 3742: 3733: 3644:

Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th century)

2571:

Based on the model of pre-existing Byzantine domes,

1907:("middle of the house") in Arabic. The tradition of 15820:Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2013). 15420: 14835:

Contemporary Islamic Architecture in the Arab World

14258:Nadyrova, Khanifa G.; Nadyrova, Dilyara A. (2020). 13093: 11833: 11626:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 5. 11505:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 61–114. 11066:"Qantara - Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan" 10272: 10231: 9309: 7408:(1656), another example built by a Deccan sultanate 6473:(Seville), and the fortified palace-complex of the 4977:and city planning also reached an apogee under the 3663:

at the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan (early 14th century)

3145:in Nawabganj district of Bangladesh (15th century, 3040:Polychrome marble mosaic work on the mihrab of the 2335:

Non-radial rib vault in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan

2102:. Umayyad-period vaults of this type were found in 2079:times, as exemplified in the Parthian buildings of 1366:in the region that had a similar form, such as the 1051:, which corresponds to the site of the present-day 20580:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art 15718:. Vol. 2 (Part 2). Harvard University Press. 15470: 13177: 12982:, Vol. 1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, ( 11480:. Rahden/Germany: Marie Leidorf GmbH. p. XV. 8828:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 7. 8420: 7248:(circa 1335–1340), built under the Tughluq dynasty 6917:, were built around a fortified citadel (e.g. the 6330:, a residence constructed along the shores of the 5945:(1744), which combines Mamluk and Ottoman elements 4515:. This period is regarded as a "classical" age of 20715:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science 15846: 15819: 15802:Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture 15732: 15473:Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning 15197:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 13413:"Why Moorish? Synagogues and the Moorish Revival" 13290:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 13201: 13100:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (21 May 2010). 11366:Early Islamic Syria: An Archaeological Assessment 10629:. Harvard University Press. pp. 91–95, 119. 9216: 8443: 8351: 8007:three levels, as exemplified by the tower of the 7493:One of the oldest surviving mosques in Indonesia. 6516:and also, notably, as a recurring choice for new 5930:(1505), example of an urban caravanserai in Cairo 3632:(a protected space for the ruler during prayers). 2178: 1834:of elaborately-carved stucco. Under the powerful 1146:and al-Sadir in al-Hira, a Ghassanid church with 20793: 15608: 15192: 15038: 14257: 13054: 12766: 12754: 12694: 12682: 12526: 12469: 12374: 12300: 12047: 11870: 11296:. Rahden: Marie Leidorf GmbH. pp. 229–242. 10200: 9721: 8894: 8661: 8331:, the concept for The Vanishing Mosque, and the 7573:The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the 5486:caravanserai, built in 1229 on the road between 5307: 1678:) and a new congregational mosque, known as the 1576:and reaching the apogee of its power during the 1086:of the 7th century, the two major powers in the 15940:Islamic Art And Architecture designs worldwide. 15767:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 15609:Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Boss, Mathias (2011). 15450:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011). 15449: 15109:"Question 7: Why To Face The Qibla In Prayers?" 14545:"Archnet > Site > Friday Mosque at Zaria" 13853:, Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; D. India. 13451:L. Golvin, « Architecture berbère », 13165: 12967:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture 12611: 12509: 12497: 12436: 12325: 12232: 12125: 12035: 11944: 11895: 11766: 11742: 11715: 11622:Ettinghausen, R; Grabar, O; Jenkins-Madina, M. 11429:(in German) (2nd ed.). Mainz: Von Zabern. 10661: 9398: 8960: 5620:(1297), an example of a wooden hypostyle mosque 4888:Mausoleum of Fakhr al-Din Razi or Il-Arslan in 4399:Figure-ground diagram of a European town (1819) 2848:. Large Paradise gardens are also found at the 2191:, and its excellent state of conservation, the 1895:are found in secular and religious structures. 18056:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 15650: 15355: 14909: 14127: 14067: 13935: 13923: 13890: 13786: 12836: 12624:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12600:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12588:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12552:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12449:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12425:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12363:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12289:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12221:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 12175:Savory, Roger; Iran under the Safavids, p. 155 12137: 11908:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 11859:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 11804:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 11755:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 11731:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 11691: 11571: 11476:Karin Bartl; Abd al-Razzaq Moaz, eds. (2009). 10470:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, p.39 10103:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 9725:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 9637:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 9322:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 9211:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 9042:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 8984: 8734:, Ch.s "Architecture", "Ornament and pattern". 8719: 8650:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001 7209:roof tradition for mausoleums in North India. 6393:) culture in North Africa, pre-Islamic Spain ( 4169: 20710:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts 19884:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond 19578: 18620: 18136: 17130: 15959: 15875:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 15024:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 13218:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 20. 11830:, Online Edition. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 11639: 11383:Mez, A (1922). "Die Renaissance des Islams". 6346:Traditional Ottoman domestic architecture in 6281:of Abdülhamid I, Istanbul (late 18th century) 5873:, built between 1415 and 1420 for the nearby 4861:, one of the oldest preserved mosques in Iran 4828:, Kyrgyzstan, second half of the 12th century 4491:. In the second half of the 12th century the 4150: 3759:from the doorway or the roof of the house of 1988:). This type of building originated from the 1006: 150:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by 19864:List of works designed with the golden ratio 15931:10,000+ Architectural collections worldwide 15737:(Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 15715:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century 15694:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century 15520: 15499: 15397: 14164: 14133: 13349:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 12837:Avcıoğlu, Nebahat; Volait, Mercedes (2017). 12023: 11238: 11226: 11214: 11202: 11163: 11112: 10254: 10201:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). 10041: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9704: 8666:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78. 8343:Debates on status as a style of architecture 8301: 6904:, an example of a historic fortified village 6840: 6006:classical architecture of the Ottoman Empire 5806:(built in 1318 and modified in 1335) at the 4550:) from the second half of the 12th century. 3565: 3020:Stone carving in the entrance portal of the 2242:architecture. Its main characteristics are: 2015:in Iran, dating back to the eighth century. 1954:. A mosque courtyard is used for performing 18634: 15748:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 15468: 15359:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 15215:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800 15095: 14986:"Symbols and Signs in Islamic Architecture" 14983: 14964: 14306: 13941: 13821:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 13694: 13692: 12989: 12843:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 11971: 11809: 11552: 11179:Studies in Islamic History and Institutions 10951: 10890: 10767: 10765: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10551:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 3–4. 9994:Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq 9914:. Milan: Electaarchitecture. pp. 7–9. 9868: 9866: 9864: 9794:Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future 7317:, a palatial complex begun in the 1560s by 6989:. The mosque's initial construction reused 5733:Europeans). Examples of this style are the 5117:Under Zengid and Artuqid rule, cities like 4655:ruled over Iran and Central Asia until the 4635:(also known as the Anatolian Seljuks), the 3272:Early example of basic tripartite muqarnas 1933:clothing traditionally necessary in public. 1118:and northern Arabia – were two Arab tribal 166:architecture and all other lands which the 19585: 19571: 18627: 18613: 18143: 18129: 18040:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World 17137: 17123: 15966: 15952: 15733:Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). 15233:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). 15232: 15212:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 15211: 14832: 14636:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 102. 14455: 14451: 14449: 14377: 14373: 14371: 14339: 14335: 14333: 14331: 14329: 14307:Chervonnaya, Svetlana Mikhailovna (2014). 14115: 14103: 14091: 13982: 13967: 13850: 13818: 13803: 13774: 13762: 13716: 13712: 13710: 13698: 13680: 13676: 13674: 13662: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13628: 13626: 13624: 13622: 13620: 13573: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13521: 13171: 12929: 12730: 12667: 12655: 12110: 12106: 12104: 11995:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 11956: 11778: 11703: 11149:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10851: 10847: 10845: 10771: 10722: 10695: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10673: 10649: 10566: 10532: 10400:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10356: 10338: 10180: 10168: 10114: 10090: 10053: 9987: 9978: 9689: 9674: 9648: 9482: 9470: 9452: 9437: 9410: 9356: 9130: 9058: 8788: 8746: 8731: 8625: 7358:(1628–30), added by Shah Jahan inside the 6985:, which were begun in the 1190s by Sultan 6355:Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa 5964:, built in the 1940s in a neo-Mamluk style 4519:, with many constructions taking place in 4157: 4143: 3423:). A similar feature is also found in the 3225:(1006–1007) in northeastern Iran, and the 3113:in Istanbul (16th century, Ottoman period) 2501:Ribbed domes in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb 2036:Umayyad diaphragm arches and barrel vaults 1752:mausoleum was the tomb tower, such as the 1358:(late 7th century, with later renovations) 1013: 999: 19924:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption 15860: 15837: 15822:"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns" 15744:"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate" 15404:Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread 15264:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 15001: 14629: 14369: 14367: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14283: 14177:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 14146:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 12995: 12978:"Architecture (Muhammadan)", H. Saladin, 12465: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12003:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 959–962. 11419: 11417: 10599: 10414: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9896: 9284: 9280: 9278: 8317: 6951:(1632–1647), the most famous building of 4503:near Ghazna (early 12th century) and the 3473:(prayer space for the sultan) inside the 3237:, muqarnas was also employed to decorate 3165:in Isfahan (17th century, Safavid period) 1996:with an adjacent courtyard surrounded by 18093:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 15973: 15791: 15764: 15697:. Vol. 2 (Part 1). Dumbarton Oaks. 15669: 15629: 15587: 15558: 14877: 14790: 14773: 14761: 14749: 14737: 14671: 14656: 14614: 14599: 14582: 14570: 14531: 14519: 14494: 14482: 14470: 14431: 14416: 14404: 14392: 14170: 14139: 14079: 13689: 13517: 13515: 13302: 13292:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 13002:. Leiden : E.J. Brill. p. 60. 12953: 12941: 12892: 12793: 12778: 12742: 12718: 12706: 12638: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12244: 11363: 11316: 11127: 11016: 10964:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 10957: 10836: 10762: 10756: 10744: 10555: 10544: 10439: 10156: 10060:(in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 9961: 9877:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). 9861: 9855: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9506: 9494: 9425: 9386: 9374: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9333: 9172: 9160: 9105: 9073: 8890: 8888: 8850: 8848: 8806: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8637: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8491: 8424: 8271: 8248: 8214: 8159: 8084: 8029: 7990: 7944: 7905: 7895: 7842:, whose current buildings date from the 7798: 7496: 7485: 6938: 6896: 6872: 6845:, Gate of the Yemen) in the Old City of 6828: 6758:at the Alhambra, Granada (14th century, 5317: 5047: 4941: 4883: 4853: 4833: 4552: 4462:Great Seljuks and early Turkic dynasties 4457:Regional styles (after the 10th century) 3542:Other elements of religious architecture 3365: 2753:relate the story of the Spartan general 2710: 2560: 2504: 2347:Dome of the tomb of Ahmed Sanjar in Merv 2117: 2039: 1891:In the architecture of the Muslim world 1865: 1774:in Cairo, one of the gates built by the 1766: 1684: 1538: 1534: 1503:built in Baghdad (since destroyed). The 1495:built by the Abbasids in the 9th century 1486: 1450: 1399: 1345: 1275: 1211: 270: 20470:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion 19592: 18013:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands 15711: 15690: 15651:Porter, Yves; Degeorge, Gérard (2009). 15043:. Oxford University Press. p. 71. 14850: 14801: 14799: 14710: 14683: 14625: 14623: 14446: 14326: 14253: 14251: 14220: 14218: 13862: 13707: 13671: 13651: 13632: 13617: 13588: 13554: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13238: 13213: 12904: 12864: 12862: 12845:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1140–1142. 12808: 12804: 12802: 12256: 12148: 12146: 12101: 11950: 11913: 11500: 11443: 11368:. Bristol Classical Press. p. 83. 11290: 11281:In: Bartl & Moaz, 2009, pp. 115–124 11250: 11175: 11123: 11121: 10842: 10716: 10682: 10581: 10374:"The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures" 10006: 9872: 9816: 9748: 9584: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9431: 9404: 9145: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9020: 9008: 8996: 8972: 8899:. Oxford University Press. p. 72. 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8742: 8740: 8472: 7143:, exemplified by monuments such as the 6774:Dome of the Hall of Ambassadors in the 6216:, Istanbul (16th century), designed by 5466:Seljuk mosaic tile decoration from the 4729:(northeastern Iran), built in 1114–1115 2071:, as similar vaulting was not known in 1670:established a short-lived dynasty, the 1287:The Umayyads were the first to add the 14: 20794: 15893:(Half in English and half in Japanese) 15805:(20th ed.). Architectural Press. 15741: 15376: 15311:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 15147:. American University in Cairo Press. 15066: 15064: 15032: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14973: 14905: 14903: 14901: 14846: 14844: 14348: 14205:, 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, p. 207, 13471:Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc 13379:Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques 13287: 13159: 13144: 13066: 13039: 12832: 12830: 12454: 12041: 11919: 11672: 11583: 11449: 11414: 11401: 11319:Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10710: 10622: 10324:Jean Ebersoll; Adolphe Thiers (1913). 10309:Jean Ebersoll; Adolphe Thiers (1913). 10290: 10196: 10194: 10192: 9967: 9446: 9275: 9067: 8926: 8922: 8920: 8854: 8825:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 8690: 8595: 7620:Gate of Panembahan Senapati Mosque in 7052:in Agra, completed in 1648 by emperor 6924: 5943:Sabil-Kuttab of Abd ar-Rahman Katkhuda 3401:and Indo-Islamic architecture and the 3024:caravanserai in Turkey (13th century, 2368: 19566: 18608: 18124: 17118: 15947: 15921:Islamic Arts and Architecture website 15891:ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAM by Takeo Kamiya 15750:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326. 15539: 15334: 15286: 15259: 15167: 14224: 13833: 13512: 13344: 13281: 13186: 13129: 12515: 12399: 12368: 12152: 11864: 11772: 11624:Islamic art and architecture 650-1250 11423: 11348:The Umayyads: The rise of Islamic art 11052: 11040: 11028: 11001: 10989: 10914: 10902: 10774:, "Balconies in Islamic Architecture" 10535:, "Ornament and pattern; B. Figural". 10506:Canby, Sheila R. (October 27, 2005). 10505: 10368: 10278: 10266: 10237: 10225: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9683: 9657: 9642: 9624: 9572: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9339: 9234: 9187: 8885: 8845: 8817: 8815: 8655: 8584: 8002:(16th century with later renovations) 7929:region since the 9th century through 7341:architecture in the Deccan Sultanates 6565:and multi-story fortified granaries ( 6381:between 711 and 1249) and in western 6091:in Istanbul was part of a very large 6053:First National Architectural Movement 5601:(1276), the tomb of a Seljuk princess 3427:complex (late 15th century) in Delhi. 3336:Entrance portal with muqarnas at the 2737:. The comparison originates from the 2304:contribution to Islamic architecture. 14805: 14796: 14717:. Thames & Hudson. p. 278. 14690:. Thames & Hudson. p. 278. 14620: 14248: 14215: 13582: 13467: 13461: 13434: 13405: 13347:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 13338: 13296: 12980:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 12859: 12799: 12294: 12143: 11533: 11118: 10860: 10793:Journal for the History of Astronomy 10790: 10383:. Leiden. p. 77. Archived from 10174: 9909: 9749:Nicolle, David (22 September 2009). 9538:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 9512: 9111: 9047: 8755: 8737: 6503:Neo-Moorish or Moorish Revival style 4289:and the highly urbanized society of 3546: 134:and religious styles from the early 20655:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts 18150: 18020:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam 15826:Frontiers of Architectural Research 15168:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). 15137: 15061: 14990:European Review of Artistic Studies 14970: 14898: 14841: 14225:Cowen, Jill S. (July–August 1985). 13910:, Cambridge University Press, p. 29 13721:Vernacular architecture; VII. Yemen 13474:. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. 13106:. Infobase Publishing. p. 50. 12827: 12250: 11382: 10777: 10313:. Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 69. 10189: 9536:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 9222: 8917: 8684: 8302: 7481: 6841: 6609:at Madinat al-Zahra (10th century, 5705:, Ilkhanid Iran, and possibly even 5113:Ayyubid dynasty § Architecture 4896:, late 12th or early 13th century ( 4410:Greco-Roman and Sasanian influences 4297: 4181: 3855: 3566: 3344:(late 16th century, Ottoman period) 3129:in Istanbul (16th century, Ottoman) 2595:. In the early Byzantine church of 1945: 1674:, and built himself a new capital ( 1471:, a more sophisticated form of the 1232:in Berlin. The decoration displays 24: 20669:Making Mathematics with Needlework 17002:Influences on Western architecture 15785: 15633:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 15070: 14833:Abdelmonem, Mohamed (2003-10-22). 14630:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). 