Anti-Catholicism in the United States

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and Managers' Association opposed Smith's election in a manifesto written by Dr. Clarence Reinhold Tappert. It warned about "the peculiar relation in which a faithful Catholic stands and the absolute allegiance he owes to a 'foreign sovereign' who does not only 'claim' supremacy also in secular affairs as a matter of principle and theory but who, time and again, has endeavored to put this claim into practical operation." The Catholic Church, the manifesto asserted, was hostile to American principles of separation of church and state and of religious toleration. Prohibition had widespread support in rural Protestant towns, and Smith's wet position, as well as his long-time sponsorship by

2312:, the Catholic Archbishop of New York, which was characterized as "a battle still remembered for its vehemence and hostility". In her columns, Roosevelt had attacked proposals for federal funding of certain nonreligious activities at parochial schools, such as bus transportation for students. Spellman cited the Supreme Court's decision which upheld such provisions, accusing her of anti-Catholicism. Most Democrats rallied behind Roosevelt, and Spellman eventually met with her at her Hyde Park home to quell the dispute. However, Roosevelt maintained her belief that Catholic schools should not receive federal aid, evidently heeding the writings of secularists such as 2269:. By the 1940s, he worried that certain "bigoted Catholics" were scheming to take control of the Democratic Party; indeed the Catholic big city bosses in 1944 played a major role in denying him renomination as vice president. He confided in his diary that it was "increasingly clear" that the State Department intended "to save American boys lives by handing the world over to the Catholic Church and saving it from communism." In 1949, Wallace opposed NATO, warning that "certain elements in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church" were involved in a pro-war hysteria. Defeated for the presidency in his third-party run in 1948, Wallace blamed the UK's 2433: 2233:

the unit- and friendship-building of training leveled the man the activities meant to fill time support of in the military reminded the man of all they had in common as Americans. Under fire, the men survived by leaning on buddies, regardless of their ethnicity or religion." After coming home, the veterans helped reshape American society. Brucino says that they used their positions of power "to increase ethnic and religious tolerance. The sea change in ethnic and religious relations in the United States came from the military experience in World War II. The war remade the nation. The nation was forged in war."

2705:, a pressure group not affiliated with the Catholic Church, took offense at her obscenity- and profanity-laced invective against Catholic doctrine and satiric rants against Catholic leaders, including some of her earlier writings, where she described sexual activity of the Holy Spirit and claimed that the church sought to "justify misogyny with ancient mythology." The Catholic League publicly demanded that the Edwards campaign terminate Marcotte's appointment. Marcotte subsequently resigned, citing "sexually violent, threatening e-mails" she had received as a result of the controversy. 2476:

candidate for President who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters – and the Church does not speak for me." He promised to respect the separation of church and state and not to allow church officials to dictate public policy to him. Kennedy counterattacked by suggesting that it was bigotry to relegate one-quarter of all Americans to second-class citizenship just because they were Catholic. In the final count, the additions and subtractions to Kennedy's vote because of religion probably canceled out. He won a close election;

1732:, which were founded by French Catholics, did not see anti-Catholicism. Rather, Catholicism has always had pride of place in these cities which continues to the modern day. These cities as well as several other towns on the Mississippi River have always had a majority Catholic population. The minorities in these cities were English Protestants who came later. This is why the Catholic churches in these two cities are in the city center. The minorities in the cities were the WASPS who were often thrown out of power. Instead, Catholics ruled these cities. 2728:

image. Vestments, monstrances, statues, crucifixes – to say nothing of the symbols of the sacraments – are all things that more "word oriented" Christian denominations have foregone. The Catholic Church, therefore, lends itself perfectly to the visual media of film and television. You can be sure that any movie about the Second Coming or Satan or demonic possession or, for that matter, any sort of irruption of the transcendent into everyday life, will choose the Catholic Church as its venue. (See, for example, "

1759: 1815:. He feared a future with "patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition, ambition and greed on the other" and called for public schools that would be "unmixed with atheistic, pagan or sectarian teaching." The amendment was defeated in 1875 but would be used as a model for so-called Blaine Amendments incorporated into 34 state constitutions over the subsequent three decades. These state-level "Blaine amendments" prohibit the use of public funds to fund parochial schools. 23: 1688: 1867: 1673: 2054: 2616:

celibate priesthood were low on the list of grievances for those who held an unfavorable view of Catholicism. A slightly higher unfavorable view of the Catholic Church was the common preaching of poverty theology which was in stark contrast to the splendor of the Vatican. While Protestants and Catholics themselves had a majority with a favorable view, those who are not Christian or are irreligious had a majority with an unfavorable view.

1208: 1504:, where "blasphemy and the calling of opprobrious religious names" became punishable offenses, but it was repealed in 1654 and thus Catholics were outlawed once again. By 1692, formerly Catholic Maryland overthrew its government, established the Church of England by law, and forced Catholics to pay heavy taxes towards it. They were cut off from all participation in politics and additional laws were introduced that outlawed the 2197:

version of liberalism. For the same reason he supported the Loyalist cause in the Spanish Civil War, which was even more intensely anti-Catholic. The main issue was the government's efforts to shut down Catholic schools in Mexico; Daniels publicly approved the attacks, and saluted virulently anti-Catholic Mexican politicians. In a July 1934 speech at the American Embassy, Daniels praised the anti-Catholic efforts led by

1775: 1895: 1921:, believed that Catholicism was incompatible with democracy and that parochial schools encouraged separatism and kept Catholics from becoming loyal Americans. The Catholics responded to such prejudices by repeatedly asserting their rights as American citizens and by arguing that they, not the nativists (anti-Catholics), were true patriots since they believed in the right to freedom of religion. 2277: 2076: 2043: 1828:

particular it singled out the celibacy of priests as a sin and violation of the law of nature and assumed men's efforts to repress their sexual energy would lead inevitably to child abuse, incest, rape, and murder. The literature claimed that celibate priests, through their abuse of the confessional and the convent, threatened the sexual purity of American women.

