Apostasy in Islam - Knowledge

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Muhammad Rashid Rida excludes freedom to apostatize expressis verbis with the argument that apostasy infringes on the freedom of others and on the respect due to the religion of the State. Muhammad al-Ghazali does the same, using the reductio ad absurdum as an argument: "Must Islam allow rebellion against itself? No religion of a similar nature will readily answer in the affirmative... 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi and S.A. Rahman, follow the other method of escaping from the contradiction. They state unequivocally that capital punishment for the apostate is not compatible with freedom of religion and... must therefore be abolished

4037:, among scholars of shari'ah "of every century ... available on record", there is unanimous agreement that the punishment for apostate is death, and that "no room whatever remains to suggest" that this penalty has not "been continuously and uninterruptedly operative" through Islamic history; evidence from early texts that Muhammad called for apostates to be killed, and that companions of the Prophet and early caliphs ordered beheadings and crucifixions of apostates and has never been declared invalid over the course of the history of Islamic theology (Christine Schirrmacher). 4590: 3660: 11346:"Freedom of belief is protected and preserved in the Qur'an. Moreover, given that this is the stance of the Qur'an, it is likewise the stance of the Sunnah. The Qur'an makes clear that the punishment for a change in belief is one that will take effect in the life to come, while the Sunnah likewise makes clear that although a change in belief unaccompanied by anything else may have been interpreted to imply hostility against the Ummah and as a threat to its citizens and interests, there is, never-theless, no prescribed punishment for it in this earthly life 11185:...the essential question before us is can a person who is Muslim choose a religion other than Islam? The answer is yes, they can because the Quran says, 'Unto you your religion, and unto me my religion,' , and, 'Whosoever will, let him believe, and whosoever will, let him disbelieve,' , and, 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from error,' .... the matter is left until the Day of Judgement, and it is not to be dealt with in the life of this world. It is an issue of conscience, and it is between the individual and Allah. 4686:, in "religious polemic" in the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy were not unusual", but the accused were seldom prosecuted, and "some even held high offices in the Muslim state". Later, "as the rules and penalties of the Muslim law were systematized and more regularly enforced, charges of apostasy became rarer." When action was taken against an alleged apostate, it was much more likely to be "quarantine" than execution, unless the innovation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive". Another source, legal historian 2669:) Sunni hadith collection where Muhammad calls for the death of apostates or traitors. The wording of the hadith are almost identical, but in one, the hadith ends with the phrase "one who reverts from Islam and leaves the Muslims", and in the other it ends with "one who goes forth to fight Allah and His Apostle" (in other words, the council argues the hadith were likely reports of the same incident but had different wording because "reverting from Islam" was another way of saying "fighting Allah and His Apostle"): 3089:. According to one source, Jamileh Kadivar, the majority of the "27,947 terrorist deaths" ISIL has been responsible for (as of 2020) have been Muslims it regards "as kafir", as ISIL gives fighting alleged apostates a higher priority than fighting self-professed non-Muslims—Jews, Christians, Hindus, etc. An open letter to ISIL by 126 Islamic scholars includes as one of its points of opposition to ISIL: "It is forbidden in Islam to declare people non-Muslim unless he (or she) openly declares disbelief". 4988:

have been infrequent in recent times, with four cases reported since 1985: one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992. In Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Yemen apostasy laws have been used to charge persons for acts other than conversion. In addition, some predominantly Islamic countries without laws specifically addressing apostasy have prosecuted individuals or minorities for apostasy using broadly-defined blasphemy laws. In many nations, the

4330:); it's a man-made rule enacted in the early Islamic community to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason (John Esposito); it is probable that the punishment was prescribed by Muhammad during early Islam to combat political conspiracies against Islam and Muslims, those who desert Islam out of malice and enmity towards the Muslim community, and is not intended for those who simply change their belief, converting to another religion after investigation and research (Ayatollah 4351:); and every religion "underpinned the political and social order within ... the states they established" (Jonathan Brown); "This was also an era in which religion and the state were one unified entity. ... no Jew, Christian, Zoroastrian, or Muslim of this time would have considered his or her religion to be rooted in the personal confessional experiences of individuals. ... Your religion was your ethnicity, your culture, and your social identity... your religion was your citizenship." 4975: 4795: 5106:, sharing tales of the tension and anxieties of "leaving a close-knit belief-based community" and confronting "parental disappointment", "rejection by friends and relatives", and charges of "trying to assimilate into a Western culture that despises them", often using terminology first uttered by the LGBT community – "'coming out,' and leaving 'the closet'". Atheists in the Muslim world maintain a lower profile, but according to the Editor-in-chief of FreeArabs.com: 6210:"Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way." Footnote 38: "According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" 1578: 16605: 3297:

children, annulment of marriage, loss of inheritance rights. (A subsidiary law, also applied throughout the history of Islam, forbade non-Muslims from proselytizing Muslims to leave Islam and join another religion, because it encouraged Muslims to commit a crime). Starting in the 19th century the legal code of many Muslim states no longer included apostasy as a capital crime, and to compensate some Islamic scholars called for vigilante justice of

4464:, an Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body, issued a fatwa in the case of an Egyptian Christian convert to Islam but "sought to return to Christianity", stating: "Those who embraced Islam voluntarily and without coercion cannot later deviate from the public order of society by revealing their act of apostasy because such behavior would discourage other people from embracing Islam." (The Egyptian court followed the fatwa.) 15076: 2354: 2192: 16594: 1567: 659: 2641:

kafir after his Islam.' Umar asked, 'What have you done with him?' He said, 'We let him approach and struck off his head.' Umar said, 'Didn't you imprison him for three days and feed him a loaf of bread every day and call on him to tawba that he might turn in tawba and return to the command of Allah?' Then Umar said, 'O Allah! I was not present and I did not order it and I am not pleased since it has come to me!'

15088: 2663:, among others) that the hadiths above – traditionally cited as proof that apostates from Islam should be punished by death – have been misunderstood. In fact (the council argues), the victims were executed for changing their allegiances to the armies fighting the Muslims (i.e. for treason), not for their personal beliefs. As evidence, they point to two hadith, each from a different "authentic" ( 1875: 4829:(1839–1861), Stratford Canning, led diplomatic representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France in a "tug of war" with the Ottoman government. In the end (following the execution of the Armenian), the Sublime Porte agreed to allow "complete freedom of Christian missionaries" to try to convert Muslims in the Empire. The death sentence for apostasy from Islam was abolished by the 68: 3582:, the victim was legally executed and the government made clear he was being executed for apostasy, but the technical "legal basis" for his killing was another crime or crimes, namely "heresy, opposing the application of Islamic law, disturbing public security, provoking opposition against the government, and re-establishing a banned political party." When post-modernist professor 6115:, and it is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or one's freedom to leave Islam and embrace another faith, on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is imposed as a safety precaution when conditions warrant the imposition of it, for example, the punishment is imposed if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder ( 2039:, but with a number of options for leniency (such as a waiting period to allow time for repentance or enforcement only in cases involving politics), depending on the era, the legal standards and the school of law. In the late 19th century, the use of legal criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied. 12634: 4742:(d. 169/785) persecuted Freethinkers, and executed them in large numbers. He was the first Caliph to order composition of polemical works to in refutation of Freethinkers and other heretics; and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down throughout all provinces and putting accused persons to death on mere suspicion. 3646:

the Muslim community but who are considered unbelievers by other Muslims, there are also "serious forms of ostracism". These include the refusal of other Muslims to pray together with or behind a person accused of kufr, the denial of the prayer for the dead and burial in a Muslim cemetery, boycott of whatever books they have written, etc.

3636:(e) In case the apostate is not executed – such as in case of women apostates in Hanafi school – the person also loses all inheritance rights. Hanafi Sunni school of jurisprudence allows waiting till execution, before children and property are seized; other schools do not consider this wait as mandatory but mandates time for repentance. 3230:, a distinction is made between "fetri" or "innate" apostates who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty until converting to another religion, and "national apostates" – essentially people who grew up non-Muslim and converted to Islam. "National apostates" are given a chance to repent, but "innate apostates are not. 5009:

brave dissenting voices within Muslim societies, the threat of the application of the apostasy and blasphemy laws against any who criticize its application is an efficient weapon used to intimidate opponents, silence criticism, punish rivals, reject innovations and reform, and keep non-Muslim communities in their place.

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Finally the argument is put forward that killing an apostate must be considered as compulsion in religion, which has been forbidden in K 2:256, though this verse was traditionally interpreted in a different way. Footnote 38: According to some classical scholars this verse had been abrograted by later

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according to one "well known Muslim journalist of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik", "All great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside the pale of Islam according to one or

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Overall, the figures in the 2012 survey suggest that the percentage of Muslims in the countries surveyed who approve the death penalty for Muslims who leave Islam to become an atheist or convert to another religion varies widely, from 0.4% (in Kazakhstan) to 78.2% (in Afghanistan). The Governments of

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between 2008 and 2012 among thousands of Muslims in many countries, found varied views on the death penalty for those who leave Islam to become an atheist or to convert to another religion. In some countries (especially in Central Asia, Southeast Europe, and Turkey), support for the death penalty for

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Efforts to convert Muslims to other religions were extremely unpopular with the Muslim community. Despite these edicts on apostasy, there was constant pressure on non-Muslims to convert to Islam, and apostates from Islam continued to be persecuted, punished and threatened with execution, particularly

4086:", i.e. according to classical Quranic scholars it has been overruled/cancelled by verses of Quran revealed later, (in other words, compulsion was not allowed in the very earliest days of Islam but this was changed by divine revelation a few years later) (Peters and Vries explaining traditional view). 3296:

From 11th century onwards, apostasy of Muslims from Islam was forbidden by Islamic law, earlier apostasy law was only applicable if a certain number of witnesses testify which for the most past was impossible. Apostasy was punishable by death and also by civil liabilities such as seizure of property,

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there is widespread consensus that apostasy undoubtedly exists where the truth of the Koran is denied, where blasphemy is committed against God, Islam, or Muhammad, and where breaking away from the Islamic faith in word or deed occurs. The lasting, willful non-observance of the five pillars of Islam,

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Allah's Apostle said: "The blood of a Muslim man who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Apostle should not lawfully be shed except only for one of three reasons: a man who committed fornication after marriage, in which case he should be stoned; one who goes forth to

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Allah's Apostle said, "The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Apostle, cannot be shed except in three cases: In Qisas for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (apostate) and

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Malik related to me from Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Qari that his father said, "A man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab from Abu Musa al-Ashari. Umar asked after various people, and he informed him. Then Umar inquired, 'Do you have any recent news?' He said, 'Yes. A man has become a

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A bedouin gave the Pledge of allegiance to Allah's Apostle for Islam and the bedouin got a fever where upon he said to the Prophet "Cancel my Pledge." But the Prophet refused. He came to him (again) saying, "Cancel my Pledge.' But the Prophet refused. Then (the bedouin) left (Medina). Allah's Apostle

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of those who refuse to repent of apostasy from Islam, what statements or acts qualify as apostasy and whether and how they should be punished, are disputed among Islamic scholars. The penalty of killing of apostates is in conflict with international human rights norms which provide for the freedom of

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Khomeini, Ruhollah (2014). "The Modern Period: Sources. Theological and Philosophical Texts. On Apostasy and Non-Muslims Author: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: 1981 Source: J. Borujerdi, trans., A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael". In Anderson, Matthew;

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that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of intolerance of other religions, and is not aimed at one's freedom to choose a religion or to leave Islam and embrace another faith, but that on the contrary, it is more correct to say that the punishment is enforced as a safety precaution when

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More than 20 Muslim-majority states have laws that punish apostasy by Muslims to be a crime some de facto other de jure. As of 2014, apostasy was a capital offense in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Executions for religious conversion

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Some (Louay M. Safi), have argued that this situation, with the adoption of "European legal codes ... enforced by state elites without any public debate", created an identification of tolerance with foreign/alien control in the mind of the Muslim public, and rigid literalist interpretations (such as

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also states that after the early period, with some notable exceptions, the practice in Islam regarding atheism or various forms of heresy, grew more tolerant as long as it was a private matter. However heresy and atheism expressed in public may well be considered a scandal and a menace to a society;

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Unlike some other sharia laws, those on how to deal with apostates from Islam are not set in stone but should be adjusted according to circumstances based on what best serves the interests of society. In the past, the death penalty for leaving Islam "protected the integrity of the Muslim community",

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In Islam, apostasy has traditionally had both criminal and civil penalties. In the late 19th century, when the use of criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, civil penalties were still applied. The punishment for the criminal penalties such as murder includes death or prison, while In all

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In contemporary situations where apostates, (or alleged apostates), have ended up being killed, it is usually not be through the formal criminal justice system, especially when "a country's law does not punish apostasy." It is not uncommon in some countries for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt

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One motive for caution is that it is an act of apostasy (in Shafi'i and other fiqh) for a Muslim to accuse or describe another innocent Muslim of being an unbeliever, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is

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movement – disagree with their accusers on an important doctrinal point. (Ahmadi quote a Muslim journalist, Abdul-Majeed Salik, claiming that, "all great and eminent Muslims in the history of Islam as well as all the sects in the Muslim world are considered to be disbelievers, apostates, and outside

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Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill

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Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Syria voted in favor of the Declaration. The governments of other Muslim-majority countries have responded by criticizing the Declaration as an attempt by the non-Muslim world to impose their values on Muslims, with a presumption of cultural superiority,

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The field of apostasy and blasphemy and related "crimes" is thus obviously a complex syndrome within all Muslim societies which touches a raw nerve and always arouses great emotional outbursts against the perceived acts of treason, betrayal and attacks on Islam and its honour. While there are a few

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The source of most violence or threats of violence against apostate has come from outside of state judicial systems in the Muslim world in recent years, either from extralegal acts by government authorities or from other individuals or groups operating unrestricted by the government. There has also

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In contrast, historian David Cook maintains the issue of apostasy and punishment for it was not uncommon in Islamic history. However, he also states that prior to 11th century execution seems rare he gives an example of a Jew who had converted to Islam and used the threat of reverting to Judaism in

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had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day. This principle was upheld "even in extreme situations", such as when an offender adopted Islam "only for fear of death" and their sincerity seemed highly implausible. It was based on the hadith that Muhammad had upbraided a

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The "premise and reasoning underlying the sunna rule of death penalty for apostasy were valid in the historical context" where 'disbelief is equated with high treason' because citizenship was 'based on belief in Islam', but doesn't apply today (Abdullahi An-Na'im, et al.); the prescription of death

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Another verse condemning apostasy – Q.4:137, "Those who believe then disbelieve, then believe again, then disbelieve and then increase in their disbelief – God will never forgive them nor guide them to the path" – makes no sense if apostasy is punished by death, because killing apostates "would not

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Compulsion in faith is "explicitly" forbidden by the Quran ('Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi); Quranic statements on freedom of religion – 'There is no compulsion in religion. The right path has been distinguished from error' (Q.2:256) (and also 'Whoever wants, let him believe, and whoever wants, let him

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Still others support a "centrist or moderate position" of executing only those whose apostasy is "unambiguously provable" such as if two just Muslim eyewitnesses testify; and/or reserving the death penalty for those who make their apostacy public. According to Christine Schirrmacher, "a majority of

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From around 1800 up until 1970, there were only a few cases of executions of apostates in the Muslim world, including the strangling of a woman in Egypt (sometime between 1825 and 1835), and the beheading of an Armenian youth in the Ottoman Empire in 1843. Western powers campaigned intensely for a

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The punishment is "rarely invoked" because there are numerous qualifications or ways for the apostate to avoid death (to be found guilty they must openly reject Islam, have made their decision without coercion, be aware of the nature of their statements, be an adult, be completely sane, refused to

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The conversion of a Muslim to another faith is often considered a "disgrace" and "scandal" as well as a sin, so in addition to penal and civil penalties, loss of employment, ostracism and proclamations by family members that they are "dead", is not at all "unusual". For those who wish to remain in

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According to sharia, to be found guilty the accused must at the time of apostasizing be exercising free will, an adult, and of sound mind, and have refused to repent when given a time period to do so (not all schools include this last requirement). The free will requirement excludes from judgement

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Orthodox apostasy fiqh can be problematic for someone who was raised by a non-Muslim (or non-Muslims) but has an absentee Muslim parent, or was raised by an apostate (or apostates) from Islam. A woman born to a Muslim parent is considered an apostate if she marries a non-Muslim, even if her Muslim

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A man from among the Ansar accepted Islam, then he apostatized and went back to Shirk. Then he regretted that, and sent word to his people (saying): 'Ask the Messenger of Allah , is there any repentance for me?' His people came to the Messenger of Allah and said: 'So and so regrets (what he did),

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The situation for apostates from Islam varies markedly between Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority regions. In Muslim-minority countries "any violence against those who abandon Islam is already illegal". But in Muslim-majority countries, violence is sometimes "institutionalised", and (at least in

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Throughout Islamic history the Muslim community, scholars, and schools of fiqh have agreed that scripture prescribes this penalty; scripture must take precedence over reason or modern norms of human rights, as Islam is the one true religion; "no compulsion in religion" (Q.2:256) does not apply to

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can be executed, whether apostasy is a violation of "the rights of God", whether apostates who were born Muslims may be spared if they repent, whether conviction requires the accused be a practicing Muslim, or whether it is enough to simply intend to commit apostasy rather than actually doing it.

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A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, "What is wrong with this (man)?" Abu Musa replied, "He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism." Mu'adh said, "I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the

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Writing in 2015, Ahmed Benchemsi argued that while Westerners have great difficulty even conceiving of the existence of an Arab atheist, "a generational dynamic" is underway with "large numbers" of young people brought up as Muslims "tilting away from ... rote religiosity" after having "personal

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In the colonial era, the death penalty for apostasy was abolished in Islamic countries that had come under Western rule or in places, such as the Ottoman Empire, Western powers could apply enough pressure to abolish it. Writing in the mid 1970s, Rudolph Peters and Gert J. J. De Vries stated that

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The three types (conversion, blasphemy and heresy) of apostasy may overlap – for example some "heretics" were alleged not to be actual self-professed Muslims, but (secret) members of another religion, seeking to destroy Islam from within. (Abdullah ibn Mayun al-Qaddah, for example, "fathered the

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killings have been directly by ISIL or through affiliated groups, from its inception in 2014 to 2020 according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance

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When I recently searched Facebook in both Arabic and English, combining the word ‘atheist’ with names of different Arab countries I turned up over 250 pages or groups, with memberships ranging from a few individuals to more than 11,000. And these numbers only pertain to Arab atheists (or Arabs

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Verse Q.2:217 – "hindering ˹others˺ from the Path of Allah, rejecting Him, and expelling the worshippers from the Sacred Mosque is ˹a˺ greater ˹sin˺ in the sight of Allah" – indicates the punishment for apostasy from Islam is death (Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi), Quranic verses in general "appear to

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The first method is used by those who are of the opinion that freedom of religion, as guaranteed by Islam, is embodied in the right of unbelievers to practise their religion freely without being forced to give it up or change it, excluding,....the freedom for Moslems to change their religion.

