Antillia - Knowledge

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the author dismisses the name as being Portuguese. Instead, he noted that the first cartographers to mention the island (although they did not represent it) were Francesco and Domenico Pizigano in 1367, who called it Antullia. From this follows that the name means "Anti-Tullia", i.e. Anti-Thule, later transformed into Antyllia, and finally Antillia. According to his interpretation, the name denotes the island opposite to Tyle, but this does not mean it is before Iceland, but beyond it, as represented in the maps. The name means the island opposite to Tyle by sailing southwest, and therefore refers to America.

198: 1140: 418: 1688:). However, later, Morison (1955: p.469) embraces the 'ante-ilha' hypothesis, stating its "fairly obvious" that "the name means nothing more or less than opposite island or island over against". Crone (1955) published a note acknowledging the alternative reading of the 1367 inscription he believed was Getulia as "Arcules" (Hercules), stating it "deserves consideration", although it remains unclear whether he had abandoned his own Getulia reading. 1912: 1670:). See Cortesão (1954 (1975): p.118). It has however, remained extant among some modern "Atlantis" theorists. Lewis Spence (1925) suggested that Antilla is the remnant of Atlantis, which had broken up following a natural disaster. Spence (p.87) cites Brasseur de Bourgbourg, Bancroft and Le Plongeon as supporters of this theory, "none of them authorities of any great weight, I fear, and all inclined to rashness." 539: 1181:, several people believed he had discovered Antillia. Upon Cabot's return to England, two residents of Bristol – the Italian merchant Raimondo de Soncino (in a letter to the Duke of Milan, dated August 24, 1497) and Bristol merchant John Day (in a letter to Christopher Columbus, written c. December 1497) – refer to Cabot making landfall and coasting the "Island of Seven Cities". 397:, embarked with their parishioners on ships and set sail westward into the Atlantic Ocean to escape the Arab conquerors. They stumbled upon an island and decided to settle there, burning their ships to permanently sever their link to their now Muslim-dominated former homeland. The bishops erected seven settlements (the "Seven Cities") on the island. In one reading (from 65: 1039: 1679:

This was first forwarded by Crone (1938) and initially favored by Morison (1940). See Diffie and Winius (1977: p.441). Although commonly associated with the North African hinterlands, Crone asserts that "Getulia" is identified by some Medieval geographers as the ancient name of the location of where

558:"Ante-Ilha" ("Fore-Island", "Island of the Other", or "Opposite Island"). It may be a reference to the belief that the island lay directly "opposite" from mainland Portugal (as it is usually charted), consistent with the Seven Cities story. Its size and rectangular shape is a near-mirror image of the 1107:

and their parishioners to avoid the ensuing Moorish invasion. Each congregation founded a city, namely, Aira, Anhuib, Ansalli, Ansesseli, Ansodi, Ansolli and Con, and once established, burnt their caravel ships as a symbol of their autonomy. The reporting of this settlement comes courtesy of a young

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In a fresh work on the subject, the author Demetrio Charalambous notes that in medieval maps, the name of the island is written Antylia, which is inconsistent with the interpretation commonly accepted that the name means "ante-ilha" in Portuguese. No medieval map records the name "Antilha", by which

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In the year 734 after the birth of Christ, when all Spain was overrun by the miscreants of Africa, this Island of Antillia, called also the Isle of the Seven Cities, was peopled by the Archbishop of Porto with six other bishops, and certain companions, male and female, who fled from Spain with their

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by Europeans in the 14th century revived an interest in Atlantic island myths. With the existence of lands out in the Atlantic Ocean confirmed, 14th-century European geographers began plumbing the old legends and plotting and naming many of these mythical islands on their nautical charts, alongside

445:

This island Antilia was once found by the Portuguese, but now when it is searched, cannot be found. People found here speak the Hispanic language, and are believed to have fled here in face of a barbarian invasion of Hispania, in the time of King Roderic, the last to govern Hispania in the era of

2389:

Toscanelli and Columbus: The letter and chart of Toscanelli on the route to the Indies by way of the west, sent in 1474 to the Portuguese, Ferman Martins, and later on to Christopher Columbus; a critical study on the authenticity and value of these documents and the sources of the cosmographical

2247:

Tratado que compôs o nobre & notauel capitão Antonio Galuão, dos diuersos & desuayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India às nossas partes, & assi de todos os descobrimentos antigos & modernos, que são feitos até a era de

800:' of later maps). These four islands will be collectively drawn together in many later 15th-century maps, with the same relative size, position and shape Pizzigano gave them in 1424. They are commonly referred to collectively as the "Antillia group" or (to use Beccario's label) the 1128:

in 1492. Behaim relates the Catholic escape from the barbarians, though his date of 734 is probably a mistake for 714. The inscription adds that a Spanish vessel sighted the island in 1414, while a Portuguese crew claimed to have landed on Antillia in the 1430s.