2620:"very negative" view of Roman Catholics. However, with a net positive opinion of 32%, sentiment towards Catholics was more positive than that for both evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, who received net-positive opinions of 16 and 10% respectively. Gallup reported that Methodists and Baptists were viewed more positively than Catholics, as were Jews. 1628:. It was discovered to be a fabrication shortly after publication. It was the most prominent of many such pamphlets. Numerous ex-priests and ex-nuns were on the anti-Catholic lecture circuit with lurid tales, always involving heterosexual contacts of adults—priests and nuns with dead babies buried in the basement. 1574:, as commander of the army and as president, was a vigorous promoter of tolerance for all religious denominations. He believed religion was an important support for public order, morality and virtue. He often attended services of different denominations. He suppressed anti-Catholic celebrations in the Army. 5605: 2265:, Roosevelt's vice-president in 1941–1945, did not go public with his anti-Catholicism, but he often expounded it in his diary, especially during and after World War II. He briefly attended a Catholic church in the 1920s, and was disillusioned by what he perceived to be the intellectual straitjacket of 3097:

Schlesinger did not mean to suggest that it was the most violent of American prejudices, though violent it was at times, but that it struck a chord in the depth of the American consciousness. As Michael Schwartz has put it: 'It is woven into the fabric of our culture. For the most part unconsciously

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of Columbia University Law School, has strongly called into question Black's integrity on the church-state issue because of his close ties to the KKK. Hamburger argues that his views on the need for separation of Church and State were deeply tainted by his membership in the Ku Klux Klan, a vehemently

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was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1926 after he had built a political base in part through his delivery of 148 speeches at local Klan gatherings, where his focus was the denunciation of Catholicism. Howard Ball characterizes Black as having "sympathized with the economic, nativist, and anti-Catholic

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of Maine proposed an amendment to the US Constitution in 1874 that provided: "No money raised by taxation in any State for the support of public schools, or derived from any public source, nor any public lands devoted thereto, shall ever be under the control of any religious sect, nor shall any money

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The resulting "nativist" movement, which acquired prominence in the 1840s, was whipped into a frenzy of anti-Catholicism which led to mob violence, the burning of Catholic property, and the killing of Catholics. This violence was fed by claims that Catholics were destroying the culture of the United

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He argues that, despite this fascination with the Catholic Church, the entertainment industry also holds contempt for the church. "It is as if producers, directors, playwrights and filmmakers feel obliged to establish their intellectual bona fides by trumpeting their differences with the institution

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depended heavily in his four elections on the Catholic vote and the enthusiasm of Irish-led Democratic machines in most major cities, especially New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, and Detroit. At the grassroots, Catholic bishops, priests and pastors gave very

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ministers found only four who publicly supported Smith. Many Americans who sincerely rejected bigotry and the Klan justified their opposition to Smith because they believed the Catholic Church was an "un-American" and "alien" culture that opposed freedom and democracy. The National Lutheran Editors'

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In California, where Protestantism was not strong, local boosters celebrated the history of Spanish Franciscan missions. They not only preserved old missions (which had been inactive since the 1830s) but began appealing to tourists with a romantic mission story. The mission style became popular for

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In May 2006, a Gallup poll found that 57% of Americans had a favorable view of the Catholic faith, while 30% of Americans had an unfavorable view. The Catholic Church's doctrines, and the priest sex abuse scandal were top issues for those who disapproved. The church's view on homosexuality, and the

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to the front in American life. Bruscino says "the military had developed personnel policies that actively and completely mixed America's diverse white ethnic and religious population. The sudden removal from the comforts of home, the often degrading and humiliating experiences of military life, and

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editorialized that, "Black's advocacy of church-state separation, in turn, found its roots in the fierce anti-Catholicism of the Masons and the Ku Klux Klan (Black was a Kladd of the Klavern, or an initiator of new members, in his home state of Alabama in the early 1920s)." A leading Constitutional

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reviewed the religion of the nine top national leaders: the presidential and vice-presidential nominees, the Supreme Court justices, the House Speaker, and the Senate majority leader. There were nine Catholics (six justices, both vice-presidential candidates, and the Speaker), three Jews (all from

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To allay such Protestant fears, Kennedy kept his distance from Catholic Church officials and in a highly publicized speech told the Protestant ministers of the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party's

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of Idaho, the chief Republican specialist on foreign policy, called for a Senate investigation of anti-Catholic government policies in Mexico. He came under a barrage of attacks from leading Protestant organizations, including the Federal Council of Churches, the Episcopal Church, and the board of

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to recycle his long-standing attacks on the pope failed in Alabama. Smith's strong anti-Klan position resonated across the country with voters who thought the KKK was a real threat to democracy. When the pro-Smith Democrats raised the race issue against the Republicans, they were able to contain

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described anti-Catholicism as "the most luxuriant, tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history". The historian Joseph G. Mannard says that wars reduced anti-Catholicism: "enough Catholics supported the War for Independence to erase many old myths about the inherently treasonable

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In April 2008, Gallup found that the number of Americans saying they had a positive view of U.S. Catholics had shrunk to 45% with 13% reporting a negative opinion. A substantial proportion of Americans, 41%, said their view of Catholics was neutral, while 2% of Americans indicated that they had a

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Second, the Catholic Church is still seen as profoundly "other" in modern culture and is therefore an object of continuing fascination. As already noted, it is ancient in a culture that celebrates the new, professes truths in a postmodern culture that looks skeptically on any claim to truth, and

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currently maintains a list of anti-Catholic attacks aimed at Catholic churches in the U.S. From May 2020 to May 2022, they reported that at least 139 incidents occurred across 35 U.S. states & the District of Columbia. These included cases of arson, beheaded statues, gravestones defaced with

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Concern about Catholic power and influence did not disappear with Kennedy's victory in 1960. Many Protestants would not take the Democratic candidate at his word. That was still apparent in 1961 and 1962 as the Kennedy Administration navigated treacherous issues like federal aid to education and

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General Calles sees, as Jefferson saw, that no people can be both free and ignorant. Therefore, he and President Rodriguez, President-elect Cairdenas and all forward-looking leaders are placing public education as the paramount duty of the country. They all recognize that General Calles issued a

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On the one hand, film and television producers seem to find Catholicism irresistible. There are a number of reasons for this. First, more than any other Christian denomination, the Catholic Church is supremely visual, and therefore attractive to producers and directors concerned with the visual

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In the mid-20th century, the rhetoric of separation was revived and ultimately constitutionalized by anti-Catholic elites, such as...Protestants and other Americans United for the Separation of Church and State...who feared the influence and wealth of the Catholic Church and perceived parochial

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for failing to combat the virulent attacks on the Catholic Church by the Mexican government. Daniels was a staunch Methodist and worked well with Catholics in the U.S., but he had little sympathy for the church in Mexico, feeling it represented the landed aristocracy that stood opposed to his

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in Indiana in 1904, and praised the "enterprise, courage, and fidelity to duty that distinguished those heroes of Spain who braved the then frightful dangers of the deep to carry Christianity and European civilization into the far-off Orient." Taft, in 1909, went to California to praise Father

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In the newly acquired Philippines, American government officials, journalists, and popular writers celebrated the Catholic missionary efforts that had transformed a "pagan" land, arguing that Filipino Catholic faith and clerical authority could aid in economic and cultural development. Future