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Arguments against the death penalty include: that some scholars throughout Islamic history have opposed that punishment for apostasy; that it constitutes a form of compulsion in faith, which the Quran explicitly forbids in Q.2.256 and other verses, and that these override any other scriptural

4218:(Q.9:5), and there can be little doubt capital punishment for apostasy is incompatible with this principle – after all, if someone has the threat of death hanging over their head in a matter of faith, it cannot be said that there is "no compulsion or coercion" in their belief (Tariq Ramadan). 4678:

and early Abbasid periods, measures to defend Islam from apostasy "appear to have mostly remained limited to intellectual debates" He also states that "the most common category of apostates" – at least of apostates who converted to another religion – "from the very first days of Islam" were

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points out that the logic of widely accepted claim that anyone helping an apostate is themselves an apostate, is a powerful weapon in spreading fear among those who oppose the killings (in at least the country of Pakistan). It means that a doctor who agrees to treat an apostate wounded by

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In Saheeh al-Bukhaari (6104) and Saheeh Muslim (60) it is narrated from ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Umar ... that the Prophet ... said: “If a man declares his brother to be a kaafir, it will apply to one of them.” According to another report: “Either it is as he said, otherwise it will come back to

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In Islamic history, laws calling for severe penalties against apostasy (and blasphemy) have not been used to protect Islam, but "almost exclusively" to either eliminate "political dissidents" or target "vulnerable religious minorities" (Javaid Rehman), which is hardly something worthy of

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whole complex development of the Ismaili religion and organisation up to Fatimid times," was accused by his different detractors of being (variously) "a Jew, a Bardesanian and most commonly as an Iranian dualist") In Islamic literature, the term "blasphemy" sometimes also overlaps with

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861 AH/1457 CE); these days, the number of apostates is small, and does not politically threaten the Islamic community (Christine Schirrmacher describing the "liberal" position on apostasy); it should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder

3214:. As described above, the difference between legitimate Muslim sects and illegitimate apostate groups can be subtle and Muslims have not agreed on where the line dividing them lies. According to Gianluca Parolin, "collective apostasy has always been declared on a case-by-case basis". 2581:

There was a Christian who became Muslim and read the Baqarah and the Al Imran, and he used to write for the Prophet. He then went over to Christianity again, and he used to say, Muhammad does not know anything except what I wrote for him. Then Allah caused him to die and they buried

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Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and

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The hadith(s) "calling for apostates to be killed" are actually referring to "what can be considered in modern terms political treason", not change in personal belief (Mohamed Ghilan), (Adil Salahi), or collective conspiracy and treason against the government (Enayatullah Subhani),

5646:, etc. Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in Tafsir al-Minar, argue that the "freedom to apostatize", is different from freedom of religion on the grounds that apostasy from Islam infringes on the freedom of others and the respect due the religion of Islamic states. 5072:

Miller introduced the term 'Muslim-background believers' (MBBs) to encompass both groups, adding that the latter group are generally regarded as apostates from Islam, but orthodox Muslims' opinions on the former group is more mixed (either that 'Muslim followers of Jesus' are

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and he has told us to ask you if there is any repentance for him?' Then the Verses: 'How shall Allah guide a people who disbelieved after their Belief up to His saying: Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful' was revealed. So he sent word to him, and he accepted Islam.

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The Prophet Muhammad did not call for the deaths of contemporaries who left Islam (Mohamed Ghilan) – for example, apostates like "Hishâm and 'Ayyash", or converts to Christianity, such as "Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh" – and since what The Prophet did is by definition part of the

2305:) in the context of attitudes associated with impending punishment, divine anger, and the rejection of repentance for individuals who commit this act. Traditionally, these verses are thought to "appear to justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (according to 7575:

There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say that apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan

4267:"According to most established juristic schools, a hadith can limit the application of a general Qur'anic statement, but can never negate it", so the hadith calling for execution cannot abrogate the "There is no compulsion in religion" verse (Q.2:256) (Louay M. Safi). 2087:. Those who disagree argue that its punishment should be less than death, should occur in the afterlife, (human punishment being inconsistent with Quranic injunctions against compulsion in belief), or should apply only in cases of public disobedience and disorder ( 10003:

The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'When a person calls his brother (in Islam) a disbeliever, one of them will certainly deserve the title. If the addressee is so as he has asserted, the disbelief of the man is confirmed, but if it is untrue, then it will revert to

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7376: 4948:"apostasy no longer falls under criminal law" in the Muslim world, but that some Muslims (such as 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) were preaching that "the killing of an apostate" had "become a duty of individual Moslems" (rather than a less important collective duty in 4762:

wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj. (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for talking about being at one with God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the flat of a sword. He was not executed because the

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Heresy; or "implicit" apostasy (by a Muslim), where the alleged apostate does not formally renounce Islam, but has (in the eyes of their accusers) verbally denied some principle of belief prescribed by Qur'an or a Hadith; deviated from approved Islamic tenets

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Other hadith give differing statements about the fate of apostates; that they were spared execution by repenting, by dying of natural causes or by leaving their community (the last case sometimes cited as an example of open apostasy that was left unpunished).

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At least some conservative jurists and preachers have attempted to reconcile following the traditional doctrine of death for apostasy while addressing the principle of freedom of religion. Some of whom argue apostasy should have a lesser penalty than death.

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Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Sadr, a Shi'a cleric based in Iraq, has also stated that Verse 2:256 was revealed to the Prophet Mohammad regarding Muslims who had converted to Christianity, and that the Prophet Mohammad advised against forcing them to return to

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another reason not to use the hadith(s) stating “whoever changes his religion kill him” as the basis for law is that it is not among the class of hadith eligible to be used as the basis for "legal rulings binding upon all Muslims for all times" (Muhammad

2928:

While identifying someone who publicly converted to another religion as an apostate was straightforward, determining whether a diversion from orthodox doctrine qualified as heresy, blasphemy, or something permitted by God could be less so. Traditionally,

2309:), including the traditional capital punishment. Other scholars, by contrast, have pointed to a lack of any Quranic passage requiring the implementation of force to return apostates to Islam, nor any specific corporal punishment to apply to apostates in 11050:...participants generally refer to the established Saudi scholars. In this case, the most common source of reference was Muhammad Salih al-Munajid's well-known website: Islam Question and Answer which provides normative Saudi Arabian Salafi responses. 3354:, there are numerous doctrinal fine points outlined in fiqh manuals whose violation should render the violator an apostate, but there are also hurdles and exacting requirements that spare (self-proclaimed) Muslims conviction for apostasy in classical 7916:, 8, Tome 37, pp. 187–210, Mofid University (Iran), quote: "Shi'a jurisprudence makes a distinction between an apostate who is born to Muslim parents (murtad-i fitri) and an apostate who is born to non-Muslim parents (murtad-i milli)." (section 1.3) 4413:

Executing apostates is a violation of the human right to freedom of religion, and somewhat hypocritical for a religion that enthusiastically encourages non-Muslims to apostatize from their current faith and convert to Islam (Non-Muslims and liberal

6085:

From 1985 to 2006, only four individuals were officially executed for apostasy from Islam by governments, "one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992." These were sometimes charged with unrelated political

4971:, particularly if the apostate is vocal. In some countries, it is not uncommon for "vigilante" Muslims to kill or attempt to kill apostates or alleged apostates, in the belief they are enforcing sharia law that the government has failed to. 10348: 10752:

No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown

14042: 3744:

channel, reaches a reported 100 million viewers, and whose debates and talks are widely distributed, supports the death penalty only for those apostates who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" as he considers it

3708:− as well as a valuable ally of the Egyptian government in its struggle against the "growing tide of Islamic fundamentalism", was "widely credited" with contributing to the 20th century Islamic revival in the largest Arabic country, 2072:). Another thirteen countries have penal or civil penalties for apostates – such as imprisonment, the annulment of their marriages, the loss of their rights of inheritance and the loss of custody of their children. 8649: 4958:

the execution of apostates), with authenticity and legitimacy. Autocratic rulers "often align themselves with traditional religious scholars" to deflect grassroots discontent, which took the form of angry pious traditionalists.

3691:"The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present" consider apostasy "a crime deserving the death penalty", according to Abdul Rashided Omar, writing circa 2007. Some notable contemporary proponents include: 8354:, pp. 23–24. New Delhi, India: Global Media Publications. Quote: "This was an open case of apostasy. But the Prophet neither punished the Bedouin nor asked anyone to do it. He allowed him to leave Madina. Nobody harmed him." 2933:

did not formulate general rules for establishing unbelief, instead, compiled sometimes lengthy lists of statements and actions which in their view implied apostasy or were incompatible with Islamic "theological consensus".

6250:

Muhammad had been unimpressed by claims that the dead man had adopted Islam only for fear of death. 'Who will absolve you, Usama,` he asked the killer repeatedly, for ignoring the confession of faith?`" source: ibn Ishaq,

4093:

Apostasy is usually "a psychological pretext for rebellion against worship, traditions and laws and even against the foundations of the state", and so "is often synonymous with the crime of high treason ... " (Muhammad

3679:: "Since he left Islam, he will be invited to express his regret. If he does not regret, he will be killed according to rights and obligations of the Islamic law." The Fatwa also mentions that the same applies to his 3190:. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically implies a Muslim has left the fold of Islam. A Muslim may find himself accused of being a blasphemer, and thus an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance. 14484: 3069:

writes that "used wrongly or unrestrainedly, this sanction would quickly lead to discord and sedition in the ranks of the faithful. Muslims might resort to mutually excommunicating one another and thus propel the

4247:) (e.g. "If they do not withdraw from you, and offer you peace, and restrain their hands, take them and kill them wherever ye come upon them" Q.4:90), (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 3629:(d) In case the entire family has left Islam, or there are no surviving Muslim relatives recognized by Sharia, the apostate's inheritance rights are lost and property is liquidated by the Islamic state (part of 11512: 8578: 6380: 3045:

writes that in "religious polemic" of early Islamic times, it was common for one scholar to accuse another of apostasy, but attempts to bring an alleged apostate to justice (have them executed) were very rare.

6684: 9589:"Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule" 2745:

secondly, there had to follow unbelief (meaning the public declaration of a breaking-away from Islam), (having done these two the Muslim is now an unbeliever but not yet an apostate and thus not eligible for

3312:, (according to Abdul Rashied Omar), although "a growing body of Islamic jurists" oppose this, (according to Javaid Rehman) as inconsistent with "freedom of religion" as expressed in the Quranic injunctions 3767:, one of the most popular Islamic websites, and (as of November 2015 and according to Alexa.com) the world's most popular website on the topic of Islam generally (apart from the website of an Islamic bank). 3057:, "that takfir is not a fruitful path and that utmost caution is to taken in applying it", but in other writing, he made sure to condemn as beyond the pale of Islam "philosophers and Ismaili esotericists". 4089:

Because "the social order of every Moslem society is Islam", apostasy constitutes "an offense" against that social order, "that may lead in the end to the destruction of this order" (Muhammad Muhiy al-Din

5065:), who continue to self-identify as 'Muslims', or at least say Islam is (part of) their 'culture' rather than religion, but "understand themselves to be following Jesus as he is portrayed in the Bible". 4966:

While as of 2004 apostasy from Islam is a capital offence in only eight majority-Muslim states, in other states that do not directly execute apostates, apostate killing is sometimes facilitated through

13054: 10624: 4798:

Muslim countries where the death penalty for the crime of apostasy is in force or has been proposed as of 2013. Many other Muslim countries impose a prison term for apostasy or they prosecute it under

2442:, Heffening holds that contrary to the Quran, "in traditions , there is little echo of these punishments in the next world... and instead, we have in many traditions a new element, the death penalty." 3586:

was found to be an apostate by an Egyptian court, it meant only an involuntary divorce from his wife (who did not want to divorce), but it put the proverbial target on his back and he fled to Europe.

10345: 3243:; and whether or not they know anything about Islam, by simply practicing the (new) religion of their parent(s) they become apostates (according to the committee of fatwa scholars at Islamweb.net). 11323: 4544:) after the death of Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. Shias believe 10965: 14028: 10831: 4072:

It "does not merit discussion" because apostasy from Islam is so rare (Ali Kettani), (Mahmud Brelvi); before the modern era, there was virtually no apostasy from Islam (Syed Barakat Ahmad).

3186:(apostasy). Because blasphemy in Islam included rejection of fundamental doctrines, blasphemy has historically been seen as an evidence of rejection of Islam, that is, the religious crime of 3025:, this act was automatically deemed to be proof of apostasy—because Islam teaches Muhammad was the last prophet, there could be no more after him. This view is alleged to be the basis of the 4457:

takes a less strict line (mentioned above), stating that only those Muslims who "propagate the non-Islamic faith and speak against Islam" after converting from Islam should be put to death.

9093:

Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. 275–289, 321–324

12333:, (Amarko Book Agency, New Delhi: 1975. First edn. published by Marshall Bros. Ltd., London: 1924) p. 9. Zwemer cites from 'Apostasy and its Consequences under Islam and Christianity' in 7208: 14736:

Monshipouri (1998), "Muslim World Half a Century after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Progress and Obstacles", The Netherlands Quarterly Hum. Rts., 16(3), pp. 289–290, 287–314

13863: 13365: 10861: 10444: 9957: 8497: 7798: 7986: 3366:

those who embraced Islam under conditions of duress and then went back to their old religion, or Muslims who converted to another religion involuntarily, either force or as concealment (

10764:

Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd

8842:

But, added al-Ghazali, that applies only to Muslim apostates, and one commits apostasy only when one denies the essential dogmas: monotheism, Muhammad's prophecy, and the Last Judgment.

3434:) agree on some issues—that male apostates should be executed, and that most but not all perpetrators should not be given a chance to repent; among the excluded are those who practice 10658: 5044:

have suffered from accusations of apostasy and demands to execute them, issued by Islamic clerics such as Mahmoud Ashur, Mustafa Al-Shak'a, Mohammed Ra'fat Othman and Yusif Al-Badri.

4383:

Transcending tribalism with religious (Islamic) unity could mean prevention of civil war in Muhammad's era, so to violate religious unity meant violating civil peace (Mohamed Ghilan).

4295:) and were not widely known amongst the Companions of the Prophet," and so ought not abrogate Quranic verses of tolerance (Peters and Vries describing argument of Islamic Modernists). 10593: 2316:– let alone commands to kill apostates – either explicitly or implicitly. Some verses have been cited as emphasizing mercy and a lack of compulsion with respect to religious belief ( 13031: 11145: 4860:(d. 1996), on the other hand, asserted that public, explicit apostasy automatically tened public order and hence; punishable by death. These scholars reconciled the Qur'anic verse 4477:

The charge of apostasy has often been used by religious authorities to condemn and punish skeptics, dissidents, and minorities in their communities. From the earliest times of the

7537: 6497:

By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith

4079:

The verse only forbids compulsion to believe "things that are wrong", when it comes to accepting the truth, compulsion is allowed (Peters and Vries explaining a traditional view).

14267: 14179: 13836: 12616: 5547:(Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) did not permit Pew Research to survey nationwide public opinion on apostasy in 2010 or 2012. The survey also did not include 2776:

in particular the duty to pray, clearly count as apostasy for most theologians. Additional distinguishing features are a change of religion, confessing atheism, nullifying the

2021: 12886:

Silverman, A. L. (2002), "Just War, jihad, and terrorism: a comparison of Western and Islamic norms for the use of political violence", Journal Ch. & State, 44, pp. 73–89

4386:

Capital punishment for apostasy is a time-bound command, applying only to those Arabs who denied the truth even after having Muhammad himself explain and clarify it to them (

10708: 4674:

caliphs al-Mu'taṣim (218–28 AH/833–42 CE) and al-Mutawakkil (233–47 /847–61) that we find detailed accounts" of apostates and what was done with them. Prior to that, in the

1062: 801: 11777:

verses. The current interpretation of this verse, however, was that it forbids compulsion to things that are wrong (batil) but not compulsion to accept the truth" (p. 15).

5094:

doubts" about the "illogicalities" of the Quran and Sunnah. Immigrant apostates from Islam in Western countries "converting" to Atheism have often gathered for comfort in

30:

This article is about a general description and examination of apostasy from Islam. For the situation of those accused of apostasy from Islam (ex-Muslims) by country, see

12673: 11297: 10407: 6916: 12781: 4631:. Notable Christian converts to Islam who reportedly reverted to Christianity and were executed under the Islamic death penalty for this reason include "Kyros", who was 8158:. Quote: "He notes that the Qur'ān itself does not mandate any this-worldly punishment for religious apostasy but defers punishment until the next (cf. Qur'ān 2:217)." 4754:

pilgrimage was not required of a pure Muslim (i.e. killed for heresy which made him an apostate), but it is thought he would have been spared execution except that the

11506: 8570: 6372: 2817:) (by a Muslim) against God, Islam, its laws or its prophet, which can be defined, in practice, as any objection to the authenticity of Islam, its laws or its prophet. 12159:), circa late 1950s, English Translation entitled Murder in the Name of Allah, translated by Syed Barakat Ahmad (Lutterworth Press, Cambridge: 1989) p. 75; quoted in 6673: 4921:. The Edict of Toleration ultimately failed when Sultan Abdul Hamid II assumed power, re-asserted pan-Islamism with sharia as Ottoman state philosophy, and initiated 4318:

The punishment or lack for apostasy should reflect the circumstances of the Muslim community which is very different now then when the death penalty was established;

2046:

where apostasy from Islam was punishable by death, but legal executions are rare. Most punishment is extra-judicial/vigilante, and most executions are perpetrated by

14087: 12040: 9795: 4174: 13548:| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-'Adni, Abu 'Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) 13122: 12555: 5125:

apostasy was confined to a tiny fringe; in other countries (especially in the Arab world and South Asia) majorities and large minorities support the death penalty.

16354: 13190: 9127:

Burhani A. N. (2013), Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia, Contemporary Islam, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp. 286–288, 285–301

8979: 8798: 10739: 5132:

the law of the land were asked for their views on the death penalty for apostasy from Islam. The results are summarized in the table below. (Note that values for

4992:

doctrine of Islam has traditionally allowed any Muslim to accuse another Muslim or ex-Muslim for beliefs that may harm Islamic society, i.e. violate the norms of

4786:

were captured and executed on charges of apostasy from Islam by his brother Aurangzeb although historians agree it was more political than a religious execution.

3476:

crime. Unlike in other schools, it is not obligatory to call on the apostate to repent. Apostate males are to be killed, while apostate females are to be held in

1885: 16236: 10804: 4815: 4623:

for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, repudiation of the Islamic religion and subsequent

15604: 14381: 11271: 11065: 7323: 4106:

arguments; and especially that the death penalty in hadith and applied by Muhammad was for treasonous/seditious behavior, not for a change in personal belief.

3899: 13065: 10616: 5068:'Christians from a Muslim background' (abbreviated CMBs), also known as 'ex-Muslim Christians', who have completely abandoned Islam in favour of Christianity. 3100:'s jihadis were wrong, but there is less unanimity in other cases, such as what to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) – post-modernist academic 14511: 4852:(d. 1905) argued that to be executed, it was not enough to be an apostate, the perpetrator had to pose a real threat to public safety. Islamic scholars like 3512:, according to the traditional view of the Mālikī school. Unlike other schools, the apostates must have a history of being "good" (i.e., practicing) Muslims. 1982:

or heresy by those who consider themselves Muslims, through any action or utterance which implies unbelief, including those who deny a "fundamental tenet or

15147: 10553: 9393:(Musalmanon ki Takfir ka Mas‘alah, by Maulana Abdul-Majeed Salik, pp. 7–8, printed by Naqoosh Press Lahore, Anjuman Tahaffuz-e-Pakistan Lahore); quoted in 2017: 9448: 9369: 6972: 6350: 4864:

by arguing that freedom of religion in Islam doesn't extend for Muslims who seek to change their religion. Other authors like 'Abd al-Muta'ali al-Sa'idi,

3049:

The tension between desire to cleanse Islam of heresy and fear of inaccurate takfir is suggested in the writings of some of the leading Islamic scholars.

3041:, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have said: "If a man says to his brother, 'You are an infidel,' then one of them is right." Historian 16221: 11330: 9240: 8765: 8548: 6526: 2652: 1856: 1057: 796: 13353:

Khoury, Adel Theodoro. 1994. Christen unterm Halbmond. Religiöse Minderheiten unter der Herrschaft des Islams. Freiburg: Herder, pp. 101–192; quoted in

2763:), should not be given a chance to repent, eliminating Al-Shafi'i's third condition for them although his view was not accepted by his Shafi'i madhhab. 2694:

fight Allah and His Apostle, in which case he should be killed or crucified or exiled from the land; or one who commits murder for which he is killed."

2685: 2613: 2593: 2554: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2458: 12593: 10962: 4171:(707–774 CE), all distinguished between non-seditious religious apostasy on the one hand and treason on the other, with execution reserved for treason. 10827: 7947: 5582:

2007) "hundreds and thousands of closet apostates" live in fear of violence and are compelled to live lives of "extreme duplicity and mental stress."

3560:

crime. The "mere intention of unbelief" without expression qualifies as apostasy. Unlike the other schools, repentance will not save a defendant from

2705: 10192: 7928: 6715:

Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

2717:

Scholars of Islam differ as to what constitutes apostasy in that religion and under what circumstances an apostate is subject to the death penalty.

12433: 9490: 9415: 2478: 2468: 16320: 14476: 14006: 12331:

The Law of Apostasy in Islam: Answering the Question Why There are so Few Moslem Converts, and Giving Examples of Their Moral Courage and Martyrdom

10550:"English: This Fatawa describes how an Egyptian man turned apostate and the subsequent punishment prescribed for him by the Al-Azhr Fatawa council" 6241:

the prescription of death penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state

3198:

In collective apostasy, a self-proclaimed Islamic group/sect are declared to be heretics/apostates. Groups treated as collective apostates include

3130: 1169: 1136: 12135: 10527: 9069: 8884: 8439: 8319:

Sherazad Hamit (2006), "Apostasy and the Notion of Religious Freedom in Islam", Macalester Islam Journal, Volume 1, Spring 2006 Issue 2, pp. 32–38

10857: 7675: 7200: 4837:

in 1844. The implementation of this ban was resisted by religious officials and proved difficult. A series of edicts followed during the Ottoman

1181: 13854: 13356: 10941: 10913: 10435: 9948: 8488: 7789: 7246: 1896: 14780: 11578: 11549: 7968: 1473: 14084: 9735: 5538:

Visualisation of the total % of Muslims per country who support the death penalty for apostasy according to the 2013 Pew report's values.

