346:
20:
258:
433:
499:, stating that portolans are mosaics of smaller charts, each with their own scale and orientation, and suggesting that the cartographic capabilities of whichever civilization produced the antecedent charts was more advanced than is currently acknowledged. These ideas are rejected by established researchers in the field, however, who find ample evidence of medieval origins and construction methods.
380:. In his "buxolarum" workshop he was helped by his son Jafuda. The Atlas is a World Map, that is, world map and regions of the Earth with the various peoples who live there. The work was done at the request of Prince John, son of Pedro IV, desirous of a faithful representation of the world from west to east. 12 sheets form the world map on tables, linked to each other by
164:": As cartographic historian Leo Bagrow states, "…the word is wrongly applied to the sea-charts of this period, since a loxodrome gives an accurate course only when the chart is drawn on a suitable projection. Cartometric investigation has revealed that no projection was used in the early charts…".
440:
The
Portuguese portolan charts come from the Majorcan tradition, and as traditional portolan charts did not fulfill the requirements demanded by the expansion of the geographic horizons attained by Portuguese and Spaniards, they superposed the astronomical lines of the equator and tropics on top of
116:
A broader definition of portolan chart accepts any sea chart or atlas that meets the following series of stylistic requirements: drawn by hand, with a network of rhumb lines that emanate from the center of hidden circles, focused on the coasts and islands, with place names written perpendicular to
108:
coordinates. The geographic scope of these mostly medieval portolan charts is limited to the
Mediterranean and Black Seas with possible extensions to West European coasts up to Scandinavia and West African coasts down to Guinea. Some authors further restrict the term portolan chart to single-sheet
248:
The earliest surviving explanations of how to draw a portolan chart date from the 16th century, so the techniques used by medieval mapmakers can only be inferred. The instruments available in the Middle Ages are believed to have been a ruler, a pair of dividers, a pen, and inks of various colors.
167:
The straight lines shown criss-crossing portolan charts represent the sixteen directions (or headings) of the mariner's compass from a given point, which became thirty-two directions from around 1450. The principal lines are oriented to the
384:
and screen layout. Each table measures 69 by 49 cm. The first four texts are filled with geographical and astronomical tables and calendars. The newest of the
Cresques World Map is the representation of Asia, from the
117:
the coastline on the land side and with sparse information about the interior of landmasses. This broader definition encompasses charts of potentially any sea and even maps of the entire world, which are sometimes called
1211:, ongoing collection of essays and tabulated data by Tony Campbell, comprising about 30 separate web publications, over 120 tables and graphs, a census of surviving charts pre-1500 and a comprehensive bibliography.
353:
The
Spanish introduced a novelty in nautical cartography, with geographical maps having common stylistic representation of certain accidents and locations. The masterpiece of the Majorcan portolan charts is the
180:
displayed on later maps and charts. "All portolan charts have wind roses, though not necessarily complete with the full thirty-two points; the compass rose ... seems to have been a
Catalan innovation".
941:
249:
Drawing probably started with the windrose lines and then the mapmaker copied the coastal outlines from some earlier chart. Place names, geographic details and decoration were added in the end.
281:
as a main center of production. Portuguese charts were believed to be derived from the
Spanish. Arab portolan charts were not recognized until the second half of the 20th century.
436:
Portolan chart by Jorge de Aguiar (1492), the oldest known signed and dated chart of
Portuguese origin (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, USA)
454:
495:
The origins of portolan charts are obscure, having no known predecessors. One study concludes that portolans originated from earlier charts drawn on what is now called the
197:. In addition, the charts provided realistic depictions of shores. They were meant for practical use by mariners of the period. Portolans failed to take into account the
461:
118:
318:
306:
526:
coasts, with only partial and sometimes sketchy depiction of
Atlantic coasts up to Scandinavia. In the 15th and 16th centuries, with the beginning of the
314:
122:
674:
400:, which cultivates both styles, the purely nautical and nautical-geographical. To the 15th century corresponds the famous portolan chart by
92:
Several definitions of portolan chart coexist in the literature. A narrow definition includes only medieval or, at the latest, early modern
293:, which is kept in the National Library in Paris. To the next century belong the Carignano Chart, disappeared from the National Archive of
265:
Two main families of portolan charts were distinguished by origin, according to 19th-century historians: Italian, developed mainly in
1167:
Berlin, Veröffentlichungen des
Instituts für Meereskunde und des geographischen Instituts an der Universität Berlin, Vol. 13, 1909.