13103:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 12115:Architecture (VI. c. 1250–c. 1500) 11654: 10479: 9710: 9542: 8812: 8631: 8552:, database of Islamic architecture 8453:Religious and societal connections 8244: 8078:) are often embedded in the walls 7023:congregational mosque of Ahmedabad 6653:in Marrakesh (early 12th century, 5890:Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay 5855:Khanqah-Mosque of Faraj ibn Barquq 5837:Projecting entrance portal of the 5280:in Aleppo (1236), built under the 4585:(12th century) in Transoxiana and 4249:Experiments with ideal city models 2476:pattern to represent the night sky 1856: 1721:, and the northeastern regions of 1174:of these cities were built in the 256:Early history (up to 10th century) 186:. New architectural elements like 25: 20823: 20495:I quattro libri dell'architettura 17921:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem 15884: 15380:A History of Ottoman Architecture 13867:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 464–483. 13345:Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). 13305:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 13243:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 13241:A History of Ottoman Architecture 13216:A History of Ottoman Architecture 12259:"Diyarbakır (Diyarbakır, Turkey)" 11783:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 368–369. 11675:Dialogic Dimension of Umayyad Art 11511:10.1163/ej.9789004176881.i-864.21 11346:Museum With No Frontiers (2000). 11321:. London: Routledge. p. 24. 10296:L'art de bâtir chez les Byzantins 10203:Moorish architecture in Andalusia 8069:(present-day Nigeria), which has 7608:) which leads to the frontcourt. 7577:which is the royal mosque of the 5378:(c. 1236 or early 13th century). 5107:Post-Seljuk Syria and Mesopotamia 4232:Transformation of conquered towns 2488:The interior of the main dome of 1971: 1713:, northern Iran was ruled by the 1170:in present-day Iraq. The central 20774: 20773: 20019:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror 19703: 18319:Reception in early modern Europe 18314:Contributions to Medieval Europe 17366: 17098: 17085: 16173: 15615:(2nd ed.). Guilford Press. 15193:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). 15101: 14930: 14871: 14826: 14704: 14677: 14537: 14437: 14300: 14233:. pp. 30–35. Archived from 14174:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture 14143:Indonesian Heritage-Architecture 14041:"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 14033: 13988: 13896: 13856: 13725: 13530: 13488: 13363: 13321: 13257: 13232: 13207: 13060: 12972: 12959: 12898: 12557: 12393: 12331: 12205: 12196: 12187: 12178: 12169: 12084:"DOMES – Encyclopaedia Iranicam" 12076: 12066: 11965: 11697: 11685: 11666: 11648: 11633: 11615: 11577: 11565: 11546: 11527: 11494: 11469: 11404:Studies in the History of Arabia 11395: 11376: 11357: 11339: 11310: 11284: 11271: 11244: 11169: 11082: 11058: 10920: 10678:Capitals in Islamic Architecture 10667: 10616: 10575: 10538: 10499: 10343:Ceilings in Islamic Architecture 10126: 9722:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). 9679:Architecture (V. c. 900–c. 1250) 9361:Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900) 8533: 8519: 7776: 7764: 7750: 7736: 7722: 7684: 7657: 7633: 7613: 7589:. The palace complex contains a 7454: 7435: 7413: 7394: 7382: 7367: 7347: 7325: 7307: 7292: 7273: 7253: 7234: 7214: 7186:Sat Gumbaz ("Sixty-Dome") Mosque 6802: 6787: 6767: 6747: 6735: 6712: 6696: 6681: 6662: 6643: 6618: 6598: 6339: 6317: 6302: 6286: 6270: 6255: 6239: 6224: 6206: 6190: 6170: 6154: 6134: 5950: 5935: 5920: 5901: 5881: 5862: 5846: 5830: 5814: 5796: 5777: 5758: 5606: 5590: 5574: 5558: 5542: 5522: 5495: 5475: 5459: 5439: 5288: 5270: 5251: 5236: 5216: 5196: 4814: 4792:Mausoleum of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar 4784: 4756: 4734: 4715: 4695: 4679: 4664: 4392: 4374: 4356: 3839: 3834:in Istanbul (early 17th century) 3823: 3803: 3788: 3772: 3704: 3684: 3668: 3649: 3637: 3512: 3486: 3461: 3432: 3349: 3329: 3305: 3289: 3265: 3246: 3170: 3154: 3134: 3118: 3099: 3083: 3057: 3033: 3013: 2993: 2977: 2965: 2921:taboo on figural representations 2895: 2686: 2671: 2656: 2640: 2556: 2481: 2461: 2442: 2423: 2404: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2309: 2285: 2134:common and widespread under the 1818:but completed around 1013 under 1455:Panel of stucco decoration from 1382:above the space in front of the 1096:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire 980: 145:different religious affiliations 64: 53: 42: 17144: 16971:Aga Khan Award for Architecture 15525:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 15398:Giese-Vögeli, Francine (2007). 14912:Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 13823:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 610. 12870:"Neo-Mamluk Style Beyond Egypt" 12402:The Monuments of Syria: A Guide 10480:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 10473: 10457: 10433: 10408: 10362: 10332: 10317: 10302: 10284: 10120: 10047: 9928: 9825: 9810: 9785: 9742: 9603: 9578: 9310:Grafman & Rosen-Ayalon 1999 9228: 8931:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 8695:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 8421:Connections and deeper meanings 6250:, Istanbul (early 17th century) 6125:(primary school), a library, a 6103:(guesthouse for travelers), an 5853:Interior of a mausoleum in the 5839:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Barquq 5669: 5658: 5296:Zinciriye or Sultan Isa Madrasa 5153:Zinciriye or Sultan Isa Madrasa 4987: 4426:and ancient Roman architecture. 4214:, "the two forts"), as well as 3588:was approximately, or with the 1248:(661–750) combined elements of 1070:), which was initially towards 20812:Islamic architectural elements 20730:National Museum of Mathematics 20482:Regole generali d'architettura 15862:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.558 14633:Culture and Customs of Somalia 14285:10.1088/1757-899X/890/1/012023 14227:"Muslims in China: The Mosque" 13307:. Edinburgh University Press. 11640:George, A; Marsham, A (2018). 11555:Journal of Islamic Archaeology 10468:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes 9135:Architecture (III. 661–c. 750) 8713: 8444:Difficulty forming connections 8352:Contemporary Muslim architects 8145: 8035:Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso 7853: 7819:roofs and minarets resembling 7509:Islam spread gradually in the 7227:Quwwat al-Islam Mosque complex 6979:Quwwat al-Islam Mosque complex 6778:(14th century): an example of 6201:, Istanbul (late 15th century) 5823:Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan 4916:) and the Mausoleum of Sultan 4775:), built in 1127 as part of a 4651:) and nearby regions, and the 3677:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan 2604:Byzantine buildings, like the 2375:History of domes in South Asia 2179:Domes in Iran and Central Asia 1911:was already widespread in the 1615:and the minarets added to the 1389: 1314:in Jerusalem (built by Caliph 1301:wall of the mosque. The first 1201: 13: 1: 18887:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 17229: 16235: 16054: 15521:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999b). 15335:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). 14711:Michell, George, ed. (1978). 14684:Michell, George, ed. (1978). 13635:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 13202:Sumner-Boyd & Freely 2010 12155:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 12140:, pp. 734, 746, 805–806. 11922:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 11176:Goitein, Shelomo Dov (2010). 10326:Les églises de Constantinople 10311:Les églises de Constantinople 9884:. Brill Academic Publishers. 9819:The City in the Islamic World 9287:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 9076:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 8857:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 8598:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 8572: 8045:1832, with later renovations) 7972:), the former capital of the 7470: 7424: 7193: 7118: 6185:in Bursa (early 15th century) 5857:(built between 1400 and 1411) 5841:(built between 1384 and 1386) 5772:in Damascus (built 1277–1281) 5581:Entrance and minarets of the 5511: 5470:(early 13th-century Anatolia) 5341:defeat by the Mongols in 1243 5314:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 5308:Anatolian Seljuks and Beyliks 5302:(1385), built by the Artuqids 4795: 4614: 4532: 4404: 3185:(17th century, Mughal period) 2988:(11th century, Seljuk period) 2276:dome, as seen in the dome of 1861: 1491:The walls and minaret of the 1409: 1186:. These early mosques had no 240:, commercial buildings (e.g. 20255:Garden of Cosmic Speculation 18555:Arab Agricultural Revolution 18078:Mathematics and architecture 17063:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 15523:Islamic art and architecture 15469:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). 15171:Architecture of Mughal India 14984:Ghasemzadeh, Behnam (2013). 13737:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 13538:"CASTLE OF ALEDUA (LLOMBAI)" 13500:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 13419:. 2017-04-27. Archived from 13073:. Leiden : E.J. Brill. 13055:Ostergren & Le Boss 2011 12670:, pp. 70, 85–87, 92–93. 11972:Hillenbrand, Robert (1995). 10933:, pg. 201. Jubilee edition. 10512:. Harvard University Press. 10453:– via Gutenberg Press. 9148:, pp. 375–377, 387–389. 8577: 7902:Sudano-Sahelian architecture 7795:Chinese Islamic architecture 7771:Sultan Alaeddin Royal Mosque 7706:-like structure as a minaret 7562: 7141:Deccani architectural styles 7108:when he was governor of the 6672:in Marrakesh (12th century, 6505:which emerged in Europe and 5958:Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque 5875:Mosque of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 5743:Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque 4846:Architecture of Central Asia 4628:), which has a square base. 3798:, Afghanistan (12th century) 3298:Mausoleum of Zumurrud Khatun 3125:Stained glass window in the 3064:Complex geometric motifs in 2585:had conquered Constantinople 1293:to mosque design, a concave 7: 15765:Williams, Caroline (2018). 15670:Pradines, Stéphane (2022). 15452:Islam: Art and Architecture 15406:]. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. 15287:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 15260:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013). 15239:. Oxford University Press. 14201:Schoppert, P., Damais, S., 13865:Islam: Art and Architecture 13303:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 12612:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12531:. Oxford University Press. 12510:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12498:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12474:. Oxford University Press. 12437:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12379:. Oxford University Press. 12326:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12305:. Oxford University Press. 12233:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12126:Hattstein & Delius 2011 12052:. Oxford University Press. 12036:Hattstein & Delius 2011 11945:Hattstein & Delius 2011 11896:Hattstein & Delius 2011 11875:. Oxford University Press. 11781:Islam: Art and Architecture 11767:Hattstein & Delius 2011 11743:Hattstein & Delius 2011 11716:Hattstein & Delius 2011 10868:"Mosque | place of worship" 10662:Hattstein & Delius 2011 10571:Architecture; X. Decoration 9589:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 9399:Hattstein & Delius 2011 8961:Hattstein & Delius 2011 8929:Islam: Art and Architecture 8693:Islam: Art and Architecture 8512: 8057:that may have its roots in 7711: 7104:in Lahore (1635), built by 6569:), such as the examples in 6231:One of the chambers of the 5892:(completed in 1474) in the 5804:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad 5770:Mausoleum of Sultan Baybars 5549:Tile decoration inside the 5139: 4224: 4210: 4196: 4186: 4170:Early Muslim garrison towns 3850:in Delhi (mid-17th century) 3743: 3734: 3715:in Delhi (mid-17th century) 3190: 2256:on top of the ribbed vault. 2152: 2022: 1913:ancient Mediterranean world 1903:. This was also called the 1322:(built by al-Walid I). The 78:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba 10: 20828: 19772:Islamic geometric patterns 16431:Islamic geometric patterns 15839:10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002 15588:Nuttgens, Patrick (1997). 15176:Cambridge University Press 15130: 14171:Tjahjono, Gunawan (1998). 14140:Tjahjono, Gunawan (1998). 14128:Porter & Degeorge 2009 14068:Porter & Degeorge 2009 13936:Porter & Degeorge 2009 13924:Porter & Degeorge 2009 13891:Porter & Degeorge 2009 13787:Porter & Degeorge 2009 12138:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 11692:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 11572:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 11541:obsolete teaching opinion. 11139:. Amman. pp. 277–288. 10813:10.1177/002182869502600305 10419:. London: Reaktion Books. 10054:Schippmann, Klaus (1971). 9949:, accessed 1 February 2016 9756:. Osprey Publishing, p. 12 8985:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 8720:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 8430:Islamic geometric patterns 8149: 7899: 7875:and under the rule of the 7857: 7792: 7788: 7566: 7354:Room with fountain in the 6928: 6822: 6358: 6016:, whose works include the 5973: 5969: 5663:, with interruptions) and 5629: 5446:Hypostyle interior of the 5311: 5211:in the 11th–12th centuries 5205:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir 5145:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir 5110: 4850:Architecture of Azerbaijan 4843: 4837: 4517:Central Asian architecture 4465: 4443: 3724: 3720: 3617:707. In later mosques the 3601: 3553: 3194: 3002:Great Mosque of Diyarbakir 2899: 2704: 2700: 2372: 2171: 2091:, which were connected by 1828:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 1393: 1205: 1150:decoration at Nitil (near 1082:Prior to the start of the 266: 259: 20769: 20738: 20692: 20646: 20593:A Mathematician's Apology 20553: 20506: 20389: 20352: 20345: 20177: 20030: 19976: 19967: 19914: 19856: 19712: 19701: 19600: 19475: 19444: 19393: 19258: 18995: 18954: 18829: 18742: 18660: 18642: 18547: 18507:Geography and cartography 18475: 18413: 18327: 18279: 18221: 18213:Influences on Western art 18158: 18061:Influences on Western art 18029: 17997: 17873: 17835: 17791: 17761: 17688: 17655: 17646: 17581: 17560: 17519: 17471: 17426: 17382: 17375: 17364: 17288: 17161: 17152: 17076: 17020: 16989: 16963: 16913: 16865:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan) 16842: 16726: 16719: 16645: 16602: 16551: 16499: 16377: 16293: 16244: 16182: 16171: 16152: 16145: 15981: 15630:Petersen, Andrew (1996). 15594:. London: Phaidon Press. 15591:The Story of Architecture 15565:. Yale University Press. 15559:McKenzie, Judith (2007). 15314:. Yale University Press. 15293:. Yale University Press. 15218:. Yale University Press. 13417:Museum at Eldridge Street 13239:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). 13214:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). 12996:Necipoğlu, Gülru (1995). 12257:Huebner, Jeff W. (1995). 11291:Finster, Barbara (2009). 11128:Whitcomb, Donald (1995). 10522:– via Google Books. 10440:Xenephon (January 1998). 10415:Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). 9728:. BRILL. pp. 58–75. 9534:Marçais, Georges (1954). 9253:10.1163/22118993_02701003 8089:The "circular" mosque of 7968:(in present-day southern 7956:(13th century), built of 7665:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque 7076:, in memory of his wife. 7048:. The most famous is the 6959:Indo-Islamic architecture 6931:Indo-Islamic architecture 6818: 6377:between 711 and 1492 and 6297:, Istanbul (19th century) 5928:Wikala of Sultan al-Ghuri 5888:Carved stone dome of the 5785:Complex of Sultan Qalawun 5625: 5533:in Konya (c. 1251), with 5426:southwest of Aksaray and 5389:congregational mosque in 5017:(Timur's mausoleum), the 5007:sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi 4981:, the dynasty founded by 4538:), the nearby Minaret of 4468:Great Seljuk architecture 4302:The architecture of the " 4133:Islamization of knowledge 4016:Science in medieval times 3699:, Istanbul (16th century) 3595: 3389:Indo-Islamic architecture 3320:, Granada (14th century, 3070:(mosaic tilework) at the 2986:Friday Mosque of Ardestan 2908:specific ornamental forms 2470:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta 2449:The bulbous domes of the 2411:View of the main dome at 1786:In the 10th century, the 1583:in the 10th century. The 1557:, added to the mosque by 1484:played a prominent role. 35: 20705:The Bridges Organization 16981:Museum with No Frontiers 13955:, p. 14 & pp. 77–80. 13496:"Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou" 13288:Parker, Richard (1981). 12569:islamicart.museumwnf.org 11815:O'Kane, Bernard (1995). 11450:Bianca, Stefano (2001). 11090:"Minaret | architecture" 10582:Capilla, Susana (2018). 10545:Komaroff, Linda (1992). 10379:. In Oleg Grabar (ed.). 9796:. Taylor & Francis. 8325:Marrakesh Menara Airport 7640:The Grand Mosque of the 7242:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 6589:region of Algeria (e.g. 6531:regions of Morocco, the 6514:interest in the "Orient" 6451:Great Mosque of Kairouan 6109:(charitable kitchen), a 6055:, by architects such as 5980:The architecture of the 5646:Ottoman conquest of 1517 5203:Courtyard façade of the 4950:is an ensemble of three 3830:Ottoman minarets of the 3781:Great Mosque of Kairouan 3141:Terracotta arabesque of 2472:has tiles arranged in a 2167: 2113: 2063:since the classical and 1984:Persian assembly halls ( 1882:Great Mosque of Kairouan 1830:(1133), notable for its 1652:Great Mosque of Kairouan 1320:Great Mosque of Damascus 1281:Great Mosque of Damascus 1041:in 622, right after his 138:to the present day. The 20567:The Grammar of Ornament 20519:Nature's Harmonic Unity 20429:De prospectiva pingendi 18652:History of construction 18636:History of architecture 17092:Architecture portal 15742:Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). 15712:Shahîd, Irfan (1995b). 15691:Shahîd, Irfan (1995a). 15429:. Boston: Brill: 1–15. 15006:(inactive 2024-04-25). 14276:2020MS&E..890a2023N 12984:Charles Scribner's Sons 12965:"Seljuk architecture", 12905:Raymond, André (1993). 12809:Sanders, Paula (2008). 11135:. In Bisheh, G. (ed.). 11094:Encyclopedia Britannica 11004:, p. xvii, 64, 72. 10872:Encyclopedia Britannica 8379:Abdulhusein M. Thariani 8192:(described below), the 7960:with a flat wooden roof 7461:The Asfi Mosque of the 7132:is an example of this. 6463:Great Mosque of Tlemcen 6455:Great Mosque of Cordoba 5988:, with influences from 5984:developed from earlier 5529:Entrance portal of the 5324:Great Mosque of Divriği 5033:, who commissioned the 4208:(which became known as 3755:system on the minaret. 3679:in Cairo (14th century) 3278:Duvazdah Imam Mausoleum 3257:quarter vault from the 3227:Duvazdah Imam Mausoleum 3177:Painted ceiling in the 2834:South Khorasan Province 2694:Selimiye Mosque, Edirne 2647:Schematic drawing of a 2549:, a masterpiece of the 2547:Great Mosque of Tlemcen 2528:Capilla de Villaviciosa 2524:Capilla de Villaviciosa 2515:Great Mosque of Córdoba 2193:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 2124:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan 1962:for rest or gathering. 1923:houses (e.g. the Roman 1654:(originally founded by 1585:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1555:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1505:Great Mosque of Samarra 1493:Great Mosque of Samarra 20720:Institute For Figuring 20632:The 'Life' of a Carpet 20457:A Treatise on Painting 18647:Architectural timeline 18051:Indo-Saracenic Revival 16997:Indo-Saracenic Revival 16397:(multicoloured ashlar) 15865:(inactive 2024-04-24). 14456:Bloom & Blair 2009 14378:Bloom & Blair 2009 14340:Bloom & Blair 2009 14116:Bloom & Blair 2009 14104:Bloom & Blair 2009 14092:Bloom & Blair 2009 13983:Bloom & Blair 2009 13968:Bloom & Blair 2009 13851:Bloom & Blair 2009 13804:Bloom & Blair 2009 13775:Bloom & Blair 2009 13763:Bloom & Blair 2009 13717:Bloom & Blair 2009 13699:Bloom & Blair 2009 13681:Bloom & Blair 2009 13663:Bloom & Blair 2009 13574:Bloom & Blair 2009 13522:Bloom & Blair 2009 13391:10.1515/asia-2016-0499 13172:Bloom & Blair 2009 12930:Blair & Bloom 1995 12731:Blair & Bloom 1995 12668:Blair & Bloom 1995 12656:Blair & Bloom 1995 12111:Bloom & Blair 2009 11957:Bloom & Blair 2009 11704:Bloom & Blair 2009 11251:Kennedy, Hugh (1985). 11182:. Brill. p. 159. 10852:Bloom & Blair 2009 10772:Bloom & Blair 2009 10723:Bloom & Blair 2009 10696:Bloom & Blair 2009 10674:Bloom & Blair 2009 10650:Bloom & Blair 2009 10567:Bloom & Blair 2009 10533:Bloom & Blair 2009 10357:Blair & Bloom 1995 10339:Bloom & Blair 2009 10181:Bloom & Blair 2009 10169:Blair & Bloom 1995 10115:Blair & Bloom 1995 10091:Blair & Bloom 1995 9979:Bloom & Blair 2009 9910:Hoag, John D. (2004). 