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The anti-Catholic literature that appeared during 1830-60 strengthened Protestant identity and established standards for sexuality. The literature portrayed Catholicism as a threat to the ideas that comprised the "cult of domesticity" - family values, gender boundaries, and sexual norms. In

2331:'s Nationalists; after 1945, she opposed normalizing relations with Spain. She told Spellman bluntly that "I cannot however say that in European countries the control by the Roman Catholic Church of great areas of land has always led to happiness for the people of those countries." Her son 1957:

minister. The murder occurred just hours after Coyle had performed a wedding between Stephenson's daughter, Ruth, and Pedro Gussman, an American from Puerto Rico. Several months before the wedding, Ruth had enraged her father by converting to Roman Catholicism. Stephenson was defended by

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returned to the Democratic fold. One long-term result was a surge in Democratic voting in large cities, as ethnic Catholics went to the polls to defend their religious culture, often bringing women to the polls for the first time. The nation's twelve largest cities gave pluralities of

1709:, attacked the Catholic Church, not just by accusing it of being theologically unsound, they also accused it of being an enemy of the nation's republicanism. Some scholars view the rhetoric of Beecher and Bushnell as having contributed to anti-Irish and anti-Catholic attitudes. 4098:

partially vitiated these amendments, in theory, when they ruled that vouchers were constitutional if tax dollars followed a child to a school, even if it were religious. However, as of 2010, no state school system had changed its laws to allow state funds to be used for this

1489:." Colonial charters and laws contained specific proscriptions against Roman Catholics having any political power. Ellis noted that a common hatred of the Roman Catholic Church could bring together Anglican and Puritan clergy and laity despite their many other disagreements. 1966: 2495:

and the sense that the church was reforming itself also helped diminish bigotry. The rise of more pressing issues – the campaign for racial equality and the Vietnam War – and the prospect of new political alliances had the same effect. Anti-Catholicism did not undermine

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compounded his difficulties there. He was weakest in the border states; the day after Smith gave a talk pleaded for brotherhood in Oklahoma City, the same auditorium was jammed for an evangelist who lectured on "Al Smith and the Forces of Hell." Smith picked Senator

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In the 1950s prejudices against Catholics could still be heard from some Protestant ministers, but national leaders increasingly tried to build up a common front against communism and stressed the common values shared by Protestants, Catholics and Jews. Leaders like

2468:, organized Protestant ministers by warning that the pope would be giving orders to a Kennedy White House. Many established Evangelical groups were mobilized. Two organizations took active roles, the National Conference of Citizens for Religious Freedom and 2308:, the president's widow, and other New Deal liberals who were fighting Irish-dominated Democratic parties, feuded publicly with church leaders on national policy. They accused her of being anti-Catholic. In July 1949, Roosevelt had a public disagreement with 2159:

strong support to Roosevelt in the New Deal. On election day Catholic turnout soared and it overlapped heavily with the rapidly growing labor unions which organized workers to support Roosevelt. The Gallup poll found 78% of Catholics voted for FDR in 1936.

2103:. His nomination made anti-Catholicism a rallying point especially for Lutheran and Southern Baptist ministers. They warned that national autonomy would be threatened because Smith would be listening not to the American people but to secret orders from the 1589:, some of whom went to Canada after the war while 80% remained in the new nation. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been so hostile, and the anti-Catholic tradition of 1473:, whose doctrines and modes of worship they believed to be firmly rooted in Roman Catholicism. Because of this, much of early American religious culture exhibited the more extreme anti-Catholic bias of these Protestant denominations. 1557:

attended Vespers on a Sunday afternoon at a Catholic church in Philadelphia one day in 1774. He praised the sermon for teaching civic duty, and enjoyed the music, but ridiculed the rituals engaged in by the parishioners. In 1788,

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began attacking Roosevelt. The crisis ended with Mexico turning away from the Calles hard line policies, perhaps in response to Daniels' backstage efforts. Roosevelt easily won all the Catholic strongholds in his 1936 landslide.

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1.6 million to the GOP in 1920, and 1.3 million in 1924; now they went for Smith by a razor-thin 38,000 votes, while everywhere else was for Hoover. The surge proved permanent; Catholics made up a major portion of the

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system whereby organizers collected fees and then abandoned local chapters. By 1930 only a few small local chapters survived. No later national nativist organization ever achieved even a tiny fraction of the Klan membership.

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reported a "narrow consensus" among the experts that Kennedy had won more than he lost as a result of his Catholicism, as Catholics flocked to Kennedy to demonstrate their group solidarity in demanding political equality.

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urged the New York Legislature to require office-holders to renounce the pope and foreign authorities "in all matters ecclesiastical as well as civil," which included both the Catholic and the Anglican churches.

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was celebrated as a founding father of the region, with his Catholicism emphasized. In St Louis and New Orleans, both Catholic cities, a focus on the French and Catholic colonial heritage became even stronger.

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Catholic schools began in the United States as a matter of religious and ethnic pride and as a way to insulate Catholic youth from the influence of Protestant teachers and contact with non-Catholic students.

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statistics, anti-Catholic hate crimes have risen in recent years, with an annual increase since 2013. 73 anti-Catholic documented hate crimes occurred in 2019, an increase from 64 in 2019, and 51 in 2018.

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Ike, Roberto Marie. "Catholic priests and Franklin D. Roosevelt: Analysis of clergy consensus on the New Deal" (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2000. 3000677).

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Roberto Marie Ike, "Catholic priests and Franklin D. Roosevelt: Analysis of clergy consensus on the New Deal" (PhD dissertation, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2000. 3000677]

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their losses in areas with black majorities but where only whites voted. Smith carried most of the Deep South—long identified with anti-Catholicism-although losing the periphery. After 1928, the

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traditions. Furthermore, English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish identity to a large extent was based on the opposition to Catholicism. "To be English was to be anti-Catholic", writes Robert Curran.

2472:. Peale was blasted by the media for his anti-Catholicism and retreated, denying the facts of his organizing role. Graham pushed hard against Kennedy, keeping Nixon informed of his progress. 4078: 2367:

that America had a "Catholic Problem". He stated that the church was an "undemocratic system of alien control" in which the lay were chained by the "absolute rule of the clergy." In 1951, in

1236: 3162: 6355: 2034:(1925), the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon's Compulsory Education Act unconstitutional in a ruling that has been called "the Magna Carta of the parochial school system." 1275:. Two types of anti-Catholic rhetoric existed in colonial society and they continued to exist during the following centuries. The first type, derived from the theological heritage of the 6350: 6360: 6330: 6240: 6190: 6150: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6170: 1990:

beliefs." As a Supreme Court justice, Black has been accused of letting his anti-Catholic bias influence key decisions regarding the separation of church and state. For example,

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and freedom of religion to Catholics in Quebec at the start of the American Revolutionary War, New Yorkers were angry about it, as they feared it would spread Catholicism around

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historian, maintains that some who otherwise avoid offending members of racial, religious, ethnic or gender groups have no reservations about venting their hatred of Catholics.