1154:, or Japan, the quest to discover the Seven Cities attracted significant attention. However, by the last decade of the 15th century, the Portuguese state's official sponsorship of such exploratory voyages had ended, and in 1492, under the Spanish flag of 1119:

and the clergy's heritage marked a claim to significant strategical gains, Spain counterclaimed that the expedition was, in fact, theirs. One of the chief early descriptions of the heritage of Antillia is inscribed on the globe which the geographer

511:(dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernão Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean. It is mentioned again in a royal letter (dated 24 July 1486), issued by King 500:. Faria e Sousa notes they may not have reached their destination, but may have ended up instead on an Atlantic Ocean island "populated by Portuguese, that has seven cities ... which some imagine to be that one which can be seen from 446:

the Goths. There is 1 archbishop here and 6 other bishops, each of whom has his own city; and so it is called the island of seven cities. The people live here in the most Christian manner, replete with all the riches of this century.

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Given the tendency of the legends of different seafarers – Greek, Norse, Irish, Arab and Iberian – to cross-fertilize and influence each other, the exact source of some legendary Atlantic islands – such as the mythical islands of

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of the Atlantic – notably those of the Genoese B. Beccario or Beccaria (1435), the Venetian Andrea Bianco (1436), and Grazioso Benincasa (1476 and 1482). It is usually accompanied by the smaller and equally legendary islands of

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On these maps, Antillia was typically depicted on a similar scale to that of Portugal, lying around 200 miles west of the Azores. It was drawn as an almost perfect rectangle, its long axis running north–south, but with seven

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Others regard the "ante-ilha" etymology as unsatisfactory, on the basis that "ante", in geographical usage, suggests it sits opposite another island, not a continent. As a result, alternative etymological theories of

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bays shared between the east and west coasts. Each city lay on a bay. The form of the island occasionally becomes more figurative than the semi-abstract representations of Bartolomeo de Pareto, Benincasa and others:

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Saggio sulla Nautica antica de' Veneziani, con una illustrazione d'alcune carte idrografiche antiché della Biblioteca di S. Marco, che dimonstrano l'isole Antille prima della scoperta di Cristoforo Colombo

1762:, all of which happen to be situated on the coast, at or not too far from bays. However, the author of this article could not find corroboration for Barreto's statement. On a side note, J. Godkin (1867, 775:

archipelago (which also usually depicted in contemporary charts). Pizzigano drew Antillia as a large, red, rectangular island, indented with bays and dotted with seven settlements, with the inscription

1170:. Columbus had supposedly gained charts and descriptions from a Spanish navigator, who had "sojourned ... and died also" at Columbus's home in Madeira, after having made landfall on Antillia. 1108:

couple who eloped back to Europe on a rare trading ship and reported the seven cities as a model of agricultural, economic and cultural harmony. Centuries later, the island became known as a proto-

1492:). Curiously, Pedro de Medina says the inscription comes from a "very old" nautical map made by "Tolomeo" at the direction of "Papa Urbano". Presumably, he means a map based on (rather than by) 1056:, for instance, shifts its orientation to northwest–southeast, transmutes generic bays into river mouths (including a large one on the northeastern coast), and elongates a southern tail into a 2141:

Historia del Almirante Don Cristobal Colon, en la cual se da particular y verdadera relacion de su vida y de sus hechos, y del descubrimiento de las Indias Occidentales, llamadas Nuevo-Mundo

1783:

Charalambous, Demetrio, "Descubrimiento en el mar de papel", Buenos Aires, 1995. See also "The enigma of the isle of gold", in Revista de Historia de América, number 118, July–December 1994.

496:. Besieged by the Muslim armies and finding his situation hopeless, Sacaru negotiated capitulation, and proceeded, with all who wished to follow him, to embark on a fleet for exile in the 690:. This was insinuated by an inscription (albeit with no island) on the western edge of the map, which was read by some 19th-century historians as referring to "statues on the shores of 1897:

See also- Bartolomeo de Pareto, 1455; Petrus Roselli, 1468, held by the Hispanic Society of America; attr. Toscanelli, 1474: original is lost, but a copy survives in Columbus's notes

1592:). A similar grant might have been made earlier in 1473 to Infanta D. Brites, of "an island, that appeared beyond the island of Santiago", but was not found when it was sought. ibid. 1879:. Although this is now doubted, it is still sometimes called the "Columbus map". Cortesão (1954) identifies the author as Portuguese, others as a Genoese living in Portugal. 611:", a reference to the old Arab legends about sea dragons on the edge of the ocean (frequently depicted in Arab maritime charts), and that the island may have been known as 1816:) notes that an inscription about Hercules's "statues" to mark the edge of safe navigation was common practice in Arab charts. Crone (1938) first proposed to read it as 1071:'s globe and later charts. Contrary to the earlier descriptions of the two island groups as distinct entities, a 16th-century notion relegates Antillia to the island of 2206:

Dickson, Donald R. "The Tessera of Antilia: Utopian Brotherhoods & Secret Societies in the Early Seventeenth Century." Leiden, New York, and Köln: E. J. Brill, 1998

481:(1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the island, and met its (Portuguese-speaking) inhabitants, who reported they had fled there in the "time of 1614:("Here is the island called of the Seven Cities, a colony inhabited by Portuguese, according to some Spanish sailors, in the sands of which silver can be found.") 1612:

Hec Septem Civitatum insula vocatur, nunc Portugallensium colonia efecta, ut Gromite citantur Hispanorum, in qua reperiri inter arenas argentum perhibetur.