9882:Online, Second Edition 9880:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9752:David Nicolle (2009), 9690:Bloom & Blair 2009 9675:Bloom & Blair 2009 9649:Bloom & Blair 2009 9585:Kennedy, Hugh (2004). 9483:Bloom & Blair 2009 9471:Bloom & Blair 2009 9457:Stucco and plasterwork 9453:Bloom & Blair 2009 9438:Bloom & Blair 2009 9428:, pp. 24–25, 251. 9411:Bloom & Blair 2009 9357:Bloom & Blair 2009 9131:Bloom & Blair 2009 9059:Bloom & Blair 2009 8789:Bloom & Blair 2009 8747:Bloom & Blair 2009 8732:Bloom & Blair 2009 8626:Bloom & Blair 2009 8440: 8318:Urban design and Islam 8292: 8269: 8223: 8169: 8136:Great Mosque of Djenné 8094: 8046: 8013:Askia al-Hajj Muhammad 8003: 7961: 7918: 7911:Great Mosque of Djenné 7808: 7506: 7503:Great Mosque of Banten 7494: 7339:(1591), an example of 7056:in memory of his wife 6955: 6905: 6886: 6850: 6293:Entrance gates of the 6071:complexes, known as a 5735:Museum of Islamic Arts 5701:. Influences from the 5504:Çifte Minareli Medrese 5411:Çifte Minareli Medrese 5327: 5244:Hospital of Nur al-Din 5071: 4971: 4966:(left) dates from the 4912:(possibly the tomb of 4901: 4862: 4688:Great Mosque of Aleppo 4597:(south of present-day 4565: 4419:Greco-Roman tradition: 3814:(15th century) at the 3300:(before 1202, Abbasid) 3276:under the dome of the 3074:in Fez (14th century, 2820:), Dowlatabad Garden ( 2782: 2730: 2568: 2510: 2126: 2048: 2027:In Islamic buildings, 1888: 1814:(founded in 990 under 1783: 1698: 1562: 1496: 1460: 1416: 1368:Church of the Kathisma 1359: 1284: 1250:Byzantine architecture 1241: 1172:congregational mosques 284: 168:early Muslim conquests 130:. It encompasses both 20601:George David Birkhoff 20575:Ernest Hanbury Hankin 20443:De divina proportione 20423:Piero della Francesca 20402:Leon Battista Alberti 19989:Piero della Francesca 19628:Hyperboloid structure 19189:America and Australia 18809:Medieval Scandinavian 18490:Alchemy and chemistry 18006:Empire of the Sultans 16734:Congregational mosque 16192:(four-arch structure) 15540:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 15377:Freely, John (2011). 15003:10.37334/eras.v4i3.86 14419:, pp. 37, 53–55. 13468:Naji, Salima (2009). 13067:Grabar, Oleg (1985). 12767:Behrens-Abouseif 2007 12755:Behrens-Abouseif 2007 12695:Behrens-Abouseif 2007 12683:Behrens-Abouseif 2007 12400:Burns, Ross (2009) . 11828:Encyclopaedia Iranica 11503:The Qurʾan in Context 11424:Wirth, Eugen (2001). 10623:Grabar, Oleg (2006). 10509:Islamic Art in Detail 10137:Encyclopaedia Iranica 10133:www.iranicaonline.org 9934:Ignacio Arce (2006): 8492:Structural intentions 8428: 8277:Museum of Islamic Art 8275: 8252: 8221:Great Mosque of Kilwa 8218: 8190:Great Mosque of Kilwa 8163: 8150:Further information: 8140:Grand Mosque of Mopti 8088: 8033: 7994: 7948: 7909: 7896:Sahel and West Africa 7840:Great Mosque of Xi'an 7805:Great Mosque of Xi'an 7802: 7575:Great Mosque of Demak 7530:. The minaret of the 7500: 7489: 7083:is also located. The 6942: 6900: 6892:Ottoman rule in Yemen 6876: 6868:Great Mosque of Sanaa 6832: 6825:Architecture of Yemen 6494:Moroccan architecture 6165:(end of 14th century) 6163:Grand Mosque of Bursa 5567:Ince Minareli Medrese 5454:(12th-13th centuries) 5357:Ince Minareli Medrese 5321: 5261:in the city walls of 5051: 4945: 4887: 4857: 4834:Iran and Central Asia 4779:congregational mosque 4659:of the 13th century. 4633:Sultanate in Anatolia 4605:(1068 and 1093) near 4556: 4466:Further information: 4382:Figure-ground diagram 4192:Roman legionary camps 3387:, which is common to 3366:Balconies and screens 3312:Muqarnas dome in the 3296:Muqarnas dome in the 2846:UNESCO World Heritage 2824:), Abbasabad Garden ( 2777: 2714: 2663:Central domes of the 2564: 2508: 2121: 2043: 1869: 1770: 1745:Jameh Mosque of Na'in 1688: 1542: 1535:Early regional styles 1490: 1454: 1403: 1349: 1279: 1254:Sasanian architecture 1224:, from a palace near 1215: 1084:Arab-Muslim conquests 1053:Mosque of the Prophet 1033:in early 7th-century 277:Mosque of the Prophet 274: 262:Mosque § History 20802:Islamic architecture 20526:Frederik Macody Lund 20397:Filippo Brunelleschi 20278:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh 20140:La condition humaine 19431:Critical regionalism 17969:Arab World Institute 17779:Ottoman illumination 17058:Ottoman architecture 17048:Moorish architecture 17043:Islamic architecture 17038:Iranian architecture 16461:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf) 16315:(or müezzin mahfili) 15975:Islamic architecture 15917:research partnership 15542:Ottoman Architecture 14740:, pp. 190, 192. 13733:"Old City of Sana'a" 13453:Encyclopédie berbère 11364:Walmsley, A (2007). 10992:, p. 23-30, 46. 10939:Stacey International 10626:The Dome of the Rock 10482:"The Persian Garden" 10464:D. Fairchild Ruggles 9912:Islamic architecture 9235:Avner, Rina (2010). 9023:, pp. 391, 402. 8473:Status and hierarchy 8374:Kamran Afshar Naderi 8364:Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil 8329:Masjid Permata Qolbu 8152:Swahili architecture 8126:, western Mali, and 8023:). In Timbuktu, the 7848:Chinese architecture 7583:Sultanate of Cirebon 7011:Indian architectural 6877:Central dome of the 6361:Moorish architecture 6310:Istanbul High School 6087:). For example, the 6037:Baroque architecture 5976:Ottoman architecture 5720:) and multi-storied 5537:and ablaq decoration 5084:Naqsh-e Jahan Square 5057:Naqsh-e Jahan Square 5021:necropolis, and the 5015:Gur-e Amir Mausoleum 4994:Timurid architecture 4975:Iranian architecture 4840:Iranian architecture 4645:Northern Mesopotomia 4603:Kharraqan Mausoleums 3944:(Islamic monotheism) 3910:Early social changes 3905:Early historiography 3691:Ottoman mihrab with 2780:political territory. 2573:Ottoman architecture 2535:Bab al-Mardum Mosque 2318:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum 2266:Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar 2232:Sultaniyya Mausoleum 2220:Gur-i Amir Mausoleum 2069:Iranian architecture 1800:Fatimid architecture 1758:Tomb of the Samanids 1646:(roughly modern-day 1609:Bab al-Mardum Mosque 1589:Moorish architecture 1421:Abbasid architecture 1396:Abbasid architecture 1258:Umayyad architecture 1208:Umayyad architecture 120:architectural styles 116:Islamic architecture 31:Islamic architecture 20751:Mathematical beauty 20676:Rhythm of Structure 20619:Gödel, Escher, Bach 20415:De re aedificatoria 20046:The Ancient of Days 19665:Projective geometry 19594:Mathematics and art 19370:Stripped Classicism 19345:International style 19328:Rationalist-Fascist 18977:Portuguese Colonial 18727:Pre-Islamic Persian 18400:Early social change 18299:Early social change 17095: • 17082: • 17068:Yemeni architecture 17053:Mughal architecture 17033:Berber architecture 17028:Arabic architecture 16692:Salsabil (fountain) 16426:Islamic calligraphy 15911:Aga Khan Foundation 15362:. Wiley Blackwell. 14936:Nawawi, N. (2009). 14776:, pp. 249–250. 14764:, pp. 74, 151. 14407:, pp. 306–307. 14395:, pp. 306–308. 13057:, pp. 215–216. 12895:, pp. 172–173. 12427:, pp. 225–227. 12128:, pp. 416–417. 11070:www.qantara-med.org 10839:, pp. 186–187. 10805:1995JHA....26..253K 10747:, pp. 177–178. 10601:10.3390/arts7030036 10105:, pp. 268–269. 9389:, pp. 249–251. 9336:, pp. 365–367. 9175:, pp. 295–296. 8999:, pp. 277–280. 8975:, pp. 401–403. 8809:, pp. 195–197. 8527:Architecture portal 8209:Fakhr al-Din Mosque 8166:Fakhr al-Din Mosque 8156:Somali architecture 7984:), one centered on 7931:trans-Saharan trade 7879:. Many traditional 7758:Kampung Hulu Mosque 7730:Masjid Kampung Laut 7693:Menara Kudus Mosque 7532:Menara Kudus Mosque 7030:Mughal architecture 7015:Tomb of Rukn-i Alam 6963:Indian subcontinent 6953:Mughal architecture 6935:Mughal architecture 6925:Indian subcontinent 6707:(12th-13th century) 6501:or emulated in the 6482:Christian conquests 6263:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 6248:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 6149:(late 14th century) 6045:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 6000:and other parts of 5986:Seljuk architecture 5632:Mamluk architecture 4929:Uljaytu's mausoleum 4704:Tower of Mas'ud III 4686:The minaret of the 4611:Mausoleum of Sanjar 4581:(c. 1068–1080) and 4570:Great Seljuk Empire 4501:Tower of Mas'ud III 3832:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 3783:(early 9th century) 3697:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 3314:Palace of the Lions 3179:Mahabat Khan Mosque 3143:Khania Dighi Mosque 2844:, form part of the 2838:Pahlevanpour Garden 2741:. In his dialogue " 2722:paradise garden in 2680:Kalenderhane Mosque 2625:Rüstem Pasha Mosque 2606:Kalenderhane Mosque 2566:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 2383:in 1204 CE. Unlike 2369:Domes in South Asia 2262:Seljuk architecture 2212:spherical triangles 1561:(late 10th century) 1283:(early 8th century) 1092:Mediterranean world 1057:al-Masjid an-Nabawi 954:Karagöz and Hacivat 176:Islamic calligraphy 76:Top: arches of the 32: 20756:Patterns in nature 20613:Douglas Hofstadter 20239:Desmond Paul Henry 20229:Bathsheba Grossman 20161:The Swallow's Tail 20082:Giorgio de Chirico 19954:Sydney Opera House 19809:Croatian interlace 19375:Postconstructivism 19318:Streamline Moderne 18046:Aniconism in Islam 17984:Toronto (Aga Khan) 17941:Khalili Collection 17806:Geometric patterns 17214:Bahmani and Deccan 16769:Kuttab (or maktab) 15936:2020-05-07 at the 15793:Fletcher, Banister 15115:. 10 December 2012 14231:Saudi Aramco World 13938:, p. 282-285. 13667:Yemen, Republic of 13269:www.etymonline.com 13132:, p. 177-180. 12626:, p. 240-241. 12602:, p. 235-239. 12590:, p. 234-235. 12038:, p. 360-366. 11898:, p. 363-364. 11861:, p. 153-154. 11845:2022-01-28 at the 11822:2022-05-11 at the 11806:, p. 140-144. 11769:, p. 354-359. 11757:, p. 150-152. 11745:, p. 336-337. 11718:, p. 330-331. 11673:Rabbat, N (2003). 11257:Past & Present 11241:, pp. 82, 92. 11217:, pp. 75, 80. 11205:, pp. 80, 92. 11019:, p. 187-188. 10959:Creswell, K. A. C. 10893:, p. 129-137. 10018:2015-05-03 at the 9999:2011-06-29 at the 9945:2016-02-01 at the 9759:. Bloomsbury USA. 8501:to deliver is the 8441: 8293: 8270: 8224: 8170: 8095: 8055:Hausa architecture 8047: 8004: 7962: 7919: 7809: 7579:Sultanate of Demak 7569:Indonesian mosques 7507: 7495: 6956: 6906: 6887: 6851: 6809:Central mosque of 6795:Youssef Dey Mosque 6776:Alcazar of Seville 6756:Court of the Lions 6605:Reception Hall of 6575:Ksar Ouled Soltane 6214:Süleymaniye Mosque 6083:agreement (Arabic 6018:Süleymaniye Mosque 5569:in Konya (c. 1265) 5553:in Konya (c. 1251) 5428:another Sultan Han 5328: 5246:in Damascus (1154) 5072: 5035:Gawhar Shad Mosque 5023:Bibi Khanum Mosque 4972: 4902: 4898:Khwarazmian Empire 4863: 4653:Khwarazmian Empire 4566: 4489:Persianate culture 4430:Eastern tradition: 3810:Minaret of Sultan 3659:-carved mihrab of 3358:Khanate of Bukhara 3217:(977–978) in Tim ( 3215:Arab-Ata Mausoleum 3127:Süleymaniye Mosque 3072:Bou Inania Madrasa 3042:Al-Firdaws Madrasa 2731: 2621:Süleymaniye Mosque 2610:Eski Imaret Mosque 2583:When the Ottomans 2569: 2511: 2298:Palace of Ardashir 2252:a central dome or 2224:Bibi Khanum Mosque 2127: 2049: 1889: 1812:Mosque of al-Hakim 1784: 1729:were ruled by the 1699: 1563: 1497: 1461: 1417: 1406:al-Ukhaidir Palace 1360: 1285: 1242: 1194:while issuing the 389:Azerbaijani carpet 285: 30: 20789: 20788: 20642: 20641: 20606:Aesthetic Measure 20477:Sebastiano Serlio 20451:Leonardo da Vinci 20341: 20340: 20333:Margaret Wertheim 19994:Leonardo da Vinci 19560: 19559: 18602: 18601: 18570:elementary school 18188:Geometric pattern 18118: 18117: 17787: 17786: 17642: 17641: 17614:Hardstone carving 17511:Chinese influence 17362: 17361: 17348:Stucco decoration 17112: 17111: 16959: 16958: 16715: 16714: 16702:Shading Umbrellas 16486:Stucco decoration 16386:For overview, see 16201:Four-centred arch 15812:978-0-7506-2267-7 15725:978-0-88402-347-0 15704:978-0-88402-284-8 15683:978-90-04-47261-7 15643:978-0-203-20387-3 15601:978-0-7148-3615-7 15572:978-0-300-11555-0 15532:978-0-500-20305-7 15513:978-90-04-10901-8 15413:978-3-7861-2550-1 15390:978-1-84564-506-9 15341:. Boston: Brill. 15321:978-0-300-08869-4 15246:978-0-19-530991-1 15225:978-0-300-06465-0 15154:978-977-424-476-6 14880:Built Environment 14853:Built Environment 14643:978-0-313-07329-8 14585:, pp. 98–99. 14573:, pp. 96–99. 14434:, pp. 51–52. 14344:Mali, Republic of 14188:978-981-3018-30-3 14094:, Fatehpur Sikri. 14082:, pp. 33–35. 14045:Iranicaonline.org 13908:The Mughal Empire 13113:978-1-4381-1025-7 13080:978-90-04-07611-2 13009:978-90-04-10314-6 12769:, pp. 80–84. 12733:, pp. 83–84. 12721:, pp. 30–31. 12697:, pp. 73–77. 12272:978-1-884964-02-2 12088:Iranicaonline.org 12024:Hillenbrand 1999b 12010:978-90-04-09834-3 11487:978-3-89646-654-9 11462:978-3-406-48262-5 11436:978-3-8053-2709-1 11303:978-3-89646-654-9 11239:Hillenbrand 1999a 11227:Hillenbrand 1999a 11215:Hillenbrand 1999a 11203:Hillenbrand 1999a 11189:978-90-04-17931-8 11166:, pp. 79–80. 11164:Hillenbrand 1999a 11115:, pp. 59–98. 11113:Hillenbrand 1999a 10731:in Egypt and the 10636:978-0-674-02313-0 10426:978-1-86189-253-9 10269:, pp. 70–73. 10255:Giese-Vögeli 2007 10228:, pp. 69–70. 10117:, pp. 40–41. 10067:978-3-11-001879-0 10044:, pp. 66–88. 10042:Giese-Vögeli 2007 9921:978-1-904313-29-8 9735:978-90-04-09626-4 9705:Hillenbrand 1999b 9639:, pp. 31–32. 9627:, pp. 16–43. 9575:, pp. 51–81. 9401:, pp. 94–95. 9324:, pp. 25–26. 9312:, pp. 10–11. 9190:, pp. 22–24. 8628:, "Architecture". 8306:), the minarets, 8164:The 13th-century 7950:Chinguetti Mosque 7890:Lithuanian Tatars 7375:Wazir Khan Mosque 7281:Sixty Dome Mosque 7137:Deccan sultanates 7102:Wazir Khan Mosque 7087:in Delhi and the 6987:Qutb al-Din Aybak 6919:Citadel of Rada'a 6879:Ashrafiyya Mosque 6842:بَـاب ٱلْـيَـمَـن 6607:Abd ar-Rahman III 6547:(fortresses) and 6469:(Marrakesh), the 6459:Qarawiyyin Mosque 6295:Dolmabahçe Palace 6199:Bayezid II Mosque 6197:Courtyard of the 5894:Northern Cemetery 5869:Twin minarets of 5654:Al-Nasir Muhammad 5585:in Sivas (1271–2) 5482:Courtyard of the 5259:Yedi Kardeş Tower 5135:Upper Mesopotamia 5063:, Iran, built by 5043:her own mausoleum 4964:Ulugh Beg Madrasa 4910:Fakhr al-Din Razi 4859:Tarikhaneh Mosque 4479:, who ruled from 4268:Umayyad Caliphate 4167: 4166: 3919:Modern philosophy 2864:), in India; the 2788:. The gardens of 2763:Cyrus the Younger 2739:Achaemenid Empire 2468:The main dome of 2162:geometric designs 2013:Tarikhaneh Mosque 1982:Achaemenid period 1788:Fatimid Caliphate 1691:Samanid Mausoleum 1638:independent. The 1482:stucco decoration 1469:four-centred arch 1425:Abbasid Caliphate 1341:Iberian Peninsula 1246:Umayyad Caliphate 1047:(migration) from 1023: 1022: 174:of surfaces with 113: 112: 18:Arab Architecture 16:(Redirected from 20819: 20777: 20776: 20627:Nikos Salingaros 20350: 20349: 20318:Hiroshi Sugimoto 20268:Robert Longhurst 20214:Helaman Ferguson 20169:Crockett Johnson 20098:Circle Limit III 20067:Danseuse au café 19974: 19973: 19944:Pyramid of Khufu 19707: 19587: 19580: 19573: 19564: 19563: 19452:Deconstructivism 19211:Spanish Colonial 18972:Spanish Colonial 18872:Western Chalukya 18680:Ancient Egyptian 18629: 18622: 18615: 18606: 18605: 18477:Medieval science 18145: 18138: 18131: 18122: 18121: 17957:Majorelle Garden 17653: 17652: 17486:Hispano-Moresque 17380: 17379: 17370: 17179:Anatolian Seljuk 17159: 17158: 17139: 17132: 17125: 17116: 17115: 17105:Islam portal 17103: 17102: 17101: 17090: 17089: 16724: 16723: 16389:Islamic ornament 16268:South Asian dome 16196:Discharging arch 16177: 16150: 16149: 15994:Anatolian Seljuk 15968: 15961: 15954: 15945: 15944: 15907:creative commons 15880: 15874: 15866: 15864: 15843: 15841: 15816: 15797:Cruickshank, Dan 15780: 15761: 15738: 15729: 15708: 15687: 15666: 15647: 15626: 15605: 15584: 15555: 15536: 15517: 15496: 15476: 15465: 15446: 15417: 15394: 15373: 15352: 15331: 15329: 15328: 15304: 15283: 15256: 15254: 15253: 15229: 15208: 15189: 15164: 15162: 15161: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15120: 15105: 15099: 15096:Hillenbrand 1994 15093: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15083: 15071:Nasser, Rabbat. 15068: 15059: 15058: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15023: 15015: 15005: 14981: 14968: 14965:Hillenbrand 1994 14962: 14941: 14934: 14928: 14927: 14907: 14896: 14895: 14875: 14869: 14868: 14848: 14839: 14838: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14803: 14794: 14788: 14777: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14753: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14729: 14728: 14708: 14702: 14701: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14660: 14654: 14648: 14647: 14627: 14618: 14612: 14603: 14597: 14586: 14580: 14574: 14568: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14541: 14535: 14529: 14523: 14517: 14498: 14492: 14486: 14480: 14474: 14468: 14462: 14453: 14444: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14420: 14414: 14408: 14402: 14396: 14390: 14384: 14375: 14346: 14337: 14324: 14323: 14313: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14287: 14255: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14222: 14213: 14199: 14193: 14192: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14137: 14131: 14125: 14119: 14113: 14107: 14101: 14095: 14089: 14083: 14077: 14071: 14065: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14037: 14031: 14020: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14006: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13971: 13965: 13956: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13912: 13903:John F. Richards 13900: 13894: 13888: 13879: 13878: 13860: 13854: 13848: 13837: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13816: 13807: 13801: 13790: 13784: 13778: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13743: 13729: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13687: 13678: 13669: 13660: 13649: 13648: 13630: 13615: 13614: 13586: 13580: 13571: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13534: 13528: 13519: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13506: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13465: 13459: 13449: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13385:(4): 1307–1353. 13376: 13367: 13361: 13360: 13342: 13336: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13190: 13184: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13148: 13142: 13133: 13127: 13118: 13117: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13064: 13058: 13052: 13043: 13037: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 12993: 12987: 12976: 12970: 12963: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12902: 12896: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12866: 12857: 12856: 12834: 12825: 12824: 12806: 12797: 12791: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12740: 12734: 12728: 12722: 12716: 12710: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12680: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12642: 12636: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12543: 12542: 12524: 12513: 12507: 12501: 12495: 12486: 12485: 12467: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12350: 12335: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12298: 12292: 12286: 12277: 12276: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12212: 12209: 12203: 12200: 12194: 12191: 12185: 12182: 12176: 12173: 12167: 12166: 12150: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12108: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12080: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12014: 11986:Heinrichs, W. P. 11969: 11963: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11917: 11911: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11868: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11837: 11831: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11794: 11776: 11770: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11421: 11412: 11411: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11288: 11282: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11148: 11140: 11134: 11125: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11043:, p. 73-75. 11038: 11032: 11031:, p. 73-82. 11026: 11020: 11014: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10971:(276): 134–140. 10955: 10949: 10924: 10918: 10917:, p. 29-46. 