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challenge that goes to the very root of the settlement of all problems of tomorrow when he said: "We must enter and take possession of the mind of childhood, the mind of youth."

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nature of Catholicism. ... During the Civil War, the heavy enlistments of Irish and Germans into the Union Army helped to dispel notions of immigrant and Catholic disloyalty."

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The Catholic system is adverse to liberty, and the clergy to a great extent are dependent on foreigners opposed to the principles of our government, for patronage and support.

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The Klan collapsed in the mid-1920s. It had been denounced by most newspapers and had few prominent defenders. It was disgraced by scandals at high levels and weakened by its

6290: 6285: 6215: 6195: 3143:, recalls that Harvard historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. once told him, 'I regard prejudice against your Church as the deepest bias in the history of the American people.' 3098:

and unintentionally, as a sort of tacit assumption this prejudice has heped to shape our national character, mold our institutions, and influence the course of our history.'

1680:, an anti-Catholic secret society, depicting the pope as the master decision-maker controlling the White House, Congress, and federal financial and publishing institutions. 6230: 6160: 2577:, they would be "imposing a test of religious loyalty" that might jeopardize "the truce of tolerance by which Americans maintain civility and enlarge religious liberty". 2215:

foreign missions of the Methodist Church. There was no Senate investigation. A call for an investigation signed by 250 members of the House was blocked by Roosevelt. The

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Across the country, and especially in strongholds of the Lutheran, Baptist and Fundamentalist churches, Protestant ministers spoke out. They seldom endorsed Republican

6175: 1802:(above) shows Catholic Bishops, directed by the Vatican, as crocodiles attacking American schoolchildren. Republican Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, 2744:

speaks of mystery in a rational, post-Enlightenment world. It is therefore the perfect context for scriptwriters searching for the "conflict" required in any story.

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Section 5259, the Compulsory Education Act. The law unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law. The citizens' initiative was primarily aimed at eliminating

168: 5203: 2030:, including Catholic schools. The law caused outraged Catholics to organize locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools. In 1636:

Anti-Catholicism reached a peak in the mid nineteenth century when Protestant leaders became alarmed by the heavy influx of Catholic immigrants from Ireland and

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was discontinued. "In the midst of war and crisis, New Englanders gave up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices."

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reporter that year quoting her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, in expressing "the hope to see the day when a Catholic or a Jew would become president".

1390:. In 2000, almost half of the members of the Republican coalition were Catholic and a large majority of the Republican coalition's non-Catholic members were 5255: 1661: 1222: 3651: 5418: 4226: 2770: 2469: 2379: 968: 3413: 515: 2170:

supported FDR in 1932-1934, but broke with him in 1935 and made strident attacks. There were few senior Catholics in the New Deal. Postmaster General

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contracts. Only gradually, by living up to his campaign pledges, could the president appease fears about the Catholic Church's role in politics. The

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Mach, Andrew. " 'The Name of Freeman is Better Than Jesuit': Anti-Catholicism, Republican Ideology, and Cincinnati Political Culture, 1853–1854."

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Marie Anne Pagliarini, "The pure American woman and the wicked Catholic priest: An analysis of anti-Catholic literature in antebellum America."

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Marie Anne Pagliarini, "The pure American woman and the wicked Catholic priest: An analysis of anti-Catholic literature in antebellum America."

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to protest the church's position on homosexuality, sex education and the use of condoms. The protestors desecrated Communion hosts. According to

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Lessner, Richard Edward. "The Imagined Enemy: American Nativism and the Disciples of Christ, 1830–1925," (PhD diss., Baylor University, 1981).

4344: 1886:, a weekly newspaper with a virulently anti-Catholic stance, was founded in 1911 and quickly reached a nationwide circulation of 1.5 million. 6124: 5794:

Kenny; Stephen. "Prejudice That Rarely Utters Its Name: A Historiographical and Historical Reflection upon North American Anti-Catholicism."

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The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military, financial, and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric. Indeed,

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variety and it dominated anti-Catholic thought until the late 17th century. The second type was a variety which was partially derived from

2189:, and were joined by isolationists. Liberals wanted Washington to help the anti-Catholic Loyalist cause, but FDR kept the nation neutral. 5358: 3400: 2663: 268: 78: 1837:

A new appreciation of Catholicism appeared in the early 20th century that tended to neutralize anti-Catholic sentiments. In the Midwest

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Douglas C. Strange, "Lutherans and Presidential Politics: The National Lutheran Editors' and Managers' Association Statement of 1928,"

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activists and others often target the Catholic Church's teachings on issues relating to human sexuality, contraception and abortion.

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The second serious tension arose with the renewed anti-Catholic campaign in Mexico. American Catholics bitterly attacked Ambassador

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Brown, Thomas M. "The Image of the Beast: Anti-Papal Rhetoric in Colonial America", in Richard O. Curry and Thomas M. Brown, eds.,

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States. Irish Catholic immigrants were blamed for spreading violence and drunkenness. The nativist movement found its voice in the

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from Portland to Medford, Oregon, and in Albuquerque, New Mexico. One such group took out an anti-Catholic ad on Easter Sunday in

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Le Beau, Bryan. “ ‘Saving the West from the Pope’: Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Settlement of the Mississippi River Valley.”

2690:, "Some of the most anti-Catholic bigots in America are gay". One hundred eleven protesters were arrested outside the cathedral. 2556:. By the year 2000, the Republican coalition included about half the Roman Catholics and a large majority of White Evangelicals. 1716:(1835) urged Protestants to exclude Catholics from western settlements. The Catholic Church's official silence on the subject of 5580:

Davis, David Brion. "Some Themes of Counter-subversion: An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic and Anti-Mormon Literature",

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attacking public schools, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians. Nast was an immigrant from Germany and ex-Catholic.

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Carter, Michael S. "A 'Traiterous Religion': indulgences and the anti-Catholic imagination in eighteenth-century New England."

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Joseph G. Mannard, "Protestant Mothers and Catholic Sisters: Gender Concerns in Anti-Catholic Conspiracy Theories, 1830-1860."

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became the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party's nomination for president, and his religion became an issue during the

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Romanism and the Republic: A Discussion of the Purposes, Assumptions, Principles and Methods of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy

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Henry, David. "Senator John F. Kennedy Encounters the Religious Question: I Am Not the Catholic Candidate for President." in

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was underway and independence was at hand, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland passed acts of religious toleration in 1776.

