27:
366:
not least because style in architecture is easier to replicate by following a set of rules than style in figurative art such as painting. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often subsequently applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature and the general culture. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is made possible by, the discovery of new techniques or materials, from the Gothic
428:
403:
In the middle of the 19th century мultiple aesthetic and social factors forced architects to design the new buildings using a selection of styles patterned after the historical ones (working "in every style or none"), and style definition became a practical matter. The choice of an appropriate style
365:
Semper, Wölfflin, and Frankl, and later
Ackerman, had backgrounds in the history of architecture, and like many other terms for period styles, "Romanesque" and "Gothic" were initially coined to describe architectural styles, where major changes between styles can be clearer and more easy to define,
147:
as one of the approaches ("style and period") that are used to organize the history of architecture (Leach lists five other approaches as "biography, geography and culture, type, technique, theme and analogy"). Style provides an additional relationship between otherwise disparate buildings, thus
159:
was mostly considered timeless, either as a divine revelation or an absolute truth derived from the laws of nature, and a great architect was the one who understood this "language". The new interpretation of history declared each historical period to be a stage of growth for the humanity (cf.
386:
Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing, and a reaction against the emphasis on style developing; for
197:
Works of architecture are unlikely to be preserved for their aesthetic value alone; with practical re-purposing, the original intent of the original architect, sometimes his very identity, can be forgotten, and the building style becomes "an indispensable historical tool".
206:
Styles emerge from the history of a society. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as
218:
ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and
Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. An architectural style may also spread through
374:
construction. A major area of debate in both art history and archaeology has been the extent to which stylistic change in other fields like painting or pottery is also a response to new technical possibilities, or has its own impetus to develop (the
182:. In their opinion, by concentrating on the appearance of the building, style classification misses the hidden from view ideas that architects had put into the form. Studying history of architecture without reliance on styles usually relies on a "
177:
Style has been subject of an extensive debate since at least the 19th century. Many architects argue that the notion of "style" cannot adequately describe the contemporary architecture, is obsolete and ridden with
194:, 1943). Nonetheless, the traditional and popular approach to the architectural history is through chronology of styles, with changes reflecting the evolution of materials, economics, fashions, and beliefs.
329:
are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and space. This type of art history is also known as
379:
of Riegl), or changes in response to social and economic factors affecting patronage and the conditions of the artist, as current thinking tends to emphasize, using less rigid versions of
20:
395:"In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled".
214:
Architectural styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance,
174:). This approach allowed to classify architecture of each age as an equally valid approach, "style" (the use of the word in this sense became established by the mid-18th century).
291:
Constructing schemes of the period styles of historic art and architecture was a major concern of 19th century scholars in the new and initially mostly German-speaking field of
285:
342:, "art history without names", where an architect's work has a place in history that is independent of its author. The subject of study no longer was the ideas that
135:(also "vernacular architecture") is not a style, but an application of local customs to small-scale construction without clear identity of the builder.
211:(meaning "after modernism"), which in 21st century has found its own language and split into a number of styles which have acquired other names.
186:" of important architects and buildings. The lesser objects in this approach do not deserve attention: "A bicycle shed is a building;
228:
993:
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122:
67:) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of
865:
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223:, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the
1038:
416:, so that the local architects and builders can go through the paces repeating the architectural history of England.
354:, instead the questions now were about the continuity and changes observed when the architecture transitioned from
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35:
by Thomas Cole (1840) shows a vision of buildings in the historical styles of the
Western tradition, including
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36:
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26:
246:. Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the
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40:
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The 21st century construction uses a multitude of styles that are sometimes lumped together as a "
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446:
208:
161:
949:. Texts & Documents. Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. pp. 1–60.
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1001:
239:
391:, "the normal invocation of style in art history is a depressing affair indeed". According to
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144:
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103:
8:
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3d edition, ed. Amy H. Wilson (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017): 697-98.
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in the 16th century shifted the narrative to biographies of the great artists in his "
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334:, or the study of forms or shapes in art. Wölfflin declared the goal of formalism as
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187:
132:
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856:, Nelson, Robert S. and Shiff, Richard, 2nd Edn. 2010, University of Chicago Press,
151:
The concept of style was foreign to architects until the 18th century. Prior to the
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that was passed on to the next generation of architects by their forefathers.
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Early writing on the subjects of architectural history, since the works of
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Sources of
Architectural Form: A Critical History of Western Design Theory
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318:
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947:
In What Style Should We Build?: The German Debate on
Architectural Style
904:, ed. D. L. Sills, xv (New York, 1968), reprinted in Preziosi, D. (ed.)