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10891:Hillenbrand 1994 10888: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10864: 10858: 10849: 10840: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10788: 10775: 10769: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10693: 10680: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10603: 10579: 10573: 10564: 10553: 10552: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10471: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10399: 10391: 10389: 10378: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10345: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10198: 10187: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10028: 10010: 10004: 9991: 9985: 9976: 9965: 9959: 9950: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9907: 9894: 9893: 9870: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9769:. Archived from 9746: 9740: 9739: 9719: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9687: 9681: 9672: 9655: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9559: 9540: 9539: 9531: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9474: 9468: 9459: 9450: 9444: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9363: 9354: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9191: 9185: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9128: 9109: 9103: 9090: 9089: 9071: 9065: 9056: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8947: 8946: 8924: 8915: 8914: 8892: 8883: 8882: 8852: 8843: 8842: 8819: 8810: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8753: 8744: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8612: 8611: 8593: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8434:Saint Petersburg 8305: 8304: 8219:Interior of the 8194:Kizimkazi Mosque 8103:Guinea Highlands 7780: 7768: 7754: 7740: 7726: 7688: 7661: 7637: 7617: 7595:Kasepuhan Palace 7482:Malay-Indonesian 7475: 7472: 7458: 7439: 7429: 7426: 7417: 7398: 7386: 7371: 7351: 7329: 7311: 7296: 7277: 7257: 7238: 7218: 7198: 7195: 7165:Bengal Sultanate 7123: 7120: 7081:Tomb of Jahangir 7036:ancestry of the 6844: 6843: 6806: 6791: 6771: 6751: 6739: 6716: 6700: 6685: 6670:Kutubiyya Mosque 6666: 6655:Almoravid period 6647: 6626:Aljaferia Palace 6622: 6602: 6581:. The island of 6467:Kutubiyya Mosque 6343: 6321: 6306: 6290: 6274: 6259: 6243: 6228: 6210: 6194: 6174: 6158: 6138: 6057:Mimar Kemaleddin 5954: 5939: 5924: 5909:Sabil of Qaytbay 5905: 5885: 5866: 5850: 5834: 5818: 5808:Citadel of Cairo 5800: 5781: 5762: 5739:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 5673: 5672: 1468–1496 5671: 5662: 5661: 1293–1341 5660: 5614:Eşrefoğlu Mosque 5610: 5597:Döner Kümbet in 5594: 5578: 5562: 5546: 5526: 5516: 5513: 5502:Interior of the 5499: 5479: 5468:Kubadabad Palace 5463: 5443: 5403:İlyas Bey Mosque 5401:(1374), and the 5376:Kubadabad Palace 5292: 5274: 5255: 5240: 5220: 5200: 5187:in Damascus and 5172:Maristan al-Nuri 5142: 5031:Sultan Shah Rukh 4991: 4990: 1370–1405 4989: 4818: 4805:(in present-day 4800: 4797: 4788: 4771:(in present-day 4760: 4738: 4725:caravanserai in 4719: 4699: 4683: 4672:Kharraqan Towers 4668: 4657:Mongol invasions 4619: 4616: 4537: 4534: 4396: 4378: 4360: 4298:Urban morphology 4227: 4213: 4199: 4189: 4183: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4104: 4097: 4095:Classical Arabic 3953: 3945: 3860: 3859: 3856:Towns and cities 3843: 3827: 3807: 3792: 3776: 3746: 3739: 3708: 3688: 3672: 3653: 3641: 3569: 3568: 3516: 3490: 3465: 3436: 3353: 3333: 3309: 3293: 3269: 3250: 3174: 3158: 3147:Bengal Sultanate 3138: 3122: 3103: 3087: 3061: 3037: 3026:Anatolian Seljuk 3017: 2997: 2981: 2969: 2914:, and elaborate 2902:Islamic ornament 2866:Shalimar Gardens 2757:'s visit to the 2716:Shalamar Gardens 2690: 2675: 2660: 2644: 2485: 2465: 2446: 2427: 2408: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2316:The dome of the 2313: 2289: 2155: 2057:Diaphragm arches 1947: 1909:courtyard houses 1876:(courtyard) and 1680:Ibn Tulun Mosque 1658:in 670) and the 1605:Madinat al-Zahra 1509:Abu Dulaf Mosque 1431:architecture in 1414: 1411: 1404:Interior of the 1352:Dome of the Rock 1312:Dome of the Rock 1130:(in present-day 1090:and the eastern 1015: 1008: 1001: 987:Islam portal 985: 984: 983: 287: 286: 248:), and military 220:(public baths), 198:multifoil arches 184:geometric motifs 136:history of Islam 126:associated with 68: 57: 46: 33: 29: 21: 20827: 20826: 20822: 20821: 20820: 20818: 20817: 20816: 20792: 20791: 20790: 20785: 20765: 20761:Sacred geometry 20734: 20700:Ars Mathematica 20688: 20638: 20549: 20502: 20489:Andrea Palladio 20385: 20378:De architectura 20337: 20293:Antoine Pevsner 20273:Jeanette McLeod 20224:Susan Goldstine 20173: 20032: 20026: 19963: 19949:Sagrada Família 19910: 19852: 19720:Algorithmic art 19708: 19699: 19695:Wallpaper group 19633:Minimal surface 19596: 19591: 19561: 19556: 19471: 19440: 19389: 19323:Totalitarianism 19313:New Objectivity 19254: 19107:Serbo-Byzantine 19102:Russo-Byzantine 18991: 18950: 18825: 18802:Islamic Persian 18738: 18656: 18638: 18633: 18603: 18598: 18543: 18471: 18460:Early sociology 18409: 18373:decision-making 18323: 18304:Early conquests 18275: 18217: 18154: 18152:Islamic studies 18149: 18119: 18114: 18083:Moorish Revival 18031: 18025: 17993: 17910:Calligraphy Art 17876: 17869: 17831: 17783: 17757: 17684: 17648: 17638: 17604:Enamelled glass 17577: 17556: 17515: 17467: 17422: 17383:Regional styles 17371: 17358: 17284: 17255:Sudano-Sahelian 17162:Regional styles 17148: 17143: 17113: 17108: 17099: 17097: 17084: 17072: 17016: 17007:Moorish Revival 16985: 16955: 16921:Albarrana tower 16909: 16838: 16825:in modern Iran) 16739:Dar al-Muwaqqit 16711: 16662:(fountain type) 16647: 16641: 16604: 16598: 16589:Reflecting pool 16584:Persian gardens 16579:Paradise garden 16547: 16524:(entrance hall) 16495: 16451:Nagash painting 16373: 16295: 16289: 16240: 16211:Lambrequin arch 16178: 16169: 16141: 16112:Sudano-Sahelian 15977: 15972: 15938:Wayback Machine 15887: 15868: 15867: 15813: 15788: 15786:Further reading 15783: 15777: 15758: 15726: 15705: 15684: 15663: 15644: 15623: 15602: 15573: 15552: 15533: 15514: 15485: 15462: 15454:. h.f.ullmann. 15435:10.2307/1523262 15414: 15391: 15370: 15349: 15326: 15324: 15322: 15301: 15272: 15251: 15249: 15247: 15226: 15205: 15186: 15159: 15157: 15155: 15133: 15128: 15127: 15118: 15116: 15107: 15106: 15102: 15094: 15090: 15081: 15079: 15069: 15062: 15051: 15037: 15033: 15017: 15016: 14982: 14971: 14963: 14944: 14935: 14931: 14908: 14899: 14876: 14872: 14849: 14842: 14831: 14827: 14808:Islamic Studies 14804: 14797: 14789: 14780: 14772: 14768: 14760: 14756: 14748: 14744: 14736: 14732: 14725: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14682: 14678: 14670: 14663: 14655: 14651: 14644: 14628: 14621: 14613: 14606: 14598: 14589: 14581: 14577: 14569: 14562: 14553: 14551: 14549:www.archnet.org 14543: 14542: 14538: 14530: 14526: 14518: 14501: 14493: 14489: 14481: 14477: 14469: 14465: 14454: 14447: 14442: 14438: 14430: 14423: 14415: 14411: 14403: 14399: 14391: 14387: 14376: 14349: 14338: 14327: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14256: 14249: 14240: 14238: 14223: 14216: 14200: 14196: 14189: 14169: 14165: 14158: 14138: 14134: 14126: 14122: 14114: 14110: 14102: 14098: 14090: 14086: 14078: 14074: 14066: 14059: 14049: 14047: 14039: 14038: 14034: 14021: 14014: 14004: 14002: 13994: 13993: 13989: 13981: 13974: 13966: 13959: 13946: 13942: 13934: 13930: 13922: 13915: 13901: 13897: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13861: 13857: 13849: 13840: 13836:, pp. 1–2. 13832: 13828: 13817: 13810: 13802: 13793: 13785: 13781: 13773: 13769: 13765:, Architecture. 13761: 13750: 13741: 13739: 13731: 13730: 13726: 13715: 13708: 13697: 13690: 13679: 13672: 13661: 13652: 13645: 13631: 13618: 13603:10.2307/1523140 13587: 13583: 13572: 13555: 13546: 13544: 13536: 13535: 13531: 13520: 13513: 13504: 13502: 13494: 13493: 13489: 13482: 13466: 13462: 13450: 13435: 13426: 13424: 13411: 13410: 13406: 13374: 13368: 13364: 13357: 13343: 13339: 13326: 13322: 13315: 13301: 13297: 13286: 13282: 13273: 13271: 13263: 13262: 13258: 13251: 13237: 13233: 13226: 13212: 13208: 13200: 13193: 13185: 13178: 13170: 13166: 13158: 13151: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13121: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13065: 13061: 13053: 13046: 13038: 13031: 13022: 13020: 13010: 12994: 12990: 12977: 12973: 12964: 12960: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12928: 12924: 12917: 12903: 12899: 12891: 12887: 12878: 12876: 12868: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12807: 12800: 12792: 12785: 12777: 12773: 12765: 12761: 12753: 12749: 12741: 12737: 12729: 12725: 12717: 12713: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12689: 12681: 12674: 12666: 12662: 12654: 12645: 12637: 12630: 12622: 12618: 12610: 12606: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12573: 12571: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12539: 12525: 12516: 12508: 12504: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12468: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12412: 12404:. I.B. Tauris. 12398: 12394: 12387: 12373: 12369: 12361: 12357: 12348: 12346: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12320: 12313: 12299: 12295: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12255: 12251: 12243: 12239: 12231: 12227: 12219: 12215: 12210: 12206: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12174: 12170: 12151: 12144: 12136: 12132: 12124: 12120: 12109: 12102: 12092: 12090: 12082: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12046: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12022: 12018: 12011: 11978:Bosworth, C. E. 11970: 11966: 11955: 11951: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11918: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11869: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11847:Wayback Machine 11838: 11834: 11824:Wayback Machine 11814: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11777: 11773: 11765: 11761: 11753: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11722: 11714: 11710: 11702: 11698: 11690: 11686: 11671: 11667: 11655:Akkach, Samer. 11653: 11649: 11638: 11634: 11620: 11616: 11598:10.2307/1523172 11582: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11551: 11547: 11536:Heidelberg, IWH 11532: 11528: 11521: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11474: 11470: 11463: 11448: 11444: 11437: 11422: 11415: 11400: 11396: 11381: 11377: 11371:Syria-Palestine 11362: 11358: 11344: 11340: 11329: 11315: 11311: 11304: 11289: 11285: 11276: 11272: 11249: 11245: 11237: 11233: 11225: 11221: 11213: 11209: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11174: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11142: 11141: 11132: 11126: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11098: 11096: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11074: 11072: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11015: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10956: 10952: 10925: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10876: 10874: 10866: 10865: 10861: 10850: 10843: 10835: 10828: 10789: 10778: 10770: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10743: 10739: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10705: 10694: 10683: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10621: 10617: 10580: 10576: 10565: 10556: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10520: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10478: 10474: 10462: 10458: 10448: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10427: 10413: 10409: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10376: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10348: 10337: 10333: 10322: 10318: 10307: 10303: 10292:Choisy, Auguste 10289: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10265: 10261: 10253: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10199: 10190: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10082: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10052: 10048: 10040: 10031: 10020:Wayback Machine 10011: 10007: 10001:Wayback Machine 9992: 9988: 9977: 9968: 9960: 9953: 9947:Wayback Machine 9933: 9929: 9922: 9908: 9897: 9871: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9841: 9839: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9790: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9767: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9720: 9711: 9703: 9699: 9688: 9684: 9673: 9658: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9583: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9543: 9532: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9469: 9462: 9451: 9447: 9436: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9366: 9355: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9283: 9276: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9194: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9129: 9112: 9104: 9093: 9086: 9072: 9068: 9057: 9048: 9044:, pp. 4–5. 9040: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8950: 8939: 8925: 8918: 8907: 8893: 8886: 8867: 8853: 8846: 8836: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8798: 8787: 8756: 8745: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8703: 8689: 8685: 8674: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8615: 8608: 8594: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8515: 8494: 8475: 8455: 8446: 8423: 8418: 8404:Nayyar Ali Dada 8354: 8345: 8320: 8247: 8245:In modern times 8175:sundried bricks 8158: 8148: 8101:region, in the 7904: 7898: 7862: 7856: 7813:Chinese temples 7797: 7791: 7784: 7781: 7772: 7769: 7760: 7755: 7746: 7741: 7732: 7727: 7714: 7707: 7689: 7680: 7662: 7653: 7638: 7629: 7618: 7571: 7565: 7501:Minaret of the 7484: 7477: 7473: 7459: 7450: 7443:Bibi Ka Maqbara 7440: 7431: 7427: 7421:Badshahi Mosque 7418: 7409: 7399: 7390: 7387: 7378: 7372: 7363: 7352: 7343: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7288: 7278: 7269: 7258: 7249: 7239: 7230: 7219: 7196: 7121: 7066:Bibi Ka Maqbara 7046:Tomb of Humayun 7007:Tughluq dynasty 6975:Delhi Sultanate 6937: 6929:Main articles: 6927: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6783: 6772: 6763: 6752: 6743: 6740: 6731: 6726:(13th century, 6717: 6708: 6703:Alèdua castle, 6701: 6692: 6686: 6677: 6667: 6658: 6651:Almoravid Qubba 6648: 6639: 6632:(11th century, 6623: 6614: 6611:caliphal period 6603: 6509:as part of the 6480:Even after the 6363: 6357: 6350: 6344: 6335: 6322: 6313: 6307: 6298: 6291: 6282: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6175: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6139: 6026:Selimiye Mosque 5978: 5972: 5965: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5931: 5925: 5916: 5906: 5897: 5886: 5877: 5867: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5826: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5782: 5773: 5763: 5668: 5657: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5551:Karatay Madrasa 5547: 5538: 5531:Karatay Madrasa 5527: 5518: 5514: 5500: 5491: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5455: 5448:Alâeddin Mosque 5444: 5383:Alaeddin Mosque 5372:Karatay Medrese 5316: 5310: 5303: 5293: 5284: 5278:Firdaws Madrasa 5275: 5266: 5256: 5247: 5241: 5232: 5223:Minaret of the 5221: 5212: 5201: 5189:Firdaws Madrasa 5185:Adiliya Madrasa 5177:Ayyubid dynasty 5165:Battle of Mosul 5115: 5109: 5093:Ali Reza Abbasi 5076:Safavid dynasty 5009:in present-day 4986: 4970:(15th century). 4937:the 3rd largest 4931:(1302–1312) in 4852: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4819: 4810: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4761: 4752: 4739: 4730: 4720: 4711: 4700: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4669: 4617: 4535: 4483:in present-day 4470: 4464: 4459: 4446: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4308:town privileges 4300: 4251: 4234: 4172: 4163: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4053: 4047: 4000: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3897: 3873:Islamic studies 3858: 3851: 3846:Minaret at the 3844: 3835: 3828: 3819: 3816:al-Azhar Mosque 3808: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3779:Minaret of the 3777: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3700: 3689: 3680: 3673: 3664: 3654: 3645: 3642: 3606: 3600: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3526:Mehrangarh Fort 3517: 3508: 3491: 3482: 3466: 3457: 3446:Bayt al-Suhaymi 3437: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3338:Selimiye Mosque 3334: 3325: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3270: 3261: 3251: 3229:(1037–1038) in 3199: 3193: 3186: 3175: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3139: 3130: 3123: 3114: 3104: 3095: 3088: 3079: 3062: 3053: 3048:(13th century, 3038: 3029: 3018: 3009: 3004:(12th century, 2998: 2989: 2982: 2973: 2970: 2904: 2898: 2830:Akbarieh Garden 2767:Paradise garden 2709: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2645: 2629:Selimiye Mosque 2559: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2477: 2466: 2457: 2451:Badshahi Mosque 2447: 2438: 2428: 2419: 2409: 2393:Tomb of Humayun 2381:Delhi sultanate 2377: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2314: 2305: 2290: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2122:An iwan in the 2116: 2038: 2025: 1974: 1864: 1859: 1857:Characteristics 1804:al-Azhar Mosque 1668:Ahmad ibn Tulun 1567:Umayyad dynasty 1537: 1511:at Samarra had 1457:Abbasid Samarra 1412: 1398: 1392: 1262:classical Roman 1230:Pergamon Museum 1210: 1204: 1100:Sasanian Empire 1019: 981: 979: 351:Sudano-Sahelian 300:Islamic culture 269: 264: 258: 224:hospices (e.g. 109: 98:Selimiye Mosque 84:); centre: the 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 60: 59: 58: 49: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20825: 20815: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20787: 20786: 20784: 20783: 20770: 20767: 20766: 20764: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20742: 20740: 20736: 20735: 20733: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20696: 20694: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20686: 20679: 20672: 20665: 20658: 20650: 20648: 20644: 20643: 20640: 20639: 20637: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20598: 20597: 20596: 20584: 20583: 20582: 20572: 20571: 20570: 20557: 20555: 20551: 20550: 20548: 20547: 20546: 20545: 20543:The Greek Vase 20535: 20534: 20533: 20523: 20522: 20521: 20510: 20508: 20504: 20503: 20501: 20500: 20499: 20498: 20486: 20485: 20484: 20474: 20473: 20472: 20465:Albrecht Dürer 20462: 20461: 20460: 20448: 20447: 20446: 20434: 20433: 20432: 20420: 20419: 20418: 20411: 20399: 20393: 20391: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20381: 20369: 20368: 20367: 20356: 20354: 20347: 20343: 20342: 20339: 20338: 20336: 20335: 20330: 20328:Roman Verostko 20325: 20320: 20315: 20310: 20305: 20303:Alba Rojo Cama 20300: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20259: 20258: 20249:Charles Jencks 20246: 20241: 20236: 20234:George W. Hart 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20187: 20181: 20179: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20171: 20166: 20165: 20164: 20157: 20145: 20144: 20143: 20131: 20130: 20129: 20122: 20115: 20108: 20101: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20078: 20077: 20070: 20061:Jean Metzinger 20058: 20057: 20056: 20049: 20036: 20034: 20028: 20027: 20025: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20010: 20008:Albrecht Dürer 20005: 20004: 20003: 19991: 19986: 19980: 19978: 19971: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19920: 19918: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19908: 19901: 19894: 19887: 19880: 19873: 19866: 19860: 19858: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19823: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19796: 19795: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19748: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19727: 19725:Anamorphic art 19722: 19716: 19714: 19710: 19709: 19702: 19700: 19698: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19681: 19680: 19675: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19656: 19655: 19653:Camera obscura 19650: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19604: 19602: 19598: 19597: 19590: 19589: 19582: 19575: 19567: 19558: 19557: 19555: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19528: 19527: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19506: 19505: 19500: 19490: 19485: 19479: 19477: 19473: 19472: 19470: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19448: 19446: 19442: 19441: 19439: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19397: 19395: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19341: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19308:Constructivism 19305: 19300: 19295: 19294: 19293: 19283: 19281:Prairie School 19278: 19273: 19268: 19262: 19260: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19225: 19224: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19162: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19110: 19109: 19104: 19089: 19088: 19087: 19077: 19076: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18958: 18956: 18952: 18951: 18949: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18927: 18926: 18916: 18911: 18910: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18876: 18875: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18856: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18833: 18831: 18827: 18826: 18824: 18823: 18822: 18821: 18814:Pre-Romanesque 18811: 18806: 