5022:

attacker(s), or a police officer who has agreed to protect that doctor after they have been threatened is also an apostate – "and on and on".

4710:

in some societies they are punishable, at least to the extent the perpetrator is silenced. In particular, blasphemy against God and insulting

16649: 10077:

Muslims who were forced to choose between recanting Islam or suffering persecution were, and still are, permitted to lie by feigning apostasy

8298: 3564:, unless they are "national apostates" who were not born Muslims but converted to Islam before apostasizing, although it is disputed by some 3251:

In the 19th, 20th and 21 century issues affecting shariʿah on apostasy include modern norms of freedom of religion, the status of members of

3092:

There is general agreement among Muslims that the takfir and mass killings of alleged apostates perpetrated not only by ISIL but also by the

2742:"first, the apostate had to once have had faith (which, according to Al-Shafi'i's definition, means publicly professing all tenets of Islam); 1121: 4659:, and Eulogius' hagiography describes in detail the executions of the martyrs for capital violations of Islamic law, including apostasy and 3716:

law to be apostates who should ideally be punished by the state, but "when the state fails to punish apostates, somebody else has to do it".

2780:

as well as judging what is allowed to be forbidden and judging what is forbidden to be allowed. Fighting against Muslims and Islam (Arabic:

14806: 11378: 10577: 10252: 9686: 1206: 1131: 13023: 8682: 7279: 7143:. associate editors Patricia Crone, Wadid Kadi, Devin J. Stewart and Muhammad Qasim Zaman; assistant editor Mahan Mirza. Princeton, N.J.: 4996:(Islamic law). This principle has been used in countries such as Egypt, Pakistan and others to bring blasphemy charges against apostates. 16251: 11142: 10683: 9139:

Nuh Ha Mim Keller (1997), Umdat as-Salik by Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law,

7533: 4807: 3568:. "Innate" apostates, who grew up Muslims and remained Muslim after puberty and until converting to another religion, should be executed. 1157: 14176: 13833: 13541: 8930: 7868: 4635:

in 769 CE, “Holy Elias” in 795 CE, and “Holy Bacchus” in 806 CE. The martyrdoms of forty-eight Christian martyrs that took place in the

4481:, the crime of apostasy and execution for apostasy has driven major events in the development of the Islamic religion. For example, the 4189:(d. 1090), believed that an apostate should be asked to repent indefinitely (which would be incompatible with being sentenced to death). 3145:) have killed hundreds of Ahmadis in that country. Whether this is unjust takfir or applying sharia to collective apostasy is disputed. 3093: 2069: 2065: 15010: 14450: 14275: 13000: 5619: 5595: 4730:, atheist or heretic who conceal their religion), experienced a wave of persecutions from 779 to 786. A history of those times states: 3329: 3321: 3317: 2113:, which means 'one who turns back' from Islam. (Another source – Oxford Islamic Studies Online – defines 1606: 10650: 16325: 16241: 7331: 5591: 5026: 3922: 3293:

There are differences of opinion among Islamic scholars about whether, when and especially how apostasy in Islam should be punished.

1768: 1463: 8723: 16342: 14302: 12771:"Freedom of expression, apostasy, and blasphemy within Islam: Sharia, criminal justice systems, and modern Islamic state practices" 12516: 12001: 11206: 6870: 5014: 1126: 11976:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

10700: 6845:

Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.).

16639: 16305: 16226: 14561: 13400: 11168: 4443:) noted, this "freedom" has the advantage that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to". 3518:

school – waiting period of three days is required to allow the apostates time to repent and return to Islam. Failing repentance,

1849: 1468: 442: 15080: 6946: 6700:, that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance or ... renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty. 4221:

Neither verse Q.2:217, (Mirza Tahir Ahmad), nor any other Quranic verse say anything to indicate an apostate should be punished

3578:

to kill apostates or alleged apostates (or force them to flee the country). In at least one case, the high profile execution of

16246: 15194: 13817: 12657: 11293: 10731: 10391: 7499: 6900: 6794: 5706: 5623: 5534: 3723: 3698:(1903–1979), who "by the time of his death had become the most widely read Muslim author of our time", according to one source. 2938:, for example, devoting "chapters to dealing with takfir and the reasons for which one can be accused of unbelief" in his work 12770: 11511:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 69–70. 3502:

school – allows up to ten days for recantation, after which the apostates must be killed. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3259:

faiths (considered appostates from Islam in Pakistan and elsewhere), those who "refuse to judge or be judged according to the

16654: 16256: 16213: 12399: 11688: 10898: 10767: 9716:. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 77–78. 5605: 2013: 329: 13736: 13575: 12823: 12717: 4009:

The question of whether apostates should be killed, has been "a matter for contentious dispute throughout Islamic history".

16634: 13417: 9765: 7570: 6201:

More recently, a growing body of Islamic jurists have relied on Quranic verses which advocate absolute freedom of religion.

4871: 4326:

penalty for apostasy found in hadith was aimed at prevention of aggression against Muslims and sedition against the state (

3814:, Director of Department of Philosophy and Theology - Center of Scientific and Cultural Publishing, Tehran (1998–2003) and 3332:("there is no compulsion in religion"); and a relic of the early Islamic community when apostasy was desertion or treason. 3078: 13655: 13514: 13473: 12743: 11655: 11609: 10485: 9787: 3704:(1917–1996), considered an Islamic "moderate" and "preeminent" faculty member of Egypt's preeminent Islamic institution – 11406: 4690:, argues execution was rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the 4018:

this punishment; apostasy is "spiritual and cultural" treason; it hardly ever happens and so is not worth talking about.

17: 14225: 13221:"Decapitation of Christians and Muslims in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula: Narratives, Images, Contemporary Perceptions" 8968: 8790: 3082: 3065:

also "warned against unbridled takfir" while takfiring "specific categories" of theological opponents as "unbelievers".

15092: 15058: 15037: 15018: 14984: 14882: 14853: 14755: 14724: 14704: 14680: 14652: 14592: 14541: 14422: 14255: 14204: 14072: 13927: 13895: 13788: 13766: 13700: 13623: 13569: 13303: 13176: 13116: 12944: 12924: 12904: 12817: 12711: 12667: 12549: 12279: 12252: 12228: 12114: 12034: 11987: 11960: 11930: 11905: 11880: 11437: 11372: 11042: 10989: 10521: 10401: 10374: 10318: 10294: 10246: 10213: 10097: 10070: 9899: 9871: 9835: 9680: 9574: 9484: 9409: 9234: 9207: 9144: 9112: 9063: 8878: 8835: 8759: 8622: 8542: 8433: 8230: 8184: 8124: 8092: 7980: 7851: 7742: 7707: 7608: 7184: 7152: 7095: 7068: 7041: 7005: 6910: 6856: 6829: 6754: 6659: 6638: 6614: 6520: 6336: 5987: 5977: 5963: 5944: 5922: 5900: 5878: 5856: 5834: 5813: 5789: 5767: 4435:, stated that "if an individual doubts Islam, he does not become the subject of punishment, but if the doubt is openly 1842: 11921:

Saeed, Abdullah (2005). "Ridda and the case for decriminalization of apostasy". In Oliver Leaman; et al. (eds.).

10801: 9165: 5782:

Nieuwe Vrijdenkers: 12 voormalige moslims vertellen hun verhaal (New Freethinkers: 12 Former Muslims Tell Their Story)

4337:

The concept of apostasy as treason is not so much part of Islam, as part of the pre-modern era when classical Islamic

16108: 16062: 15722: 15716: 13730: 12502: 11259: 11237: 11001: 9588: 8017:

Other verses nonetheless appear to justify coercion and severe punishment for apostates, renegades and unbelievers...

6050: 4819: 3978: 3940: 3891: 2397: 2235: 1914: 1722: 1313: 1106: 507: 14389: 11452:

Mohammad Iqbal Siddiqi, The Penal Law of Islam (International Islamic Publishers, New Delhi: 1991) p. 96; quoted in

11062: 10118: 9990: 4778:

declared Central Asian Turko-Mongol Muslims as apostates due to the invasion of Ghazan Khan; in 17th-century India,

2379: 2217: 16644: 15979: 15835: 15370: 15266: 12368: 12190: 11483: 10037: 8058: 6589: 5103: 4868:, etc assert that capital punishment for apostasy is contradictory to freedom of religion and need to be banished. 3014: 107: 14507: 10890: 9544: 4139:(though a minority) over the centuries who argued against the death penalty for apostasy in some way, such as ... 16463: 16279: 15151: 13980: 13853:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

13355:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

10434:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

9947:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

8487:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

7788:

Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.).

6040: 5739: 5095: 4954:

doctrine) and giving advice on how to plead in court after being arrested for such a murder to avoid punishment.

4926: 4901: 4811: 3142: 3033:

While there are numerous requirements for a Muslim to avoid being an apostate, it is also an act of apostasy, in

689: 39: 11032: 8387: 4774:

along with followers of Ismaili sect of Islam were killed on charges of being apostates; in 14th-century Syria,

4682:

Some sources emphasize that executions of apostates have been "rare in Islamic history". According to historian

3003:

Though disputed to express uncertainty such as "'I do not know why God mentioned this or that in the Quran'...";

2949:

and other scholarly works (i.e. works written by Islamic scholars) that allegedly demonstrate apostasy include:

2602:

said: "Medina is like a pair of bellows (furnace): It expels its impurities and brightens and clears its good."

16528: 16086: 15984: 14954: 14108: 13316: 13225: 12994: 12628: 12269: 10587: 9440: 9359:"Open Letter to 'Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi', To the fighters and followers of the self-declared 'Islamic State' ..." 9358: 8257: 8155: 7126: 6968: 6302: 6219:

See for example al-Shatibi, al-Muafaqat (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma'rifah, n.d.), vol. 3, pp. 15–26; quoted in

6045: 3895: 2987:

According to some to ridicule Islamic scholars or address them in a derisive manner, to reject the validity of

2364: 2202: 1712: 1599: 634: 14333: 9224: 8749: 8532: 6510: 5057:

Regarding Muslim converts to Christianity, Duane Alexander Miller (2016) identified two different categories:

4378:); Jews who abandoned the God of Israel to worship other deities "were condemned to stoning" (Jonathan Brown). 3252: 2726: 2035:

jurists held the view that for adult men, apostasy from Islam was a crime as well as a sin, punishable by the

1642: 15896: 15655: 15390: 9927: 8391: 8364: 4505:, and numerous deaths on both sides. Sunni and Shia sects of Islam have long accused each other of apostasy. 3849: 2660: 1323: 378: 12585: 11505:

Ali, Cheragh (December 2014). "The Modern Period: Sources". In Anderson, Matthew; Taliaferro, Karen (eds.).

10139:

Frank Griffel (2001), "Toleration and exclusion: al-Shafi 'i and al-Ghazali on the treatment of apostates",

8328:

David Forte (1994), "Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan", Conn. Journal Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 43–45, 27–47

3470:, although the delay before killing the apostates is not mandatory. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a 2872: 1363: 16448: 16425: 16045: 15901: 15891: 15797: 15508: 14298: 7944: 5824: 5576: 4842: 4393:

Now the only reason to kill an apostate is to eliminate the danger of war, not because of their disbelief (

1671: 410: 31: 12341:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 12163:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 11456:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 10346:

Professor Nasr Hamed Abu Zaid: Modernist islamic philosopher who was forced into exile by fundamentalists

10189: 8639: 8031:"The Interpretation of Qur'anic Text to Promote or Negate the Death Penalty for Apostates and Blasphemers" 7925: 16550: 16415: 16231: 15999: 15792: 15227: 13242: 12429: 9471: 9396: 6025: 5099: 4679:"Christians and Jews who converted to Islam and after some time" reconverted back to their former faith. 4620: 4579: 4214:), "general, overriding principle(s)" (Khaled Abou El Fadl) of Islam, and not abrogated by hadith or the 3561: 3541: 3519: 3509: 3485: 3467: 3398: 3309: 2084: 2036: 2008: 1970:, in thought, word, or through deed. It includes not only explicit renunciations of the Islamic faith by 1727: 1697: 808: 457: 284: 5000:

been social persecution for Muslims converting to Christianity. For example, the Christian organisation

4311:

should be defined as "the public act of political secession from the Muslim community" (Jonathan Brown).

3345: 2803:, an Afghan who was arrested in February 2006 and threatened with the death penalty in a lower court in 16629: 16310: 16193: 15710: 15187: 13538: 13238: 13168: 13108: 12132: 10511: 9593: 9053: 8868: 8423: 7626:

Forte, D. F. (1994), Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan, Conn. Journal of Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 27–41

7176: 7144: 6228:"The sunnah, which is consistent with the Qur’an, reserves the death penalty for those who apostatised 6134:

writes that "nothing in the law governing apostates and apostasy derives from the letter" of the Quran.

4624: 4168: 3676: 3385:

Some of these requirements have served as "loopholes" to exonerate apostates (apostasy charges against

3240: 2636:

admonishes a Muslim leader for not giving an apostate the opportunity to repent before being executed:

1785: 1433: 1101: 925: 751: 497: 13890:

Selim Deringi (2012), Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press,

5849:

The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam (Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah)

4825:

prohibition on the execution of apostates in the Ottoman Empire. British envoy to the court of Sultan

3263:" and more recently the status of Muslims authorities and governments that do not implement classical 16390: 16091: 15920: 15616: 15396: 15359: 13685:

Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought

13100:

A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

13099: 11713:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: 'Isa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1387–88/1967–68, 4 volumes; v. 1 p. 233; quoted in 10937: 10910: 5635: 4616: 4608: 3968: 3308:

In contemporary times the majority of Islamic jurists still regard apostasy as a crime deserving the

3275: 3138: 2083:; among Islamic jurists, the majority of them continue to regard apostasy as a crime which should be 2043: 1652: 1622: 1592: 1547: 890: 592: 304: 14772: 4738:) had once said, "except in matters dangerous to religious beliefs, or to the Sovereign's dignity." 3974: 16545: 16274: 16098: 15871: 15409: 14910: 13915: 10920:'s response to Mohamed Nazim; Location: Maafaanu stadium, Male', 10:30 pm Friday 28 May 2010, p. 4. 9727: 9319:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 9277:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 8960: 8911: 7600: 7400:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 6015: 5680: 5544: 4830: 4771: 4494: 4461: 3756: 3547: 1824: 1790: 1692: 524: 324: 14356:"Anti-al Qaeda base envisioned; Exiled Egyptian cleric seeking to reclaim Islam in 'war of ideas'" 10549: 10286: 8290: 4656: 3227: 1889:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

16408: 15282: 14029:"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All" 10813: 8147: 7238: 7118: 5755: 5179: 3992: 3948: 3926: 3835: 3114: 3109:

the pale of Islam according to one or the other group of religious leaders".) In the case of the

2749:"third, there had to be the omission or failure to repent after the apostate was asked to do so." 2375: 2213: 1657: 1510: 119: 15436: 14802: 11362: 10236: 9670: 8614: 8341:, in Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd Edition, Leiden: Brill, Eds: Gudrun Kramer et al, Vol. 1, p. 132 8222: 8216: 7912:

Mousavian, S. A. A. (2005), "A Discussion on the Apostate's Repentance in Shi'a Jurisprudence",

5136:

have been derived from the values for the other two groups and are not part of the Pew report.)

2973:

belief that things in themselves or by their nature have a cause independent of the will of God;

1250: 16560: 16489: 16458: 16398: 15380: 15375: 15293: 13919: 13909: 13409: 13164: 11093: 9863: 8671: 7834: 7268: 6035: 6005: 4667: 4604: 4556:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 4552:

to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shias and the Sunnis during the

4533: 4509: 4196:

There are problems with the scriptural basis for sharia commanding the execution of apostates.

3829: 3791: 3781: 3534:

school – waiting period not necessary, but may be granted. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3386: 3375: 3256: 3026: 3018: 2800: 1940: 1647: 1378: 814: 573: 339: 13609: 12024: 11950: 11870: 10680: 6995: 4644: 3522:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam. Apostasy from Islam is not considered a

16506: 16484: 15303: 15180: 14412: 14000: 13413: 13160: 13094: 12539: 12491:

Wood, Asimi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law".

10060: 9827: 9821: 8919: 8827: 8821: 8172: 8080: 7876: 7732: 7085: 7058: 6584: 6112: 4878: 4450: 4394: 4331: 4240: 3930: 3918: 3821: 3733: 2832: 2734:

listed three necessary conditions to pass capital punishment on a Muslim for apostasy in his

2665: 2438: 2423: 2129:

in a political context. A person born to a Muslim father who later rejects Islam is called a

1763: 1743: 1451: 1290: 1091: 568: 393: 177: 132: 14645:

Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights

14442: 13152: 12970: 10278: 7592: 7029: 6817: 5937:

Leaving Faith Behind: The journeys and perspectives of people who have chosen to leave Islam

4726:(often a "blanket phrase" for "intellectuals" under suspicion of having abandoned Islam" or 4648: 4636: 4597: 16173: 16080: 16025: 9315:

This is our aqidah and this is our methodology . (2015). Al-Himmah Publications; cited in

8250:

La 'ikraha fi al-din: 'ichkaliyat al-riddah wa al-murtaddin min sadr al-Islam hatta al-yawm

6264:

examples of countries where the government does not facilitate extra-judicial killings are

5711: 5700: 5601: 4589: 4207:

disbelieve,' (Q.18:29) – are "absolute and universal" statement(s) (Jonathan A.C. Brown), (

4143: 4022: 3748: 3695: 3579: 3551: 3477: 3133:, that Ahmadis are non-Muslims and deprived them of religious rights. Several large riots ( 3097: 2848: 2792: 2371: 2209: 2075:

In the contemporary Muslim world, public support for capital punishment varies from 78% in

1971: 1892: 1800: 1368: 1162: 756: 11508:

Islam and Religious Freedom : A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological and Legal Texts

5061:'Muslims followers of Jesus Christ', 'Jesus Muslims' or 'Messianic Muslims' (analogous to 4978:

Penalties (actual or proposed) for apostasy in some Muslim-majority countries as of 2020.

3659: 3603:(a) the property of the apostate is seized and distributed to his or her Muslim relatives; 3550:

or Imāmī school – Male apostates must be executed, while female apostates must be held in

2788:

Kamran Hashemi classifies apostasy or unbelief in Islam into three different "phenomena":

2156: 1270: 8: 16403: 16284: 16178: 15994: 15491: 15288: 15002: 13312: 12739: 12102: 11154: 11096:(1998). "Punishment in Islamic Law: a Critique of The Hudud Bill of Kelantan, Malaysia". 10279: 8708: 8245: 7695: 7593: 7404: 6174:

Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014; 2015

6095: 6030: 6020: 5121: 5082: 5033: 4941: 4857: 4660: 4628: 4485:(civil wars of apostasy) shook the Muslim community in 632–633 AD, immediately after the 4387: 3986: 3954: 3914: 3910: 3862: 3845: 3705: 3701: 3668: 3481: 3154: 2977: 2810: 2415: 1979: 1795: 1773: 1753: 1662: 1631: 1535: 1505: 736: 682: 578: 212: 112: 12512: 12492: 11997: 11977: 11198: 6866: 6846: 16565: 16479: 16330: 16266: 16074: 16050: 15727: 15705: 15665: 15555: 15468: 15419: 15385: 15276: 14941: 14933: 14625: 14557: 14143: 13972: 13439: 13336: 13272: 13264: 12869: 12508: 12472: 12360: 12312: 12182: 12084: 11993: 11851: 11811: 11767: 11732: 11572: 11543: 11475: 11115: 11098: 10029: 9856: 9536: 9340: 9298: 9031: 8644: 8607: 8050: 7466: 7368: 6862: 6565: 6488: 5844: 5695: 5449: 4922: 4612: 4275:

of Islam, this indicates "that one who changes her/his religion should not be killed" (

3982: 3958: 3856: 3680: 2647: 2621: 2572: 2411: 1805: 1480: 1456: 1318: 1096: 1081: 991: 844: 602: 559: 529: 512: 487: 432: 388: 100: 14835: 11172: 10963:

Al Jazeera Studies: "Arab World Journalism in a Post-Beheading Era" by Thembisa Fakude

7829: 6938: 5111:

concerned with the topic of atheism) who are committed enough to leave a trace online.