156:
located at various points on the map. The lines in these networks are generated by compass observations to show lines of constant
982:
1182:
Carte marine et portulan au XIIe siècle. Le Liber de existencia rivieriarum et forma maris nostri
Mediterranei, Pise, circa 1200
1141:"Mediterranean portolan charts: their origin in the mental maps of medieval sailors, their function and their early development"
125:" by other authors to distinguish them from proper portolan charts, which are believed to have been constructed on the basis of
245:
skin. Single charts were normally rolled whereas those that formed part of atlases were pasted on wood or cardboard supports.
833:
723:
697:
1050:
475:
In addition there is a detailed description of a nautical Arab map of the Mediterranean in the Encyclopedia of the Egyptian
121:, provided they meet the aforesaid criteria. It includes nautical charts that depict latitude scales and have been called "
363:
172:. Thus the grid lines varied slightly for charts produced in different eras, due to the natural changes of the Earth's
688:
Vagnon, Emmanuelle (2013). "La représentation cartographique de l'espace maritime". In Gautier Dalché, Patrick (ed.).
650:
77:
The term "portolan chart" was coined in the 1890s because at the time it was assumed that these maps were related to
1068:
89:
charts whereas modern French scholars prefer to call them nautical charts to avoid any relationship with portolani.
1268:
479:, written between 1330 and 1348. There are also descriptions limited to smaller geographic regions, in a work of
767:
Emergent Maps: Questioning the Rise and Function of the Portolan Chart and the Regional Map in the Middle Ages
643:
The enigma of the origin of Portolan charts : a geodetic analysis of the hypothesis of a medieval origin
1214:
1209:
A Critical Re-examination of Portolan Charts, with a Reassessment of Their Replication and Seaboard Function
718:. Institut Cartogrà fic de Catalunya, l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans i l’Institut Europeu de la Mediterrà nia.
571:
1195:
586:
576:
409:
345:
1177:, Brussels, Peter Lang for the Gruppo degli italianisti delle UniversitĂ francofone del Belgio, 2011.
1165:
Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik,
534:. Charts also started to be drawn by Portuguese and Spanish mapmakers for the newly explored seas in
289:
The copious number of Italian portolan charts begins in the mid 13th century, with the oldest called
1024:
81:, medieval or early modern books of sailing directions. Other names that have been proposed include
1258:
480:
1232:
865:
561:
330:
302:
1237:
1168:
476:
198:
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Lo Compasso de navegare. Edizione del codice Hamilton 396 con commento linguistico e glossario
608:"'Portolan charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500' (Additions, Corrections, Updates)"
607:
69:", and which since at least the 17th century designates "a collection of sailing directions".
1011:
925:
823:
441:
the wind line network, and they continued being elaborated over the 16th and 17th centuries.
86:
412:, notable for its delicacy of execution and lively picturesque details, masked by a spot of
1263:
797:
417:
173:
157:
109:
maps drawn on parchment, whereas books that contain several sea charts are called nautical
502:
It has been proposed that portolan charts evolved from the mental maps that Mediterranean
19:
8:
1190:
Tony Campbell, "Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500", Chapter 19 of
869:
496:
206:
169:
24:
1228:
1185:
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770:. Second International Workshop on the Origin and Evolution of Portolan Charts. Lisbon.
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468:
377:
987:
A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West. Homage to Prof. J.M. MillĂ s Vallicrosa
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278:
214:
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96:(i.e. maps that primarily cover maritime rather than inland regions) that include a
744:"From the Portolan Chart to the Latitude Chart: The silent cartographic revolution"
527:
503:
401:
373:
359:
209:
charts. Portolans were most useful in close quarters' identification of landmarks.
55:
257:
1241:
1054:
712:
For example, Ramon Pujades only considers charts earlier than 1470 in his census.