1500:(r. 1378-1389). If Medina has not mistaken his popes, and if there was such a map, then that map would contain the oldest reference to Antillia on record. 174:

began to be routinely sailed and became more accurately mapped, depictions of Antillia gradually disappeared. It nonetheless lent its name to the Spanish

458:(1548). Medina gives the island's dimensions as 87 leagues in length and 28 in width, with "many good ports and rivers", and says it is situated on the 2364:

Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, delivered at the Catholic University of Ireland, during the sessions of 1855 and 1856

1205:. As European explorations continued in the Americas, maps reduced the scale of the island Antillia, tending to place it mid-Atlantic, whereas the 968:, dated by its supporters around 1440, shows the outlines of Antillia and Satanazes islands (but not the two smaller ones) under the general label 69:

Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489. Phantom island of Antillia, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it

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Examen critique de l'histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l'astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles

2435: 1932: 1252: 1959: 1927: 394: 181:

The routine appearance of such a large "Antillia" in 15th-century nautical charts has led to speculation that it might represent the

485:" and asked whether the Moors still dominated Hispania. More elaborate versions of this story have been told in more modern times. 953:

map of 1448, although some authors believe that two rectangular islands depicted by Bianco much further south (in the environs of

2037:'s 1474 letter to the Spanish Court, RA Skelton, "Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery" 1562:), who relates that news of the island's existence was first brought to Europe by an eloping pair of lovers who fled the island. 2010: 155:

bishops embarked with their flocks on ships and set sail westwards into the Atlantic Ocean, eventually landing on an island (

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were attributed to mainland Central or North America, as the various European powers vied for territory in the New World.

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can be found in the island's sands. In the 16th century, the legend gave rise to the independent Spanish legends of the

792:(called "Tanmar" or "Danmar" in later maps). Some twenty leagues west of Antilia is the small blue companion island of 317: 566:

etymology might be older, possibly related in meaning to the "Aprositus" ("the Inaccessible"), the name reported by

698:) beyond which sailors should not pass. However, later readings have suggested it should be read as the statues of 687: 592:, an ancient Roman name for a geographical location in northwestern Africa. Another theory, famously forwarded by 1666:) briefly entertained this theory. The Atlantis etymology was also considered, and discarded, by Humboldt (1837: 1000: 1422: 355: 343:, and whose seafarers and fishermen may have seen and even visited them, articulated their own tales. Medieval 2198:

Les îles fantastiques de l'océan occidental au moyen âge: fragment inédit d'une histoire des îles de l'Afrique

995:(c. 1485). With a few exceptions (e.g. Ruysch), Antillia disappears from almost all known maps composed after 281: 2430: 646:, which might have had seven "cities" at the time. This theory, however, seems highly speculative. Ireland ( 170:. Thereafter, it routinely appeared in most nautical charts of the 15th century. After 1492, when the north 2126:

Buache, Jean-Nicholas (1806) "Recherches sur l'île Antillia et sur l'époque de la découverte de l'Amérique

988: 386: 142: 1150:

With this legend underpinning the growing reports of a bountiful civilisation midway between Europe and

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at the request of Fernão Dulmo authorizing him to search for and "discover the island of Seven Cities".

2046: 1555: 1190: 1143: 1080: 253:. The names of some real islands re-emerged as distinct mythical islands with associated legends, e.g. 1610:

In the Paris map ("Columbus Map") of c. 1500 (La Ronciere, 1924), the inscription by Antillia reads:

473:(1539), who also reports an alleged encounter with the islanders by a Portuguese ship in the time of 293: 371: 1834: 1809: 1589: 1489: 1473: 1443: 1067:

Around the time of Spain's discovery of South America, Antillia dwindles substantially in size on

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A Portuguese legend tells how the island was settled in the early 8th century in the face of the

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Significantly, although included in his map of 1436, the Antillia group is omitted in the later

780:("this island is called antillia"). Some sixty leagues north of it is the comparable large blue 2291: 2158:

The Nautical Chart of 1424 and the Early Discovery and Cartographical Representation of America

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As is evident, on some maps (e.g. Pareto, Soligo, Behaim), Antillia appears without Satanazes.