3726:, who as of 2009 was "considered one of the most influential" Islamic scholars living. 16540: 16535: 16430: 16420: 16103: 15941: 15784: 15695: 15456: 15446: 15441: 15431: 15426: 15259: 15054: 15033: 15014: 14990: 14980: 14945: 14878: 14859: 14849: 14845: 14831: 14751: 14720: 14700: 14676: 14648: 14588: 14537: 14418: 14251: 14200: 14104: 14068: 13933: 13923: 13891: 13814: 13784: 13762: 13726: 13696: 13619: 13565: 13443: 13431: 13340: 13328: 13276: 13256: 13251: 13220: 13182: 13172: 13112: 12990: 12940: 12920: 12900: 12873: 12844:

Administrative court, judicial year 61, case 1318, decision 8 January 2008; cited in

12813: 12707: 12663: 12624: 12545: 12498: 12275: 12248: 12224: 12110: 12030: 11983: 11956: 11926: 11901: 11876: 11433: 11368: 11264:[Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: 'Not Every Conversion is Apostasy']. 11233: 11038: 10985: 10583: 10517: 10397: 10370: 10314: 10290: 10242: 10209: 10162: 10093: 10066: 9895: 9867: 9831: 9714:

Islam and Religious Freedom: A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological, and Legal Texts

9676: 9570: 9480: 9405: 9344: 9302: 9230: 9203: 9140: 9108: 9059: 8964: 8915: 8874: 8831: 8755: 8618: 8538: 8429: 8253: 8226: 8180: 8151: 8120: 8088: 7976: 7847: 7843: 7738: 7703: 7652: 7604: 7491: 7435: 7372: 7360: 7180: 7148: 7122: 7091: 7064: 7037: 7001: 6906: 6852: 6825: 6760: 6750: 6655: 6634: 6610: 6606: 6516: 6342: 6332: 6192:, not a single sect or a single family has been spared the accusations of apostasy." 5983: 5959: 5940: 5918: 5896: 5874: 5852: 5830: 5809: 5785: 5777: 5763: 5729: 5062: 5041: 4937: 4929: 4890: 4486: 4355: 4129: 4053: 4045: 3936: 3719: 3712:. (Al-Ghazali was on record as declaring all those who opposed the implementation of 3408: 3223: 3134: 3022: 2896:("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani 2881: 2419: 2306: 1778: 1758: 1717: 1702: 1540: 1490: 1418: 1383: 1358: 1338: 1255: 1216: 1192: 951: 903: 864: 854: 746: 708: 643: 607: 467: 427: 289: 13157:

Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World

12917:

The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split

10974:"Al-Munajjid is considered one of the respected scholars of the Salafist movement)." 10311:

Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives

8365:"Sunan an-Nasa'i 4068 – The Book of Fighting [The Prohibition of Bloodshed]" 7454: 6786: 4004: 3515: 16570: 16555: 16315: 16020: 15742: 15680: 15670: 15660: 15645: 15451: 15354: 15326: 15214: 14970: 14966: 14925: 14617: 14135: 13964: 13688: 13421: 13320: 13246: 12966: 12859: 12464: 12352: 12304: 12174: 12076: 11843: 11803: 11759: 11724: 11467: 11107: 9602: 9528: 9330: 9288: 9023: 8218:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

8042: 7839: 7483: 7479: 7425: 7350: 7340: 6740: 6736: 6716: 6602: 6598: 6557: 6480: 6322: 6318: 5888: 5803: 5630:, Egypt. The Cairo Declaration differs from the Universal Declaration in affirming 4652: 4632: 4478: 4252: 4243:); the verses only indicate that dangerous, aggressive apostates should be killed ( 4182: 3287: 2963: 2921: 2700: 2680: 2608: 2588: 2549: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2453: 1423: 1373: 981: 879: 874: 859: 452: 447: 398: 383: 368: 277: 156: 15125: 13299:

The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion

12391: 11680: 11635:

The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in honor of Bernard Lewis

11430:

After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East

7954:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Milli Murtad 7935:Расширенный исламский словарь английского языка (2012), see entry for Fitri Murtad 4562:(excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shia Muslims to be either 2757:

wrote that one group, known as "secret apostates" or "permanent unbelievers" (aka

16496: 16203: 16148: 15948: 15634: 15594: 15545: 15497: 15271: 15166: 15048: 14872: 14715:

Denny F. M. (2005)," Muslim ethical trajectories in the contemporary period", in

14183: 14091: 13840: 13821: 13722:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13720: 13615: 13561:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

13559: 13545: 13090: 12986: 12809:

Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia

12807: 12701: 12216: 12139: 11149: 11069: 10969: 10933: 10917: 10894: 10808: 10687: 10352: 10196: 9757: 8462:

Toleration and exclusion: al-Shāfi'ī and al-Ghazālī on the treatment of apostates

8139: 7951: 7932: 7562: 7110: 6939:"UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy" 6144: 5799: 4359: 3839: 3825: 2840: 2148: 2133:, and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a 1931: 1582: 1333: 1245: 1086: 996: 920: 791: 741: 587: 403: 363: 352: 334: 237: 182: 95: 12979:

The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

10858:"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims" 9930:(2000), "Islamic Da 'wa and Christian Mission: Towards a comparative analysis", 4358:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of Christianity; the

16608: 16335: 16188: 16030: 15732: 14024: 13680: 13640: 13499: 13458: 12755: 11790:

al-Nuzum allati yaqum 'alayha kiyan al-mudhtama' al-Islami. Madjallat al-Azhar,

11640: 11594: 11111: 10470: 10208:

Mohamed El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications,

9983:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 9158:"The Book of the Prohibited actions. Sunnah.com reference: Book 18, Hadith 222" 7765:

warranted if apostasy becomes a mechanism of public disobedience and disorder (

5665: 5639: 4933: 4918: 4905: 4894: 4849: 4834: 4593: 4363: 4327: 4300: 4244: 4083: 3811: 3787: 3777: 3621:(1) if they were not married at the time of apostasy they could not get married 3451: 2877: 2625: 1528: 1495: 1398: 1348: 1308: 1285: 1240: 1174: 1076: 1047: 1022: 976: 675: 547: 534: 492: 437: 51: 14975: 14414:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14197:

Apostasy, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics

14163:

Living among the Breakage: Contextual Theology-Making and Ex-Muslim Christians

14124:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1 pp. 535–538; quoted in 13426: 13391: 12864: 12847: 11400: 7487: 6745: 6327: 4116:) from the beginning of Islam in favor of capital punishment when a number of 4110:

How can it be claimed that there was a consensus among scholars or community (

3879: 3006:

Some also say include for the wife of an Islamic scholar to curse her husband;

2844: 16623: 16511: 16348: 16198: 15737: 15700: 15675: 15560: 15121: 14994: 14863: 14355: 14271: 14217: 13435: 13332: 13260: 12848:"Law and Moral Regulation in Modern Egypt: Hisba from Tradition to Modernity" 12703:

No god but God (Updated Edition): The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam

10166: 9335: 9318: 9293: 9276: 8011:

Dale F. Eickelman (2005). "Social sciences". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).

7728: 7656: 7495: 7439: 7364: 7345: 6822:

Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

6764: 6346: 6010: 5932: 5643: 5001: 4968: 4861: 4799: 4775: 4687: 4683: 4440: 4276: 4150:) held that apostasy was liable only to a discretionary punishment (known as 3887: 3615: 3583: 3113:– who are accused by mainstream Sunni and Shia of denying the basic tenet of 3101: 3062: 3042: 2945:

Some heretical or blasphemous acts or beliefs listed in classical manuals of

2843:– but can involve the collective takfir of a large group and mass killings – 2836: 2731: 2061: 1810: 1676: 1500: 1408: 1393: 1343: 1328: 1280: 1260: 1186: 932: 869: 612: 517: 477: 14929: 13937: 12356: 12178: 11471: 9606: 9226:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8751:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8534:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

8369:

Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)

8046: 6512:

Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States

4322:

but today this goal is no longer met by punishing apostasy (Jonathan Brown).

16598: 16523: 16183: 16035: 15913: 15629: 15533: 15521: 15235: 15130: 14020: 13605: 13324: 12212: 9157: 8959: 8910: 7767: 6157: 6117: 5910: 5120:

A survey based on face-to-face interviews conducted in 80 languages by the

5018: 4865: 4826: 4432: 4400: 4232: 3964: 3764: 3554:

until they repent and return to Islam. Apostasy from Islam is considered a

3463: 3379: 3126: 3066: 2473: 2463: 2089: 1829: 1571: 1552: 1428: 1413: 1353: 1235: 1042: 1027: 986: 915: 886: 663: 619: 356: 88: 77: 14608:

Said, Abdul Aziz (1979). "Precept and Practice of Human Rights in Islam".

13692: 11009: 9655:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 974–976. 7310:

Silenced. How Apostasy & Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide

4974: 4794: 2845:

takfir of Algerians who did not support the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria

16160: 15650: 15589: 15516: 15403: 14103:

William Cleveland (2000), A History of the Modern Middle East (2nd ed.),

12065:, 2nd imprint al-Qahirah: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, , pp. 158–160; quoted in 11832:

al-Qahirah: al-Maktabah al-Tidjariyyah. 1383/1963, 272 p. 102; quoted in

11402:

Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Killing Of Apostates Is Essential For Islam To Survive

11266: 11135: 10771: 10110: 9982: 9517:"Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam" 8709:"Fundamentally Danish? The Muhammad Cartoon Crisis as Transitional Drama" 7168: 7034:

Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians

7030:"The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization" 6131: 5685: 5560: 5282: 5037: 4882: 4853: 4779: 4759: 4727: 4640: 4603:

Modern historians recognize that the Christian populations living in the

4553: 4521: 4498: 4490: 4288: 4284: 4236: 4215: 4208: 4160: 3944: 3805: 3795: 3281: 3010: 2942:("The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief"). 2796: 2076: 2028: 1515: 1403: 1388: 1275: 1199: 415: 373: 297: 15107:"Why should a person who disbelieves after becoming Muslim be executed?" 14477:"Leaving Islam for Atheism, and Finding a Much-Needed Place Among Peers" 14248:

Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy codes are choking freedom worldwide

13268: 12364: 12340: 12186: 12162: 11479: 11455: 10828:"Saudi Arabia gives top prize to cleric who blames George Bush for 9/11" 10033: 10017: 8054: 8030: 7430: 7399: 5735:

Becoming Ex-Muslim: The secret group for Aussies who've left their faith

5634:

as the sole source of rights, and in limits of equality and behavior in

3339: 2799:), also described as "explicit" apostasy. (Hashemi gives the example of 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2302: 2278: 2266: 2258: 1577: 16453: 15550: 15525: 15106: 15099:

Apostasy, Freedom and Da'wah: Full Disclosure in a Business-Like Manner

14937: 14534:

Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations

14165:, Edinburg, UK: PhD Thesis, School of Divinity, University of Edingburg 14147: 13976: 12476: 12316: 12088: 11855: 11815: 11771: 11736: 11294:"REPORT – Definition of Islamic Law and the Crime of Apostasy in Islam" 11119: 10984:

Richard Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p. 355.

10887: 10018:"The Danger of Takfir (Excommunication): Exposing IS' Takfiri Ideology" 9540: 9516: 9035: 7832:. In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs; et al. (eds.). 7355: 6720: 6569: 6492: 5973: 5866: 5513: 5433: 5417: 5330: 5074: 4783: 4764: 4750:

was officially executed for possessing a heretical document suggesting

4525: 4517: 4513: 4502: 4482: 4446: 4375: 4348: 4178: 4164: 4147: 4030: 3904: 3729: 3435: 3050: 3034: 2953:

to deny the obligatory character of something considered obligatory by

2935: 2754: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2080: 2032: 1975: 1485: 1265: 1037: 784: 420: 35: 14629: 14085:

Fifty Thousand Orphans – Made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians

13952: 7201:"Death sentence for apostasy in nearly a dozen countries, report says" 4619:

multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers; many

4059:

If this doctrine is called into question, what's next? Ritual prayer (

4034: 16168: 15599: 15414: 14841: 14499: 14470: 14468: 14063:

Angold, Michael (2006), "Eastern Christianity", in Editor: O'Mahony,

13104: 12489:

Adil Salahi, Muhammad: Man and the Prophet (2002) 603–632.;quoted in

11138: 8395: 6583:

Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In

5760:

Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus: A Devout Muslim Encounters Christianity

5720: 5362: 4747: 4735: 4211: 4121: 3815: 3801: 3607: 3110: 3105: 1052: 849: 319: 14893: 14139: 13968: 12621:

Religious Human Rights in global perspective: religious perspectives

12468: 12337:, November 1916, pp. 485ff, in his own Bibliography p.163. cited in 12308: 12080: 11847: 11830:

Huquq al-Insan bayn ta'alim al-ISlam wa-i'lan al-Umam al-Muttahidah.

11807: 11763: 11728: 11063:

Deutsche Welle: "Women in Islam: Behind the veil and in front of it"

10513:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

9532: 9441:"The Promised Messiah – Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be on him)" 9027: 8870:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

8425:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

6561: 6484: 4722: 4307:

as simply "apostasy" – a standard practice – is really an error, as

2771:

Describing what qualifies as apostasy Christine Schirrmacher writes

2382:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2220:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 16501: 16007: 15865: 15817: 15611: 15565: 15529: 15254: 15098: 14621: 14382:"علماء أزهريون: القرآنيون مرتدون.. والأدلة من الكتاب المقدس تدينهم" 14329: 14126:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

14038: 12455:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12295:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

12067:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11834:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11794:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11750:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11715:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

11633:

Syed Barakat Ahmad, "Conversion from Islam," in C.E. Bosworth, ed.

9858:

Essential Islam : a comprehensive guide to belief and practice

9014:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

8609:

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8144:

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7115:

Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought

6548:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6471:

Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

6160:

wrote "not everyone who falls into unbelief becomes an unbeliever"

5674: 5346: 5314: 5298: 5030: 4838: 4739: 4711: 4549: 4367: 4186: 3866: 3741: 3187: 3086: 3058: 2967: 2629: 2057: 2047: 2012:

religions, as demonstrated in human rights instruments such as the

1032: 908: 774: 716: 629: 597: 311: 245: 14957:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 14465: 13186: 12937:

After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

9788:"The child of an apostate Muslim remains Muslim. Fatwa No: 272422" 7269:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws in Islam are applied" 6305:. In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). 6147:

or the six most important collections of hadith for Sunni Muslims)

4472: 3751:, a Syrian Islamic scholar, considered a respected scholar in the 3626:(c) any children removed and considered ward of the Islamic state. 3081:(ISIL), for example, takfired all those who opposed its policy of 3039:

to accuse or describe another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever

2118: 16516: 16122: 15810: 15690: 15582: 15575: 15570: 15312: 15075: 14033: 10888:"Maldivian renounces Islam, gets attacked by Zakir Naik audience" 7324:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" 6060: 5564: 5497: 5243: 5227: 4886: 4699: 4692: 4675: 4671: 4571: 4529: 4454: 4117: 4026: 4005:

Rationale, arguments, criticism for and against killing apostates

3737: 3596: 3531: 3489: 3443: 3427: 3122: 2917: 2867: 2759: 2052: 1707: 1017: 779: 462: 139: 14306: 10938:"10 Times Zakir Naik Proved That He Promoted Anything But Peace" 8372: 6629:

Frank Griffel, "Apostasy", in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.)

4291:); the hadith are in a category relying "on only one authority ( 4251:

permit repeated conversion from and to Islam" (Louay M. Safi), (

3957:, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Professor of Law at the 3855:

Intisar Rabb, faculty director of the Program in Islamic Law at

16040: 16014: 15973: 15934: 15851: 15764: 15685: 15540: 15486: 15481: 15248: 15172: 15087: 14962: 14894:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 14647:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 241–242, 259, 260–263. 11230:

Blasphemy and apostasy in Islam: debates on Shi'a jurisprudence

8263: 8193: 8179:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 122. 7475: 7304: 7302: 7300: 6732: 6728: 6594: 6314: 6310: 6269: 6265: 6055: 5631: 5481: 5465: 5401: 5195: 5129: 5078: 4993: 4989: 4950: 4914: 4875: 4767:

judge had ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief.")

4755: 4558: 4371: 4272: 4041: 3907:, an Iranian-American scholar of religious studies and writer. 3869: 3752: 3713: 3684: 3499: 3459: 3371: 3367: 3298: 3207: 3199: 3038: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2908: 2902: 2861: 2827: 2777: 2433: 2163: 2139: 1983: 1967: 938: 836: 482: 472: 261: 229: 221: 206: 200: 84: 10199:, Revue des Sciences Politiques, No. 29, pp. 93, 97–98, 92–101 9121: 8716:

Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge

7453:

Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

4362:

had its officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of

3496:) after leaving Islam, not for converting to another religion. 3450:), and "recidivists". They disagree on issues such as whether 3053:"is often credited with having persuaded theologians", in his 2022:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

16289: 16114: 16068: 16056: 15858: 15844: 15803: 15476: 15333: 15319: 15240: 15203: 15053:. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38–39. 12982: 12128: 12126: 9918:, Theologische Bibliothek Topelmann, Walter de Gruyter, p. 66 9351: 7417: 6652:

Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

6273: 5871:

Het recht om ex-moslim te zijn (The Right to Be an Ex-Muslim)

5689: 5627: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5163: 4898: 4563: 4537: 4227: 4152: 4136: 4060: 4044:", not just "one or two", call for the killing of apostates ( 3873: 3760: 3709: 3672: 3664: 3565: 3556: 3536: 3524: 3504: 3472: 3404: 3325: 3313: 3211: 3163: 3118: 3071: 2897: 2885: 2804: 2429: 2310: 2254: 1963: 957: 945: 897: 731: 624: 502: 193: 151: 144: 67: 59: 11952:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

11872:

The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam

9620: 9105:

Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia

8785: 8783: 8006: 8004: 7838:. Vol. 7. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 635–636. 7297: 4185:(97 AH/716 CE – 161 AH/778 CE) as well as the Hanafi jurist 3649: 2727:

Takfir § Characteristics of apostasy in classical Islam

2720: 15955: 15927: 15877: 15824: 15769: 15340: 15126:"Lives torn apart in battle for the soul of the Arab world" 13950: 13450: 10009: 7421: 7398:

Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.).

6681:

Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

5393:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5274:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

5211: 5155:

Group B: Support death for apostasy as a % of Group A

4751: 4339: 4112: 4064: 3419: 3355: 3203: 2955: 2946: 2930: 2633: 2004: 1886:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

253: 161: 14961:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 14675:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 254, 258. 12897:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

12123: 9089: 9087: 6727:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. 6309:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. 6184:

the other group of religious leaders. In the realm of the

2996:

Some also say to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate

14643:

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12623:. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 356–357. 10651:"Mohammed al-Ghazali, 78, An Egyptian Cleric and Scholar" 10059:

Ibrahim, R. (2009). Gallagher, J.; Patterson, E. (eds.).

9644: 9632: 8780: 8672:"Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws are applied" 8001: 6111:

that regarding apostasy as a wrongdoing is not a sign of

4969:

extrajudicial killings performed by the apostate's family

4548:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

4545: 4428: 4427:

At a 2009-human rights conference at Mofid University in

4120:

and early Islamic scholars (Ibn al-Humam, al-Marghinani,

3037:

and other schools of Islamic jurisprudence, for a Muslim

2980:

and/or to translate the Quran in any language other than

2428:

The classical shariah punishment for apostasy comes from

14268:"The Application of the Apostasy Law in the World Today" 13603: 10510:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

10429: 10427: 10425: 9942: 9940: 9052:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8867:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

8422:

Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).

7322:

Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

5585: 4944:

apostates from Islam in Turkey (Stavriotes, Kromlides).

4833:, and substituted with other forms of punishment by the 4460:

While not speaking to the issue of executing apostates,

4124:, Sarakhsi, Ibrahim al-Nakh'i) opposed the execution of 3722:(b. 1926), another "moderate" Islamist, chairman of the 3389:, were dropped on the grounds he was "mentally unfit"). 15007:

Apostasy in Islam: A Historical and Scriptural Analysis

13394:

The Martyrs of Cordoba, 850–859. A Study of the Sources

12985:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 10817:. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 7 August 2011. 9200:

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9084: 7783: 7781: 7595:

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7141:

The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought

6997:

The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

6631:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5893:

From Al Qaeda to Atheism: The Girl Who Would Not Submit

4816:

Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

4287:(1759–1834 CE)); as their authenticity is not certain ( 4052:

justify coercion and severe punishment" for apostates (

2962:

revile, question, wonder, doubt, mock, and/or deny the

34:. For the sociological perspectives of ex-Muslims, see 15150:. Understanding Islam. 6 December 1998. Archived from 14536:, British Institute of International Comparative Law, 14436: 14434: 13539:

Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah

10285:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10141:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

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8748:

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Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

8480: 7056: 6683:. The American University in Cairo, Egypt. p. 2. 6509:

Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)".