18805: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18774: 18773: 18772: 18767: 18759: 18754: 18748: 18746: 18744:1st millennium 18740: 18739: 18737: 18736: 18735: 18734: 18724: 18723: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18702: 18697: 18696: 18695: 18690: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18666: 18664: 18658: 18657: 18655: 18654: 18649: 18643: 18640: 18639: 18632: 18631: 18624: 18617: 18609: 18600: 18599: 18597: 18596: 18595: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18574: 18573: 18572: 18567: 18557: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18544: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18530: 18529: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18503: 18502: 18492: 18487: 18481: 18479: 18473: 18472: 18470: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18441: 18440: 18430: 18425: 18419: 18417: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18368:use of analogy 18360: 18355: 18354: 18353: 18348: 18337: 18335: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18294:Historiography 18291: 18285: 18283: 18277: 18276: 18274: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18227: 18225: 18219: 18218: 18216: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18164: 18162: 18156: 18155: 18148: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18125: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18112: 18110:Topkapı Scroll 18107: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18074: 18073: 18068: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18035: 18033: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18023: 18016: 18009: 18001: 17999: 17995: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17965: 17960: 17949: 17944: 17933:British Museum 17929: 17924: 17917:Islamic Museum 17913: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17881: 17879: 17871: 17870: 17868: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17841: 17839: 17833: 17832: 17830: 17829: 17823: 17818: 17808: 17803: 17797: 17795: 17789: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17765: 17763: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17694: 17692: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17661: 17659: 17650: 17644: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17636: 17635: 17634: 17628:Stained glass 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17599:Damascus steel 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17564: 17562: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17523: 17521: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17477: 17475: 17469: 17468: 17466: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17449: 17448: 17438: 17432: 17430: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17420: 17410: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17377: 17373: 17372: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17294: 17292: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17223: 17222: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17165: 17163: 17156: 17150: 17149: 17142: 17141: 17134: 17127: 17119: 17110: 17109: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17024: 17022: 17021:Category pages 17018: 17017: 17015: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16993: 16991: 16987: 16986: 16984: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16967: 16965: 16961: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16954: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16895:Medina quarter 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16846: 16844: 16840: 16839: 16837: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16730: 16728: 16721: 16717: 16716: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16683: 16681:Riwaq (arcade) 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16657: 16651: 16649: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16608: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16569:Islamic garden 16566: 16561: 16555: 16553: 16549: 16548: 16546: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16392: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16297: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16287: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16248: 16246: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16216:Multifoil arch 16213: 16208: 16206:Horseshoe arch 16203: 16198: 16193: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16179: 16172: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16162: 16156: 16154: 16147: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16098: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16048: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15985: 15983: 15979: 15978: 15971: 15970: 15963: 15956: 15948: 15942: 15941: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15900: 15894: 15886: 15885:External links 15883: 15882: 15881: 15844: 15832:(2): 243–251. 15817: 15811: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15776:978-9774168550 15775: 15762: 15756: 15739: 15730: 15724: 15709: 15703: 15688: 15682: 15667: 15661: 15655:. Flammarion. 15648: 15642: 15627: 15621: 15606: 15600: 15585: 15571: 15556: 15550: 15537: 15531: 15518: 15512: 15497: 15484:978-0231101325 15483: 15466: 15460: 15447: 15418: 15412: 15395: 15389: 15374: 15368: 15353: 15347: 15332: 15320: 15305: 15299: 15284: 15271:978-0748637256 15270: 15257: 15245: 15230: 15224: 15209: 15203: 15190: 15184: 15165: 15153: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15100: 15088: 15060: 15049: 15031: 14969: 14942: 14929: 14918:(1): 197–214. 14897: 14870: 14859:(2): 138–150. 14840: 14825: 14814:(4): 483–510. 14795: 14778: 14766: 14754: 14752:, p. 151. 14742: 14730: 14723: 14703: 14696: 14676: 14674:, p. 192. 14661: 14659:, p. 227. 14649: 14642: 14619: 14604: 14587: 14575: 14560: 14536: 14524: 14522:, p. 308. 14499: 14487: 14485:, p. 307. 14475: 14463: 14445: 14436: 14421: 14409: 14397: 14385: 14347: 14325: 14299: 14247: 14214: 14194: 14187: 14163: 14156: 14132: 14130:, p. 285. 14120: 14108: 14096: 14084: 14072: 14070:, p. 120. 14057: 14032: 14012: 13996:"Architecture" 13987: 13985:, ῾Adil Shahi. 13972: 13957: 13940: 13928: 13926:, p. 250. 13913: 13895: 13893:, p. 277. 13880: 13873: 13855: 13838: 13826: 13808: 13791: 13779: 13767: 13748: 13724: 13706: 13688: 13670: 13650: 13643: 13616: 13581: 13553: 13529: 13511: 13487: 13480: 13460: 13433: 13404: 13362: 13355: 13337: 13320: 13313: 13295: 13280: 13256: 13249: 13231: 13224: 13206: 13191: 13176: 13164: 13162:, p. 393. 13149: 13147:, p. 355. 13134: 13119: 13112: 13092: 13079: 13059: 13044: 13029: 13008: 12988: 12971: 12958: 12956:, p. 230. 12946: 12934: 12922: 12915: 12897: 12885: 12858: 12851: 12826: 12819: 12798: 12783: 12771: 12759: 12747: 12735: 12723: 12711: 12699: 12687: 12672: 12660: 12643: 12628: 12616: 12614:, p. 373. 12604: 12592: 12580: 12556: 12554:, p. 241. 12544: 12537: 12514: 12512:, p. 370. 12502: 12500:, p. 371. 12487: 12480: 12453: 12451:, p. 234. 12441: 12439:, p. 192. 12429: 12417: 12410: 12392: 12385: 12367: 12365:, p. 227. 12355: 12330: 12328:, p. 381. 12318: 12311: 12293: 12291:, p. 218. 12278: 12271: 12249: 12237: 12235:, p. 380. 12225: 12223:, p. 217. 12213: 12204: 12195: 12186: 12177: 12168: 12142: 12130: 12118: 12100: 12075: 12065: 12058: 12040: 12028: 12026:, p. 109. 12016: 12009: 11982:van Donzel, E. 11964: 11949: 11947:, p. 110. 11937: 11930: 11912: 11910:, p. 146. 11900: 11888: 11881: 11863: 11851: 11832: 11808: 11796: 11789: 11771: 11759: 11747: 11735: 11733:, p. 134. 11720: 11708: 11696: 11684: 11665: 11647: 11632: 11614: 11576: 11564: 11545: 11526: 11519: 11493: 11486: 11468: 11461: 11442: 11435: 11413: 11394: 11375: 11356: 11338: 11327: 11309: 11302: 11283: 11270: 11243: 11231: 11219: 11207: 11195: 11188: 11168: 11156: 11117: 11105: 11081: 11057: 11045: 11033: 11021: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10950: 10919: 10907: 10895: 10883: 10859: 10841: 10826: 10799:(3): 253–274. 10776: 10761: 10759:, p. 131. 10749: 10737: 10715: 10713:, p. 312. 10703: 10681: 10666: 10654: 10652:, "Jerusalem". 10642: 10635: 10615: 10574: 10554: 10537: 10525: 10518: 10498: 10486:Whc.unesco.org 10472: 10456: 10432: 10425: 10407: 10390:on 2004-06-24. 10361: 10346: 10331: 10316: 10301: 10283: 10271: 10259: 10242: 10230: 10218: 10211: 10188: 10173: 10171:, p. 270. 10161: 10159:, p. 157. 10149: 10119: 10107: 10095: 10080: 10066: 10046: 10029: 10024:Britannica.com 10005: 9986: 9966: 9964:, p. 130. 9951: 9927: 9920: 9895: 9860: 9858:, p. 247. 9848: 9824: 9821:. Vol. 2. 9809: 9802: 9784: 9765: 9741: 9734: 9709: 9707:, p. 100. 9697: 9682: 9656: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9602: 9595: 9577: 9565: 9541: 9511: 9499: 9497:, p. 187. 9487: 9475: 9460: 9445: 9430: 9418: 9403: 9391: 9379: 9364: 9338: 9326: 9314: 9302: 9295: 9274: 9227: 9215: 9192: 9177: 9165: 9163:, p. 296. 9150: 9138: 9110: 9108:, p. 295. 9091: 9084: 9066: 9046: 9034: 9025: 9013: 9011:, p. 334. 9001: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8948: 8937: 8916: 8905: 8884: 8865: 8844: 8834: 8811: 8796: 8754: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8701: 8683: 8672: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8613: 8606: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8556:Gozo Farmhouse 8553: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8530: 8514: 8511: 8493: 8490: 8474: 8471: 8454: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8409:Habib Fida Ali 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8384:Muzharul Islam 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8319: 8316: 8308:four-iwan plan 8246: 8243: 8147: 8144: 8025:Sankoré Mosque 7996:Sankore Mosque 7900:Main article: 7897: 7894: 7877:Russian Empire 7858:Main article: 7855: 7852: 7817:Buddhist-style 7815:, with flared 7793:Main article: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7690: 7683: 7681: 7677:Dutch Colonial 7663: 7656: 7654: 7639: 7632: 7630: 7619: 7612: 7567:Main article: 7564: 7561: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7460: 7453: 7451: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7419: 7412: 7410: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7364: 7362:built by Akbar 7356:Muthamman Burj 7353: 7346: 7344: 7331: 7324: 7322: 7315:Fatehpur Sikri 7313: 7306: 7304: 7300:Humayun's Tomb 7298: 7291: 7289: 7279: 7272: 7270: 7259: 7252: 7250: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7220: 7213: 7093:Fatehpur Sikri 7038:Mughal dynasty 6926: 6923: 6823:Main article: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6734: 6732: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6674:Almohad period 6668: 6661: 6659: 6649: 6642: 6640: 6624: 6617: 6615: 6604: 6597: 6529:Atlas Mountain 6523:architecture. 6461:(in Fes), the 6407:"Moorish" arch 6359:Main article: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6323: 6316: 6314: 6312:(19th century) 6308: 6301: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6233:Topkapı Palace 6230: 6223: 6221: 6212: 6205: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6176: 6169: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6151: 6140: 6133: 6115:(hospital), a 6041:Western Europe 5982:Ottoman Empire 5974:Main article: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5934: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5917: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5757: 5737:in Cairo, the 5650:historic Cairo 5630:Main article: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5605: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5456: 5445: 5438: 5395:Isa Bey Mosque 5322:Portal of the 5312:Main article: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5269: 5267: 5257: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5225:al-Nuri Mosque 5222: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5195: 5161:al-Nuri Mosque 5108: 5105: 5069:Safavid period 5029:, the wife of 4999:his successors 4968:Timurid period 4838:Main article: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4824:Mausoleums in 4820: 4813: 4811: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4765:Kalyan Minaret 4762: 4755: 4753: 4740: 4733: 4731: 4723:Ribat-i Sharaf 4721: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4647:(known as the 4583:Ribat-i Sharaf 4575:four-iwan plan 4529:Kalyan Minaret 4505:Minaret of Jam 4487:and adopted a 4473:Turkic peoples 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4445: 4442: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4364:Medina quarter 4362: 4355: 4299: 4296: 4250: 4247: 4233: 4230: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3932:Concept of God 3929: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3907: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3796:Minaret of Jam 3794: 3787: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3725:Main article: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3711:Mihrab of the 3710: 3703: 3701: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3675:Mihrab of the 3674: 3667: 3665: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3602:Main article: 3599: 3594: 3554:Main article: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3470:Hünkâr Mahfili 3467: 3460: 3458: 3438: 3431: 3414:hünkâr mahfili 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3264: 3262: 3259:Topkapı Scroll 3252: 3245: 3223:Gunbad-i Qabus 3195:Main article: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3111:Topkapı Palace 3109:decoration at 3105: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3019: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2964: 2933:oneness of God 2900:Main article: 2897: 2894: 2858:Humayun's Tomb 2814:Shazdeh Garden 2707:Islamic garden 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2558: 2555: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2413:Humayun's Tomb 2410: 2403: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2359:Upper dome of 2358: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2284: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2198:The system of 2180: 2177: 2169: 2166: 2141:four-iwan plan 2115: 2112: 2037: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2002:Trajan's Forum 1973: 1972:Hypostyle hall 1970: 1969: 1968: 1935: 1934: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1839:Badr al-Jamali 1782:(11th century) 1780:Badr al-Jamali 1764:(before 943). 1754:Gunbad-i-Qabus 1660:Zaytuna Mosque 1536: 1533: 1394:Main article: 1391: 1388: 1333:horseshoe arch 1324:Al-Aqsa Mosque 1222:Mshatta Facade 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1196:call to prayer 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1003: 995: 992: 991: 990: 989: 974: 973: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 938: 937: 931: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 825: 824: 818: 817: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 667: 666: 660: 659: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 594: 593: 587: 586: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 491: 490: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 474:Turkish carpet 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 449:Persian carpet 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 384:Arabian carpet 378: 377: 371: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 310: 309: 303: 302: 296: 295: 268: 265: 257: 254: 250:fortifications 118:comprises the 111: 110: 75: 63: 62: 61: 52: 51: 50: 41: 40: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20824: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20799: 20797: 20782: 20781: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20746:Droste effect 20744: 20743: 20741: 20737: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20725:Mathemalchemy 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20697: 20695: 20693:Organizations 20691: 20685: 20684: 20680: 20678: 20677: 20673: 20671: 20670: 20666: 20664: 20663: 20662:Lumen Naturae 20659: 20657: 20656: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20628: 20625: 20621: 20620: 20616: 20615: 20614: 20611: 20607: 20604: 20603: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20594: 20590: 20589: 20588: 20585: 20581: 20578: 20577: 20576: 20573: 20569: 20568: 20564: 20563: 20562: 20559: 20558: 20556: 20552: 20544: 20541: 20540: 20539: 20536: 20532: 20529: 20528: 20527: 20524: 20520: 20517: 20516: 20515: 20514:Samuel Colman 20512: 20511: 20509: 20505: 20497: 20496: 20492: 20491: 20490: 20487: 20483: 20480: 20479: 20478: 20475: 20471: 20468: 20467: 20466: 20463: 20459: 20458: 20454: 20453: 20452: 20449: 20445: 20444: 20440: 20439: 20438: 20435: 20431: 20430: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20421: 20417: 20416: 20412: 20410: 20409: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20394: 20392: 20388: 20380: 20379: 20375: 20374: 20373: 20370: 20366: 20363: 20362: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20351: 20348: 20344: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20323:Daina Taimiņa 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20308:Reza Sarhangi 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20257: 20256: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20219:Peter Forakis 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20176: 20170: 20167: 20163: 20162: 20158: 20156: 20155: 20151: 20150: 20149: 20148:Salvador Dalí 20146: 20142: 20141: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20134:René Magritte 20132: 20128: 20127: 20123: 20121: 20120: 20116: 20114: 20113: 20109: 20107: 20106: 20105:Print Gallery 20102: 20100: 20099: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20076: 20075: 20074:L'Oiseau bleu 20071: 20069: 20068: 20064: 20063: 20062: 20059: 20055: 20054: 20050: 20048: 20047: 20043: 20042: 20041: 20040:William Blake 20038: 20037: 20035: 20029: 20021: 20020: 20016: 20015: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20002: 20001: 20000:Vitruvian Man 19997: 19996: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19984:Paolo Uccello 19982: 19981: 19979: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19966: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19921: 19919: 19917: 19913: 19907: 19906: 19905:Pi in the Sky 19902: 19900: 19899: 19895: 19893: 19892: 19888: 19886: 19885: 19881: 19879: 19878: 19877:Mathemalchemy 19874: 19872: 19871: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19861: 19859: 19855: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19828: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19746: 19745:Vastu shastra 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19735:Geodesic dome 19733: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19717: 19715: 19711: 19706: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19660:Plastic ratio 19658: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19648:Camera lucida 19646: 19645: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19599: 19595: 19588: 19583: 19581: 19576: 19574: 19569: 19568: 19565: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19526: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19495: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19462:New Classical 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19449: 19447: 19443: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19406:Structuralism 19404: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19350:Functionalism 19348: 19346: 19343: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19292: 19289: 19288: 19287: 19286:Expressionism 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19257: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19238:Liberty style 19236: 19234: 19231: 19230: 19229: 19226: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19181: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19171:Neo-Manueline 19169: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19145: 19144:Monumentalism 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19134:Mediterranean 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19093: 19090: 19086: 19083: 19082: 19081: 19078: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19005: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18998: 18994: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18953: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18925: 18922: 18921: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18914:Romano-Gothic 18912: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18838: 18835: 18834: 18832: 18828: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18778: 18775: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18749: 18747: 18745: 18741: 18733: 18730: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18715:Ancient Roman 18713: 18711: 18710:Ancient Greek 18708: 18707: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18667: 18665: 18663: 18659: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18644: 18641: 18637: 18630: 18625: 18623: 18618: 18616: 