298:
1047:
531:
507:
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where it had been conserved for a long time; cartographic works of the Genoese
126:
93:
43:
28:
393:(China), which takes into account information from Marco Polo, and Jordanus .
1252:
1002:
Vernet Ginés, John (1962). "The Maghreb in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana Chart".
660:
566:
556:
397:
355:
242:
161:
1048:
A critical review of the hypothesis of a medieval origin for portolan charts
201:; as a result, they were not helpful as navigational tools for crossing the
1208:
326:
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177:
153:
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were also useful for navigation in smaller bodies of water, such as the
1117:
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202:
82:
985:', in: Emilia Calvo, Mercè Comes, Roser Puig & Mónica Rius (eds)
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484:
349:
1439 portolan chart by Gabriel de Vallseca (Museu Maritim, Barcelona)
238:
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105:
78:
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190:
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The portolan chart combined the exact notations of the text of the
101:
66:
716:
Les cartes portolanes: la representaciĂł medieval d'una mar solcada
222:
802:
Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject
612:
Map History / History of Cartography: THE Gateway to the Subject
449:
Three medieval portolan charts written in Arabic are preserved:
535:
467:
Map of western Europe, anonymous and undated, preserved in the
390:
381:
322:
270:
234:
1194:, Volume I. U. of Chicago Press, 74th edition (May 15, 1987).
193:
or pilot book with the decorative illustrations of a medieval
367:
334:
309:(1373), with stylistic influence from Mallorca; and those of
266:
110:
798:"Cartographic innovations by the early portolan chartmakers"
50:
basin and later expanded to include other regions. The word
690:
La Terre connaissance, représentations, mesure au Moyen Âge
274:
62:
1095:"Review of Roel Nicolai's article by Joaquim Alves Gaspar"
530:, the scope of portolan charts expanded south down to the
233:
Most extant portolan charts from before 1500 are drawn on
946:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1. pp. 10–. GGKEY:7186FCQBHS5.
413:
989:(Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2008) pp.283-307.
160:. Though often called rhumbs, they are better called "
1118:"Review of Roel Nicolai's article by Tony Campbell"
860:
858:
856:
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396:In the 14th century, also highlights the work of
23:The oldest original cartographic artifact in the
1250:
851:
376:was a Majorcan Jew who worked at the service of
329:, whose authorship is anonymous, is held at the
1069:"Portolan Charts 'Too Accurate' to be Medieval"
16:Nautical charts, first made in the 13th century
506:had used since ancient times, which had been
100:and do not show any indication of the use of
1001:
763:
737:
735:
518:The earliest portolan charts focused on the
1040:
923:
471:, dating from the 14th or 15th centuries.
148:Portolan charts are characterized by their
821:
815:
673:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
997:
995:
955:
953:
780:
764:Delano-Smith, Catherine (7–8 June 2018).
732:
1138:
1115:
1109:
962:"Le portulan arabe décrit par Al-'Umari"
917:
795:
714:Pujades i Bataller, Ramon Josep (2007).
431:
344:
256:
46:, first made in the 13th century in the
18:
1215:J. Rey Pastor & E. Garcia Camarero
1184:, Roma, École Française de Rome, 1995.
983:The 1413-14 sea chart of Ahmad al-Ţanjī
483:(13th century) and even in the work of
1251:
1092:
1086:
992:
959:
950:
874:, June 2014, pp. 44–49 (subscription).
828:. Transaction Publishers. p. 65.
741:
687:
783:Census of Portolan Charts and Atlases
490:
252:
35:. Second quarter of the 14th century.
640:
605:
960:Ducène, Jean-Charles (2013-06-01).
796:Campbell, Tony (18 November 2016).
742:Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (June 2013).
13:
1157:
1066:
237:, which is a high-quality type of
14:
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1202:
301:, the illustrator of the work of
176:. These lines are similar to the
927:Oeuvres complètes de George Sand
364:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
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943:Estudos de HistĂłria, Volume III
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1093:Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015).
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542:, South Asia and the Pacific.