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Hinds, Sarah. "In Defense of the Faith: The Catholic Response to Anti-Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-Century St. Louis."

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swastikas, smashed windows, pro-abortion graffiti, theft, and more having taken place in Catholic churches and buildings.

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also garnered the enmity of northern Protestants. Intolerance became more than an attitude on August 11, 1834, when a mob

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Many of the English colonists who settled in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries, such as the Puritans and

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Anti-Catholicism in Arkansas: How Politicians, the Press, the Klan, and Religious Leaders Imagined an Enemy, 1910–1960

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Verhoeven, Timothy. "Transatlantic Connections: American Anti-Catholicism and the First Vatican Council (1869–70)."

5876:

Moore, Leonard J. "Historical Interpretations of the 1920s's Klan: The Traditional View and the Populist Revision,"

4298:"'A Crack in the Wall: Two recent books help explain Thomas Jefferson's intent for separation of church and state," 6092: 3008: 2720: 2525: 1544: 1435: 1431: 1371: 1336: 422: 5723:

Hostetler; Michael J. "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign"

5251: 4988:

Massa, Mark S. "A Catholic for President: John F. Kennedy and the Secular Theology of the Houston Speech, 1960."

2849: 2454: 2009: 1677: 1496:

enacted a law prohibiting the entry of Catholic settlers. Five years later, a similar statute was enacted by the

1030: 993: 4141:

Sandra Frink, "Women, the family, and the fate of the nation in American anti-Catholic narratives, 1830-1860."

1938:, a largely Protestant town. Two weeks after it opened, the Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of the church. 1601: 6052: 3659: 3550: 2598:, in 2000, as well as in newspapers in Coos Bay, Oregon, and in Longview and Vancouver, Washington. Mainstream 1779: 1586: 1119: 983: 698: 668: 123: 5426: 4567:

Robert H. Vinca, "The American Catholic Reaction to the Persecution of the Church in Mexico, from 1926–1936,"

2182:

was on the verge of breaking in 1940 on foreign policy but finally supported FDR in the interest of his sons.

6225: 2993:"Part I: Ideologies of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America – Amalek and the Rhetoric of Extermination" 1582: 1536: 1159: 921: 454: 5841:

McGreevy, John T. "Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928–1960."

2249:'s attorney general to investigate anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish alleged activities and publications of the 1794:, with its large Catholic base, sought and obtained $ 1.5 million in state money for Catholic schools. 6110: 6069: 2632:) and one African-American Protestant (incumbent President Barack Obama). There were no white Protestants. 2599: 2298: 2031: 1899: 1351: 1343: 1036: 663: 208: 5590:

Dumenil, Lynn. "The Tribal Twenties: 'Assimilated' Catholics' Response to Anti-Catholicism in the 1920s,"

4635: 1870:

Anti-Catholic cartoon depicting the church and the pope as a malevolent octopus, from the H.E. Fowler and

1854:, the top American official in Manila, was a leader in the new movement. He gave a speech at the Catholic 1288: 392: 5916: 5600:

Endres, David J. "Know-Nothings, Nationhood, and the Nuncio: Reassessing the Visit of Archbishop Bedini"

4095: 3757: 3303: 2939: 2844: 2408:. Clark was forced to withdraw his nomination on January 13, 1952, following protests from Texas Senator 2336: 2332: 1717: 1430:(16th–18th century). Because the Reformation was based on an effort to correct what was perceived as the 1304: 1184: 1044: 708: 5612: 1740:

of the mid-1850s, a short-lived national political movement which (unsuccessfully) ran former president

658: 6220: 6165: 5648:

Forsell, Gustaf. "Blood, Cross and Flag: The Influence of Race on Ku Klux Klan Theology in the 1920s."

4023:

Thomas, Samuel J. (2004). "Mugwump Cartoonists, the Papacy, and Tammany Hall in America's Gilded Age".

2834: 1300: 1139: 397: 387: 2346:

Roosevelt's biographer Joseph P. Lash denies that she was anti-Catholic, citing her public support of

1370:

began to fade. In politics, conservative Catholics and Evangelical Protestants joined forces with the

6035: 4955: 2894: 2602:

denounced the advertisements. The contract for the last of the billboards in Oregon ran out in 2002.

2371:, he compared Rome with Moscow as "two alien and undemocratic centers", including "thought control". 2335:

suggested that her "reservations about Catholicism" were rooted in her husband's sexual affairs with

2084: 1624:

was published. It was a great commercial success and is still circulated today by such publishers as

1427: 1347: 1280: 459: 301: 58: 31: 5479: 2432: 5924: 4731: 4341: 2566: 2457:

was his Catholic faith. Catholics mobilized and gave Kennedy from 75 to 80 percent of their votes.

2320:

gained school aid, "Once that is done they control the schools, or at least a great part of them."

1855: 1497: 888: 713: 612: 348: 103: 68: 5622: 3243: 2198: 2162:

At the elite level Al Smith and many of Smith's business associates broke with FDR and formed the

1863:

as an "apostle, legislator, builder" who advanced "the beginning of civilization in California."

4499:

Monroe Billington, and Cal Clark, "Catholic clergymen, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the New Deal."

3517: 3235: 3168: 2645: 2309: 2270: 2163: 2023: 1355: 1307:

sentiments and distrust of increasing waves of Catholic immigrants, particularly immigrants from

592: 5707: 3999: 343: 5932: 5414: 4303: 2814: 2723:, the U.S. entertainment industry is of "two minds" about the Catholic Church. He argues that: 2702: 2537: 2492: 2125: 1882: 1721: 1423: 1383: 1276: 1049: 1023: 978: 653: 582: 248: 143: 4920: 4893: 4866: 4826: 4608: 4366: 3912: 3906: 3566: 3511: 3395: 3065: 2886: 5018: 4083: 3937: 3609: 3223: 2992: 2931: 2824: 2819: 2799: 2179: 2155: 2143: 2088: 2061: 2049:

was a Catholic of Irish, Italian and German ancestry; most voters considered him to be Irish.

1907: 1807:

so raised or land so devoted be divided between religious sects or denominations." President

1524: 1520: 1466: 1264: 719: 618: 228: 5952: 3848: 3468: 3287: 3798: 2804: 2465: 2417: 2281: 2242: 1501: 1486: 542: 521: 374: 308: 2273:, the Catholic Church, capitalism, and various others forces for his overwhelming defeat. 878: 759: 739: 338: 8: 6017: 5448: 5105: 2229: 2216: 2129: 1978: 1946: 1935: 1871: 1851: 1657: 1567: 1532: 1478: 1391: 1179: 988: 808: 587: 474: 469: 464: 4724: 703: 449: 5980: 5912: 5870: 5836: 5806: 5752: 5671: 5660: 5563:

Cuddy, Edward. “The Irish Question and the Revival of Anti-Catholicism in the 1920’s.”