18611: 18610: 18607: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18575: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18528: 18527:ophthalmology 18525: 18524: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18478: 18474: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18439: 18436: 18435: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18416: 18412: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18363:Jurisprudence 18361: 18359: 18356: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18343: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18330: 18326: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18284: 18282: 18278: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18224: 18220: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18161: 18157: 18153: 18146: 18141: 18139: 18134: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18123: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18063: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18041: 18037: 18036: 18034: 18028: 18022: 18021: 18017: 18015: 18014: 18010: 18008: 18007: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17996: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17922: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17907: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17878: 17872: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17842: 17840: 17838: 17834: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17796: 17794: 17790: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17766: 17764: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17691: 17687: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17645: 17633: 17630: 17629: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17619:Ivory carving 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17559: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17524: 17522: 17518: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17474: 17470: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17447: 17444: 17443: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17429: 17425: 17418: 17414: 17411: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17374: 17369: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17295: 17293: 17291: 17287: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17224: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17140: 17135: 17133: 17128: 17126: 17121: 17120: 17117: 17107: 17106: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17081: 17075: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17025: 17023: 17019: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16988: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16966: 16962: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16880:Hasht-Bihisht 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16754:Jama'at Khana 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16644: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16601: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16574:Mughal garden 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16502: 16498: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16396: 16393: 16390: 16387: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16376: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16300: 16298: 16292: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16269: 16265: 16261: 16257: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16243: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16176: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16144: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16052: 16049: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15969: 15964: 15962: 15957: 15955: 15950: 15949: 15946: 15939: 15935: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15901: 15898: 15895: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15878: 15872: 15863: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15818: 15814: 15808: 15804: 15803: 15798: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15778: 15772: 15768: 15763: 15759: 15757:9781119068662 15753: 15749: 15745: 15740: 15736: 15731: 15727: 15721: 15717: 15716: 15710: 15706: 15700: 15696: 15695: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15675: 15674: 15668: 15664: 15662:9782080301109 15658: 15654: 15649: 15645: 15639: 15636:. Routledge. 15635: 15634: 15628: 15624: 15622:9781609181413 15618: 15614: 15613: 15607: 15603: 15597: 15593: 15592: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15564: 15563: 15557: 15553: 15551:9781851496044 15547: 15543: 15538: 15534: 15528: 15524: 15519: 15515: 15509: 15505: 15504: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15480: 15475: 15474: 15467: 15463: 15461:9783848003808 15457: 15453: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15419: 15415: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15396: 15392: 15386: 15383:. WIT Press. 15382: 15381: 15375: 15371: 15369:9781119068662 15365: 15361: 15360: 15354: 15350: 15348:90-04-11638-9 15344: 15340: 15339: 15333: 15323: 15317: 15313: 15312: 15306: 15302: 15300:9780300218701 15296: 15292: 15291: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15267: 15263: 15258: 15248: 15242: 15238: 15237: 15231: 15227: 15221: 15217: 15216: 15210: 15206: 15204:9789774160776 15200: 15196: 15191: 15187: 15185:9780521267281 15181: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15166: 15156: 15150: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15136: 15135: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15098:, p. 14. 15097: 15092: 15078: 15074: 15067: 15065: 15057: 15052: 15050:9780195309911 15046: 15042: 15035: 15027: 15021: 15013: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14980: 14978: 14976: 14974: 14966: 14961: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14947: 14939: 14933: 14925: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14874: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14847: 14845: 14836: 14829: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14802: 14800: 14793:, p. 75. 14792: 14791:Petersen 1996 14787: 14785: 14783: 14775: 14774:Pradines 2022 14770: 14763: 14762:Petersen 1996 14758: 14751: 14750:Petersen 1996 14746: 14739: 14738:Petersen 1996 14734: 14726: 14724:9780500278475 14720: 14716: 14715: 14707: 14699: 14697:9780500278475 14693: 14689: 14688: 14680: 14673: 14672:Petersen 1996 14668: 14666: 14658: 14657:Pradines 2022 14653: 14645: 14639: 14635: 14634: 14626: 14624: 14617:, p. 74. 14616: 14615:Petersen 1996 14611: 14609: 14602:, p. 73. 14601: 14600:Petersen 1996 14596: 14594: 14592: 14584: 14583:Pradines 2022 14579: 14572: 14571:Pradines 2022 14567: 14565: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14534:, p. 84. 14533: 14532:Pradines 2022 14528: 14521: 14520:Petersen 1996 14516: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14497:, p. 89. 14496: 14495:Pradines 2022 14491: 14484: 14483:Petersen 1996 14479: 14473:, p. 63. 14472: 14471:Pradines 2022 14467: 14461: 14457: 14452: 14450: 14440: 14433: 14432:Pradines 2022 14428: 14426: 14418: 14417:Pradines 2022 14413: 14406: 14405:Petersen 1996 14401: 14394: 14393:Petersen 1996 14389: 14383: 14379: 14374: 14372: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14364: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14345: 14341: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14330: 14321: 14317: 14310: 14303: 14295: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14270:(1): 012023. 14269: 14265: 14261: 14254: 14252: 14237:on 2006-03-22 14236: 14232: 14228: 14221: 14219: 14212: 14211:962-593-232-1 14208: 14204: 14198: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14175: 14167: 14159: 14157:981-3018-30-5 14153: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14136: 14129: 14124: 14117: 14112: 14105: 14100: 14093: 14088: 14081: 14080:Petersen 1996 14076: 14069: 14064: 14062: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14029: 14028:1-84511-381-0 14025: 14019: 14017: 14001: 13997: 13991: 13984: 13979: 13977: 13969: 13964: 13962: 13954: 13953:0-521-56321-6 13950: 13944: 13937: 13932: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13911: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13892: 13887: 13885: 13876: 13874:9783848003808 13870: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13847: 13845: 13843: 13835: 13830: 13822: 13815: 13813: 13805: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13789:, p. 36. 13788: 13783: 13776: 13771: 13764: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13753: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13722: 13718: 13713: 13711: 13704: 13700: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13675: 13668: 13664: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13646: 13644:9789004161658 13640: 13636: 13629: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13621: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13585: 13579: 13575: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13543: 13539: 13533: 13527: 13523: 13518: 13516: 13501: 13497: 13491: 13483: 13481:9782352700579 13477: 13473: 13472: 13464: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13423:on 2019-09-01 13422: 13418: 13414: 13408: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13373: 13366: 13358: 13352: 13348: 13341: 13334: 13333:84-376-1801-0 13330: 13324: 13316: 13314:9780748646821 13310: 13306: 13299: 13291: 13284: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13252: 13246: 13242: 13235: 13227: 13221: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13198: 13196: 13188: 13183: 13181: 13174:, p. 379 13173: 13168: 13161: 13156: 13154: 13146: 13141: 13139: 13131: 13126: 13124: 13115: 13109: 13105: 13104: 13096: 13082: 13076: 13072: 13071: 13063: 13056: 13051: 13049: 13042:, p. 35. 13041: 13036: 13034: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12992: 12986:, 1908), 753. 12985: 12981: 12975: 12968: 12962: 12955: 12954:Williams 2018 12950: 12944:, p. 78. 12943: 12942:Williams 2018 12938: 12932:, p. 82. 12931: 12926: 12918: 12916:9782213029832 12912: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12893:Williams 2018 12889: 12875: 12874:Rawi Magazine 12871: 12865: 12863: 12854: 12852:9781119068570 12848: 12844: 12840: 12833: 12831: 12822: 12820:9789774160950 12816: 12812: 12805: 12803: 12796:, p. 17. 12795: 12794:Williams 2018 12790: 12788: 12781:, p. 34. 12780: 12779:Williams 2018 12775: 12768: 12763: 12757:, p. 79. 12756: 12751: 12745:, p. 31. 12744: 12743:Williams 2018 12739: 12732: 12727: 12720: 12719:Williams 2018 12715: 12709:, p. 30. 12708: 12707:Williams 2018 12703: 12696: 12691: 12684: 12679: 12677: 12669: 12664: 12658:, p. 70. 12657: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12640: 12639:Williams 2018 12635: 12633: 12625: 12620: 12613: 12608: 12601: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12540: 12538:9780195309911 12534: 12530: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12511: 12506: 12499: 12494: 12492: 12483: 12481:9780195309911 12477: 12473: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12450: 12445: 12438: 12433: 12426: 12421: 12413: 12411:9781845119478 12407: 12403: 12396: 12388: 12386:9780195309911 12382: 12378: 12371: 12364: 12359: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12327: 12322: 12314: 12312:9780195309911 12308: 12304: 12297: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12274: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12247:, p. 66. 12246: 12245:Petersen 1996 12241: 12234: 12229: 12222: 12217: 12208: 12199: 12190: 12181: 12172: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12149: 12147: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12122: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12105: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12069: 12061: 12059:9780195309911 12055: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12032: 12025: 12020: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11996: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11968: 11962: 11958: 11953: 11946: 11941: 11933: 11931:9789004161658 11927: 11923: 11916: 11909: 11904: 11897: 11892: 11884: 11882:9780195309911 11878: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11855: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11836: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11818: 11812: 11805: 11800: 11792: 11790:9783848003808 11786: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11763: 11756: 11751: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11725: 11717: 11712: 11705: 11700: 11693: 11688: 11681: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11658: 11651: 11643: 11636: 11629: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11537: 11530: 11522: 11520:9789047430322 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11464: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11420: 11418: 11409: 11405: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11330: 11328:9780415553810 11324: 11320: 11313: 11305: 11299: 11295: 11287: 11280: 11277:Ian Simpson: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11259:(106): 3–27. 11258: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11229:, p. 82. 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11191: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11172: 11165: 11160: 11152: 11146: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11122: 11114: 11109: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11055:, p. 75. 11054: 11049: 11042: 11037: 11030: 11025: 11018: 11017:Petersen 1996 11013: 11011: 11003: 10998: 10991: 10986: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10927:Donald Hawley 10923: 10916: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10892: 10887: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10853: 10848: 10846: 10838: 10837:Petersen 1996 10833: 10831: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10773: 10768: 10766: 10758: 10757:Petersen 1996 10753: 10746: 10745:Petersen 1996 10741: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10664:, p. 64. 10663: 10658: 10651: 10646: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10578: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10550: 10549: 10541: 10534: 10529: 10521: 10519:9780674023901 10515: 10511: 10510: 10502: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10445: 10444: 10436: 10428: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10403: 10397: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10327: 10320: 10312: 10305: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10281:, p. 79. 10280: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10256: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10240:, p. 72. 10239: 10234: 10227: 10222: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10157:Nuttgens 1997 10153: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10093:, p. 84. 10092: 10087: 10085: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10058: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9963: 9962:Petersen 1996 9958: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9923: 9917: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9881: 9876: 9875:C.E. Bosworth 9869: 9867: 9865: 9857: 9856:Petersen 1996 9852: 9838: 9837:metmuseum.org 9834: 9828: 9820: 9813: 9805: 9803:9780415262729 9799: 9795: 9788: 9773:on 2 May 2016 9772: 9768: 9766:9781846033759 9762: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9596:9780582405257 9592: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9537: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9508: 9507:Petersen 1996 9503: 9496: 9495:Petersen 1996 9491: 9485:, p. 82. 9484: 9479: 9473:, p. 80. 9472: 9467: 9465: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9427: 9426:Petersen 1996 9422: 9416: 9415:Beveled style 9412: 9407: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9387:Petersen 1996 9383: 9376: 9375:Petersen 1996 9371: 9369: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9335: 9334:McKenzie 2007 9330: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9298: 9296:9789004161658 9292: 9288: 9281: 9279: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9225:, p. 35. 9224: 9219: 9213:, p. 24. 9212: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9174: 9173:Petersen 1996 9169: 9162: 9161:Petersen 1996 9157: 9155: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9107: 9106:Petersen 1996 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9087: 9085:9789004161658 9081: 9077: 9070: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9043: 9038: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8987:, p. 58. 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8963:, p. 36. 8962: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8945: 8940: 8938:9783848003808 8934: 8930: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8906:9780195309911 8902: 8898: 8891: 8889: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8866:9789004161641 8862: 8858: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8837: 8835:9780300088670 8831: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8816: 8808: 8807:Petersen 1996 8803: 8801: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8702:9783848003808 8698: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8673:9780195309911 8669: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8638:Petersen 1996 8634: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8607:9789004161658 8603: 8599: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8583: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8531: 8528: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:Nabih Youssef 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Vedat Dalokay 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8349: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8334:Mazar-e-Quaid 8330: 8326: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8266:Vedat Dalokay 8263: 8259: 8255: 8254:Faisal Mosque 8251: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8228: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8099:Fouta Djallon 8092: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8061:(present-day 8060: 8056: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8019:(present-day 8018: 8014: 8010: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7986:Friday prayer 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7883:built by the 7882: 7881:Tatar mosques 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7468: 7464: 7463:Bara Imambara 7457: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7422: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7262:Friday Mosque 7256: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7201:Mughal Bengal 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7126:Asaf al-Dawla 7116: 7115:Bara Imambara 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6831: 6826: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6760:Nasrid period 6757: 6750: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6728:Hafsid period 6725: 6721: 6720:Kasbah Mosque 6715: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559:Ait Benhaddou 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486:Mudéjar style 6483: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6471:Giralda tower 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6334:near Istanbul 6333: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049:Balyan family 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722:caravanserais 5719: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5703:Syrian region 5700: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5666: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5430:northeast of 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4906:Kunya-Urgench 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890:Kunya-Urgench 4886: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4793: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742:Toghrol Tower 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4624:(present-day 4623: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4591:Toghrul Tower 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579:Ribat-i Malik 4576: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4546:(present-day 4545: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4438:Bilad al-Sham 4431: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4395: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4050:Ophthalmology 4046: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3962:Jurisprudence 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3549: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3322:Nasrid period 3319: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957:stained glass 2954: 2953:carved stucco 2951:, brickwork, 2950: 2949:stone carving 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931::33–35), the 