767:, as part of a group of four islands, lying far in the Atlantic Ocean some 250 leagues west of 593: 404:

The legend, in this form, is told in various places. The principal source is an inscription on

2403: 2367: 2237: 2011:"RA Skelton, "Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery"" 1871:

in Paris and dated tentatively between 1490 and 1500, was attributed by La Ronciere (1924) to

1796: 1705: 1667: 1659: 1633: 1573: 1456: 1382: 1349: 1336: 1282: 1278: 719: 1767: 1663: 1559: 1542: 1526: 1460: 1395: 1362: 1265: 2393: 2350: 2346: 2319: 2309: 2299: 2286: 2269: 2255: 2227: 2217: 2201: 2176: 2160:. Coimbra and Minneapolis. (Portuguese trans. "A Carta Nautica de 1424", published in 1975, 2110: 2106: 2102: 2081: 1917:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

1298: 582:

abound. One theory was that "Antillia" is merely a poorly-transcribed reference to Plato's "

209:

Stories of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, legendary and otherwise, have been reported since

1876: 1872: 1206: 1159: 996: 523: 508: 463: 313: 1072: 309: 197: 8: 2440: 2242: 1685: 1538: 1418: 1116: 1016: 976: 768: 707: 635: 559: 555: 512: 478: 474: 401:), the seven cities are named Aira, Antuab, Ansalli, Ansesseli, Ansodi, Ansolli and Con. 210: 162:

The island makes its first explicit appearance as a large rectangular island in the 1424

123: 1808:

This was first proposed by Hennig (1945) and supported by Armando Cortesão (1954 (1975)

788:, called Satanagio/Satanaxio/Salvagio in later maps), capped by a small umbrella-shaped 64: 2136: 1518: 1426: 1408: 853: 760: 470: 413:

cattle and property. In the year 1414, a Spanish ship approached very near this Island.

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A full image of Canepa's 1489 map, featuring Antillia (on the west) in relation to the

31: 261:(the island of dogs) are often found on maps separately from the Canary Islands (e.g. 2420: 2252:

The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555

1096: 846: 826: 543: 328: 214: 202: 138: 2116:

Beazley, C. (1899) Raymond "Introduction" in C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, 1898–99,

2014: 931:

c. 1500 Paris map ("Columbus map") of anonymous Portuguese/Genoese (?) cartographer.

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was first insinuated cartographically in the 1367 portolan of the Venetian brothers

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suggested contenders in the West Indies for Antillia's heritage (most often either

1139: 1057: 894: 887:

c. 1475 map of Cristoforo Soligo of Venice – omits Satanazes, Antillia labelled as

676: 466:, that sailors have seen it from a distance, but disappears when they approach it. 131: 35: 1133: 493: 2338: 2034: 1997: 1485: 1430: 1319: 1294: 1167: 1023: 1012: 935: 812: 764: 724: 672: 668: 571: 455: 438: 422: 242: 167: 39: 2000:'s 1474 letter to the Spanish Court, 'Toscanelli and Columbus', H. Vignaud, 1902 1146:'s notions of the geography of the Atlantic Ocean. Antillia at the middle-right. 417: 1233: 939: 756: 712: 663: 426: 332: 171: 163: 103: 99: 83: 54: 30:

This article is about the legendary island. For Mukesh Ambani's residence, see

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Die Entdeckung Amerika's in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes

1946: 1923: 1918: 1497: 1218: 1121: 1053: 984: 950: 922: 836: 667:

the new discoveries. Mythical Atlantic islands litter the early 14th-century

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that was reputed, during the 15th-century age of exploration, to lie in the

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Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, Actas de la Cuara Reunión, Madrid

1421:

burned his ships on the Aegean shore and influencing the reference made by

1178: 992: 618:

One more recent hypothesis (although not finding wide acceptance), is that

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to be fabulously wealthy and located somewhere on the mainland of America.

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Antillia (and all its companions) are conspicuously omitted in the map of

900:

1476 map of Andrea Benincasa of Ancona (son of Grazioso) – omits Satanazes

2054: 1770:) notes that in old Irish churches, a diocese typically had not one, but 1735: 1194: 980: 965: 375: 2357:

Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions

2189:

Crone, G.R. (1947) "The Pizigano Chart and the 'Pillars of Hercules'",

2151: 1936:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 126. 1174: 954: 875: 344: 277: 152: 2331:

Morison, S.E. (1955) "Review of Cortesão's 'Nautical Chart of 1424'",

469:

The adjustment to the 714 date and the burning of the ships is due to

292:. These are the source for several legendary Atlantic islands such as 2146:

Cortesão, Armando (1953) "The North Atlantic Nautical Chart of 1424"

1743: 1645:

This objection was already articulated by Vicenzio Formaleoni (1783:

1166:, citing the island as the perfect halfway house by the authority of 1125: 781: 430: 359: 351: 350:

related stories of Atlantic island encounters in the legend (told by

301: 1079:, where a national park centering on two lakes still bears the name 2274:

Hennig, R. (1945) "Eine altes Rätsel der Pizigano-Karte gelöst" in

1739: 1681: 1311: 1202: 1198: 1004: 703: 583: 459: 316:, have also been influential. Norse encounters with North American 297: 234: 230: 182: 175: 107: 650:) was well-known and appears distinctly on all 15th-century maps. 1821: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1493: 1151: 1109: 1048: 863: 643: 631: 588: 567: 501: 482: 336: 305: 246: 2078:

Legendary islands of the Atlantic: a study in medieval geography

878:(attrib. to Conte di Ottomano Freducci of Ancona) – labelled as 2232:

Gaffarel, Paul (1882) "L'île des Sept Cités et l'île Antilia",

2214:

Epítome de las historias portuguesas: dividido en quatro partes

1751: 1575:

Epítome de las historias portuguesas: dividido en quatro partes

1413: 1228: 1112:

commonwealth, free from the disorders of less favoured states.