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Architectural styles are frequently associated with a historical epoch (
849:
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843:, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed March 6, 2013,
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269:
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794:"Style Debates in Early 20th-Century German Architectural Discourse"
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227:, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in
60:
21:
National
Register of Historic Places architectural style categories
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107:
257:
286:
Lives of the Most
Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
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295:. Important writers on the broad theory of style including
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was subject of elaborate discussions; for example, the
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After an architectural style has gone out of fashion,
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The concept of architectural style is studied in the
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121:" based on the common trait of extreme reliance on
98:), and are influenced by the corresponding broader
918:American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
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521:
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242:has been revived many times and found new life as
106:even declared an analogy between a building and a
902:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
730:Alcock, N. W. (2003), "Vernacular architecture",
704:Elkins, s. 2 (quoted); see also Gombrich, 135-136
496:
19:For the US register of architectural styles, see
1045:
514:J. Philip Gruen, "Vernacular Architecture", in
258:History of the concept of architectural style
1031:The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology
906:The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology
321:continued the debate into the 20th century.
984:, 1987, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1033:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998,
908:(see below), whose page numbers are used.
870:
819:
809:
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746:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t088875
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148:serving as a "protection against chaos".
940:
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408:had argued that the churches in the new
25:
110:: an "architectural style reflects the
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996:; includes essays by Alpers and Kubler
911:
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94:), or an earlier architectural style (
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804:(1). Open Library of the Humanities.
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139:Styles in the history of architecture
975:Towards a Reductive Theory of Style
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123:computer-aided architectural design
112:attitude and the movement of people
102:and the "general human condition".
13:
792:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher (2018).
765:, "Style is What You Make It", in
14:
1075:
340:Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe
250:, and that soon evolved into the
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920:. W.W. Norton. pp. 12–13.
877:. Manchester University Press.
698:
689:
680:
677:Gombrich, 131-136; Elkins, s. 2
671:
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236:revivals and re-interpretations
168:that much later developed into
16:Specific method of construction
1003:What is Architectural History?
854:Critical Terms for Art History
516:Encyclopedia of Local History,
508:
225:Spanish missions in California
1:
723:
190:is a piece of architecture" (
452:List of architectural styles
276:, treated architecture as a
7:
1009:. What is History?. Wiley.
941:Herrmann, Wolfgang (1996).
419:
10:
1080:
668:Gombrich, 129; Elsner, 104
442:Historicism (architecture)
261:
90:), geographical location (
83:, and regional character.
18:
912:Harris, Cyril M. (1998).
457:Revivalism (architecture)
350:who in turn learned from
297:Carl Friedrich von Rumohr
238:may occur. For instance,
119:contemporary architecture
114:in the period concerned.
900:. "Style" (1968), orig.
871:Gelernter, Mark (1995).
775:Cornell University Press
462:
406:Cambridge Camden Society
252:Spanish Colonial Revival
798:Architectural Histories
738:Oxford University Press
447:History of architecture
412:should be built in the
209:postmodern architecture
162:Johann Gottfried Herder
59:is a classification of
1000:Leach, Andrew (2013).
339:
65:nonbuilding structures
52:
1064:Architectural history
914:"architectural style"
145:architectural history
32:The Architect's Dream
29:
1059:Architectural design
1054:Architectural styles
982:The Concept of Style
767:The Concept of Style
370:to modern metal and
153:era of Enlightenment
1029:Preziosi, D. (ed.)
980:Lang, Berel (ed.),
695:Alpers in Lang, 137
686:Kubler in Lang, 163
554:, pp. 164–165.
434:Architecture portal
372:reinforced concrete
272:in the 1st century
264:Style (visual arts)
92:Italian Villa style
57:architectural style
969:"Kubler in Lang":
777:, 1987), 137–162,
761:"Alpers in Lang":
202:Evolution of style
157:architectural form
73:building materials
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1016:978-0-7456-7377-6
992:, 9780801494390,
956:978-0-89236-199-1
927:978-0-393-73103-3
884:978-0-7190-4129-7
864:, 9780226571690,
755:978-1-884446-05-4
716:, pp. 41–42.
638:, pp. 19–20.
626:, pp. 13–14.
327:Josef Strzygowski
315:Heinrich Wölfflin
188:Lincoln Cathedral
133:Folk architecture
104:Heinrich Wölfflin
88:Renaissance style
81:structural design
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37:ancient Egyptian
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503:Alcock 2003
479:Harris 1998
377:kunstwollen
356:Renaissance
319:Paul Frankl
305:Alois Riegl
293:art history
221:colonialism
216:Renaissance
180:historicism
1048:Categories
1022:2024-02-09
990:0801494397
962:2024-02-09
933:2024-02-09
890:2024-02-12
862:0226571696
787:0801494397
771:Berel Lang
724:References
714:Leach 2013
657:Leach 2013
636:Leach 2013
624:Leach 2013
612:Leach 2013
600:Leach 2013
588:Leach 2013
540:Leach 2013
528:Leach 2013
491:Leach 2013
310:Stilfragen
240:classicism
166:Volksgeist
977:, in Lang
830:2050-5833
368:rib vault
344:Borromini
332:formalism
278:patrimony
270:Vitruvius
171:Zeitgeist
61:buildings
420:See also
79:, size,
381:Marxist
360:Baroque
348:Maderno
307:in his
108:costume
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