5533: 5523: 5392: 5049: 4796: 4222: 4056: 4048: 3992: 3435: 3373: 3022: 2973: 2729: 2585: 2581: 2561: 2478: 2256: 2139: 2107:. There were rumors the pope would move to the United States to control his new realm. 2019: 1737: 1645: 1625: 1493: 1324: 1212: 853: 648: 444: 433: 427: 4895:

Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century

3353: 2327:

in the late 1930s, Eleanor Roosevelt favored the republican Loyalists against General

2114:, who was a Quaker. More often they alleged Smith was unacceptable. A survey of 8,500 6088: 5962: 5920: 5891: 5785: 5738: 5703: 5208: 5180: 5152: 5131: 5078: 5024: 4926: 4899: 4872: 4832: 4735: 4614: 4402: 4396: 4372: 4242: 4232: 4060: 4040: 4003: 3959: 3916: 3854: 3827: 3763: 3736: 3615: 3546: 3521: 3490: 3427: 3365: 3357: 3330:

McKeegan, Michele (Fall 1993). "The politics of abortion: A historical perspective".

3307: 3265: 3257: 3247: 3172: 3123: 3113: 3081: 3071: 3030: 3012: 2977: 2965: 2955: 2951: 2912: 2902: 2501: 2497: 2340: 2324: 2305: 2186: 1838: 1693: 1610: 1571: 1470: 1462: 1443: 1328: 1312: 1260: 789: 726: 693: 598: 547: 261: 178: 173: 6102: 5991: 3377: 2552:

was especially popular among both White Evangelicals and ethnic Catholics, known as

1860: 6074: 6057: 6040: 5911:(1968) 78#1 pp. 25–117. Covers 50 novels that defended Catholicism. Includes 5637: 5618: 5292:"Arson, Vandalism, and Other Destruction at Catholic Churches in the United States" 5126: 4314:"A leading US constitutional historian, Philip Hamburger," writes Martha Nussbaum, 4032: 3949: 3883: 3417: 3349: 3239: 2947: 2553: 2375: 2328: 2286: 2262: 2193: 2174:

handled patronage and broke with FDR in 1940. He was replaced by another Catholic,

2167: 2166:, which represented big business opposition to the New Deal. Catholic radio priest 2057: 2027: 1996: 1950: 1812: 1808: 1753: 1741: 1641: 1551:

made claims that the King had violated his oath by allowing Catholicism in Quebec.

1528: 1474: 1419: 1320: 1316: 1256: 769: 764: 733: 605: 439: 288: 188: 136: 39: 5686:

American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States

3513:

Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774–1789: Contributions to Original Intent

3067:

A History of Religion in America: From the First Settlements through the Civil War

5897:

Page, David P. "Bishop Michael J. Curley and Anti-Catholic Nativism in Florida,"

5768: 4809: 4348: 3730: 3596: 3107: 2891:

Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties: Revised and Expanded Edition

2809: 2737: 2698: 2687: 2529: 2450: 2436: 2397: 2317: 2175: 2080: 1803: 1706: 1540: 1375: 1308: 1074: 823: 795: 784: 557: 163: 116: 44: 5942: 5225: 2544:. Both groups held tightly to traditional moral values and increasingly opposed 1866: 898: 5782:

Catholicism and Fundamentalism – The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians"

5530:

The Protestant Crusade, 1830–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

5520:

The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History

4488:

The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith

4073: 3954: 3292:

The Christian Right, the Far Right, and the Boundaries of American Conservatism

3158: 2628:

the Supreme Court), two Mormons (including the Republican presidential nominee

2605: 2545: 2524:

faded dramatically. In politics, the two factions often joined forces with the

2358: 2313: 2111: 2068: 1505: 1099: 939: 893: 883: 752: 497: 183: 6099:.: Polemical work by a former priest who became a celebrated radio-evangelist. 5757: 5506:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s

4580:

E. David Cronon, "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933–1936,"

4551:

J. David Valaik, "Catholics, Neutrality, and the Spanish Embargo, 1937–1939,"

4036: 3085: 6385: 4597:

Cronon, "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933–1936," p 216-25

4044: 3963: 3543:

Citizens Or Papists?: The Politics of Anti-Catholicism in New York, 1685–1821

3431: 3361: 3299: 3269: 3231: 3127: 3026: 2829: 2594: 2549: 2401: 2380:

Protestants and other Americans United for the Separation of Church and State

2211: 1911: 1758: 1702: 1482: 1442:

in particular. These positions were held by most Protestant spokesmen in the

1296: 952: 813: 779: 4823:

Daniel L. Dreisbach, "The Meaning of the Separation of Church and State" in

4246: 4128:

See also Joseph G. Mannard, "American Anti-Catholicism and Its Literature,"

5148:"Billboard contract lapses, 'Pope is Antichrist' remains; more ads planned" 5074:"Spruced-up billboard marks beginning of new 'pope-is-Antichrist' campaign" 3422: 3000: 2889:. In Stooksbury, Kara E.; Scheb II, John M.; Stephens, Otis H. Jr. (eds.). 2733: 2589: 2461: 2409: 2290: 2185:

In foreign policy the Catholics demanded American neutrality regarding the

2171: 2120: 1974: 1925: 1918: 1791: 1069: 1018: 818: 628: 552: 537: 381: 368: 201: 156: 91: 5855:

Martin, S.J, Martin. "Is Anti-Catholicism The Last Acceptable Prejudice?"

5641: 3938:"Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US Immigration, past and Present" 3369: 2053: 1672: 22: 5657:

Roads to Rome : the antebellum Protestant encounter with Catholicism

5335: 3850:

The Social Mission of the U.S. Catholic Church: A Theological Perspective

2997:

The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America

2629: 2488: 2470:

Protestants and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State

2134: 1970: 1942: 1917:

Anti-Catholicism was widespread in the 1920s; anti-Catholics, led by the

1795: 1763: 1725: 1687: 1455: 1451: 1112: 1062: 1013: 866: 774: 562: 532: 527: 492: 313: 5888:

The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire.