1104: 1076: 1068: 1061: 1031:, St Atanagio, and Tanmar, the whole group often classified as 1028: 857: 840: 816: 807:

Cartographic appearances of Antillia (in chronological order):

797: 772: 608: 597: 519: 340: 273: 238: 222: 2390:

ideas of Columbus, followed by the various texts of the letter

1708:. This hypothesis was in fact first proposed by Buache (1806: 1429:

burning his ships on the Mexican coast. The Moorish commander

961:("two brothers") may be a reference to Antilia and Satanazes. 538: 408:'s 1492 Nuremberg globe which reads (in English translation): 151:. Seeking to flee from the Muslim conquerors, seven Christian 1824:), but later (Crone, 1947) acknowledged the Hercules reading. 1323: 1201:), and as a result the Caribbean islands became known as the 1100: 1092: 830: 623: 226: 218: 111: 2318:. Seville. (1595 edition, Alcala de Henares: Iuan Gracian, 1649:), one of the first to draw scholarly attention to Antillia. 1086: 755:

Antillia makes its first unambiguous appearance in the 1424

2398:

Vignaud, H. (June, 1902) "Did Columbus Discover America?",

1958:

For a modern recantation of the various early sources, see

1163: 706:), and that the inscription's reference is probably to the 347: 284:, or the sea voyages of the 6th-century Irish missionaries 272:

versions of these tales. Notable among these are the Irish

2264:(1822) "America - Einleitung" in Caspari, et al. editors, 925:– omits Satanazes, first with inscription relating legend. 450:

Ruysch's inscription is reproduced almost verbatim in the

1038: 437:

The legend is also found inscribed in the 1507/08 map of

1132:

In a later version of the legend, the bishops fled from

909:

c. 1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa (different from above)

716:(outer limits) of ancient navigation, and not Antillia. 385:

emerged. According to the legend, in c. 714, during the

2182:

Crone, G. R. (1938) "The Origin of the Name Antillia",

331:, who were closest to the real Atlantic islands of the 2326:

Portuguese voyages to America in the fifteenth century

2171:

Cortesão, Armando (1970) "Pizzigano's Chart of 1424",

1730:

According to Barreto (1992: p.163), Ireland had seven

1326:) routinely visited Atlantic islands to the southwest. 2118:

The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea

2092:

The Portuguese Columbus: secret agent of King John II

2343:

In Northern Mists; Arctic exploration in early times

2128:

Mémoires de l'Institut des Sciences, Lettres et Arts

1967: 2316:

Libro de las grandezas y cosas memorables de España

2266:

Vollständiges Handbuch der neuesten Erdbeschreibung

1022:It appears in virtually all of the known surviving 2069:Babcock, W.H. (1920) "Antillia and the Antilles", 1845: 1843: 1554:A rather fancified version of the tale is told in 546:. Antilia is the large island on the western edge. 507:The island is mentioned in a royal letter of King 2276:Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft Wien 615:, or "Dragon's Isle", in Andalusian Arab legend. 2412: 1721:Barreto (1992: p.163) published this hypothesis. 897:– map missing, but Antilia referenced in letter. 642:, the "island before Thule", might very well be 217:(or Isles of the Blest) were sung by poets like 1840: 1136:, when Moors attacked it around the year 1150. 504:, but when they wish to reach it, disappears". 429:further north may be Antillia's old companion, 381:It is from Christian Iberia that the legend of 358:of Cordoba and the 12th-century story (told by 2283:Tales of the Enchanted Islands of the Atlantic 1986:Tales of the Enchanted Islands of the Atlantic 1961:Tales of the Enchanted Islands of the Atlantic 657: 2359:, tr. Frances A. Bather, Stockholm: Norstedt. 2268:, Weimar: Geographischen Instituts. vol. 1 - 1833:List from Armando Cortesão (1954 (1975 ed.): 518:Already by the 1490s, there are rumors that 492:(1628), of Sacaru, a Visigothic governor of 1875:himself, possibly under the supervision of 915:1487 map of anonymous Majorcan cartographer 488:Yet another variant of the tale is told in 2328:Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 1715: 378:– are extremely difficult to disentangle. 185:landmass, and has fueled many theories of 2186:, Vol. 91, No. 3 (Mar.), pp. 260–262 2080:New York: American Geographical Society. 1905: 1903: 1087:Medieval beliefs and the Age of Discovery 630:, Thule was a semi-mythical reference to 586:". Another is that it is a corruption of 1973: 1922: 1684:was alleged to have set up his pillars ( 1138: 1037: 743:(large blue rectangle to the north) and 718: 537: 416: 196: 159:) where they founded seven settlements. 1007:in the 1490s (e.g. it is absent on the 14: 2413: 2250:, Lisbon (trans. R. Hakluyt, 1601, as 2055:https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425 1900: 903:1480 map of Albino de Canepa of Venice 682:Some historians believe the legend of 114:. The island also went by the name of 2426:Phantom islands of the Atlantic Ocean 2281:* Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (1899) 1571: 1042:Andea Bianco, 1436. Antillia at right 751:, umbrella-shaped red isle far north) 268:The Middle Ages saw the emergence of 1578:(in Spanish). por Francisco Foppens. 1433:also ordered his ships to be burned. 1417:V, influenced by the tradition that 1322:reported that fishermen from Gades ( 964:The controversial and possibly fake 912:1482 map of Jacme Bertran of Majorca 296:and the Island of Ima. The sagas of 249:, testified to the existence of the 2436:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 1988:, Thomas Wentworth-Higginson, 1989. 1964:, Thomas Wentworth-Higginson, 1899. 1799:), A.E. Nordenskiöld (1897: p.164). 1712:). See also d'Avezac (1845: p.27). 1162:set out on his historic journey to 187:pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 24: 2193:, Apr-Jun, Vol.100, p. 278-9. 2173:Revista da Universidade de Coimbra 1184: 739:, small blue island to the west), 276:(tales of a hero's journey to the 229:articulated the utopian legend of 25: 2452: 2216:1677 edition, Brussels: Foppens. 1572:Sousa, Manuel de Faria e (1677). 1496:. The last pope by that name was 320:seem to have filtered into Irish 2355:Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1897) 2254:. 1862 edition, London: Hakluyt 2196:D'Avezac, M.A.P. Marquis (1845) 2143:(1892 Madrid edition, 5 volumes) 1910: 1869:Bibliothèque nationale de France 1867:The "Columbus Map", held by the 1385:; See also Babckock (1922: Ch.4) 1115:Since these events predated the 688:Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano 63: 2373:La Ronciere, Charles de (1924) 2040: 2028: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1952: 1940: 1891: 1882: 1861: 1852: 1827: 1802: 1786: 1777: 1734:at the time, which he lists as 1724: 1691: 1673: 1652: 1639: 1626: 1617: 1604: 1595: 1582: 1565: 1548: 1532: 1512: 1503: 1479: 1466: 1449: 1436: 1401: 1388: 972:(great islands of St Brendan). 354:) of the 9th-century navigator 2335:, Vol. 30 (3), p. 467-70. 1623:Cortesão (1954 (1975): p.107). 1423:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar 1368: 1355: 1342: 1329: 1304: 1288: 1271: 1258: 1245: 906:1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa 884:1470 map of Grazioso Benincasa 771:, and 200 leagues west of the 13: 1: 2088:O português Cristóvão Colombo 2073:, vol. 9 (2), p. 109-24. 1888:Cortesão (1954 (1975): p.134) 1601:Cortesão (1954 (1975) p. 125) 1239: 970:Magnae insulae Beati Brandani 862:1463 map of Pedro Roselli of 554:is probably derived from the 389:, seven Christian bishops of 145: 2402:, June, 1902, Vol. 6, No.6, 2375:La carte de Cristophe Colomb 2236:, Madrid: Fortanet, vol. 1, 2222:Formaleoni, Vicenzio (1783) 2200:. Paris: Fain & Thunot. 2099:The Dawn of Modern Geography 1795:), Konrad Kretschmer (1892: 1792:Jean-Nicholas Buache (1806: 1035:, newly discovered islands. 918:1489 map of Albino de Canepa 804:("islands newly reported"). 