4643:

written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar

3900:

Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford

3346:

Takfir § Exemptions_and_extenuating_circumstances

27:

Islamic views on the renunciation of Islam by a Muslim

14748:

Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law, Volume 10

13846: 13347: 12544:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Global Media. p. 65. 10679:

Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA),

10422: 10369:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 229–231. 9937: 9815: 9813: 9780: 9664: 9662: 9580: 8978:. p. Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda). 7591:

Ibrahim, Hassan (2006). Abu-Rabi', Ibrahim M. (ed.).

5915:

The Atheist Muslim: A Journey from Religion to Reason

3544:

for both male and female apostates for leaving Islam.

3413: 3340:

Who qualifies for judgement for the crime of apostasy

3125:) – the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has declared in 2121:(non-believer)", but "a particularly heinous type".) 14892:

Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015).

14177:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

13834:

Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?

12107:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

11393: 11356: 11354: 8791:"Zarqawi's Anti-Shi'a Legacy: Original or Borrowed?" 8600: 8598: 8596: 7778: 7700:

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists

7455:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 4848:

This was also the time that Islamic modernists like

3181: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3117:(Ahmadis state they believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a 2018:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1957: 1945: 14431: 13951:Peters, J. J. De Vries, Rudolph, Gert (1976–1977). 13491: 12448: 12288: 11862: 10681:"Faraj Fawda, or the cost of Freedom of Expression" 10462: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 9701: 8826:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 7756: 7754: 7261: 6296: 6294: 6292: 5939:. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. p. 192. 4516:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 3683:if they entered Islam and left it after they reach 3542:

Death penalty is the traditional form of punishment

3520:

death penalty is the recommended form of punishment

3027:

rejection of Ahmadi Muslims as apostates from Islam

2912:decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine 14114: 12497:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 152–171. 11944: 11942: 9855: 9810: 9659: 9107:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6, 8. 8606: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8087:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 120. 7446: 7132: 7032:. In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). 6710: 6708: 5604:run contrary to Article 18 of the United Nations' 4697:follower for killing a raider who had uttered the 4163:(d. 483 AH/ 1090 CE) and Imam Ibnul Humam (d. 681 4135:In addition there have been a number of prominent 3508:crime. Both male and female apostates deserve the 2831:, often involve public thinkers and theologians – 2712: 15011:International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) 14898:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 14750:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 17. 14240: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13286: 12022: 11948: 11895: 11868: 11711:Ahkam al-Qura'an. Tahqiq 'Ali Muhammad al-Badjawi 11351: 10732:"Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott" 10729: 10509: 10082: 9433: 9051: 8866: 8593: 8421: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8010: 7962: 7960: 7452: 7391: 7223: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 5622:—a joint declaration of the member states of the 4961: 4734:"Tolerance is laudable", the Spiller (the Caliph 4467: 3655:Support among contemporary preachers and scholars 16621: 15167:Apostasy: Oxford Bibliographies, Islamic Studies 14299:"The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam" 14170: 14019: 13886: 13884: 13641:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13500:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 13459:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 12975:): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem" 12762: 12619:. In John Witte; Johan D. Van Der Vyver (eds.). 12323: 12268:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001). "Apostasy". 11709:Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Allah Ibn al-'Arabi, 11641:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 11595:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10830:. Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2015. 10746: 10471:"Apostasy from Islam – A Historical Perspective" 10355:|By Adel Darwish | 14 July 2010 |The Independent 10219: 10103: 10052: 9885: 9883: 9826:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 9047: 9045: 7751: 7586: 7584: 7138: 7083: 6824:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–159. 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6289: 5013:Similar views are expressed by the non-theistic 4067:)? Even Muhammad's mission? (Abul A'la Maududi). 3848:(1935–2016), founder and former chairman of the 14697:Philosophy of Human Rights: Theory and Practice 14666: 14664: 13632: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13055:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism" 12961: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12649: 12617:"Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights" 12579: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12417: 11939: 11428:Kendal, Elizabeth (2016). "Hasten to Success". 10932: 10786:Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists 10692: 10383: 10272: 10270: 9916:Christians and Muslims: The Dialogue Activities 9862:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 8741: 8664: 8640:"Afghan Case Against Christian Convert Falters" 8613:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 8515: 8022: 6705: 6541: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 5396:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5277:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 5158:Group C: Group B as % of all Muslims 4607:between the 7th and 10th centuries AD suffered 4473:From the Middle Ages to the early modern period 3013:; i.e., for someone to declare that they are a 38:. For organisations by and for ex-Muslims, see 15001: 14909:Peters, Rudolph; De Vries, Gert J. J. (1976). 13283: 13083: 13024:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 12338: 12160: 11969: 11453: 10644: 10642: 10579:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought 10503: 10367:Islamic law and international human rights law 10358: 9675:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 52–53. 9508: 9216: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8860: 8410: 8269: 8199: 8028: 7957: 6987: 6902:Human Rights : Universality and Diversity 6885: 6771: 6502: 4718:order to gain better treatment and privilege. 3351: 3255:(considered unbeliever/apostates in Iran) and 15188: 14773:"Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond" 14417:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 49–52. 14199:, Editors: Suad Joseph and Afsāna Naǧmābādī, 14186:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 13881: 13843:Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014) 13714: 13712: 13153:"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam" 12392:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 11982:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 169. 11681:"Arguments for and against the death penalty" 10339: 9880: 9042: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8313: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7727: 7581: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7173:Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations 6851:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 164. 4925:in 1894 against Christians, particularly the 4746:The famous Sufi mystic of 10th-century Iraq, 4621:were executed under the Islamic death penalty 4439:, this is not permissible." As one observer ( 4303:); and in fact, translating the Islamic term 4082:Others maintain that verse Q.2:256 has been " 2738:. (In the words of Frank Griffel) these are: 2109:in Islamic literature. An apostate is called 2027:Until the late 19th century, the majority of 1850: 1600: 683: 15169:Andrew March (2010), Oxford University Press 14952: 14770: 14661: 14005:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13852: 13383: 13354: 13205: 13137: 12950: 12852:International Journal of Middle East Studies 12695: 12693: 12691: 12614: 12570: 12414: 12389: 12211: 12101: 11498: 11034:Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God 10883: 10881: 10879: 10851: 10849: 10648: 10608: 10433: 10324: 10267: 9946: 9268: 9193: 9191: 9189: 8855:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 8486: 8475:Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-zandaqa 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 7787: 7694: 7397: 7077: 6395: 6300: 6255:, p. 667; al-Bukhari, 5.59.568; Muslim 1.176 5390:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5271:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 5152:Group A: % Muslims support sharia 4076:repent, etc.) (Religious Tolerance website). 2940:Faysal al-Tafriqa bayn al-Islam wa-l-Zandaqa 2855: 2096: 1995: 1962:) is commonly defined as the abandonment of 1951: 1170:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 14717:The Blackwell companion to religious ethics 14558:"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 14474: 14125: 12838: 12454: 12294: 12274:. 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Springer. p. 209. 10351:25 September 2015 at the 10062:Debating the War of Ideas 9892:Proselytization revisited 8496:. Brill. pp. 81–82. 7760:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 7488:10.1163/15730255-31020044 7084:John L. Esposito (2004). 7063:. Routledge. p. 10. 6905:. Springer. p. 210. 6746:10.1163/9789004435544_026 6328:10.1163/9789004331471_008 6107:Ahmet Albayrak writes in 6098:taken from 2008 and 2012. 5823:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2011). 5719:(2016) – Poppy Begum for 5263:South and Southeast Asia 5027:reformist/liberal Muslims 4366:; in China at that time, 4343:was developed, and when " 3677:converted to Christianity 3267:law in its completeness. 3139:1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots 3009:to make a declaration of 2856:Issues in defining heresy 2343: 2097:Etymology and terminology 2044:Muslim-majority countries 1548:Islam and other religions 1058:International propagation 797:International propagation 16546:Islamic view of miracles 14195:Nancy Gallagher (2005), 13916:Walnut Creek, California 13544:4 September 2015 at the 12513:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 11998:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 11260: 11228:Kadīvar, Moḥsen (2021). 11148:24 December 2008 at the 10916:8 September 2013 at the 10277:Peters, Rudolph (2005). 10195:3 September 2014 at the 10065:. Springer. p. 68. 9653:Encyclopedia of Religion 9336:10.1177/2347798920921706 9294:10.1177/2347798920921706 8961:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 8912:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri 8571:"No God, not even Allah" 7967:McAuliffe, Jane (2020). 7346:10.1177/0261927X19868494 7205:National Secular Society 6867:10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13 6373:"No God, not even Allah" 6072: 6016:Apostasy in Christianity 5935:; Mughal, Fiyaz (2018). 5545:Gulf Cooperation Council 4904:were perpetrated by the 4462:Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah 3818:Duke University (2009–). 3606:(b) his or her marriage 2978:createdness of the Quran 2916:, N. 17, 28 April 1908, 2248: 1210:Governance of the Jurist 330:Medieval Islamic science 16645:Persecution of atheists 16311:Creationism (evolution) 14930:10.1163/157006076X00017 14746:Cotran, Eugene (2006). 14090:9 November 2012 at the 13820:11 October 2017 at the 13719:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 13558:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12806:Kadri, Sadakat (2012). 12357:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12179:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 12153:Mazhab ke Nam per Khoon 11563:Brelvi, Mahmud (1968). 11472:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 11094:Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 10814:Daily News and Analysis 10807:13 January 2012 at the 10784:Raymond William Baker, 10161:(4): 41–42, Chapter 2. 9820:Esposito, John (1996). 9515:Lewis, Bernard (1953). 9198:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 9103:Minahan, James (2012). 8148:Oxford University Press 8047:10.3366/jqs.2001.3.2.63 7950:22 October 2013 at the 7914:Modarres Human Sciences 7900:The Islamic Middle East 7651:(4): 36–37, chapter 2. 7119:Oxford University Press 7060:Islam: the key concepts 6994:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 5954:Sultan, Harris (2018). 5655:Films and documentaries 4641:hagiographical treatise 4536:to the guidance of the 4260:Hadith and Sunnah (see 4169:Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i 3949:University of Amsterdam 3836:Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr 3755:movement (according to 3482:beaten every three days 3426:) and their respective 3074:to complete disaster." 2753:Three centuries later, 2632:(rightly guide) Caliph 1314:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 16561:Persecution of Muslims 16459:List of former Muslims 15376:Succession to Muhammad 15079:Quotations related to 14877:. Hurst. p. 288. 14871:Cottee, Simon (2015). 14671:Cismas, Ioana (2014). 14610:Universal Human Rights 14585:Ethics of human rights 14532:Nisrine Abiad (2008), 14182:6 October 2014 at the 14120:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 13908:Glassé, Cyril (2001). 13648:J Studies Arabic Islam 13410:Durham, North Carolina 13325:10.1353/earl.1996.0079 13165:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 11567:. Karachi. p. ix. 10893:27 August 2013 at the 10188:David F Forte (2011), 9854:Morgan, Diane (2010). 9639:Saeed & Saeed 2004 9627:Saeed & Saeed 2004 8873:. Brill. p. 220. 8605:Morgan, Diane (2010). 8337:Frank Griffel (2007), 8081:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 7931:22 August 2013 at the 7835:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7828:Heffening, W. (1993). 7534:"Beliefs about Sharia" 6585:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 6036:List of former Muslims 6006:List of former Muslims 5615: 5539: 5113: 5011: 4979: 4909: 4803: 4790:Colonial era and after 4770:In 12th-century Iran, 4744: 4600: 4532:was disputed over the 4510:early history of Islam 4118:companions of Muhammad 3798:of Egypt (2002–2003). 3792:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3782:Grand Imam of Al-Azhar 3759:); and founder of the 3688: 3290: 3149:Overlap with blasphemy 3019:early history of Islam 2925: 2786: 2710: 2690: 2657: 2618: 2598: 2578: 2559: 2539: 2483: 1895:by rewriting it in an 1379:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 815:Islamic fundamentalism 340:Succession to Muhammad 16355:Conversion to mosques 16222:Alchemy and chemistry 13862:. Brill. p. 83. 13781:Encyclopedia of Islam 13757:Robert Burns (2011), 13693:10.1163/9789004452848 13414:Duke University Press 13364:. Brill. p. 82. 13161:Princeton, New Jersey 13053:Hasan, Usama (2012). 11828:Muhammad al-Ghazali, 11534:Kettani, Ali (1986). 10968:23 March 2019 at the 10705:Oxford Bibliographies 10686:14 March 2009 at the 10516:. Brill. p. 14. 10443:. Brill. p. 85. 10143:, 64(03), pp. 348–349 10090:Hispano-Arabic Poetry 9956:. Brill. p. 86. 9607:10.1093/jss/XLII.1.39 9058:. Brill. p. 10. 8754:. Brill. p. 26. 8537:. Brill. p. 23. 8428:. Brill. p. 11. 8173:Jane Dammen McAuliffe 8117:Encyclopedia of Islam 7797:. Brill. p. 81. 6899:Brems, Evams (2001). 6818:"Chapter 4: Apostasy" 6650:Diane Morgan (2009), 6515:. Brill. p. 21. 5681:Islam's Non-Believers 5610: 5537: 5108: 5006: 4977: 4874: 4797: 4732: 4609:religious persecution 4592: 4451:Islamic televangelist 4395:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam 4332:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4241:Hussein-Ali Montazeri 4223:in the temporal world 4101:Against death penalty 4013:For the death penalty 3931:Georgetown University 3919:Georgetown University 3822:Hossein-Ali Montazeri 3808:of Egypt (2003–2013). 3734:Islamic televangelist 3662: 3614:) (as in the case of 3573:Vigilante application 3420:Islamic jurisprudence 3403:Further information: 3344:Further information: 3278: 3000:the Iranian New Year; 2947:Islamic jurisprudence 2875: 2866:Further information: 2833:Mahmoud Mohammed Taha 2773: 2725:Further information: 2691: 2674:leaves the Muslims." 2671: 2638: 2599: 2579: 2564: 2540: 2484: 2447:leaves the Muslims." 2444: 2439:Encyclopedia of Islam 2424:Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh 2257:references apostasy ( 2182:Scriptural references 2005:Islamic jurisprudence 1452:Criticism of Islamism 1446:Criticism of Islamism 1364:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 1291:Hibatullah Akhundzada 16081:Ma malakat aymanukum 15656:Association football 15095:at Wikimedia Commons 15003:Jabir Alalwani, Taha 14583:Monteiro, A (2014). 14443:"Invisible Atheists" 14360:The Washington Times 14309:on 27 September 2011 13918:: AltaMira. p. 13839:25 July 2016 at the 13761:, University Press, 13639:Cook, David (2006). 13498:Cook, David (2006). 13457:Cook, David (2006). 12754:(11). Archived from 12740:Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad 12700:Aslan, Reza (2011). 12329:1 Samuel M. Zwemer, 12138:15 June 2015 at the 12103:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 11723:(1/4): 15, note 38. 11639:Cook, David (2006). 11593:Cook, David (2006). 10469:Cook, David (2006). 10365:Emon, Anver (2012). 10088:J.T. Munroe (2004), 9229:. Brill. p. 8. 8577:. 24 November 2012. 7696:Abou El Fadl, Khaled 7207:. 16 November 2021. 6739:. pp. 485–512. 6379:. 24 November 2012. 5602:religious conversion 5048:Apostate communities 4858:Muhammad al Ghazzali 4854:Muhammad Rashid Rida 4841:period, such as the 4239:), (Grand Ayatollah 4235:), (W. Heffening), ( 4144:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 3580:Mahmud Muhammad Taha 3552:solitary confinement 3478:solitary confinement 3444:treacherous heretics 3206:, and more recently 3098:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 3015:prophet or messenger 2849:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2162:) is the act of one 1796:Religious conversion 1251:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1208:Islamic Government: 379:Association football 15124:(20 October 1999). 14918:Die Welt des Islams 14911:"Apostasy in Islam" 14392:on 12 November 2013 14362:. 26 September 2007 14128:Die Welt des Islams 14027:(4 November 2021). 13991:– via JSTOR. 13957:Die Welt des Islams 13953:"Apostasy in Islam" 13313:Baltimore, Maryland 12656:Brems, Eva (2001). 12457:Die Welt des Islams 12396:religious tolerance 12297:Die Welt des Islams 12151:Mirza Tahir Ahmad, 12069:Die Welt des Islams 11836:Die Welt des Islams 11796:Die Welt des Islams 11752:Die Welt des Islams 11717:Die Welt des Islams 11685:Religious Tolerance 11336:on 8 September 2017 11324:"Apostasy in Islam" 11203:Kadivar.com English 11175:on 8 September 2017 11155:The Washington Post 10701:"Yusuf al-Qaradawi" 10621:The Washington Post 10566:Description Section 10390:Brems, Eva (2001). 9914:J. Sperber (2000), 9823:Islam and democracy 9794:. 8 November 2014. 9470:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9395:Musa, A.S. (2016). 9016:Die Welt des Islams 8820:Ess, Josef (2006). 8797:. 1 November 2006. 8386:Badawi, Dr. Jamal. 8375:on 15 January 2018. 8270:Jabir Alalwani 2011 8246:Taha Jabir Alalwani 8200:Jabir Alalwani 2011 7898:Lindholm, Charles. 7431:10.3390/rel10080483 6550:Die Welt des Islams 6473:Die Welt des Islams 6096:Pew Research Center 6031:Islam and blasphemy 6021:Apostasy in Judaism 5845:Al-Husseini, Waleed 5748:Books by ex-Muslims 5650:Literature and film 5618:and by issuing the 5383: 5264: 5145: 5122:Pew Research Center 5034:Ahmed Subhy Mansour 4831:Edict of Toleration 4645:Eulogius of Córdoba 4633:executed by burning 4404:) (Ahmet Albayrak). 4388:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 3987:Istanbul University 3955:Khaled Abou El Fadl 3915:Associate professor 3911:Jonathan A.C. Brown 3863:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi 3846:Taha Jabir Alalwani 3794:(2010–Present) and 3706:Al Azhar University 3702:Mohammed al-Ghazali 3669:Al-Azhar University 3194:Collective apostasy 3155:Islam and blasphemy 3035:Shāfiʿī te doctrine 2628:offers a case were 2416:Criticism of Hadith 2101:Apostasy is called 2085:punishable by death 2079:to less than 1% in 1988:apostate from Islam 1976:abandoning religion 1633:Abrahamic religions 1625:and other religions 1583:Politics portal 1536:Islam and modernity 1212:("Velayat-e faqih") 1194:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 140:Profession of Faith 113:Day of Resurrection 18:Apostasy from Islam 16566:Quran and miracles 16480:Criticism of Islam 16194:Geometric patterns 16046:Gender segregation 15617:Non-denominational 14969:. pp. 81–95. 14832:Ahmad, Mirza Tahir 14777:The New York Times 14699:, Westview Press, 14560:. United Nations. 14483:. New York Times. 14481:The New York Times 14330:"Fear and silence" 14278:on 28 October 2010 13111:. pp. 20–37. 13062:Quiliam Foundation 13028:The Globe and Mail 12895:Wilferd Madelung, 12390:Sisters in Islam. 11565:Islam on the March 11099:Arab Law Quarterly 11068:5 May 2016 at the 10800:Shukla, Ashutosh. 10655:The New York Times 10190:Islam’s Trajectory 9734:. September 2016. 9366:operation pakistan 8927:Amana Publications 8679:Set My People Free 8645:The New York Times 7771:). Oliver Leaman, 7674:Kazemi F. (2000), 7467:Arab Law Quarterly 7276:Set My People Free 7243:The New York Times 6321:. pp. 81–95. 5778:Ham, Boris van der 5696:Among Nonbelievers 5563:countries such as 5540: 5381: 5262: 5143: 4980: 4923:Hamidian massacres 4917:parts of the then 4910: 4835:Ottoman government 4804: 4782:and other sons of 4714:are major crimes. 4649:Martyrs of Córdoba 4637:Emirate of Córdoba 4613:religious violence 4601: 4598:Martyrs of Córdoba 4546:ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 4431:, Iran, Ayatollah 4175:Ibrahim al-Nakhaʿī 4159:The Hanafi jurist 4142:The Maliki jurist 3994:Allah ile Aldatmak 3983:Islamic Philosophy 3959:UCLA School of Law 3927:Alwaleed bin Talal 3857:Harvard Law School 3689: 3641:Social liabilities 3291: 2926: 2876:Caricature of the 2573:Al-Sunan al-Sughra 2412:Malik ibn Nuwayrah 2363:possibly contains 2201:possibly contains 2125:can also refer to 1897:encyclopedic style 1884:is written like a 1481:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 1457:Criticism of Islam 1319:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 1137:Sub-Saharan Africa 1097:Muslim Brotherhood 1082:Iranian Revolution 992:Islamic Golden Age 845:Islamic governance 16630:Apostasy in Islam 16617: 16616: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16551:Domestic violence 16541:Islamic terrorism 16536:Islamic extremism 16367: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16135: 16134: 16131: 16130: 15921:Marriage contract 15751: 15750: 15711:Political aspects 15498:Story of Prophets 15267:Prophets of Islam 15154:on 1 January 2009 15093:Apostasy in Islam 15091:Media related to 15081:Apostasy in Islam 15030:Apostasy in Islam 14846:Lutterworth Press 13898:, Chapter 1 and 2 13687:. Leiden: Brill. 13416:on behalf of the 13171:. pp. 1–28. 12989:. pp. 1–20. 12967:Izutsu, Toshihiko 12935:Lesley Hazleton, 12742:(November 1996). 12541:apostasy in islam 11197:Kadivar, Mohsen. 10216:, pp. 53–54, 1–68 10117:. 28 March 2006. 10092:, Gorgias Press, 9629:, pp. 38–39. 8965:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 8916:Nuh Ha Mim Keller 8352:Apostasy in Islam 8272:, pp. 35–39. 8202:, pp. 32–33. 6717:Cusack, Carole M. 6694:apostate (murtad) 5889:Mohammed, Yasmine 5730:BBC World Service 5600:Laws prohibiting 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5377: 5376: 5258: 5257: 5042:Mohammed Shahrour 4843:1856 Reform Edict 4487:death of Muhammad 4356:Holy Roman Empire 4354:For example, the 4130:Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4054:Dale F. Eickelman 4046:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 4023:Abul A'la Maududi 3975:Yaşar Nuri Öztürk 3937:Rudolph F. Peters 3720:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3696:Abul A'la Maududi 3590:Civil liabilities 3409:Violence in Islam 3374:) out of fear of 3224:Ruhollah Khomeini 3141:) and a bombing ( 3135:1953 Lahore riots 2882:Ismail Gasprinsky 2420:Abdullah ibn Saad 2408: 2407: 2400: 2365:original research 2307:Dale F. Eickelman 2246: 2245: 2238: 2203:original research 2117:as "not just any 1944: 1928:Apostasy in Islam 1925: 1924: 1917: 1867: 1866: 1617: 1616: 1491:Abdelwahab Meddeb 1419:Haji Shariatullah 1384:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1369:Abul A'la Maududi 1359:Ruhollah Khomeini 1339:Rached Ghannouchi 1271:Alija Izetbegović 1256:Ruhollah Khomeini 1163:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 1063:by country/region 952:Two-nation theory 904:Islamic terrorism 865:Islamic socialism 855:Islamic democracy 831:Apostasy in Islam 802:by country/region 700: 699: 16:(Redirected from 16662: 16607: 16606: 16599:Islam portal 16597: 16596: 16595: 16387: 16386: 16379: 16373: 16372: 16214:Medieval science 16157: 16156: 16147: 16141: 16140: 15798:Economic history 15781: 15780: 15757: 15756: 15743:Islam by country 15576:Bektashi Alevism 15224: 15223: 15215:Outline of Islam 15197: 15190: 15183: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15143: 15141: 15139: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15090: 15078: 15064: 15043: 15024: 14998: 14978: 14967:Brill Publishers 14949: 14915: 14905: 14888: 14867: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14814: 14799: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14768: 14762: 14761: 14743: 14737: 14734: 14728: 14713: 14707: 14695:David Boersema, 14693: 14687: 14686: 14668: 14659: 14658: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14580: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14569: 14554: 14545: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14510:. The Guardian. 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14492: 14472: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14447:The New Republic 14438: 14429: 14428: 14408: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14388:. Archived from 14378: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14305:. 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Archived from 10998: 10992: 10982: 10976: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10930: 10921: 10908: 10902: 10885: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10853: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10824: 10818: 10798: 10789: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10760: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10696: 10690: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10646: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10573: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10490: 10475: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10449: 10442: 10431: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10362: 10356: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10328: 10322: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10284: 10274: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10232: 10217: 10206: 10200: 10186: 10171: 10170: 10155:The Muslim World 10150: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10107: 10101: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10000: 9998: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9944: 9935: 9925: 9919: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9861: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9584: 9578: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9478: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9403: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9374: 9363: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9338: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9296: 9272: 9266: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9195: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9154: 9148: 9137: 9128: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9010:Madjma' al-anhur 9006: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8973: 8957: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8924: 8908: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8864: 8858: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8795:Hudson Institute 8787: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8728: 8713: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8687: 8676: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8612: 8602: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8528: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8484: 8478: 8471: 8465: 8460:Griffel, Frank, 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8419: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8398:on 22 March 2017 8394:. Archived from 8383: 8377: 8376: 8371:. Archived from 8361: 8355: 8348: 8342: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8286: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8212: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8168: 8159: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8112: 8099: 8098: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7964: 7955: 7942: 7936: 7923: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7879:on 22 March 2019 7875:. Archived from 7864: 7858: 7857: 7825: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7803: 7796: 7785: 7776: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7725: 7714: 7713: 7692: 7683: 7672: 7661: 7660: 7645:The Muslim World 7640: 7627: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7598: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7530: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7504: 7480:Brill Publishers 7463: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7433: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7358: 7348: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7234: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7136: 7130: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7025: 7012: 7011: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6748: 6737:Brill Publishers 6712: 6703: 6702: 6689: 6678: 6669: 6663: 6648: 6642: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6599:Brill Publishers 6580: 6574: 6573: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6468: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6330: 6319:Brill Publishers 6298: 6277: 6262: 6256: 6253:Life of Muhammad 6248: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6193: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6130:Legal historian 6128: 6122: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6083: 5993: 5969: 5950: 5928: 5911:Rizvi, Ali Amjad 5906: 5884: 5862: 5840: 5819: 5800:Hirsi Ali, Ayaan 5795: 5773: 5626:made in 1990 in 5384: 5380: 5265: 5261: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5083:crypto-Christian 4942:crypto-Christian 4748:Mansur Al-Hallaj 4653:Abd al-Rahman II 4538:Muslim community 4479:history of Islam 4253:Sisters in Islam 4183:Sufyan al-Thawri 4000: 3999: 3884: 3288:Alfred Dehodencq 3222:Among Ayatollah 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3055:Fayal al-tafriqa 3023:Muhammad's death 2964:existence of God 2922:Oskar Schmerling 2708: 2701:Sunan Abu Dawood 2688: 2681:Sahih al-Bukhari 2655: 2616: 2609:Sahih al-Bukhari 2596: 2589:Sahih al-Bukhari 2576: 2557: 2550:Sahih al-Bukhari 2537: 2530:Sahih al-Bukhari 2521:Sahih al-Bukhari 2512:Sahih al-Bukhari 2503:Sahih al-Bukhari 2494:Sahih al-Bukhari 2481: 2454:Sahih al-Bukhari 2403: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380:inline citations 2356: 2355: 2348: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2218:inline citations 2194: 2193: 2186: 2160: 2154: 1999: 1998: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1634: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1581: 1580: 1572:Islam portal 1570: 1569: 1568: 1474:in North America 1424:Hassan Al-Turabi 1374:Abul Hasan Nadwi 982:Anti-imperialism 880:Islamic republic 875:Islamic monarchy 860:Islamic feminism 719: 713: 712: 702: 701: 692: 685: 678: 664:Islam portal 662: 661: 660: 70: 47: 46: 21: 16670: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16593: 16591: 16575: 16497:Cultural Muslim 16468: 16435: 16391:Other religions 16381: 16377: 16359: 16294: 16261: 16208: 16151: 16149:Islamic studies 16145: 16127: 15961: 15906: 15883: 15830: 15775: 15774: 15747: 15696:Moral teachings 15639: 15621: 15595:Nation of Islam 15556:Twelver Shi'ism 15503: 15469:Religious texts 15463: 15381:Early conquests 15364: 15346: 15298: 15218: 15207: 15201: 15157: 15155: 15146: 15137: 15135: 15120: 15111: 15109: 15104: 15071: 15061: 15040: 15027: 15021: 14987: 14913: 14908: 14891: 14885: 14870: 14856: 14830: 14827: 14825:Further reading 14822: 14812: 14810: 14805:. 