2930: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2896:Ornamentation 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790:Chehel Sotoun 2787: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2614:Zeyrek Mosque 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2557:Ottoman domes 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189:Qajar dynasty 2186: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2104:Amman Citadel 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Bilad al-Sham 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2030: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1919:, as seen in 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:walled garden 1898: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:), the small 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Ismaili Shi'a 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:Buyid dynasty 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:Uqba ibn Nafi 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1627:(present-day 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1477:Qasr al-Ashiq 1474: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228:, now in the 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166:in Egypt and 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:client states 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 996: 994: 993: 988: 978: 977: 976: 975: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 936: 933: 932: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 881:Mappilappattu 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 851:Gendang beleq 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 823: 820: 819: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 738: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 708: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 688:Crimean Tatar 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 668: 665: 662: 661: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 595: 592: 589: 588: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 489: 486: 485: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 419:Iznik pottery 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 380: 379: 376: 373: 372: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 312: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 297: 293: 289: 288: 282: 278: 273: 263: 253: 251: 247: 243: 242:caravanserais 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 141: 140:Islamic world 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 67: 56: 45: 34: 19: 20778: 20681: 20674: 20667: 20660: 20653: 20647:Publications 20631: 20617: 20605: 20591: 20579: 20565: 20542: 20538:Jay Hambidge 20531:Ad Quadratum 20530: 20518: 20493: 20481: 20469: 20455: 20441: 20437:Luca Pacioli 20427: 20413: 20406: 20376: 20364: 20288:Hinke Osinga 20283:István Orosz 20253: 20244:Anthony Hill 20199:Scott Draves 20194:Erik Demaine 20178:Contemporary 20159: 20152: 20138: 20124: 20117: 20110: 20103: 20096: 20092:M. C. Escher 20072: 20065: 20051: 20044: 20017: 20013:Parmigianino 19998: 19929:Hagia Sophia 19903: 19896: 19889: 19882: 19875: 19868: 19752:Computer art 19730:Architecture 19690:Tessellation 19673:Architecture 19623:Golden ratio 19520:Mesoamerican 19467:Contemporary 19445:2000–present 19436:Neo-futurism 19416:Blobitecture 19243:Modern Style 19159:Neoclassical 18907:Indo-Islamic 18882:Great Seljuk 18867:Vijayanagara 18776: 18761:East Slavic 18675:Mesopotamian 18577:Sufi studies 18548:Other fields 18428:Contemporary 18351:consultation 18173:Architecture 18172: 18102: 18098:Pseudo-Kufic 18038: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17927:Kuala Lumpur 17825: 17352: 17204:Indo-Islamic 17194:Great Seljuk 17154:Architecture 17153: 17096: 17083: 17080:Islamic arts 16860:Caravanserai 16385: 16339:Loudspeakers 16264:Persian dome 16226:Pointed arch 16024:Indo-Islamic 16014:Great Seljuk 15974: 15871:cite journal 15852: 15848: 15829: 15825: 15801: 15766: 15747: 15734: 15714: 15693: 15672: 15652: 15632: 15611: 15590: 15561: 15541: 15522: 15502: 15472: 15451: 15426: 15422: 15403: 15399: 15379: 15358: 15337: 15325:. Retrieved 15310: 15289: 15261: 15250:. Retrieved 15235: 15214: 15194: 15170: 15158:. Retrieved 15143: 15117:. Retrieved 15113:Al-Islam.org 15112: 15103: 15091: 15080:. Retrieved 15076: 15054: 15040: 15034: 15020:cite journal 14996:(3): 62–78. 14993: 14989: 14937: 14932: 14915: 14911: 14886:(2): 88–90. 14883: 14879: 14873: 14856: 14852: 14828: 14811: 14807: 14769: 14757: 14745: 14733: 14713: 14706: 14686: 14679: 14652: 14632: 14578: 14552:. Retrieved 14548: 14539: 14527: 14490: 14478: 14466: 14459: 14439: 14412: 14400: 14388: 14381: 14343: 14319: 14315: 14302: 14267: 14263: 14239:. Retrieved 14235:the original 14230: 14202: 14197: 14173: 14166: 14142: 14135: 14123: 14111: 14099: 14087: 14075: 14048:. Retrieved 14044: 14035: 14003:. Retrieved 13999: 13990: 13970:, Hyderabad. 13943: 13931: 13907: 13898: 13864: 13858: 13829: 13820: 13782: 13770: 13740:. Retrieved 13736: 13727: 13720: 13702: 13684: 13666: 13634: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13577: 13545:. Retrieved 13541: 13532: 13525: 13503:. Retrieved 13499: 13490: 13470: 13463: 13452: 13425:. Retrieved 13421:the original 13416: 13407: 13382: 13378: 13365: 13346: 13340: 13323: 13304: 13298: 13289: 13283: 13272:. Retrieved 13268: 13259: 13240: 13234: 13215: 13209: 13167: 13102: 13095: 13084:. Retrieved 13069: 13062: 13021:. Retrieved 12998: 12991: 12979: 12974: 12966: 12961: 12949: 12937: 12925: 12906: 12900: 12888: 12877:. Retrieved 12873: 12842: 12810: 12774: 12762: 12750: 12738: 12726: 12714: 12702: 12690: 12663: 12619: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12572:. Retrieved 12568: 12559: 12547: 12528: 12505: 12471: 12444: 12432: 12420: 12401: 12395: 12376: 12370: 12358: 12347:. Retrieved 12345:. 2018-12-17 12342: 12333: 12321: 12302: 12296: 12262: 12252: 12240: 12228: 12216: 12207: 12198: 12189: 12180: 12171: 12154: 12133: 12121: 12114: 12091:. Retrieved 12087: 12078: 12068: 12049: 12043: 12031: 12019: 12000: 11999:Volume VIII: 11993: 11967: 11960: 11952: 11940: 11921: 11915: 11903: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11854: 11835: 11827: 11811: 11799: 11780: 11774: 11762: 11750: 11738: 11711: 11699: 11687: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11641: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11609: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11567: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11502: 11496: 11477: 11471: 11451: 11445: 11425: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11332: 11318: 11312: 11292: 11286: 11278: 11273: 11256: 11246: 11234: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11178: 11171: 11159: 11136: 11108: 11097:. Retrieved 11093: 11084: 11073:. Retrieved 11069: 11060: 11048: 11036: 11024: 10997: 10985: 10968: 10962: 10953: 10930: 10922: 10910: 10898: 10886: 10875:. Retrieved 10871: 10862: 10855: 10796: 10792: 10752: 10740: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10706: 10699: 10677: 10669: 10657: 10645: 10625: 10618: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10570: 10547: 10540: 10528: 10508: 10501: 10489:. Retrieved 10485: 10475: 10467: 10459: 10447:. Retrieved 10442: 10435: 10416: 10410: 10385:the original 10380: 10370:Kuban, Doğan 10364: 10342: 10334: 10325: 10319: 10310: 10304: 10295: 10286: 10274: 10262: 10233: 10221: 10202: 10184: 10176: 10164: 10152: 10140:. Retrieved 10132: 10122: 10110: 10098: 10071:. Retrieved 10056: 10049: 10022: 10008: 10003:archnet.org. 9989: 9982: 9935: 9930: 9911: 9878: 9851: 9840:. Retrieved 9836: 9833:"The Mosque" 9827: 9818: 9812: 9793: 9787: 9775:. Retrieved 9771:the original 9755: 9751: 9744: 9724: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9678: 9652: 9644: 9632: 9620: 9611: 9605: 9586: 9580: 9568: 9535: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9456: 9448: 9442:Architecture 9441: 9433: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9394: 9382: 9377:, p. 1. 9360: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9286: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9218: 9168: 9146:Shahîd 1995a 9141: 9134: 9075: 9069: 9062: 9037: 9028: 9021:Shahîd 1995a 9016: 9009:Shahîd 1995a 9004: 8997:Shahîd 1995b 8992: 8980: 8973:Shahîd 1995a 8968: 8942: 8928: 8910: 8896: 8878: 8856: 8839: 8824: 8792: 8750: 8727: 8715: 8706: 8692: 8686: 8677: 8663: 8657: 8652:, p. 7. 8645: 8633: 8597: 8541:Islam portal 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8467: 8459:Christianity 8456: 8447: 8414:Hassan Fathy 8394:Bashirul Haq 8346: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8311: 8297: 8294: 8287:designed by 8264:designed by 8238:Husuni Kubwa 8231: 8225: 8206: 8183: 8171: 8168:in Mogadishu 8132: 8128:Burkina Faso 8096: 8079: 8075: 8048: 8042: 8039:Burkina Faso 8005: 7974:Ghana Empire 7963: 7920: 7885:Volga Tatars 7871:, the Tatar 7869:Golden Horde 7863: 7860:Tatar mosque 7844:Ming dynasty 7832:Tang dynasty 7829: 7810: 7783:Paloh Mosque 7744:Masjid Zahir 7715: 7646:Central Java 7642:Masjid Agung 7605: 7601:candi bentar 7599: 7572: 7520:candi bentar 7508: 7491:Demak Mosque 7287:(circa 1450) 7204: 7174:Adina Mosque 7134: 7078: 7058:Mumtaz Mahal 7040:'s founder, 7027: 7003:Islamization 6957: 6907: 6888: 6885:(circa 1397) 6856: 6852: 6836:Bāb al-Yaman 6834: 6782:architecture 6633: 6566: 6562: 6555:rammed earth 6548: 6525: 6479: 6416: 6410: 6390: 6383:North Africa 6364: 6325: 6246:Interior of 6183:Green Mosque 6178: 6143:Green Mosque 6120: 6117:caravanserai 6110: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6089:Fatih Mosque 6084: 6078: 6072: 6065: 6034: 6010:Hagia Sophia 5979: 5765: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5712: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5676: 5635: 5534: 5393:(1371), the 5380: 5364: 5349: 5329: 5191:in Aleppo). 5169: 5116: 5097:Shaykh Bahai 5088: 5073: 5019:Shah-i-Zinda 4973: 4922: 4903: 4894:Turkmenistan 4878: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4807:Turkmenistan 4648: 4630: 4626:Turkmenistan 4567: 4471: 4451: 4447: 4435: 4429: 4418: 4413: 4368:Fez, Morocco 4346: 4332: 4316: 4301: 4284: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4239: 4235: 4225:dār al-imāra 4175: 4173: 4127:Other topics 4075:Architecture 4074: 3981:Etiquettical 3940: 3917: / 3765: 3757: 3732: 3730: 3629: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3547: 3519: 3494: 3475:Hagia Sophia 3468: 3439: 3418: 3412: 3402: 3392: 3382: 3371: 3369: 3253:Design of a 3210: 3201: 3200: 3065: 2946: 2941:Holy Trinity 2925: 2916:calligraphic 2905: 2876:) or at the 2783: 2778: 2770: 2732: 2678:Dome of the 2665:Hagia Sophia 2618: 2589:Hagia Sophia 2582: 2570: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2512: 2490:Shahi Hammam 2378: 2280:in Isfahan. 2259: 2254:roof lantern 2236: 2217: 2197: 2182: 2146:The related 2145: 2128: 2050: 2045:Qusayr 'Amra 2026: 2017: 1975: 1963: 1949: 1939: 1924: 1904: 1890: 1871: 1843:Bab al-Futuh 1831: 1824:Aqmar Mosque 1785: 1772:Bab al-Futuh 1734: 1709:rule of the 1706: 1700: 1635: 1633: 1621:Andalusiyyin 1578:Caliphate of 1564: 1553:area of the 1548: 1544: 1528: 1525: 1516: 1498: 1473:pointed arch 1462: 1433:Central Asia 1418: 1383: 1371: 1361: 1316:Abd al-Malik 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1271:Qusayr 'Amra 1243: 1160: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1056: 1042: 1024: 876:Madih nabawi 439:Oriental rug 321:Indo-Islamic 307:Architecture 306: 191: 164:Mesopotamian 149: 115: 114: 86:Jameh Mosque 20807:Islamic art 20587:G. H. Hardy 20390:Renaissance 20360:Polykleitos 20298:Tony Robbin 20209:John Ernest 20204:Jan Dibbets 20154:Crucifixion 19977:Renaissance 19831:Mathematics 19804:Celtic knot 19767:Fractal art 19669:Proportion 19643:Perspective 19380:PWA Moderne 19266:Rationalism 19228:Art Nouveau 19216:Territorial 19196:Renaissance 19180:Queen Anne 19053:Elizabethan 18946:Plateresque 18941:Renaissance 18924:Sondergotik 18819:Carolingian 18765:Kievan Rus' 18517:Mathematics 18178:Calligraphy 18030:Principles, 17998:Exhibitions 17951:Marrakech ( 17947:Los Angeles 17915:Jerusalem ( 17877:collections 17828:Calligraphy 17708:Indo-Muslim 17690:Calligraphy 17624:Mosque lamp 17582:Other media 17501:Mina'i ware 17390:Bangladeshi 17146:Islamic art 16707:Windcatcher 16688:(courtyard) 16441:Mosque lamp 16421:Girih tiles 16378:Decorations 16256:Arabic dome 15262:The minaret 15139:Ali, Wijdan 15077:ocw.mit.edu 14050:30 December 14005:30 December 14000:Banglapedia 13597:: 124–147. 13160:Freely 2011 13145:Freely 2011 13040:Freely 2011 12093:30 December 11990:Lecomte, G. 11557:: 153–186. 10711:Tabbaa 2017 10491:30 December 10443:Oeconomicus 10205:. Taschen. 8359:Fazlur Khan 8146:East Africa 8112:Fula people 8041:(built 1817 8009:mosque–tomb 7966:Kumbi Saleh 7923:West Africa 7854:Volga Tatar 7679:influences. 7553:Philippines 7474: 1780 7465:complex in 7428: 1673 7423:in Lahore ( 7197: 1450 7151:(1591) and 7124:) built by 7122: 1780 7062:sarcophagus 6705:Ribera Alta 6511:Romanticist 6477:(Granada). 6324:A historic 6218:Mimar Sinan 6095:founded by 6014:Mimar Sinan 6002:Middle East 5915:, Jerusalem 5871:Bab Zuweila 5791:(hospital). 5583:Gök Medrese 5515: 1250 5419:Gök Medrese 5326:(1228–1229) 5101:Shah Mosque 5067:during the 5053:Shah Mosque 5027:Gawhar Shad 4799: 1127 4618: 1127 4563:Taj al-Mulk 4536: 1127 4513:Transoxiana 4509:Qarakhanids 4497:Caspian Sea 4485:Afghanistan 4424:Hellenistic 4312:Middle Ages 4080:Calligraphy 4037:Mathematics 4007:Theological 3927:Eschatology 3848:Jama Masjid 3713:Jama Masjid 3693:Iznik tiles 3550:orientation 3524:balcony at 3501:Lahore Fort 3444:balcony in 3425:Bara Gunbad 3376:, a wooden 3235:pendentives 3207:Upper Egypt 3163:Shah Mosque 2806:Eram Garden 2743:Oeconomicus 2597:Hagia Irene 2578:Mimar Sinan 2085:Qasr Harane 1921:Greco-Roman 1917:Middle East 1905:wast ad-dar 1851:Bab Zuweila 1847:Bab al-Nasr 1727:Transoxiana 1623:mosques in 1597:al-Hakam II 1559:al-Hakam II 1445:Islamic art 1390:Abbasid era 1240:influences. 1202:Umayyad era 1134:), and the 1116:Mesopotamia 1106:regions of 1088:Middle East 1074:. When the 1027:Islamic era 778:South Asian 678:Azerbaijani 610:Chaand Raat 469:Turkmen rug 399:Calligraphy 316:Azerbaijani 20796:Categories 20561:Owen Jones 20408:De pictura 20313:Oliver Sin 20263:Andy Lomas 20112:Relativity 19843:String art 19757:Fiber arts 19638:Paraboloid 19537:Portuguese 19411:Postmodern 19360:Organicism 19248:Modernisme 19233:Jugendstil 19092:Revivalism 19080:Industrial 19063:Portuguese 18837:Romanesque 18732:Achaemenid 18592:philosophy 18539:Psychology 18512:Inventions 18465:solidarity 18415:Philosophy 18395:Secularism 18309:Golden Age 18246:Capitalism 18193:Literature 18104:Stilfragen 18032:influences 17904:Istanbul ( 17837:The garden 17793:Decoration 17762:Other arts 17657:Miniatures 17542:Embroidery 17496:Lustreware 17355:Decoration 17318:Mashrabiya 17226:Indonesian 16990:Influences 16905:Well house 16676:Mashrabiya 16324:Hussainiya 16260:Onion dome 16051:Indonesian 16039:Qutb Shahi 15327:2013-03-17 15252:2013-03-15 15160:2013-03-17 15119:2018-07-25 15082:2018-07-25 14554:2023-01-04 14322:: 179–194. 14241:2006-04-08 14203:Java Style 13834:Asher 1992 13742:2022-06-10 13547:2023-02-20 13505:2020-04-16 13427:2019-11-17 13356:0870996371 13274:2020-06-09 13250:0500274290 13225:0500274290 13187:Kuban 2010 13130:Kuban 2010 13086:2007-08-20 13023:2007-08-20 12909:. Fayard. 12879:2021-06-10 12574:2021-10-03 12349:2021-10-02 11410:: 188–189. 11385:Heidleberg 11099:2018-12-12 11075:2021-06-09 11053:Bloom 2013 11041:Bloom 2013 11029:Bloom 2013 11002:Bloom 2013 10990:Bloom 2013 10947:0905743636 10935:Kensington 10915:Bloom 2013 10903:Bloom 2013 10877:2018-12-12 10728:mashrabiya 10279:Bloom 2020 10267:Bloom 2020 10238:Bloom 2020 10226:Bloom 2020 10212:3822876348 10073:23 January 9842:2020-11-23 9777:27 October 9625:Bloom 2020 9573:Bloom 2020 9562:Bloom 2020 9188:Flood 2001 8573:References 8566:Well House 8399:Zaha Hadid 8310:, and the 8303:مِـحْـرَاب 8116:Dinguiraye 8091:Dinguiraye 7970:Mauritania 7954:Mauritania 7695:employs a 7626:Yogyakarta 7591:chronogram 7447:Aurangabad 7402:Gol Gumbaz 7223:Qutb Minar 7182:Bangladesh 7169:terracotta 7153:Gol Gumbaz 7106:Wazir Khan 7070:Aurangabad 7054:Shah Jahan 6983:Qutb Minar 6690:bell tower 6403:Visigothic 6348:Safranbolu 5962:Alexandria 5911:(1482) at 5751:Heliopolis 5747:Alexandria 5644:until the 5640:, and the 5484:Sultan Han 5424:Sultan Han 5263:Diyarbakir 5159:built the 5157:Nur al-Din 5123:Diyarbakir 5111:See also: 5089:haft-rangi 5080:Shah Abbas 5011:Kazakhstan 4960:Uzbekistan 4933:Soltaniyeh 4866:extensive 4844:See also: 4822:Qarakhanid 4777:Qarakhanid 4773:Uzbekistan 4702:Ghaznavid 4548:Kyrgyzstan 4531:survives ( 4477:Ghaznavids 4405:Influences 4327:cul-de-sac 4272:ideal city 4088:Literature 4030:Inventions 3986:Hygienical 3950:Mysticism 3888:Philosophy 3749:microphone 3584:direction 3567:قِـبْـلَـة 3499:screen at 3441:Mashrabiya 3399:Rajasthani 3373:mashrabiya 3219:Uzbekistan 3107:Iznik tile 3022:Sultan Han 2937:Qur'an 112 2882:Generalife 2856:), and at 2798:Fin Garden 2786:Pasargadae 2649:pendentive 2576:architect 2551:Almoravids 2519:Al-Andalus 2373:See also: 2292:Dome with 2238:period of 2172:See also: 1998:colonnades 1893:courtyards 1862:Courtyards 1617:Qarawiyyin 1571:Emirate of 1413: 775 1337:al-Andalus 1318:) and the 1307:al-Walid I 1136:Ghassanids 926:Tambourine 703:Indonesian 664:Literature 625:Imamat Day 409:Embroidery 326:Indonesian 260:See also: 180:arabesques 172:decoration 20372:Vitruvius 20346:Theorists 20126:Waterfall 20031:19th–20th 19959:Taj Mahal 19939:Parthenon 19916:Buildings 19870:Continuum 19838:Sculpture 19814:Interlace 19608:Algorithm 19498:Dravidian 19457:Neomodern 19421:High-tech 19401:Brutalism 19394:1950–2000 19338:Stalinist 19271:Mycenaean 19259:1900–1950 19097:Byzantine 19073:Ukrainian 19058:Naryshkin 19023:Edwardian 18996:1750–1900 18967:Palladian 18962:Manueline 18955:1500–1750 18830:1000–1500 18770:Muscovite 18757:Byzantine 18705:Classical 18693:Mycenaean 18670:Neolithic 18587:cosmology 18582:mysticism 18560:Education 18500:cosmology 18495:Astronomy 18455:Astrology 18438:dialectic 18346:consensus 18341:Democracy 18256:Socialism 18223:Economics 18168:Arabesque 18066:Grotesque 17979:Singapore 17963:Melbourne 17801:Arabesque 17230:Malaysian 16964:Resources 16727:Religious 16697:Shabestan 16655:Hypostyle 16637:Shadirvan 16406:Arabesque 16329:Imamzadeh 16294:Religious 16274:Semi-dome 16221:Ogee arch 16190:Chahartaq 16153:Materials 16080:Almoravid 16055:Malaysian 15795:(1996) . 15676:. Brill. 15581:873228274 15506:. BRILL. 15280:856037134 15012:132531146 14837:(Report). 14294:225378507 13637:. Brill. 12163:1873-9830 12157:. Brill. 11924:. Brill. 11592:: 57–65. 11427:structure 11265:0031-2746 11145:cite book 10821:117528323 10733:shanashil 10610:2076-0752 10594:(3): 10. 10396:cite book 10127:Huff, D. 9890:1573-3912 9289:. Brill. 9261:0732-2992 9247:: 31–49. 9078:. Brill. 8875:1873-9830 8859:. Brill. 8600:. Brill. 8578:Citations 8289:I. M. Pei 8258:Islamabad 8202:Mogadishu 8179:limestone 8071:parabolic 7978:Awdaghust 7958:sandstone 7669:Indonesia 7650:Indonesia 7606:paduraksa 7563:Indonesia 7549:Singapore 7541:Indonesia 7524:paduraksa 7515:Indonesia 7360:Agra Fort 7337:Hyderabad 7333:Charminar 7266:Ahmedabad 7149:Hyderabad 7145:Charminar 7117:complex ( 7089:Agra Fort 7074:Aurangzeb 7050:Taj Mahal 6965:began in 6945:Taj Mahal 6911:mud-brick 6521:Synagogue 6490:Christian 6435:Marrakesh 6399:Byzantine 6332:Bosphorus 6112:darüşşifa 6097:Mehmed II 6061:Vedat Tek 5990:Byzantine 5490:and Konya 5387:Saruhanid 5149:Classical 5140:al-Jazira 5127:Hasankeyf 5045:in Herat. 4956:Samarkand 4925:Ilkhanate 4914:Il-Arslan 4643:ruled in 4593:built in 4525:Samarkand 4511:ruled in 4348:asabiyyah 4323:hospitals 4263:decumanus 4211:al-miṣrān 4180:(Arabic: 4070:Astrology 4025:Astronomy 4002:Political 3274:squinches 2912:arabesque 2862:New Delhi 2850:Taj Mahal 2840:, all in 2826:Abbasabad 2769:, or the 2539:Aljafería 2432:Taj Mahal 2397:Taj Mahal 2363:, Isfahan 2322:Samarqand 2294:squinches 2208:spherical 2204:octagonal 2200:squinches 2108:Qasr Amra 2100:Firuzabad 2089:falsework 2051:In their 2047:in Jordan 1978:hypostyle 1958:and as a 1956:ablutions 1944:(Arabic: 1741:squinches 1715:Bawandids 1676:Al-Qata'i 1640:Aghlabids 1501:al-Mansur 1376:basilicas 1356:Jerusalem 1234:Byzantine 1176:hypostyle 1156:ar-Rusafa 1144:Khawarnaq 1140:suzerains 1112:Palestine 1094:were the 1072:Jerusalem 1061:courtyard 944:Bangsawan 921:Talempong 733:Malaysian 605:al-Ghadir 537:Jellabiya 527:Headscarf 434:Miniature 234:fountains 156:Byzantine 124:buildings 20780:Category 20507:Romantic 20185:Max Bill 20119:Reptiles 19934:Pantheon 19891:Octacube 19857:Artworks 19799:Knotting 19787:Muqarnas 19685:Symmetry 19613:Catenary 19601:Concepts 19510:Japanese 19488:Colonial 19476:Regional 19426:Arcology 19365:Art Deco 19355:Futurism 19298:De Stijl 19201:Romanian 19119:Egyptian 19114:Colonial 19068:Siberian 18878:Islamic 18847:Ottonian 18842:Galician 18752:Sasanian 18720:Herodian 18700:Etruscan 18522:Medicine 18485:Timeline 18433:Theology 18390:Quietism 18358:Feminism 18333:politics 18289:Timeline 18071:Moresque 17931:London ( 17875:Museums, 17860:Paradise 17845:Charbagh 17826:See also 17728:Nastaliq 17718:Muhaqqaq 17649:the book 17561:Woodwork 17520:Textiles 17481:Fritware 17353:See also 17338:Muqarnas 17333:Mocárabe 17290:Elements 17078:Part of 16914:Military 16850:Baradari 16843:Civilian 16666:Jharokha 16627:Mechouar 16564:Charbagh 16507:Andaruni 16481:Socarrat 16446:Muqarnas 16344:Maqsurah 16236:Vaulting 16165:Tadelakt 16146:Elements 16095:Zayyanid 16075:Aghlabid 15934:Archived 15493:30319450 15423:Muqarnas 15141:(1999). 