786:ista ixolla dixemo satanazes 596:, is that it comes from the 533: 441:, which reads (in English): 38:. For the Italian town, see 7: 1459:). See also Babcock (1922: 1212: 989:Henricus Martellus Germanus 727:. First clear depiction of 658:Cartographic representation 387:Muslim conquest of Hispania 143:Muslim conquest of Hispania 34:. For the plant genus, see 27:15th-century phantom island 10: 2457: 2304:Kretschmer, Konrad (1892) 2130:, Vol. 6, Paris: Baudoin, 2097:Beazley, C.R. (1897–1906) 2062: 1081:Sete Cidades National Park 849:of Genoa – omits Satanazes 821:ista ixolla dixemo antilia 257:(the island of goats) and 137:It originates from an old 128:Isla de las Siete Ciudades 29: 2345:. New York: F.A. Stokes. 2278:, vol. 88, p. 53-56. 2156:Cortesão, Armando (1954) 1281:); Beazley (1897, vol.1, 1264:Beazley (1897-1906, 1899: 938:– relocates Satanazes to 928:1493 anonymous Laon globe 871:1468 map of Pedro Roselli 868:1466 map of Pedro Roselli 802:insulae de novo rep(er)te 778:ista ixola dixemo antilia 562:itself. Some suggest the 280:), such as the immram of 192: 79: 74: 62: 52: 47: 2314:de Medina, Pedro (1548) 2210:de Faria e Sousa, Manuel 2191:The Geographical Journal 2184:The Geographical Journal 1764:Ireland and her Churches 1407:For this often-emulated 1285:); Babcock (1922: Ch. 3) 1177:'s first 1497 voyage to 1060:with a small cluster of 1033:insulae de novo repertae 921:1492 Nuremberg globe of 241:, and, more explicitly, 2382:The Problem of Atlantis 2362:O'Curry, Eugene (1861) 2292:von Humboldt, Alexander 2047:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 1933:Encyclopædia Britannica 1472:Cortesão (1954 (1975): 1455:Beazley (1897: vol. 1, 1442:Cortesão (1954 (1975): 1352:). Cortesão (1970: p.8) 1348:Beazley (1906: vol. 3, 987:(1459) and the maps of 957:), and labelled merely 731:(large red rectangle), 662:The rediscovery of the 634:, already spoken of in 526:, reputed by mercenary 490:Manuel de Faria e Sousa 366:(Wanderers) of Lisbon. 233:. Ancient writers like 213:. Utopian tales of the 141:legend, set during the 75:In-universe information 2285:. New York: Macmillan. 2094:. New York: Macmillan. 1698:Alexander von Humboldt 1588:Cortesão (1954 (1975) 1523:Historia del Almirante 1375:Alexander von Humboldt 1361:Nansen (1911: vol. 2, 1335:Beazley (1897: vol.1, 1156:Ferdinand and Isabella 1147: 1043: 752: 622:may mean "in front of 594:Alexander von Humboldt 547: 448: 434: 415: 294:Saint Brendan's Island 206: 2380:Spence, Lewis (1925) 2324:Morison, S.E. (1940) 2076:Babcock, W.H. (1922) 1142: 1099:by the Archbishop of 1075:, the largest of the 1041: 722: 638:sources. If so, then 626:". Sometimes written 541: 454:of Spanish historian 443: 420: 410: 200: 120:Ilha das Sete Cidades 106:, far to the west of 2431:Mythological islands 2400:Everybody's Magazine 1877:Bartholomew Columbus 1873:Christopher Columbus 1207:Seven Cities of Gold 1160:Christopher Columbus 997:Christopher Columbus 942:(?), relates legend. 524:Seven Cities of Gold 509:Afonso V of Portugal 464:Straits of Gibraltar 314:saga of Erik the Red 116:Isle of Seven Cities 2387:Vignaud, H. (1902) 2137:Columbus, Ferdinand 2086:Barreto, M. (1988) 2071:Geographical Review 1858:Cortesão, p.125–126 1686:Pillars of Hercules 1662:). D'Avezac (1845: 1419:Alexander the Great 1117:Kingdom of Portugal 1017:Cantino planisphere 977:Gabriel de Vallseca 708:Pillars of Hercules 696:ante ripas Atulliae 560:Kingdom of Portugal 513:John II of Portugal 475:Henry the Navigator 391:Visigothic Hispania 327:The peoples of the 211:classical antiquity 2120:, London: Halyut. 1519:Ferdinand Columbus 1488:(1548 (1595 ed.), 1148: 1044: 854:Grazioso Benincasa 753: 548: 477:(c. 1430s–1440s). 471:Ferdinand Columbus 435: 399:Grazioso Benincasa 318:indigenous peoples 263:Pizzigani brothers 207: 32:Antilia (building) 2392:. London: Sands. 2377:, Paris: Champion 2366:. Dublin: Duffy. 2090:, 1992 trans. as 1316:Life of Sertorius 1189:Others following 991:(1484, 1489) and 847:Bartolomeo Pareto 827:Battista Beccario 613:Jezirat al Tennyn 544:Bartolomeo Pareto 329:Iberian Peninsula 310:Grœnlendinga saga 215:Fortunate Islands 203:Iberian Peninsula 89: 88: 16:(Redirected from 2448: 2384:. London: Rider. 2339:Nansen, Fridtjof 2308:. Berlin: Kühl. 2057: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2013:. 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(1911). " 1911: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849:Cortesão, p.125 1848: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1807: 1803: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1702:Examen critique 1696: 1692: 1678: 1674: 1658:Babcock (1922: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1640: 1632:Gaffarel (1882: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1570: 1566: 1553: 1549: 1537: 1533: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1486:Pedro de Medina 1484: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1431:Tariq ibn Ziyad 1406: 1402: 1394:Babcock (1922: 1393: 1389: 1379:Examen critique 1373: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1330: 1320:Pliny the Elder 1309: 1305: 1295:Fridtjof Nansen 1293: 1289: 1277:O'Curry (1861: 1276: 1272: 1263: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1215: 1187: 1185:Later influence 1168:Paul Toscanelli 1089: 1024:Portolan charts 1019:of 1502, etc.) 1013:Juan de la Cosa 936:Johannes Ruysch 934:1507-08 map of 813:Zuane Pizzigano 765:Zuane Pizzigano 725:Zuane Pizzigano 673:Pietro Vesconte 669:portolan charts 660: 572:Fortunate Isles 570:for one of the 536: 456:Pedro de Medina 439:Johannes Ruysch 423:Johannes Ruysch 421:Inscription