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1:
1057:. Uitgeverij Educatieve Media
592:
427:
228:
205:, and were replaced by later
72:
914:Campbell 1987, pages 391-392
587:Thames school of chartmakers
577:Majorcan cartographic school
513:
410:Maritime Museum of Barcelona
7:
1225:Images of portolan charts:
901:For example MartĂn CortĂ©s,
781:Pflederer, Richard (2009).
545:
455:Ahmed ibn Suleiman al-Tangi
132:
10:
1285:
1217:La cartografĂa mallorquina
1192:The History of Cartography
645:. Leiden. pp. 11–12.
572:La CartografĂa Mallorquina
340:
284:
141:
85:charts, compass charts or
981:Herrera Casais, MĂłnica. '
930:. Perrotin. pp. 69–.
462:Ibrahim al-Tabib al-Mursi
362:in 1375, and kept in the
152:, which emanate out from
1180:Patrick Gautier Dalché,
477:Ibn Fadl Allah al-'Umari
325:. The fifteenth-century
1233:University of Minnesota
1173:Alessandra D. Debanne,
1139:Campbell, Tony (2021).
1116:Campbell, Tony (2015).
1037:Campbell 1987, page 380
892:Campbell 1987, page 376
883:Campbell 1987, page 395
848:Campbell 1987, page 396
631:Campbell 1987, page 375
562:Classical compass winds
444:
331:Biblioteca Civica Berio
1269:Navigational equipment
1019:Cite journal requires
866:The Mapmaker's Mystery
825:History of Cartography
692:(in French). Brepols.
641:Roel, Nicolai (2016).
437:
350:
262:
261:Portolan chart of 1541
199:curvature of the Earth
184:
98:network of rhumb lines
61:, meaning "related to
36:
481:Ibn Sa'id al Maghribi
435:
348:
260:
119:nautical planispheres
22:
924:George Sand (1843).
785:. Privately printed.
277:; and Spanish, with
174:magnetic declination
1163:Konrad Kretschmer,
1046:Nicolai, R. (2014)
822:Leo Bagrow (2010).
497:Mercator projection
207:Mercator projection
170:magnetic north pole
25:Library of Congress
1196:(available online)
1186:(available online)
1169:(available online)
1053:2022-06-14 at the
510:over generations.
508:transmitted orally
491:Theories of origin
469:Ambrosiana Library
457:from 1413 to 1414.
438:
378:Pedro IV of Aragon
351:
307:Francisco Pizigano
263:
253:Production centers
150:rhumbline networks
37:
864:Rehmeyer, Julie.
835:978-1-4128-2518-4
725:978-84-393-7576-0
699:978-2-503-54753-4
582:Rule of Marteloio
317:and the brothers
279:Palma de Mallorca
144:Rhumbline network
33:Mediterranean Sea
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27:: a portolan
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1264:Manuscripts
1231:mini-site,
422:George Sand
195:T and O map
138:Rhumb lines
1253:Categories
807:8 December
617:8 December
593:References
428:Portuguese
229:Production
203:open ocean
94:sea charts
87:loxodromic
83:rhumb line
73:Definition
1146:6 October
1078:30 August
1073:Big Think
669:cite book
661:932069190
524:Black Sea
514:Evolution
485:Al-Idrisi
464:from 1461
319:Benincasa
239:parchment
211:Portolani
106:longitude
79:portolani
59:portolano
1051:Archived
871:Discover
552:Antillia
546:See also
416:left by
404:, (1439)
358:made by
311:Beccario
295:Florence
223:Red Seas
191:periplus
133:Contents
102:latitude
52:portolan
1006:: 1–16.
540:America
460:Map of
453:Map of
389:sea to
387:Caspian
341:Catalan
285:Italian
158:bearing
111:atlases
67:harbors
56:Italian
31:of the
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536:Africa
504:pilots
391:Cathay
382:scroll
323:Ancona
315:Canepa
271:Venice
235:vellum
965:(PDF)
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368:Paris
335:Genoa
267:Genoa
221:, or
219:Black
63:ports
1148:2021
1080:2018
1025:help
830:ISBN
809:2018
720:ISBN
694:ISBN
675:link
657:OCLC
647:ISBN
619:2018
522:and
445:Arab
420:and
275:Rome
273:and
243:calf
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969:CFC
751:CFC
414:ink
366:in
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185:Use
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