3 June 2021. 14801: 14800: 14796: 14786: 14784: 14769: 14765: 14758: 14744: 14740: 14735: 14731: 14714: 14710: 14694: 14690: 14683: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14641: 14637: 14606: 14602: 14595: 14581: 14577: 14567: 14565: 14556: 14555: 14548: 14531: 14527: 14517: 14515: 14504: 14500: 14490: 14488: 14473: 14466: 14456: 14454: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14409: 14405: 14395: 14393: 14386:Asharq Al-Awsat 14380: 14379: 14375: 14365: 14363: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14339: 14337: 14326: 14322: 14312: 14310: 14295: 14291: 14281: 14279: 14266: 14265: 14261: 14245: 14241: 14231: 14229: 14216: 14215: 14211: 14194: 14190: 14184:Wayback Machine 14175: 14171: 14159: 14155: 14140:10.2307/1570336 14119: 14115: 14102: 14098: 14092:Wayback Machine 14083: 14079: 14062: 14058: 14048: 14046: 14018: 14014: 13998: 13997: 13986: 13984: 13969:10.2307/1570336 13949: 13945: 13930: 13906: 13902: 13889: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13859: 13851: 13847: 13841:Wayback Machine 13832: 13828: 13822:Wayback Machine 13813: 13798: 13791: 13777: 13773: 13756: 13752: 13742: 13740: 13733: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13681:Stroumsa, Sarah 13678: 13674: 13664: 13662: 13658: 13643: 13637: 13633: 13626: 13618:. p. 492. 13616:Rowman Altamira 13602: 13591: 13581: 13579: 13572: 13556: 13552: 13546:Wayback Machine 13537: 13533: 13523: 13521: 13517: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13461: 13455: 13451: 13388: 13384: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13361: 13352: 13348: 13295: 13284: 13217: 13206: 13196: 13194: 13179: 13149: 13138: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13088: 13084: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13057: 13051: 13047: 13037: 13035: 13020: 13016: 13006: 13004: 12997: 12987:Keio University 12964: 12951: 12934: 12930: 12914: 12910: 12894: 12890: 12885: 12881: 12843: 12839: 12829: 12827: 12820: 12804: 12800: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12773: 12767: 12763: 12758:on 5 July 2008. 12737: 12733: 12723: 12721: 12714: 12698: 12689: 12679: 12677: 12670: 12654: 12650: 12640: 12638: 12631: 12613: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12582: 12571: 12561: 12559: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12522: 12520: 12505: 12488: 12484: 12469:10.2307/1570336 12453: 12449: 12439: 12437: 12426: 12415: 12405: 12403: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12328: 12324: 12309:10.2307/1570336 12293: 12289: 12282: 12266: 12259: 12242: 12238: 12231: 12210: 12206: 12196: 12194: 12150: 12146: 12140:Wayback Machine 12131: 12124: 12117: 12100: 12096: 12081:10.2307/1570336 12060: 12056: 12046: 12044: 12037: 12021: 12017: 12007: 12005: 11990: 11974: 11970: 11963: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11919: 11915: 11908: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11867: 11863: 11848:10.2307/1570336 11827: 11823: 11808:10.2307/1570336 11787: 11783: 11764:10.2307/1570336 11748: 11744: 11729:10.2307/1570336 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11643: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11597: 11590: 11586: 11570: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11541: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11518: 11516: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11426: 11422: 11412: 11410: 11399: 11398: 11394: 11384: 11382: 11375: 11359: 11352: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11303: 11301: 11296:. 19 May 2015. 11292: 11291: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11262: 11256: 11247: 11240: 11226: 11222: 11212: 11210: 11195: 11191: 11178: 11176: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11158:, 25 July 2007. 11150:Wayback Machine 11134: 11127: 11091: 11076: 11070:Wayback Machine 11061: 11057: 11045: 11029: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11012:on 3 March 2009 11000: 10999: 10995: 10983: 10979: 10970:Wayback Machine 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10936:(7 July 2016). 10934:Huffington Post 10931: 10924: 10918:Wayback Machine 10909: 10905: 10895:Wayback Machine 10886: 10877: 10867: 10865: 10854: 10847: 10837: 10835: 10826: 10825: 10821: 10809:Wayback Machine 10799: 10792: 10783: 10779: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10747: 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10697: 10693: 10688:Wayback Machine 10678: 10674: 10664: 10662: 10647: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10613: 10609: 10599: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10559: 10557: 10548: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10440: 10432: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10404: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10363: 10359: 10353:Wayback Machine 10344: 10340: 10331:Wright, Robin. 10329: 10325: 10308: 10304: 10297: 10275: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10249: 10233: 10220: 10207: 10203: 10197:Wayback Machine 10187: 10174: 10151: 10147: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10014: 10010: 9996: 9994: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9938: 9926: 9922: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9818: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9786: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9764:. 15 May 2014. 9756: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9726: 9725: 9721: 9709: 9702: 9692: 9690: 9683: 9667: 9660: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9585: 9581: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9533:10.2307/1595009 9521:Studia Islamica 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9452: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9401: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9368:. 4 July 2014. 9361: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9314: 9310: 9273: 9269: 9261:Kepel, Gilles; 9260: 9256: 9246: 9244: 9237: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9196: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9138: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9101: 9097: 9092: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9066: 9050: 9043: 9028:10.2307/1570336 9007: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8971: 8958: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8922: 8909: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8881: 8865: 8861: 8852: 8848: 8838: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8789: 8788: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8762: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8603: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8545: 8529: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8472: 8468: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8436: 8420: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8384: 8380: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8349: 8345: 8336: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8287: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8169: 8162: 8140:Asma Afsaruddin 8138: 8134: 8127: 8113: 8102: 8095: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8062: 8027: 8023: 8009: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7983: 7965: 7958: 7952:Wayback Machine 7943: 7939: 7933:Wayback Machine 7924: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7902:. p. xxvi. 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7865: 7861: 7854: 7826: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7786: 7779: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7726: 7717: 7710: 7693: 7686: 7680:Social Research 7673: 7664: 7641: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7589: 7582: 7569:. 15 May 2014. 7561: 7560: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7461: 7451: 7447: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7235: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7179:. p. 319. 7169:B. Hallaq, Wael 7166: 7162: 7155: 7137: 7133: 7111:Asma Afsaruddin 7109: 7105: 7098: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7026: 7015: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6945:. 16 May 2014. 6937: 6936: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6897: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6772: 6757: 6713: 6706: 6687: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6649: 6645: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6593:. Vol. I. 6581: 6577: 6562:10.2307/1570336 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6485:10.2307/1570336 6469: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6272:, and parts of 6263: 6259: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6155: 6151: 6145:Kutub al-Sittah 6142: 6138: 6129: 6125: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5972: 5966: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5925: 5909: 5903: 5887: 5881: 5865: 5859: 5843: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5798: 5792: 5776: 5770: 5756:Qureshi, Nabeel 5754: 5750: 5745: 5657: 5652: 5598: 5590:Main articles: 5588: 5579: 5573: 5118: 5050: 4985: 4964: 4913:in eastern and 4822: 4792: 4580:worthy of death 4475: 4470: 4421: 4360:Sasanian Empire 4167:/ 1388 CE) and 4027:schools of fiqh 4007: 3997: 3840:Grand Ayatollah 3826:Grand Ayatollah 3652: 3592: 3575: 3566:Muslim scholars 3416: 3411: 3401: 3395: 3348: 3342: 3273: 3157: 3087:Yazidi religion 3085:members of the 2931:Islamic jurists 2914:Molla Nasreddin 2870: 2864: 2858: 2841:Hashem Aghajari 2769: 2767:Characteristics 2729: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2698: 2689: 2678: 2656: 2645: 2617: 2606: 2597: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2558: 2547: 2538: 2491: 2482: 2451: 2426: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2369: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2251: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2207: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2099: 1986:" of Islam. An 1921: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1893:help improve it 1890: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1834: 1708:Pagan Sabianism 1685:Other religions 1632: 1624: 1613: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1531: 1521: 1520: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1334:Hassan al-Banna 1304: 1296: 1295: 1246:Muammar Gaddafi 1231: 1223: 1222: 1209: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1087:Jamaat-e-Islami 1010: 1002: 1001: 997:Islamic revival 972: 964: 963: 921:Political Islam 826: 818: 817: 811: 792:Salafi movement 770: 762: 761: 727: 715: 714: 706: 705: 696: 658: 656: 649: 648: 593:Other religions 588:Arabic language 550: 540: 539: 468:Moral teachings 359: 345: 344: 335:Spread of Islam 280: 270: 269: 257:(jurisprudence) 239:Qisas al-Anbiya 188: 187: 167: 166: 135: 125: 124: 80: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16668: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16611: 16601: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16532: 16531: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16499: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16476: 16474: 16473:Related topics 16470: 16469: 16467: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16445: 16443: 16437: 16436: 16434: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16406: 16395: 16393: 16383: 16382: 16369: 16368: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16357: 16352: 16345: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16271: 16269: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16218: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16165: 16163: 16153: 16152: 16137: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16106: 16104:Sources of law 16101: 16096: 16095: 16094: 16084: 16077: 16072: 16065: 16060: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16011: 16004: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15982: 15977: 15969: 15967: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15917: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15874: 15869: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15840: 15838: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15795: 15789: 15787: 15777: 15776: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15761: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15728:Social welfare 15725: 15720: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15580: 15579: 15578: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15513: 15511: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15501: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15473: 15471: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15412: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15391:Historiography 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15308: 15306: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15252: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15232: 15230: 15220: 15219: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15200: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15164: 15144: 15122:Eltahawy, Mona 15118: 15102: 15096: 15084: 15070: 15069:External links 15067: 15066: 15065: 15060:978-0754630838 15059: 15044: 15039:978-8188869114 15038: 15025: 15020:978-1565643635 15019: 14999: 14986:978-9004330924 14985: 14950: 14906: 14889: 14884:978-1849044691 14883: 14868: 14855:978-0718828059 14854: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14820: 14794: 14763: 14757:978-9004144446 14756: 14738: 14729: 14725:978-1405177580 14708: 14705:978-0813344928 14688: 14682:978-0198712824 14681: 14660: 14654:978-9041116185 14653: 14635: 14622:10.2307/761831 14600: 14594:978-3319035666 14593: 14575: 14546: 14542:978-1905221417 14525: 14498: 14464: 14430: 14424:978-1498284165 14423: 14403: 14373: 14347: 14320: 14289: 14259: 14256:978-0199812288 14239: 14209: 14205:978-9004128187 14188: 14169: 14153: 14113: 14096: 14077: 14073:978-0521811132 14056: 14012: 13943: 13929:978-0759101890 13928: 13900: 13896:978-1107004559 13880: 13845: 13826: 13796: 13790:978-0816054541 13789: 13771: 13767:978-0761855590 13750: 13731: 13708: 13702:978-9004315471 13701: 13672: 13631: 13625:978-0759101906 13624: 13604:Cyril Glassé; 13589: 13571:978-0099523277 13570: 13550: 13531: 13490: 13449: 13382: 13346: 13282: 13204: 13178:978-0691179100 13177: 13136: 13118:978-0521347709 13117: 13082: 13045: 13014: 12995: 12971:"The Infidel ( 12949: 12945:978-0385523943 12928: 12925:978-1585678969 12908: 12905:978-0521646963 12888: 12879: 12858:(4): 665–684. 12837: 12819:978-0099523277 12818: 12798: 12761: 12731: 12713:978-0679643777 12712: 12687: 12669:978-9041116185 12668: 12648: 12629: 12607: 12569: 12551:978-8188869114 12550: 12530: 12503: 12482: 12447: 12413: 12382: 12335:Islamic Review 12322: 12287: 12281:978-9004114654 12280: 12257: 12253:978-0892591428 12236: 12230:978-9839541496 12229: 12204: 12144: 12142:(25 July 2007) 12122: 12116:978-0061189036 12115: 12094: 12054: 12036:978-0754630838 12035: 12015: 11989:978-0987171801 11988: 11968: 11962:978-1853728501 11961: 11938: 11932:978-0415775298 11931: 11913: 11907:978-0754630838 11906: 11888: 11882:978-1853728501 11881: 11861: 11821: 11781: 11742: 11702: 11672: 11626: 11584: 11555: 11526: 11497: 11445: 11439:978-1498239868 11438: 11420: 11392: 11374:978-9089640451 11373: 11350: 11315: 11285: 11270:(in Persian). 11245: 11238: 11220: 11189: 11160: 11125: 11106:(3): 203–234. 11074: 11055: 11044:978-0710313560 11043: 11023: 10993: 10990:978-0710313560 10977: 10955: 10922: 10903: 10901:7 August 2011. 10875: 10845: 10819: 10790: 10777: 10755: 10745: 10722: 10691: 10672: 10638: 10607: 10588: 10568: 10541: 10523:978-9004307834 10522: 10502: 10461: 10421: 10403:978-9041116185 10402: 10382: 10376:978-0199641444 10375: 10357: 10338: 10335:. p. 203. 10323: 10319:978-9004233362 10302: 10296:978-0521796705 10295: 10266: 10248:978-9089640451 10247: 10218: 10214:978-0892591428 10201: 10172: 10145: 10132: 10102: 10098:978-1593331153 10081: 10072:978-0230101982 10071: 10051: 10008: 9974: 9936: 9920: 9907: 9901:978-1845532284 9900: 9879: 9873:978-0313360251 9872: 9843: 9837:978-0195108163 9836: 9809: 9779: 9749: 9719: 9700: 9682:978-9089640451 9681: 9658: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9579: 9575:978-0823227242 9558: 9507: 9486:978-1848800700 9485: 9462: 9432: 9411:978-1848800700 9410: 9386: 9350: 9329:(3): 259–285. 9308: 9287:(3): 259–285. 9267: 9254: 9236:978-9047431534 9235: 9215: 9209:978-0684832807 9208: 9185: 9175: 9149: 9145:978-0915957729 9129: 9120: 9114:978-1598846591 9113: 9095: 9083: 9065:978-9004307834 9064: 9041: 8996: 8976:Shafiifiqh.com 8947: 8898: 8880:978-9004307834 8879: 8859: 8846: 8837:978-0674022089 8836: 8812: 8779: 8761:978-9047431534 8760: 8740: 8699: 8663: 8630: 8624:978-0313360251 8623: 8592: 8562: 8544:978-9047431534 8543: 8514: 8479: 8466: 8453: 8435:978-9004307834 8434: 8409: 8378: 8356: 8343: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8274: 8262: 8238: 8232:978-1780744209 8231: 8204: 8192: 8186:978-9004123557 8185: 8160: 8132: 8126:978-0816054541 8125: 8100: 8094:978-9004123557 8093: 8072: 8021: 8000: 7982:978-0190867706 7981: 7956: 7937: 7918: 7905: 7890: 7859: 7853:978-9004094192 7852: 7815: 7777: 7775:, pp. 526–527. 7750: 7744:978-0199794133 7743: 7715: 7709:978-0061189036 7708: 7684: 7662: 7628: 7616: 7610:978-1405121743 7609: 7580: 7551: 7516: 7445: 7390: 7314: 7296: 7260: 7222: 7192: 7186:978-0521861472 7185: 7160: 7154:978-0691134840 7153: 7147:. p. 40. 7131: 7103: 7097:978-0195125597 7096: 7076: 7070:978-0415396387 7069: 7049: 7043:978-0739135235 7042: 7013: 7007:978-0684807126 7006: 6986: 6960: 6943:UN News Centre 6930: 6912:978-9041116185 6911: 6884: 6858:978-0987171801 6857: 6837: 6831:978-1139440790 6830: 6808: 6770: 6756:978-9004435544 6755: 6721:Upal, M. Afzal 6704: 6664: 6660:978-0313360251 6643: 6639:978-0691134840 6622: 6616:978-9004147430 6615: 6575: 6540: 6522:978-9047431534 6521: 6501: 6394: 6364: 6338:978-9004330924 6337: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6257: 6243: 6234: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6176: 6166: 6149: 6136: 6123: 6100: 6088: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989:978-1591020684 5988: 5970: 5965:978-1984502124 5964: 5951: 5946:978-0232533644 5945: 5933:Saleem, Aliyah 5929: 5924:978-1250094445 5923: 5907: 5902:978-1724790804 5901: 5885: 5880:978-9025958367 5879: 5863: 5858:978-1628726756 5857: 5841: 5836:978-1847398185 5835: 5820: 5815:978-0743295031 5814: 5796: 5791:978-9044636840 5790: 5774: 5769:978-0310515029 5768: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5703: 5692: 5677: 5668: 5666:Deutsche Welle 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5587: 5584: 5575:Main article: 5572: 5569: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5117: 5116:Public opinion 5114: 5091: 5090: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5063:Messianic Jews 5055: 5054: 5049: 5046: 4984: 4981: 4963: 4960: 4919:Ottoman Empire 4906:Ottoman Empire 4856:(d. 1935) and 4850:Muhammad Abduh 4802:or other laws. 4791: 4788: 4491:sectarian wars 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4370:rulers fought 4364:Zoroastrianism 4335: 4328:Mahmud Shaltut 4323: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4301:Mahmud Shaltut 4296: 4293:khadar al-ahad 4280: 4268: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4245:Mahmud Shaltut 4219: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4172: 4157: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4057: 4049: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3972: 3962: 3952: 3934: 3908: 3902: 3885: 3860: 3853: 3843: 3833: 3819: 3812:Mohsen Kadivar 3809: 3799: 3788:Ahmed el-Tayeb 3785: 3778:Mahmud Shaltut 3774: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3746: 3727: 3717: 3699: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3591: 3588: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3545: 3529: 3513: 3497: 3415: 3412: 3397:Main article: 3394: 3391: 3341: 3338: 3286:a painting by 3272: 3269: 3249: 3248: 3236: 3235: 3226:and others in 3220: 3219: 3196: 3195: 3180:(insult), and 3168:("unbelief"), 3153:Main article: 3151: 3150: 3031: 3030: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2994: 2985: 2976:to assert the 2974: 2971: 2960: 2920:(illustrator: 2898:Muslim clerics 2894:Khoja-i-Sübyan 2886:Jadid movement 2860:Main article: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2818: 2808: 2768: 2765: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2696: 2676: 2643: 2604: 2584: 2569: 2545: 2489: 2449: 2432:("authentic") 2406: 2405: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2198: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2098: 2095: 2056:" insurgents ( 2007:calls for the 1990:is known as a 1923: 1922: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1728:Zoroastrianism 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1529:Related topics 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1496:Maryam Namazie 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1399:Ata Abu Rashta 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1349:Muhammad Iqbal 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309:Muhammad Abduh 1305: 1303:Key ideologues 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1286:House of Thani 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241:Omar al-Bashir 1238: 1232: 1230:Heads of state 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1203: 1196:("Milestones") 1190: 1178: 1166: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1132:Southeast Asia 1129: 1124: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1077:Hizb ut-Tahrir 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1048:Sahwa movement 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1023:Dawat-e-Islami 1020: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 977:Anti-communism 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 962: 961: 954: 949: 942: 935: 930: 929: 928: 918: 913: 912: 911: 906: 894: 884: 883: 882: 877: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 841: 840: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 813: 812: 806: 805: 804: 799: 789: 788: 787: 777: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 698: 697: 695: 694: 687: 680: 672: 669: 668: 667: 666: 651: 650: 647: 646: 640: 639: 638: 637: 632: 622: 617: 616: 615: 610: 600: 595: 590: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 563: 562: 557: 551: 548:Related topics 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 530:Social welfare 527: 522: 521: 520: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 424: 423: 418: 408: 407: 406: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 316: 315: 308: 301: 293: 292: 287: 281: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 259: 250: 249: 243: 235: 227: 218: 217: 197: 189: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 120:Predestination 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 101:Revealed Books 98: 92: 91: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16667: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16625: 16610: 16602: 16600: 16590: 16589: 16586: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16522: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16512:Post-Islamism 16510: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16446: 16444: 16442: 16438: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16409:Protestantism 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16384: 16374: 16370: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16334: 16333: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16252:Ophthalmology 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16158: 16154: 16150: 16142: 16138: 16124: 16121: 16117: 16116: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16082: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16070: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16016: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16005: 16001: 16000:Death penalty 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15966:Other aspects 15964: 15958: 15957: 15953: 15951: 15950: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15939: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15925: 15923: 15922: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15867: 15863: 15861: 15860: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15849: 15847: 15846: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15822: 15820: 15819: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15771: 15770:Jurisprudence 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15584: 15581: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15509:Denominations 15506: 15500: 15499: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15401: 15399: 15398: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15349: 15343: 15342: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15331: 15329: 15328: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15305: 15301: 15295: 15294:Holiest sites 15292: 15290: 15289:Judgement Day 15287: 15285: 15284: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15239: 15238: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15216: 15210: 15205: 15198: 15193: 15191: 15186: 15184: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15168: 15165: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15108: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15089: 15085: 15082: 15077: 15073: 15072: 15062: 15056: 15052: 15051: 15045: 15041: 15035: 15031: 15026: 15022: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14924:(1/4): 1–25. 14923: 14919: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14890: 14886: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14838: 14833: 14829: 14828: 14808: 14804: 14798: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14767: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14733: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14684: 14678: 14674: 14667: 14665: 14656: 14650: 14646: 14639: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14604: 14596: 14590: 14586: 14579: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14551: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14513: 14509: 14502: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14471: 14469: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14437: 14435: 14426: 14420: 14416: 14415: 14407: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14335: 14331: 14324: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14293: 14277: 14273: 14272:Barnabas Fund 14269: 14263: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14243: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14213: 14206: 14202: 14198: 14192: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14173: 14164: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14123: 14117: 14111:, pp. 108–127 14110: 14106: 14100: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14081: 14075:, pp. 510–517 14074: 14070: 14066: 14060: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14021:Morris, Benny 14016: 14008: 14002: 13995: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13947: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13904: 13897: 13893: 13887: 13885: 13865: 13858: 13857: 13849: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13830: 13823: 13819: 13816: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13801: 13792: 13786: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13754: 13738: 13734: 13732:9780099523277 13728: 13724: 13723: 13715: 13713: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13676: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13627: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13562: 13554: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13535: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13501: 13494: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13460: 13453: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13395: 13386: 13367: 13360: 13359: 13350: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13278: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13018: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12974: 12968: 12962: 12960: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12892: 12883: 12875: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12841: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12802: 12783: 12779: 12772: 12765: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12735: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12705: 12704: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12675: 12671: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12652: 12636: 12632: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12534: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12504:9780987171801 12500: 12496: 12495: 12486: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12451: 12435: 12432:. aljazeera. 