of 395:Bishop of Porto 362:) of the eight 243:Pliny the Elder 195: 168:Zuane Pizzigano 148: 70: 43: 40:Montano Antilia 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2454: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2360: 2353: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2312: 2302: 2289: 2279: 2272: 2262:Hassel, George 2259: 2240: 2230: 2220: 2207: 2204: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2169: 2154: 2144: 2134: 2124: 2114: 2095: 2084: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2039: 2027: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1951: 1939: 1924:Chisholm, Hugh 1899: 1890: 1881: 1860: 1851: 1839: 1826: 1801: 1785: 1776: 1723: 1714: 1690: 1672: 1651: 1638: 1625: 1616: 1603: 1594: 1581: 1564: 1547: 1539:António Galvão 1531: 1511: 1509:Medina (p.119) 1502: 1478: 1465: 1448: 1435: 1400: 1387: 1367: 1354: 1341: 1328: 1303: 1297:(1911: vol.2, 1287: 1270: 1257: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1234:Fonseca Island 1231: 1226: 1223:Hvítrmannaland 1214: 1211: 1186: 1183: 1088: 1085: 944: 943: 940:Isle of Demons 932: 929: 926: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 893:1474 "map" of 891: 885: 882: 872: 869: 866: 860: 850: 843: 833: 823: 757:portolan chart 713:non plus ultra 664:Canary Islands 659: 656: 535: 532: 498:Canary islands 479:António Galvão 427:Isle of Demons 308:, notably the 251:Canary Islands 194: 191: 172:Atlantic Ocean 164:portolan chart 104:Atlantic Ocean 100:phantom island 87: 86: 84:Phantom island 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 55:Portolan chart 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2453: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2017:on 2011-03-20 2016: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1974:Chisholm 1911 1970: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1947:Pizzigano map 1943: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1919:public domain 1906: 1904: 1894: 1885: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812:). Cortesão ( 1811: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1780: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1525:(1539: ch. 8 1524: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1499: 1498:Pope Urban VI 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1427:Hernàn Cortés 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1345: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219:Great Ireland 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134:Mérida, Spain 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122:Martin Behaim 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:Fra Mauro map 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 951:Andrea Bianco 947: 941: 937: 933: 930: 927: 924: 923:Martin Behaim 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 892: 890: 886: 883: 881: 877: 873: 870: 867: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 848: 844: 842: 838: 837:Andrea Bianco 834: 832: 828: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809: 808: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 766: 763:cartographer 762: 758: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 717: 715: 714: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 665: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 599: 595: 591: 590: 585: 581: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 545: 540: 531: 529: 528:conquistadors 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 447: 442: 440: 432: 428: 424: 419: 414: 409: 407: 406:Martin Behaim 402: 400: 396: 393:, led by the 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300:seafarers to 299: 295: 291: 287: 286:Saint Brendan 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 204: 199: 190: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 85: 82: 78: 73: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2399: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2363: 2356: 2342: 2332: 2325: 2315: 2305: 2295: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2251: 2246: 2233: 2223: 2213: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2172: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2140: 2127: 2117: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2070: 2053:, 1511–1125 2051:De Orbe Novo 2050: 2042: 2030: 2019:. 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The 411: 403: 382: 380: 368: 363: 326: 321: 267: 258: 254: 208: 180: 161: 156: 136: 127: 119: 115: 95: 91: 90: 53: 2175:, Vol. 24 ( 2164:, Coimbra. 2150:, Vol. 10. 2148:Imago Mundi 2113:(1260–1420) 2109:(900–1260) 1425:in 1546 to 1195:Puerto Rico 981:Genoese map 966:Vinland map 959:dos ermanos 880:septe civit 376:Isle of Mam 2441:7 (number) 2415:Categories 2226:. Venice. 2139:(c. 1539) 2101:. London. 2021:2017-08-24 1774:"bishops". 1704:, Vol. 2, 1381:, Vol. 2, 1240:References 1191:d'Anghiera 1175:John Cabot 1173:Following 1144:Toscanelli 1073:São Miguel 1064:offshore. 955:Cape Verde 876:Weimar map 556:Portuguese 356:Khashkhash 345:Andalusian 290:Saint Malo 278:Otherworld 153:Visigothic 149: 714 124:Portuguese 1818:Getulliae 1744:Waterford 1590:pp. 124-5 1556:Higginson 1126:Nuremberg 782:Satanazes 741:Satanazes 640:ante Tile 636:classical 605:al-Tennyn 564:ante-ilha 550:The term 534:Etymology 431:Satanazes 364:Maghrurin 360:al-Idrisi 352:al-Masudi 302:Greenland 270:Christian 265:, 1367). 2421:Atlantis 2333:Speculum 2300:vol. 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