5595: 5550: 4504: 4159: 3701: 3439: 2128:, a prominent Arkansas Senator, as his running mate. Efforts by Senator 1342:

Historians have studied the motivations for anti-Catholicism during the

5928: 5823: 5663:, includes historians as well as anti-Catholic and pro-Catholic writers 5585: 5568: 5318:"A Year After George Floyd's Murder, It's 'Open Season' in Minneapolis" 4585: 4556: 4188:

The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire

4172:

The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire

4052: 3717: 3639: 3295: 2350:, a Catholic, in the 1928 presidential campaign and her statement to a 2294: 1986: 1959: 1903: 1618: 1590: 1578: 1554: 1527:, particularly in the Anglican colonies. The Act was termed one of the 1516: 1292: 802: 623: 402: 5881: 4610:

A Nation Forged in War: How World War II Taught Americans to Get Along

1350:

characterized prejudice against Catholics as "the deepest bias in the

5999: 5453: 4853:

Modern American Religion, Volume 3: Under God, Indivisible, 1941–1960

2570: 1767: 1548: 1447: 932: 5749:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

5698:

Hinckley, Ted C. "American Anti-Catholicism During the Mexican War"

4199:

Katherine D. Moran, "Catholicism and the Making of the US Pacific."

3819: 3396:"The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force" 2257:

Elites: Vice President Wallace, Eleanor Roosevelt and Paul Blanshard

1481:

in 1607 and vigorously cultivated in all the thirteen colonies from

5803:

An Episode in Anti-Catholicism: The American Protective Association

5758:

Jensen, Richard. "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization,"

5020:

Catholics and Politics: The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power

4569:

Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia

3487:

Catholics and the American Revolution: A Study in Religious Climate

3341: 2898: 2347: 2261:

At the elite level, tolerance of Catholicism was more problematic.

2096: 2046: 1729: 1559: 1207: 1079: 4079:

Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820–1980

3735:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115. 3261: 3047:

Joseph G. Mannard. "American Anti-Catholicism and its Literature'

3034: 2969: 2916: 1640:. Some Protestant ministers said that the Catholic Church was the 1543:

as a symbol of protest against the act and Catholicism. After the

5833:

Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928

5558:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

4475:

Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928

3682:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

2708: 2266: 1774: 1637: 956: 916: 641: 508: 6009:

Beacon Press, 1949, an influential attack on the Catholic Church

1928:(KKK) 1921–25, anti-Catholic rhetoric intensified. The Catholic 1724:

in Charlestown, Massachusetts. However, Catholic cities such as

5693:

Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925

4527:

Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh

3004: 2246: 2042: 2015: 1965: 1894: 1439: 1172: 1152: 1132: 1092: 681: 361: 326: 4436:

American Catholic Voter: Two Hundred Years of Political Impact

2387:

education as a threat to public schools and democratic values.

2146:

assembled and which dominated national elections for decades.

1701:

In the 1830s and 1840s, prominent Protestant leaders, such as

3409: 2534:

advocate conservative positions on social and cultural issues

1818: 1380:

advocate conservative positions on social and cultural issues

836: 575: 415: 281: 241: 221: 5614:

Papist Patriots: The Making of an American Catholic Identity

4828:

The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States

3207:

The Lion and the Lamb: Evangelicals and Catholics in America

2588:

placed in various cities on the West Coast, including along

1790:

In 1869 the religious issue in New York City escalated when

5937:

Tuska, Benjamin. "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854-1860."

3634:

Paul F. Boller, "George Washington and Religious Liberty."

2668: 2657: 2584:

splinter groups paid to have anti-Catholic billboards that

2104: 1332: 5474: 5472: 5359:"300 Fault O'Connor Role On AIDS Commission - NYTimes.com" 4922:

The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960

2276: 2075: 2003: 1477:

wrote that a "universal anti-Catholic bias was brought to

1362:

During the 1970s and 1980s, the historic tensions between

6087:. Neptune, N.J.: Loiseaux Brothers, 1948. viii, 222, p. 2650: 334:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

5668:

An Ugly Little Secret: Anti-Catholicism in North America

5336:"The Last Acceptable Prejudice? | America Magazine" 4948:"Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association" 3795:"Lecture 16 – Catholicism in Nineteenth Century America" 2424:

were a central component of American national identity.

1876:

The Pope: Chief of White Slavers High Priest of Intrigue

1585:

fought against. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among

1422:

originally derived from the theological heritage of the

169:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

5906:

Catholic Novelists in Defense of Their Faith, 1829-1865

5735:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

5469: 5204:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

3164:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

2936:

Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History

1621:

Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal

1613:

in 1894, casting his controlling shadow across the U.S.

5575:

Papist Devils: Catholics in British America, 1574–1783

5540:

Conspiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American History

5482:. America The National Catholic Weekly. March 25, 2000 3696:

Ray Allen Billington, "Maria Monk and her influence."

3454:

Papist Devils: Catholics in British America, 1574–1783

3201: 3199: 3197: 2565:

warned the Catholic bishops that if they followed the

1747: 6132: 4634:

Relations, National Conference on Intergroup (1946).

4398:

Empire statesman: the rise and redemption of Al Smith

4364: 3228:

The Age of Evangelicalism: America's Born-Again Years

3109:

The Persistent Prejudice: Anti-Catholicism in America

2455:

1960 campaign for the presidency of the United States

2449:

A key factor that affected the vote for and against

1434:, its proponents formed strong positions against the 5252:"Americans Have Net-Positive View of U.S. Catholics" 4368:

Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s

5045:"The Bishop and the Truce of Tolerance (editorial)" 4228:

The American Irish: a political and social portrait

3194: 2995:. In Beneke, Chris; Grenda, Christopher S. (eds.). 2771:

History of the Catholic Church in the United States

1973:, a Roman Catholic priest, was assassinated by the 1500:. In 1649, the Act of Toleration was passed in the 969:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