14924:40338415 14892:23288982 14865:23288987 14820:20839141 14460:Timbuktu 14316:Tatarica 14118:, Delhi. 13905:(1996), 13591:Muqarnas 13399:99943973 13018:33228759 12907:Le Caire 12343:BBC News 11992:(eds.). 11843:Archived 11820:Archived 11586:Muqarnas 10941:, 1995. 10735:in Iraq" 10700:Muqarnas 10372:(1987). 10294:(1883). 10142:16 March 10016:Archived 9997:Archived 9943:Archived 9269:25769691 9241:Muqarnas 9223:Ali 1999 8513:See also 8480:maqsurah 8463:idolized 8262:Pakistan 8198:Zanzibar 8107:thatched 8000:Timbuktu 7982:Al-Bakri 7936:Timbuktu 7873:khanates 7712:Malaysia 7701:Buddhist 7622:Kotagede 7557:Thailand 7545:Malaysia 7285:Bagerhat 7206:do-chala 7190:Bagerhat 7178:Sasanian 7085:Red Fort 7021:and the 6981:and the 6971:Banbhore 6859:Sulayhid 6811:Ghardaïa 6630:Zaragoza 6591:Ghardaïa 6571:Medenine 6499:imitated 6475:Alhambra 6427:Kairouan 6379:Portugal 6367:European 6024:and the 6022:Istanbul 5896:of Cairo 5789:maristan 5699:muqarnas 5680:khanqahs 5618:Beyşehir 5535:muqarnas 5417:and the 5355:and the 5333:Armenian 5282:Ayyubids 5209:Artuqids 4979:Timurids 4952:madrasas 4948:Registan 4872:muqarnas 4727:Khorasan 4641:Artuqids 4587:Khorasan 4319:madrasas 4304:oriental 4220:Kairouan 4045:Medicine 3996:Military 3976:Economic 3971:Criminal 3952:(Sufism) 3893:Theology 3865:a series 3863:Part of 3818:in Cairo 3761:Muhammad 3521:Jharokha 3505:Pakistan 3394:jharokha 3318:Alhambra 3284:(1037–8) 3255:muqarnas 3239:cornices 3202:Muqarnas 3197:Muqarnas 3191:Muqarnas 3183:Peshawar 2929:Quran 19 2878:Alhambra 2874:Pakistan 2772:charbagh 2755:Lysander 2751:Socrates 2747:Xenophon 2735:Paradise 2728:Pakistan 2593:centring 2543:Zaragoza 2474:stellate 2430:Dome of 2361:Ālī Qāpū 2302:Sasanian 2278:Ālī Qāpū 2228:muqarnas 2222:and the 2185:Abbasids 2158:tilework 2077:Parthian 2065:Nabatean 2053:vaulting 2029:vaulting 2023:Vaulting 1994:basilica 1967:prayers. 1820:al-Hakim 1816:al-'Aziz 1736:muqarnas 1731:Samanids 1723:Khurasan 1719:Ziyarids 1707:de facto 1672:Tulunids 1644:Ifriqiya 1636:de facto 1429:Soghdian 1364:martyria 1238:Sasanian 1180:Damascus 1124:Lakhmids 1098:and the 1031:Muhammad 748:Nigerian 713:Kashmiri 707:Javanese 630:New Year 600:Arba'een 591:Holidays 552:Keffiyeh 488:Clothing 444:Paan dan 292:a series 290:Part of 226:khanqahs 206:madrasas 193:muqarnas 188:minarets 20739:Related 20353:Ancient 20087:Man Ray 20033:Century 19969:Artists 19826:Origami 19740:Pyramid 19618:Fractal 19547:Spanish 19542:Russian 19483:Chinese 19303:Bauhaus 19206:Russian 19184:Britain 19166:Moorish 19149:Baroque 19139:Mission 19085:British 19048:Petrine 19043:Maltese 19038:Italian 19028:English 19003:Baroque 18902:Ottoman 18897:Timurid 18862:Hoysala 18858:Indian 18797:Fatimid 18792:Abbasid 18787:Moorish 18782:Umayyad 18777:Islamic 18684:Aegean 18534:Physics 18378:schools 18281:History 18271:Welfare 18251:Poverty 18241:Banking 18231:History 18208:Pottery 18183:Gardens 18088:Mudéjar 17989:Tripoli 17967:Paris ( 17937:V&A 17865:Persian 17855:Ottoman 17769:Muraqqa 17748:Thuluth 17733:Persian 17680:Persian 17675:Ottoman 17647:Arts of 17632:Shabaka 17506:Persian 17473:Pottery 17458:Turkish 17453:Persian 17428:Carpets 17417:Ottoman 17413:Turkish 17407:Safavid 17395:Persian 17328:Minaret 17303:Banna'i 17275:Umayyad 17270:Timurid 17260:Swahili 17250:Ottoman 17245:Moorish 17235:Iranian 17209:Bengali 17189:Fatimid 17184:Chinese 17174:Ayyubid 17169:Abbasid 17012:Mudéjar 16976:ArchNet 16926:Alcázar 16799:Musalla 16784:Maqbara 16774:Madrasa 16764:Külliye 16759:Khanqah 16749:Gongbei 16648:cooling 16646:Passive 16612:Chhatri 16605:objects 16603:Outdoor 16552:Gardens 16528:Mirador 16466:Shabaka 16456:Qashani 16411:Banna'i 16354:Minaret 16296:objects 16286:(eaves) 16284:Chhajja 16231:Squinch 16132:Umayyad 16127:Timurid 16117:Swahili 16102:Ottoman 16085:Almohad 16070:Moorish 16060:Iranian 16029:Bengali 16009:Fatimid 16004:Chinese 15999:Ayyubid 15989:Abbasid 15897:ARCHNET 15799:(ed.). 15443:1523262 15131:Sources 14272:Bibcode 14106:, Agra. 13611:1523140 12001:Ned–Sam 11606:1523172 11294:al-Sham 10801:Bibcode 10449:11 June 10013:Pishtaq 9653:Bukhara 9063:Minaret 8550:Archnet 8457:Unlike 8312:pishtaq 8124:Senegal 8063:Nigeria 7940:Oualata 7821:pagodas 7807:, China 7789:Chinese 7671:, with 7587:Cirebon 7467:Lucknow 7406:Bijapur 7184:is the 7161:Bengali 7157:Bijapur 7130:Lucknow 7034:Timurid 6961:on the 6863:Rasulid 6849:, Yemen 6780:Mudejar 6638:period) 6545:kasbahs 6507:America 6447:Tlemcen 6443:Granada 6439:Seville 6423:Cordoba 6391:Amazigh 6181:of the 6101:tabhane 6093:külliye 6074:külliye 5998:Balkans 5994:Iranian 5970:Ottoman 5913:Al-Aqsa 5768:of the 5665:Qaytbay 5599:Kayseri 5508:Erzurum 5488:Aksaray 5432:Kayseri 5415:Erzurum 5407:Miletus 5361:Divriği 5345:Beyliks 5078:, when 5065:Abbas I 5061:Isfahan 5039:Mashhad 4900:period) 4868:arcades 4769:Bukhara 4750:Tughril 4637:Zengids 4561:vizier 4540:Vabkent 4521:Bukhara 4493:Ghurids 4444:Arabian 4386:Algiers 4343:nomadic 4339:façades 4280:Lebanon 4119:Pottery 3991:Marital 3883:History 3812:Qaytbay 3753:speaker 3727:minaret 3721:Minaret 3695:in the 3661:Uljaytu 3630:maqsura 3530:Jodhpur 3493:Use of 3420:maqsura 3409:Spanish 3404:mirador 3378:lattice 3316:in the 3221:), the 3211:in situ 3149:period) 3094:period) 3078:period) 3076:Marinid 3052:period) 3050:Ayyubid 3028:period) 3008:period) 3006:Artuqid 2886:Granada 2794:Isfahan 2761:prince 2759:Persian 2701:Gardens 2389:bulbous 2385:Ottoman 2296:in the 2240:Safavid 2187:to the 2153:pishtaq 2148:Persian 2136:Seljuks 2106:and in 2000:, like 1992:-style 1986:apadana 1886:Tunisia 1880:of the 1878:minaret 1778:vizier 1776:Fatimid 1762:Bukhara 1703:Seljuks 1695:Bukhara 1648:Tunisia 1629:Morocco 1593:Maghreb 1581:Córdoba 1574:Córdoba 1550:maqsura 1513:arcades 1441:Samarra 1437:Baghdad 1423:of the 1328:Al-Aqsa 1326:on the 1297:in the 1267:mosaics 1218:Umayyad 1192:muezzin 1188:minaret 1128:al-Hira 964:Ta'zieh 935:Theatre 911:Qawwali 901:Nasheed 846:Gamelan 841:Dastgah 798:Turkmen 793:Turkish 763:Punjabi 758:Persian 723:Kurdish 693:Gambian 683:Bengali 655:Raghaib 650:Bara’at 645:Ramadan 635:al-Qadr 620:al-Adha 615:al-Fitr 572:Songkok 479:Zardozi 361:Swahili 341:Persian 336:Ottoman 331:Moorish 267:Origins 246:bazaars 230:zawiyas 218:hammams 214:palaces 202:mosques 160:Iranian 132:secular 90:Isfahan 20554:Modern 20190:Martin 20053:Newton 19848:Tiling 19792:Zellij 19762:4D art 19552:Somali 19532:Newari 19515:Korean 19493:Indian 19385:Googie 19291:Cubism 19276:Modern 19176:Pueblo 19154:Rococo 19124:Gothic 19033:French 19008:Andean 18982:Mughal 18919:Gothic 18892:Mamluk 18852:Norman 18688:Minoan 18565:Ijazah 18445:Ethics 18236:Agency 18203:Poetry 17973:Louvre 17953:Museum 17900:Ghazni 17885:Berlin 17850:Mughal 17821:Zellij 17753:Tughra 17703:Diwani 17698:Arabic 17670:Mughal 17665:Arabic 17573:Minbar 17568:Khatam 17552:Suzani 17547:Soumak 17532:Damask 17463:Prayer 17446:Motifs 17343:Sitara 17323:Mihrab 17280:Yemeni 17240:Mamluk 17219:Mughal 16936:Kasbah 16885:Kasbah 16875:Hammam 16870:Ghorfa 16855:Bazaar 16834:Zawiya 16823:takyeh 16794:Mosque 16744:Dargah 16671:Kucheh 16617:Eidgah 16543:Zenana 16491:Zellij 16476:Sitara 16471:Shamsa 16359:Minbar 16349:Mihrab 16334:Kiswah 16319:Gonbad 16183:Arches 16137:Yemeni 16107:Somali 16090:Hafsid 16065:Mamluk 16044:Mughal 16034:Deccan 15982:Styles 15855:: 31. 15809: 15773: 15754: 15722: 15701: 15680: 15659: 15640: 15619: 15598: 15579: 15569: 15548: 15529: 15510: 15491: 15481: 15458: 15441: 15410: 15387: 15366: 15345: 15318: 15297: 15278: 15268: 15243: 15222: 15201: 15182: 15151: 15047: 15010: 14922: 14890: 14863: 14818: 14721: 14694: 14640: 14382:Africa 14292: 14209: 14185: 14154: 14026: 13951: 13871: 13641: 13609: 13526:Berber 13478: 13397: 13353: 13331: 13311: 13247: 13222: 13110: 13077: 13016: 13006: 12913: 12849: 12817: 12535: 12478: 12408: 12383: 12309: 12269: 12161: 12056: 12007: 11988:& 11961:Saljuq 11928: 11879: 11787: 11680:Arabia 11604: 11517: 11484: 11459: 11433: 11325: 11300: 11263: 11186: 10977:862832 10975: 10945: 10856:Mihrab 10819: 10633: 10608: 10516: 10423: 10209: 10064: 9918: 9888: 9800: 9763: 9732: 9593: 9293: 9267: 9259: 9082: 8935: 8903: 8873: 8863: 8832: 8793:Mosque 8751:Medina 8699: 8670: 8604: 8561:Turbah 8505:. The 8438:Russia 8298:miḥrāb 8186:Shanga 8177:, and 8120:Guinea 8051:Djenné 7838:. The 7704:temple 7673:Mughal 7551:, the 7537:Brunei 7522:gate, 7449:(1678) 7430:–1674) 7246:Multan 7110:Punjab 7019:Multan 6991:spolia 6915:Rada'a 6902:Shibam 6883:Ta'izz 6847:Sana'a 6819:Yemeni 6567:ghorfa 6518:Jewish 6465:, the 6453:, the 6418:zellij 6401:, and 6387:Berber 6179:mihrab 6177:Tiled 6127:hammam 6122:mektep 6106:imaret 6030:Edirne 6004:. The 5766:Mihrab 5741:, the 5726:wikala 5717:kuttab 5707:Venice 5684:sabils 5638:Levant 5626:Mamluk 5399:Selçuk 5391:Manisa 5300:Mardin 5183:(e.g. 5181:Aleppo 5131:Mardin 5129:, and 4962:. The 4918:Tekesh 4708:Ghazni 4649:Jazira 4607:Qazvin 4599:Tehran 4559:Seljuk 4481:Ghazna 4335:atrium 4321:, and 4243:Jerash 4216:Fustat 4184:, pl. 4102:Poetry 3941:Tawhid 3657:Stucco 3625:minbar 3619:mihrab 3604:Mihrab 3597:Mihrab 3590:mihrab 3572:mihrab 3562:qiblah 3479:Turkey 3342:Edirne 3092:Nasrid 3067:zellij 3046:Aleppo 2935:(e.g. 2870:Lahore 2810:Shiraz 2802:Kashan 2724:Lahore 2720:Mughal 2633:Edirne 2608:, the 2494:Lahore 2455:Lahore 2274:stucco 2160:, and 2150:term, 2096:mortar 2093:gypsum 2061:Levant 1849:, and 1836:vizier 1832:mihrab 1792:Mahdia 1613:Toledo 1601:ribbed 1545:mihrab 1529:mihrab 1465:stucco 1384:mihrab 1372:mihrab 1303:mihrab 1290:mihrab 1256:, but 1164:Fustat 1152:Madaba 1148:mosaic 1122:: the 1104:steppe 1044:Hijrah 1039:Medina 1035:Arabia 969:Wayang 856:Ghazal 808:Uyghur 773:Somali 768:Sindhi 753:Pashto 743:Malian 728:Kyrgyz 718:Kazakh 673:Arabic 640:Mawlid 577:Taqiya 567:Salwar 557:Kupiah 547:Kameez 542:Kaftan 532:Jilbab 517:Chador 507:Boubou 459:Suzani 454:Soumak 424:Khatam 404:Damask 366:Yemeni 346:Somali 281:Medina 238:sabils 196:, and 182:, and 162:, and 106:Turkey 102:Edirne 20365:Canon 19821:Music 19777:Girih 19713:Forms 19678:Human 19503:Hindu 19221:Tudor 19129:Mayan 19018:Dutch 19013:Czech 18936:Aztec 18931:Incan 18450:Logic 18423:Early 18405:State 18385:Peace 18266:Usury 18261:Trust 18198:Music 17890:Cairo 17815:tiles 17811:Girih 17774:Hilya 17743:Taliq 17723:Naskh 17713:Kufic 17609:Glass 17594:Brass 17589:Music 17527:Batik 17491:Iznik 17441:Kilim 17403:Qajar 17399:Early 17298:Ablaq 17265:Tatar 17199:Hausa 16951:Ribat 16946:Qalat 16931:Amsar 16890:Mahal 16829:Türbe 16819:Takya 16814:Surau 16809:Rauza 16804:Qubba 16789:Mazar 16779:Maqam 16720:Types 16632:Sebil 16522:Liwan 16512:Harem 16500:Rooms 16416:Girih 16401:Alfiz 16395:Ablaq 16369:Zarih 16364:Qibla 16313:Dikka 16308:Bedug 16303:Anaza 16279:Tajug 16245:Roofs 16160:Qadad 16122:Tatar 16019:Hausa 15915:CyArk 15439:JSTOR 15402:[ 15008:S2CID 14920:JSTOR 14888:JSTOR 14861:JSTOR 14816:JSTOR 14312:(PDF) 14290:S2CID 14179:88–89 14148:86–87 13685:San῾a 13607:JSTOR 13395:S2CID 13375:(PDF) 11976:. In 11817:Domes 11602:JSTOR 11453:world 11133:(PDF) 10973:JSTOR 10817:S2CID 10388:(PDF) 10377:(PDF) 9694:Na῾in 9265:JSTOR 8507:qibla 8503:qibla 8285:Qatar 8234:Manda 8227:Kilwa 8076:toron 8067:Zaria 7927:Sahel 7865:Tatar 7836:Xi'an 7697:Hindu 7528:beduk 7511:Malay 7319:Akbar 7097:Akbar 7042:Babur 6995:Hindu 6993:from 6967:Sindh 6724:Tunis 6635:Taifa 6587:M'zab 6583:Jerba 6563:ksour 6550:ksour 6541:rural 6537:M'zab 6533:Aurès 6395:Roman 6375:Spain 6371:Moors 6279:sebil 6147:Iznik 6080:vakif 6068:Bursa 5728:s or 5695:ablaq 5642:Hijaz 5452:Konya 5366:ablaq 5353:Sivas 5337:Konya 5229:Mosul 5119:Mosul 5059:, in 5003:Herat 4983:Timur 4826:Uzgen 4801:) in 4706:near 4620:) in 4544:Uzgen 4291:Yemen 4287:Ta'if 4276:Anjar 4257:cardo 4206:Basra 4197:amṣār 4187:amṣār 4114:Music 3915:Early 3751:to a 3744:adhān 3736:adhān 3614:qibla 3610:qibla 3586:qibla 3581:qibla 3576:qibla 3556:Qibla 3548:Qibla 3534:India 3454:Egypt 3450:Cairo 2890:Spain 2818:Mahan 2601:Roman 2417:Delhi 2174:Qubba 2168:Domes 2114:Iwans 2081:Aššur 2009:agora 2006:Greek 1990:Roman 1960:patio 1951:riwaq 1931:hijab 1926:domus 1796:Cairo 1749:Kufic 1739:from 1664:Tunis 1521:Balkh 1517:qibla 1299:qibla 1295:niche 1226:Amman 1220:-era 1108:Syria 1076:qibla 1067:qibla 1049:Mecca 896:Naʽat 891:Mugam 886:Maqam 861:Haḍra 831:Ashik 822:Music 813:Uzbek 788:Tatar 783:Tajik 737:Malay 698:Hausa 582:Thawb 562:Niqāb 522:Hijab 512:Burqa 497:Abaya 464:Tapis 429:Kilim 394:Batik 356:Tatar 210:tombs 152:Roman 128:Islam 82:Spain 20192:and 19782:Jali 19525:Maya 19333:Nazi 18987:Sikh 18331:and 18160:Arts 17906:Arts 17895:Doha 17738:Sini 17537:Ikat 17376:Arts 17313:Jali 17308:Iwan 16941:Ksar 16900:Souq 16821:(or 16686:Sahn 16660:Howz 16622:Fina 16594:Riad 16559:Bagh 16538:Qa’a 16533:Hosh 16517:Iwan 16436:Jali 16252:Dome 15877:link 15807:ISBN 15771:ISBN 15752:ISBN 15720:ISBN 15699:ISBN 15678:ISBN 15657:ISBN 15638:ISBN 15617:ISBN 15596:ISBN 15577:OCLC 15567:ISBN 15546:ISBN 15527:ISBN 15508:ISBN 15489:OCLC 15479:ISBN 15456:ISBN 15408:ISBN 15385:ISBN 15364:ISBN 15343:ISBN 15316:ISBN 15295:ISBN 15276:OCLC 15266:ISBN 15241:ISBN 15220:ISBN 15199:ISBN 15180:ISBN 15149:ISBN 15045:ISBN 15026:link 14719:ISBN 14692:ISBN 14638:ISBN 14207:ISBN 14183:ISBN 14152:ISBN 14052:2017 14024:ISBN 14007:2017 13949:ISBN 13869:ISBN 13639:ISBN 13476:ISBN 13351:ISBN 13329:ISBN 13309:ISBN 13245:ISBN 13220:ISBN 13108:ISBN 13075:ISBN 13014:OCLC 13004:ISBN 12911:ISBN 12847:ISBN 12815:ISBN 12533:ISBN 12476:ISBN 12406:ISBN 12381:ISBN 12307:ISBN 12267:ISBN 12159:ISSN 12095:2017 12054:ISBN 12005:ISBN 11926:ISBN 11877:ISBN 11785:ISBN 11515:ISBN 11482:ISBN 11457:ISBN 11431:ISBN 11323:ISBN 11298:ISBN 11261:ISSN 11184:ISBN 11151:link 10943:ISBN 10931:Oman 10631:ISBN 10606:ISSN 10588:Arts 10514:ISBN 10493:2017 10451:2015 10421:ISBN 10402:link 10207:ISBN 10185:Agra 10144:2019 10075:2016 10062:ISBN 9983:Iwan 9916:ISBN 9886:ISSN 9798:ISBN 9779:2022 9761:ISBN 9730:ISBN 9591:ISBN 9291:ISBN 9257:ISSN 9080:ISBN 8933:ISBN 8901:ISBN 8871:ISSN 8861:ISBN 8830:ISBN 8697:ISBN 8668:ISBN 8602:ISBN 8281:Doha 8207:The 8154:and 8059:Kano 8021:Mali 7938:and 7915:Mali 7803:The 7691:The 7675:and 7555:and 7260:The 7225:and 7221:The 7135:The 6999:Jain 6997:and 6949:Agra 6943:The 6933:and 6861:and 6833:The 6754:The 6579:clay 6573:and 6535:and 6445:and 6412:riad 6327:yalı 6277:The 6161:The 6141:The 6119:, a 6085:waqf 6059:and 5992:and 5821:The 5730:khan 5689:waqf 5167:.) 5137:(or 5041:and 4946:The 4879:khān 4848:and 4803:Merv 4763:The 4746:Rayy 4639:and 4622:Merv 4595:Rayy 4523:and 4260:and 4218:and 4204:and 4202:Kufa 4177:misr 4061:Arts 3560:The 3496:jali 3407:, a 3384:jali 3282:Yazd 3231:Yazd 2880:and 2854:Agra 2842:Iran 2822:Yazd 2749:has 2718:, a 2651:dome 2513:The 2436:Agra 2270:Merv 2131:iwan 1964:Sahn 1941:ṣaḥn 1915:and 1873:sahn 1870:The 1725:and 1717:and 1689:The 1619:and 1547:and 1543:The 1419:The 1380:dome 1350:The 1252:and 1244:The 1236:and 1216:The 1184:Hama 1182:and 1168:Kufa 1132:Iraq 1025:The 959:Sama 916:Sufi 906:Noha 871:Jari 866:Hamd 803:Urdu 502:Agal 414:Ikat 275:The 244:and 236:and 222:Sufi 94:Iran 18662:BCE 18329:Law 17436:Gul 15857:doi 15834:doi 15431:doi 14998:doi 14280:doi 14268:890 13599:doi 13387:doi 11594:doi 11507:doi 10809:doi 10596:doi 9940:PDF 9249:doi 8432:in 8279:at 8256:at 8196:in 8118:in 8037:in 8017:Gao 8015:in 8011:of 7998:in 7952:in 7921:In 7913:in 7834:in 7825:Hui 7644:in 7445:at 7404:in 7335:in 7283:in 7264:of 7244:in 7188:in 7155:in 7147:in 7128:in 7068:in 7017:in 6947:in 6881:in 6722:in 6628:in 6431:Fes 6145:in 6039:in 6028:in 6020:in 5960:in 5745:in 5616:in 5506:in 5450:in 5434:). 5413:in 5405:in 5397:in 5298:in 5227:in 5133:in 5055:at 5037:in 4992:). 4954:in 4767:in 4744:in 4384:of 4366:of 4278:in 4182:مصر 3528:in 3397:in 3340:in 3280:in 3181:in 3044:in 2884:in 2836:), 2828:), 2812:), 2804:), 2796:), 2745:", 2631:in 2541:of 2517:in 2492:in 2453:in 2434:in 2415:in 2320:in 2268:in 2206:or 2129:An 1946:صحن 1853:). 1760:in 1693:in 1662:of 1642:in 1625:Fez 1611:in 1354:in 1343:). 949:Cem 836:Daf 375:Art 232:), 228:or 122:of 88:in 20798:: 19898:Pi 17971:, 17955:, 17939:, 17935:, 17919:, 17908:, 17405:, 17401:, 17228:/ 16266:/ 16262:/ 16258:/ 16053:/ 15873:}} 15869:{{ 15851:. 15828:. 15824:. 15575:. 15487:. 15437:. 15427:16 15425:. 15274:. 15178:. 15111:. 15075:. 15063:^ 15053:. 15022:}} 15018:{{ 14992:. 14988:. 14972:^ 14945:^ 14916:60 14914:. 14900:^ 14884:22 14882:. 14857:22 14855:. 14843:^ 14812:47 14810:. 14798:^ 14781:^ 14664:^ 14622:^ 14607:^ 14590:^ 14563:^ 14547:. 14502:^ 14458:, 14448:^ 14424:^ 14380:, 14350:^ 14342:, 14328:^ 14318:. 14314:. 14288:. 14278:. 14266:. 14262:. 14250:^ 14229:. 14217:^ 14181:. 14150:. 14060:^ 14043:. 14015:^ 13998:. 13975:^ 13960:^ 13916:^ 13883:^ 13841:^ 13811:^ 13794:^ 13751:^ 13735:. 13719:, 13709:^ 13701:, 13691:^ 13683:, 13673:^ 13665:, 13653:^ 13619:^ 13605:. 13593:. 13576:, 13556:^ 13540:. 13524:, 13514:^ 13498:. 13436:^ 13415:. 13393:. 13383:70 13381:. 13377:. 13267:. 13194:^ 13179:^ 13152:^ 13137:^ 13122:^ 13047:^ 13032:^ 13012:. 12872:. 12861:^ 12829:^ 12801:^ 12786:^ 12675:^ 12646:^ 12631:^ 12567:. 12517:^ 12490:^ 12456:^ 12341:. 12281:^ 12145:^ 12113:, 12103:^ 12086:. 11984:; 11980:; 11959:, 11826:. 11723:^ 11608:. 11600:. 11590:10 11588:. 11538:. 11513:. 11416:^ 11406:. 11389:38 11387:. 11331:. 11255:. 11147:}} 11143:{{ 11120:^ 11092:. 11068:. 11009:^ 10969:48 10967:. 10937:: 10929:, 10870:. 10854:, 10844:^ 10829:^ 10815:. 10807:. 10797:26 10795:. 10779:^ 10764:^ 10698:, 10684:^ 10676:, 10604:. 10590:. 10586:. 10569:, 10557:^ 10484:. 10466:, 10398:}} 10394:{{ 10349:^ 10341:, 10245:^ 10191:^ 10183:, 10135:. 10131:. 10083:^ 10032:^ 9981:, 9969:^ 9954:^ 9898:^ 9863:^ 9835:. 9712:^ 9692:, 9677:, 9659:^ 9651:, 9544:^ 9514:^ 9463:^ 9455:, 9440:, 9413:, 9367:^ 9359:, 9341:^ 9277:^ 9263:. 9255:. 9245:27 9243:. 9239:. 9195:^ 9180:^ 9153:^ 9133:, 9113:^ 9094:^ 9061:, 9049:^ 8951:^ 8941:. 8919:^ 8909:. 8887:^ 8877:. 8869:. 8847:^ 8838:. 8814:^ 8799:^ 8791:, 8757:^ 8749:, 8739:^ 8705:. 8676:. 8616:^ 8586:^ 8436:, 8283:, 8260:, 8130:. 7988:. 7850:. 7667:, 7648:, 7624:, 7585:, 7547:, 7543:, 7539:, 7471:c. 7425:c. 7194:c. 7119:c. 6441:, 6437:, 6433:, 6429:, 6425:, 6409:, 6397:, 6063:. 6043:. 6032:. 5682:, 5670:r. 5659:r. 5512:c. 5125:, 5121:, 4988:r. 4958:, 4920:. 4892:, 4874:. 4796:c. 4615:c. 4533:c. 3867:on 3448:, 2892:. 2888:, 2872:, 2726:, 2580:. 2164:. 2143:. 2110:. 1976:A 1938:A 1884:, 1845:, 1798:. 1410:c. 1198:. 1114:, 1110:, 294:on 252:. 216:, 212:, 208:, 204:, 190:, 178:, 158:, 154:, 147:. 104:, 19586:e 19579:t 19572:v 18628:e 18621:t 18614:v 18144:e 18137:t 18130:v 17975:) 17959:) 17943:) 17923:) 17912:) 17817:) 17813:( 17419:) 17415:( 17409:) 17397:( 17138:e 17131:t 17124:v 16391:) 16384:( 16270:) 16254:( 15967:e 15960:t 15953:v 15913:/ 15905:( 15879:) 15859:: 15853:9 15842:. 15836:: 15830:2 15815:. 15779:. 15760:. 15728:. 15707:. 15686:. 15665:. 15646:. 15625:. 15604:. 15583:. 15554:. 15535:. 15516:. 15495:. 15464:. 15445:. 15433:: 15416:. 15393:. 15372:. 15351:. 15330:. 15303:. 15282:. 15255:. 15228:. 15207:. 15188:. 15163:. 15122:. 15085:. 15028:) 15014:. 15000:: 14994:4 14967:. 14940:. 14926:. 14894:. 14867:. 14822:. 14727:. 14700:. 14646:. 14557:. 14320:2 14296:. 14282:: 14274:: 14244:. 14191:. 14160:. 14054:. 14030:. 14009:. 13877:. 13745:. 13647:. 13613:. 13601:: 13595:9 13550:. 13508:. 13484:. 13430:. 13401:. 13389:: 13359:. 13335:. 13317:. 13277:. 13253:. 13228:. 13204:. 13189:. 13116:. 13089:. 13026:. 12919:. 12882:. 12855:. 12823:. 12685:. 12641:. 12577:. 12541:. 12484:. 12414:. 12389:. 12352:. 12315:. 12275:. 12165:. 12097:. 12062:. 12013:. 11997:. 11934:. 11885:. 11793:. 11596:: 11523:. 11509:: 11490:. 11465:. 11439:. 11408:2 11391:. 11306:. 11267:. 11192:. 11153:) 11102:. 11078:. 10979:. 10880:. 10823:. 10811:: 10803:: 10639:. 10612:. 10598:: 10592:7 10495:. 10429:. 10404:) 10359:. 10257:. 10215:. 10146:. 10077:. 10027:. 9924:. 9892:. 9845:. 9806:. 9781:. 9738:. 9599:. 9509:. 9299:. 9271:. 9251:: 9088:. 8610:. 8483:. 8336:. 8300:( 8291:. 8268:. 8080:– 8074:( 8043:– 7699:- 7628:. 7513:- 7476:) 7469:( 7192:( 6839:( 6762:) 6730:) 6676:) 6657:) 6613:) 6389:( 5753:. 5724:( 5667:( 5656:( 5517:) 5510:( 4985:( 4809:) 4794:( 4613:( 4254:( 4158:e 4151:t 4144:v 4052:) 4048:( 3564:( 3536:) 3532:( 3507:) 3503:( 3481:) 3477:( 3456:) 3452:( 3360:) 3324:) 2868:( 2860:( 2852:( 2832:( 2816:( 2808:( 2800:( 2792:( 1408:( 1339:( 1055:( 1014:e 1007:t 1000:v 739:) 735:( 709:) 705:( 108:) 100:( 92:( 80:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Islamic architecture

Index