12431: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12401: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12332: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12283: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12264: 12262: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12208: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12129: 12127: 12118: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11972: 11964: 11958: 11954: 11953: 11945: 11943: 11934: 11928: 11924: 11917: 11909: 11903: 11899: 11892: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11778: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11758:(1/4): 1–25. 11757: 11753: 11746: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11642: 11636: 11630: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11574: 11566: 11559: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11530: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11449: 11441: 11435: 11431: 11424: 11408: 11405:(in Arabic). 11404: 11403: 11396: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11357: 11355: 11347: 11332: 11325: 11319: 11312: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11273: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11241: 11239:9781474457576 11235: 11231: 11224: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11174: 11170: 11164: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11132: 11130: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11059: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11027: 11011: 11007: 11006:www.alexa.com 11003: 10997: 10991: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10959: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10907: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10863: 10859: 10852: 10850: 10833: 10829: 10823: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10787: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10676: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10506: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10446: 10439: 10438: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10386: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10342: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10273: 10271: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10055: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9959: 9952: 9951: 9943: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9884: 9875: 9869: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9850: 9848: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9816: 9814: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9705: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9665: 9663: 9654: 9647: 9641:, p. 48. 9640: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9583: 9577:. pp. 589–592 9576: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9474: 9466: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9400: 9399: 9390: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9219: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9179: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9099: 9090: 9088: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9048: 9046: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9022:(1/4): 1–25. 9021: 9017: 9011: 9008:Shaykhzadeh, 9005: 9003: 9001: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8863: 8856: 8850: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8744: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8684: 8680: 8673: 8667: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8610: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8580: 8576: 8575:The Economist 8572: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8499: 8492: 8491: 8483: 8476: 8470: 8463: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8353: 8347: 8340: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8255: 8252:, pp. 93–94. 8251: 8247: 8242: 8234: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8211: 8209: 8201: 8196: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8005: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7901: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7800: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7729:John Esposito 7724: 7722: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7458: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6662:, pp. 182–183 6661: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6479:(1/4): 1–25. 6478: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6382: 6378: 6377:The Economist 6374: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6082: 6078: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011:Al-Baqara 256 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762:. Zondervan. 5761: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664:(2014) – for 5663: 5660: 5659: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5123: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5081:Muslims' or ' 5080: 5076: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025:Contemporary 5023: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5005: 5003: 5002:Barnabas Fund 4997: 4995: 4991: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776:Ibn Taymiyyah 4773: 4772:al-Suhrawardi 4768: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4688:Sadakat Kadri 4685: 4684:Bernard Lewis 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572:false Muslims 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4449:, the Indian 4448: 4444: 4442: 4441:Sadakat Kadri 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4277:Tariq Ramadan 4274: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4011: 4010: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Tariq Ramadan 3886: 3883: 3882: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667:committee at 3666: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616:Nasr Abu Zayd 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3585: 3584:Nasr Abu Zayd 3581: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3393:Death penalty 3390: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3350:As mentioned 3347: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310:death penalty 3306: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3174:(depravity), 3172: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3102:Nasr Abu Zayd 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3063:Ibn Taymiyyah 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3043:Bernard Lewis 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878:Crimean Tatar 2874: 2869: 2863: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837:Nasr Abu Zayd 2834: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2402: 2399: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2361:This section 2359: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2199:This section 2197: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135:murtadd milli 2132: 2131:murtadd fitri 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Islamic State 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037:death penalty 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2009:death penalty 2006: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1882:This article 1880: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1658:Protestantism 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501:Maajid Nawaaz 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1409:Navvab Safavi 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1394:Tariq Ramadan 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1344:Safwat Hegazi 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Muhammad Asad 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281:House of Saud 1279: 1277: 1276:Mohammed Omar 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1261:Mohamed Morsi 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1217:Khomeini 1970 1214: 1213: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 968: 967: 960: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947: 943: 941: 940: 936: 934: 933:Post-Islamism 931: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 917: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 900: 899: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 871: 870:Islamic state 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 839: 838: 834: 833: 832: 829: 828: 822: 821: 816: 810: 809:Shia Islamism 807: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 786: 783: 782: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 766: 765: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 723: 722: 718: 710: 704: 703: 693: 688: 686: 681: 679: 674: 673: 671: 670: 665: 655: 654: 653: 652: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 626: 623: 621: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 565: 564: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 549: 544: 543: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503:Proselytizing 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411:Denominations 409: 405: 402: 401: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 354: 349: 348: 341: 338: 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Retrieved 15152:the original 15136:. Retrieved 15131:The Guardian 15129: 15110:. Retrieved 15083:at Wikiquote 15049: 15029: 15006: 14958: 14921: 14917: 14901: 14897: 14873: 14836: 14811:. Retrieved 14797: 14787:12 September 14785:. Retrieved 14776: 14766: 14747: 14741: 14732: 14716: 14711: 14696: 14691: 14672: 14644: 14638: 14616:(1): 63–79. 14613: 14609: 14603: 14584: 14578: 14566:. Retrieved 14533: 14528: 14516:. Retrieved 14501: 14489:. Retrieved 14480: 14455:. Retrieved 14446: 14413: 14406: 14394:. Retrieved 14390:the original 14385: 14376: 14364:. Retrieved 14359: 14350: 14338:. Retrieved 14323: 14311:. Retrieved 14307:the original 14292: 14280:. Retrieved 14276:the original 14262: 14247: 14242: 14230:. Retrieved 14221: 14212: 14196: 14191: 14172: 14162: 14156: 14131: 14127: 14121: 14116: 14099: 14080: 14064: 14059: 14047:. Retrieved 14032: 14025:Ze'evi, Dror 14015: 14001:cite journal 13992: 13985:. Retrieved 13960: 13956: 13946: 13910: 13903: 13871:. 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Retrieved 12348: 12344: 12334: 12330: 12325: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12270: 12244: 12239: 12220: 12213:S. A. Rahman 12207: 12195:. Retrieved 12170: 12166: 12156: 12152: 12147: 12106: 12097: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12057: 12045:. Retrieved 12025: 12018: 12006:. Retrieved 11978: 11971: 11951: 11922: 11916: 11897: 11891: 11871: 11864: 11839: 11835: 11829: 11824: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11784: 11775: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11705: 11693:. Retrieved 11684: 11675: 11663:. Retrieved 11651: 11647: 11634: 11629: 11617:. Retrieved 11605: 11601: 11587: 11564: 11558: 11535: 11529: 11517:. Retrieved 11507: 11500: 11488:. Retrieved 11463: 11459: 11448: 11429: 11423: 11411:. Retrieved 11401: 11395: 11383:. Retrieved 11363: 11345: 11338:. Retrieved 11331:the original 11318: 11309: 11302:. Retrieved 11288: 11276:. Retrieved 11265: 11229: 11223: 11211:. Retrieved 11202: 11192: 11184: 11177:. Retrieved 11173:the original 11163: 11153: 11103: 11097: 11058: 11049: 11048: 11033: 11026: 11014:. Retrieved 11010:the original 11005: 10996: 10980: 10973: 10958: 10946:. Retrieved 10911:Minivan News 10906: 10866:. Retrieved 10836:. Retrieved 10822: 10812: 10788:(2003), p. 4 10785: 10780: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10735: 10725: 10713:. Retrieved 10704: 10694: 10675: 10663:. Retrieved 10654: 10629:. Retrieved 10620: 10610: 10598:. Retrieved 10578: 10571: 10558:. Retrieved 10544: 10532:. Retrieved 10512: 10505: 10493:. Retrieved 10481: 10477: 10464: 10452:. Retrieved 10436: 10412:. Retrieved 10392: 10385: 10366: 10360: 10341: 10332: 10326: 10310: 10305: 10280: 10257:. Retrieved 10237: 10204: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10140: 10135: 10123:. Retrieved 10114: 10105: 10089: 10084: 10076: 10061: 10054: 10042:. Retrieved 10025: 10021: 10011: 10002: 9995:. Retrieved 9986: 9977: 9965:. Retrieved 9949: 9931: 9923: 9915: 9910: 9891: 9857: 9822: 9800:. Retrieved 9792:Islamweb.net 9791: 9782: 9770:. Retrieved 9761: 9752: 9740:. Retrieved 9731: 9722: 9713: 9691:. 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Retrieved 6306: 6260: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6169: 6161: 6158:Ibn Taymiyya 6156:for example 6152: 6143:(two of the 6139: 6126: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6091: 6081: 6046:Anwar Shaikh 5978: 5955: 5936: 5914: 5892: 5870: 5848: 5825: 5804: 5781: 5759: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5705: 5694: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5616: 5611: 5599: 5580: 5561:West African 5541: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5109: 5092: 5071: 5056: 5024: 5019:Mohsin Hamid 5012: 5007: 4998: 4986: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4946: 4927:Genocides of 4911: 4847: 4827:Abdulmejid I 4823: 4769: 4758:at the time 4745: 4736:Abu al-Abbās 4733: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4681: 4665: 4602: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4557: 4541: 4507: 4476: 4459: 4445: 4436: 4433:Mohsen Araki 4426: 4422: 4399: 4344: 4338: 4308: 4304: 4292: 4262:hadith above 4233:S. A. Rahman 4226: 4222: 4151: 4125: 4111: 4104: 4094:al-Ghazali). 4063:)? Fasting ( 4016: 4008: 3993: 3965:S. A. Rahman 3880: 3872:theologian, 3832:(1985-1989). 3784:(1958–1963). 3690: 3644: 3630: 3611: 3593: 3576: 3555: 3535: 3523: 3503: 3493: 3471: 3464:imprisonment 3447: 3439: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3387:Abdul Rahman 3384: 3364: 3360: 3349: 3334: 3307: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3237: 3228:Ja'fari fiqh 3221: 3202:, sometimes 3197: 3158: 3127:Ordinance XX 3091: 3076: 3067:Gilles Kepel 3054: 3048: 3032: 3021:, following 2988: 2954: 2944: 2939: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2801:Abdul Rahman 2787: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2758: 2752: 2746:punishment); 2736:Kitab al-Umm 2735: 2730: 2716: 2699: 2692: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2646: 2639: 2619: 2607: 2600: 2587: 2580: 2565: 2560: 2548: 2541: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2485: 2474:Sahih Muslim 2472: 2464:Sahih Muslim 2462: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2427: 2394: 2385: 2362: 2311: 2252: 2232: 2223: 2200: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2155: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2088: 2074: 2051: 2041: 2026: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1927: 1926: 1911: 1902: 1883: 1748: 1744:Antisemitism 1736:Islam and... 1648:Christianity 1643:Baháʼí Faith 1563: 1553:Islamophobia 1429:Ahmed Yassin 1414:Ali Shariati 1354:Ali Khamenei 1236:Ali Khamenei 1207: 1205: 1193: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1112: 1111: 1070: 1069: 1028:Ahl-i Hadith 1012: 987:Anti-Zionism 956: 944: 937: 916:Pan-Islamism 896: 891:of knowledge 887:Islamization 835: 830: 726:Fundamentals 620:Islamophobia 554: 399:Demographics 394:Circumcision 310: 303: 296: 262: 254: 238: 230: 222: 211: 205: 199: 192: 44: 16299:Other areas 16290:Theological 16285:Eschatology 16242:Mathematics 16179:Calligraphy 16109:Theological 16063:Inheritance 15980:Cleanliness 15410:Shi'a Imams 15404:Ahl al-Bayt 14568:29 November 14544:, pp. 25–31 14518:13 February 14491:16 February 14457:15 February 14396:12 November 14340:10 December 14134:(1/4): 17. 13769:, pp. 61–67 13743:27 November 13582:27 November 13319:: 581–582. 13301:(review)". 13245:: 137–164. 13075:17 November 12947:, pp. 76–78 12830:27 November 12748:Renaissance 12724:25 November 12680:12 December 12641:21 February 12463:(1/4): 15. 12440:14 December 12406:10 December 12303:(1/4): 14. 12075:(1/4): 14. 11842:(1/4): 17. 11802:(1/4): 17. 11695:10 February 11340:7 September 11304:7 September 11267:BBC Persian 11199:"Biography" 11179:7 September 11136:Grand Mufti 10560:16 November 10534:25 December 10414:12 December 10044:10 February 10028:(4): 3–12. 9997:10 February 9866:, 182–184. 9551:12 February 9500:12 February 9455:15 February 9425:12 February 9076:25 December 8891:25 December 8857:, pp. 53–67 8805:12 February 8733:25 November 8656:12 February 8446:25 December 8305:13 December 7482:: 134–162. 7356:10871/37355 7253:28 November 7215:16 December 6923:11 December 6692:Whereas an 6641:, pp. 40–41 6132:Wael Hallaq 5974:Warraq, Ibn 5867:Jami, Ehsan 5686:Deeyah Khan 5613:observance. 5283:Afghanistan 5077:Muslims', ' 5038:Edip Yuksel 4866:S.A. Rahman 4780:Dara Shikoh 4760:Al-Muqtadir 4728:freethinker 4554:First Fitna 4493:caused the 4289:Wael Hallaq 4285:al-Shawkani 4237:Wael Hallaq 4216:Sword Verse 4209:Grand Mufti 4201:Quran above 4199:Quran (see 4161:Al-Sarakhsi 4090:al-Masiri). 3945:Islamic Law 3806:Grand Mufti 3796:Grand Mufti 3466:before the 3376:persecution 3282:Sol Hachuel 3011:prophethood 2811:Blaspheming 2461:, see also 2077:Afghanistan 1978:, but also 1653:Catholicism 1516:Bassam Tibi 1511:Olivier Roy 1404:Rashid Rida 1389:Sayyid Qutb 1175:Iqbal 1930s 1122:MENA region 1092:Millî Görüş 635:Laws of war 298:Ahl al-Bayt 183:Foundations 16624:Categories 16454:Ex-Muslims 16349:Shu'ubiyya 16343:Psychology 16331:Literature 16321:Inventions 16267:Philosophy 16075:Leadership 16051:Honorifics 15706:Philosophy 15561:Isma'ilism 15526:Maturidism 15415:Caliphates 15386:Golden Age 15277:Revelation 15158:15 October 15138:15 October 15112:15 October 14813:28 October 14366:6 February 14313:15 October 14282:15 October 14109:0813334896 14049:5 November 13187:2017956010 12996:9839154702 12630:9041116184 12600:8 December 12375:21 January 12197:21 January 11519:2 February 11490:21 January 11385:16 January 11278:14 October 11213:27 October 10868:3 December 10772:1850659397 10753:University 10736:Yahoo News 10715:6 December 10665:9 December 10589:0521570778 10259:16 January 10125:13 October 9987:Sunnah.com 9928:David Kerr 9802:1 February 9693:16 January 9247:15 January 9162:Sunnah.com 8772:15 January 8555:15 January 8402:30 October 8295:Islamicity 8258:9770909963 8156:0199730938 8146:, p. 242. 8065:21 January 7509:25 October 7127:0199730938 7117:, p. 242. 6801:14 October 6533:15 January 6068:References 5571:By country 5514:Kazakhstan 5434:Kyrgyzstan 5418:Tajikistan 5331:Bangladesh 4983:Background 4879:Christians 4806:See also: 4784:Shah Jahan 4668:David Cook 4666:Historian 4657:Muhammad I 4518:Kharijites 4514:Kharijites 4483:Ridda wars 4447:Zakir Naik 4419:Middle way 4410:imitating. 4376:Reza Aslan 4349:Reza Aslan 3905:Reza Aslan 3757:Al Jazeera 3730:Zakir Naik 3633:, الْفيء). 3378:or during 3271:Punishment 3051:Al-Ghazali 2936:Al-Ghazali 2755:Al-Ghazali 2732:Al-Shafi'i 2648:Al-Muwatta 2626:Imam Malik 2410:See also: 2372:improve it 2210:improve it 2174:is termed 2081:Kazakhstan 2068:, and the 2020:, and the 1801:Secularism 1791:Shia–Sunni 1769:Liberalism 1506:Sam Harris 1486:Farag Foda 1266:Zia ul-Haq 1127:South Asia 1038:Madkhalism 1013:Scholastic 971:Influences 785:Khomeinism 769:Ideologies 757:Secularism 488:Philosophy 225:(exegesis) 162:Pilgrimage 152:Almsgiving 36:Ex-Muslims 16571:Symbolism 16529:Incidents 16507:Criticism 16404:Mormonism 16306:Astrology 16232:Cosmology 16227:Astronomy 16169:Arabesque 16036:Etiquette 15995:Blasphemy 15785:Economics 15600:Ahmadiyya 15534:Mu'tazili 15522:Ash'arism 14995:1874-6691 14946:162376591 14864:243438689 14842:Guildford 14207:, pp. 7–9 13987:29 August 13873:6 January 13665:6 January 13524:6 January 13483:6 January 13444:227325750 13436:1527-1900 13396:(review)" 13375:6 January 13341:170001371 13333:1086-3184 13277:161217907 13261:1528-4212 13105:Cambridge 13093:(1987) . 12969:(2006) . 12874:224988970 12791:8 January 12523:6 January 12351:(2): 63. 12173:(2): 63. 12047:19 August 12008:9 January 11665:6 January 11619:6 January 11591:cited in 11573:cite book 11544:cite book 11466:(2): 63. 11413:8 January 11139:Ali Gomaa 10495:6 January 10454:6 January 10167:0027-4909 9967:6 January 9379:2 January 9345:219460446 9303:219460446 8585:9 January 8507:6 January 7993:2 January 7883:2 January 7830:"Murtadd" 7808:6 January 7657:0027-4909 7544:30 August 7496:1573-0255 7440:2077-1444 7405:Religions 7383:3 January 7373:195448888 7365:1552-6526 6877:9 January 6765:1874-6691 6698:('rtidad) 6387:9 January 6347:1874-6691 6284:Citations 5721:Vice News 5684:(2016) – 5644:sexuality 5363:Indonesia 5180:Palestine 5085:liars'). 5079:heretical 5075:heterodox 5017:. Author 5004:reports: 4938:Assyrians 4930:Armenians 4902:genocides 4887:Trebizond 4800:blasphemy 4765:Shafi'ite 4661:blasphemy 4617:martyrdom 4576:munāfiḳūn 4437:expressed 4414:Muslims). 4212:Ali Gomaa 4122:Ibn Abbas 4084:abrogated 3979:Professor 3941:Professor 3892:Professor 3876:scholar. 3867:Pakistani 3816:Professor 3802:Ali Gomaa 3732:, Indian 3562:execution 3468:execution 3261:shariʿah, 3111:Ahmadiyya 3106:Ahmadiyya 3017:. In the 2851:in 2005). 2376:verifying 2214:verifying 2127:secession 1980:blasphemy 1941:romanized 1779:Modernism 1774:Modernity 1759:Democracy 1754:Blasphemy 1677:Mandaeism 1663:Mormonism 1541:Modernism 1469:in Europe 1200:Qutb 1965 1187:Asad 1961 1151:Key texts 1071:Political 1053:Wahhabism 1009:Movements 850:Caliphate 747:Economics 608:terrorism 560:Criticism 513:Sexuality 483:Mysticism 453:Festivals 433:Education 428:Economics 364:Academics 320:Caliphate 133:Practices 16609:Category 16502:Islamism 16485:Muhammad 16441:Apostasy 16416:Hinduism 16316:Feminism 16247:Medicine 16087:Military 16041:Gambling 15990:Apostasy 15985:Criminal 15897:Marriage 15866:Tayammum 15818:Murabaha 15691:Madrasas 15681:Holidays 15671:Clothing 15666:Children 15661:Calendar 15612:Quranism 15566:Alawites 15530:Atharism 15421:Rashidun 15260:In Islam 15255:Muhammad 15134:. London 15005:(2011). 14834:(1968). 14807:Archived 14781:Archived 14562:Archived 14512:Archived 14485:Archived 14451:Archived 14334:Archived 14332:. Dawn. 14232:19 April 14226:Archived 14222:BBC News 14180:Archived 14167:, p. 59. 14088:Archived 14043:Archived 14039:Tel Aviv 13981:Archived 13938:48553252 13864:Archived 13837:Archived 13818:Archived 13737:Archived 13683:(1999). 13656:Archived 13608:(2003). 13576:Archived 13542:Archived 13515:Archived 13474:Archived 13366:Archived 13269:25659647 13191:Archived 13123:Archived 13038:19 April 13032:Archived 13001:Archived 12824:Archived 12782:Archived 12718:Archived 12674:Archived 12635:Archived 12594:Archived 12556:Archived 12517:Archived 12434:Archived 12400:Archived 12369:Archived 12365:25728038 12215:(2007). 12191:Archived 12187:25728038 12136:Archived 12105:(2007). 12041:Archived 12002:Archived 11689:Archived 11656:Archived 11610:Archived 11513:Archived 11484:Archived 11480:25728038 11407:Archived 11379:Archived 11298:Archived 11272:Archived 11207:Archived 11146:Archived 11066:Archived 10966:Archived 10942:Archived 10914:Archived 10899:Archived 10891:Archived 10862:Archived 10832:Archived 10805:Archived 10766:. 2009. 10740:Archived 10709:Archived 10684:Archived 10659:Archived 10625:Archived 10594:Archived 10554:Archived 10528:Archived 10486:Archived 10445:Archived 10408:Archived 10349:Archived 10253:Archived 10193:Archived 10119:Archived 10115:BBC News 10100:, p. 69. 10038:Archived 10034:26351508 9991:Archived 9958:Archived 9796:Archived 9772:23 April 9766:Archived 9762:BBC News 9742:23 April 9736:Archived 9687:Archived 9545:Archived 9491:Archived 9449:Archived 9445:Al Islam 9416:Archived 9370:Archived 9241:Archived 9166:Archived 9070:Archived 8980:Archived 8967:(1368). 8931:Archived 8918:(1368). 8885:Archived 8799:Archived 8766:Archived 8724:Archived 8692:23 April 8683:Archived 8650:Archived 8579:Archived 8549:Archived 8498:Archived 8477:, p. 222 8440:Archived 8339:Apostasy 8299:Archived 8248:(2003), 8142:(2013), 8083:(2004). 8059:Archived 8055:25728038 7987:Archived 7948:Archived 7929:Archived 7799:Archived 7731:(2011). 7698:(2007). 7571:Archived 7567:BBC News 7538:Archived 7500:Archived 7377:Archived 7289:23 April 7280:Archived 7247:Archived 7209:Archived 7171:(2009). 7113:(2013), 6979:17 April 6973:Archived 6953:17 April 6947:Archived 6917:Archived 6871:Archived 6795:Archived 6791:BBC News 6723:(eds.). 6685:Archived 6527:Archived 6381:Archived 6351:Archived 5999:See also 5976:(2003). 5913:(2016). 5891:(2019). 5869:(2007). 5847:(2017). 5802:(2007). 5758:(2014). 5740:The Feed 5675:BBC News 5636:religion 5387:Country 5347:Thailand 5315:Malaysia 5299:Pakistan 5268:Country 5149:Country 5031:Quranist 5029:such as 4899:Assyrian 4891:Armenian 4839:Tanzimat 4740:Al-Mahdi 4712:Muhammad 4594:Roderick 4564:infidels 4550:Abu Bakr 4489:. These 4455:preacher 4368:Buddhist 4187:Sarakhsi 4146:(d. 474 3989:(2008). 3971:(1968). 3898:and the 3763:website 3745:treason. 3742:Peace TV 3740:, whose 3738:preacher 3685:maturity 3681:children 3608:annulled 3597:madhhabs 3448:zanādiqa 3362:right." 3265:shariʿah 3188:apostasy 3059:Ibn Hazm 2990:sharīʿah 2968:Muhammad 2909:sharīʿah 2890:Terjuman 2782:muḥāraba 2697:— 2677:— 2653:36 18.16 2644:— 2630:Rashidun 2614:9:89:316 2605:— 2594:4:56:814 2585:— 2570:— 2555:9:89:271 2546:— 2517:9:89:271 2499:4:52:260 2490:— 2450:— 2388:May 2024 2338:88:21–22 2303:88:22–24 2226:May 2024 2176:mukaffir 2058:al-Qaeda 2048:jihadist 1905:May 2024 1825:Category 1806:Violence 1786:Politics 1749:Apostasy 1723:Yazidism 1698:Hinduism 1693:Buddhism 1113:Militant 1033:Deobandi 909:Jihadism 825:Concepts 775:Islamism 752:Politics 717:Islamism 709:a series 707:Part of 644:Glossary 630:Jihadism 603:Violence 598:Islamism 569:Muhammad 555:Apostasy 498:Politics 448:Feminism 443:Exorcism 404:Diaspora 389:Children 384:Calendar 312:Rashidun 290:Muhammad 285:Timeline 246:Mathnawi 108:Prophets 52:a series 50:Part of 16556:Nursing 16517:Qutbism 16431:Sikhism 16426:Judaism 16421:Jainism 16257:Physics 16204:Pottery 16189:Gardens 16184:Carpets 16099:Slavery 16021:Divorce 16008:Dhabiĥa 15836:Hygiene 15811:Takaful 15793:Banking 15723:Science 15717:Qurbani 15686:Mosques 15646:Animals 15635:Culture 15583:Zaydism 15571:Alevism 15457:Ottoman 15447:Almohad 15442:Fatimid 15437:Córdoba 15432:Abbasid 15427:Umayyad 15360:Leaders 15355:History 15313:Shahada 15228:Beliefs 14938:1570336 14904:: 3–19. 14148:1570336 14034:Haaretz 13977:1570336 13513:: 256. 13420:: 644. 13197:26 July 13129:26 July 13007:26 July 12477:1570336 12317:1570336 12089:1570336 11856:1570336 11816:1570336 11772:1570336 11737:1570336 11654:: 250. 11608:: 249. 11120:3382008 11016:5 March 10948:16 July 10484:: 277. 9732:loc.gov 9612:22 June 9541:1595009 9036:1570336 8615:183–184 8175:(ed.). 7424:: 483. 6587:(ed.). 6570:1570336 6493:1570336 6190:tariqat 6186:Shariah 6086:crimes. 6061:Zandaqa 5565:Nigeria 5498:Albania 5244:Lebanon 5228:Tunisia 5134:Group C 4883:Kharput 4700:shahada 4693:shahada 4676:Umayyad 4672:'Abbasi 4530:Muslims 4126:murtadd 4042:hadiths 3947:at the 3765:IslamQA 3548:Jaʿfari 3540:crime. 3532:Ḥanbalī 3516:Shāfiʿī 3494:ḥirābah 3436:sorcery 3432:maḏāhib 3428:schools 3368:Taqiyya 3208:Ahmadis 3129:of the 3123:messiah 3104:or the 2993:courts; 2918:Tbilisi 2868:Takfiri 2760:zandaqa 2706:38:4339 2686:9:83:17 2622:Muwatta 2535:9:84:64 2526:9:84:58 2508:9:84:57 2479:16:4154 2469:16:4152 2459:9:83:17 2370:Please 2208:Please 2145:takfeer 2115:murtadd 2111:murtadd 2103:irtidād 2070:Taliban 2053:takfiri 1992:murtadd 1959:irtidād 1943:: 1891:Please 1718:Sikhism 1703:Jainism 1672:Judaism 1018:Barelvi 926:aspects 889: ( 780:Qutbism 742:Culture 737:History 525:Slavery 508:Science 463:Madrasa 458:Finance 369:Animals 357:society 353:Culture 325:Imamate 305:Sahabah 278:History 248:(Poems) 233:(creed) 157:Fasting 85:Oneness 78:Beliefs 16378: 16336:poetry 16146: 16031:Ethics 16015:Dhimmi 15974:Baligh 15935:Mahram 15892:Family 15872:Toilet 15852:Miswak 15605:Lahori 15546:Salafi 15492:Seerah 15487:Tafsir 15482:Hadith 15452:Sokoto 15397:Sahaba 15272:Angels 15249:Tawhid 15206:topics 15057: 15036: 15017: 14993: 14983: 14963:Leiden 14944: 14936: 14881: 14862: 14852: 14754: 14723: 14703: 14679: 14651: 14630:761831 14628: 14591: 14540: 14421: 14254: 14203: 14146: 14107: 14071: 13975: 13936: 13926: 13894: 13787: 13765: 13729: 13699: 13622: 13568: 13442: 13434: 13339: 13331: 13275: 13267: 13259: 13185: 13175: 13115: 12993: 12943: 12923: 12903: 12872: 12816: 12710: 12666: 12627: 12562:15 May 12548: 12511: 12501: 12475: 12363: 12315: 12278: 12251: 12227: 12185: 12113: 12087: 12033: 11996: 11986: 11959: 11929: 11904: 11879: 11854: 11814: 11770: 11735: 11478: 11436: 11371: 11311:Islam. 11236: 11118: 11041: 10988: 10972:2013 | 10838:1 July 10770: 10631:15 May 10600:10 May 10586: 10520: 10400: 10373: 10317: 10293: 10245: 10212: 10165: 10096: 10069: 10032: 9898: 9870: 9834: 9679: 9573: 9539: 9483: 9408: 9343: 9301: 9233: 9206: 9143: 9111: 9062: 9034: 8989:14 May 8940:14 May 8877: 8834: 8758: 8621: 8541: 8432: 8256: 8229: 8223:186–89 8183: 8154: 8123: 8091: 8053: 7979: 7869:"Kufr" 7850: 7741: 7706: 7655: 7607: 7603:–169. 7576:(...). 7494: 7476:Leiden 7457:Takfir 7438: 7371: 7363: 7183: 7151: 7125: 7094: 7067: 7040: 7004: 6909: 6865: 6855: 6828: 6763: 6753: 6733:Boston 6729:Leiden 6658: 6637: 6613: 6595:Leiden 6568: 6519: 6491: 6357:29 May 6345: 6335: 6315:Boston 6311:Leiden 6270:Israel 6266:Turkey 6056:Takfir 5986: 5962: 5943: 5921: 5899: 5877: 5855: 5833: 5812: 5788: 5766: 5640:gender 5632:Sharia 5482:Turkey 5466:Kosovo 5450:Bosnia 5402:Russia 5196:Jordan 5130:Sharia 5096:groups 5040:, and 4994:sharia 4990:Hisbah 4951:hisbah 4940:, and 4934:Greeks 4915:Levant 4897:, and 4818:, and 4756:Caliph 4723:Zindīq 4647:. 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