6000:Primary sources which attacked the Catholic Church 4891: 4723: 4606: 4394: 3991: 3467: 516:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 5276:David Leonhardt et al, "A Historical Benchmark," 4864: 3846: 3571:. Vol. 15. M.I.J. Griffin. 1898. p. 174 2923: 2228:World War II was the decisive event that brought 689:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 6383: 5328: 5125: 5016: 3607: 3325: 3323: 3063: 2504:'s bid for the Democratic presidential in 1968. 849:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 5977:Under God : religion and American politics 5909:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 5413: 5023:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 39–42. 4721: 3820:Stravinskas, Peter M.J.; Shaw, Russell (1998). 2507: 1283:(16th–18th century), consisted of the biblical 1195:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 5102:"Billboard Supplier Won't Run Attacks on Pope" 4824: 4390: 4388: 4182: 4180: 3762:. Cincinnati: Truman & Smith. p. 61. 3389: 3387: 3281: 3279: 3139:Tracy Ellis, in his popular historical survey 2709:Anti-Catholicism in the entertainment industry 1691:"No Catholic Need Apply" job advertisement in 6118: 5775:The State and the Non-Public School 1825–1925 5449:"Why I had to quit the John Edwards campaign" 4201:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3732:Urban Religion and the Second Great Awakening 3320: 3217: 3215: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2781:Religious discrimination in the United States 2776:History of Protestantism in the United States 2037: 1414:Religious discrimination in the United States 1230: 99:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 5522:(University of North Carolina Press, 1988). 4925:. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–46. 4651:American Dreamer: A Life of Henry a. Wallace 2984: 2930:Corrigan, John; Neal, Lynn S., eds. (2010). 2929: 2795:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics 2637:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 2087:1928 by Bishop Alma White, published by the 5176:"Oregonian runs anti-Catholic ad on Easter" 4918: 4540:The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935-1971, 4462:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History 4385: 4177: 3568:The American Catholic Historical Researches 3401:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 3384: 3276: 3070:. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge. p. 238. 2932:"Religious Intolerance in Colonial America" 2664:Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church 2500:'s vice-presidential nomination in 1964 or 269:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 79:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 6125: 6111: 6066: 6049: 6032: 5813:John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Faith. 5315: 5129:(December 25, 1993). "Billboard Bashing". 4613:. U. of Tennessee Press. pp. 214–15. 3873: 3823:Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia 3212: 3057: 2863: 1846:public schools and non-Catholic colleges. 1819:Sexual themes in literary anti-Catholicism 1605:An anti-Catholic cartoon shows the pope's 1432:errors and excesses of the Catholic Church 1237: 1223: 5737:(Oxford University Press, New ed. 2004). 5623:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757718.001.0001 5350: 5004:John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Faith 4781:Elliot Roosevelt and James Brough (1973) 4633: 4423:Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, 4100: 3953: 3421: 3394:Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). 3244:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777952.003.0003 2445:United States presidential election, 1960 2439:, first Catholic President, elected 1960. 1962:, a future Justice of the Supreme Court. 1945:was fatally shot on his rectory porch in 1539:organisations, as a result, designed the 69:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 6397:History of religion in the United States 5629: 5610: 5382: 5173: 5145: 5071: 4898:. U of Pennsylvania Press. p. 148. 4831:. Oxford University Press. p. 219. 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4449:Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat 4425:Winter 1968, Vol. 41 Issue 4, pp 168–172 4259:Sharon Davies, "Tragedy in Birmingham", 3989: 3904: 3728: 3545:. Fordham University Press. p. 35. 3329: 3105: 2990: 2884: 2835:Nativism (politics) § United States 2764:History of religion in the United States 2759:Freedom of religion in the United States 2715:Anti-Catholicism in literature and media 2658:Human sexuality, contraception, abortion 2514:1980 United States presidential election 2431: 2369:Communism, Democracy, and Catholic Power 2316:. Privately, Roosevelt said that if the 2275: 2074: 2052: 2041: 1964: 1893: 1865: 1773: 1757: 1686: 1671: 1600: 1337:control of bishops, priests, and deacons 699:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 5956: 5356: 5119: 5065: 5037: 5006:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 5001: 4945: 4221: 3942:Journal on Migration and Human Security 3755: 3489:. Loyola University Press. p. 31. 3484: 3157: 3064:Bryan F. Le Beau (September 18, 2017). 2460:Prominent Protestant spokesmen, led by 2004:Supreme Court upholds parochial schools 1744:as its presidential candidate in 1856. 6384: 5679:Contemporary American Public Discourse 5633:Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860 5017:Kristin E. Heyer; et al. (2008). 4371:. Johns Hopkins U.P. pp. 139–40. 4253: 4103:NO: Choice forces educators to improve 4022: 3826:. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, Inc. 3652:"George Washington Expresses Surprise" 3559: 3540: 3534: 3393: 3285: 3221: 964:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 64:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 6392:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 6106: 5383:Marcotte, Amanda (January 30, 2007). 5338:. americamagazine.org. March 25, 2000 5099: 4708: 4263:, vol. 90, no. 3 (March 2010), p. 31. 3935: 3509: 3465: 2406:United States emissary to the Vatican 1404:Colonial history of the United States 1250:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 6016:(1872), an anti-Catholic compendium 5815:( University Press of Kansas, 2021). 5796:American Review of Canadian Studies. 5582:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5515:(U of Arkansas Press, 2016). 266 pp. 5316:Mac Donald, Heather (May 24, 2021). 4800:, January 25, 1928, by Lash, p. 419. 4582:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3792: 2575:pro-choice stance regarding abortion 1924:With the rapid growth of the second 1766:depicting Roman Catholic bishops as 1465:, had themselves fled Europe due to 1410:British colonization of the Americas 1273:British colonization of the Americas 1259:attitudes were first brought to the 1190:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 844:Violence against Christians in India 59:Historical persecution of Christians 6007:American Freedom and Catholic Power 5681:ed. by H. R. Ryan. (1992). 177–193. 5093: 4979:November 20, 1960, Section 4, p. E5 4812:American Freedom and Catholic Power 4143:Journal of the History of Sexuality 4105:. The Atlanta Constitution-Journal. 3478: 2790:Discrimination in the United States 2695:John Edwards' presidential campaign 2567:instructions of the Catholic Church 2364:American Freedom and Catholic Power 1823:According to Marie Anne Pagliarini: 1748:Public funding of parochial schools 480:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 13: 6133:Anti-Catholicism in North America 5592:Journal of American Ethnic History 5497: 5419:"News Release: John Edwards Hires 5258:from the original on March 6, 2009 4946:Kennedy, John F. (June 18, 2002). 3978:The Education of an Urban Minority 3936:Young, Julia G. (August 8, 2018). 3882:. Catholic Answers. Archived from 3614:. U of Chicago Press. p. 37. 3346:Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 3112:. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 13. 2944:University of North Carolina Press 2887:"Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism" 2840:Nativism in United States politics 2378:argues regarding the organization 2297:(1943), founder and bishop of the 974:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 593:Persecution of Christians in China 14: 6408: 5890:(Cornell University Press, 2020) 5650:Politics, Religion & Ideology 5357:Goldman, Ari L. (July 27, 1987). 5289: 5232:from the original on May 14, 2009 5100:Mehle, Michael (August 4, 1993). 4287:Hugo L. Black: cold steel warrior 4174:(Cornell University Press, 2020). 3876:"The History of Anti-Catholicism" 2749:that holds them in such thrall." 2586:called the pope "the Anti-Christ" 1762:Famous 1875 editorial cartoon by 1668:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 1581:replaced the Pope as the "demon" 6246:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5988:The Making of the President 1960 5441: 5407: 5376: 5309: 5283: 5270: 5244: 5218: 5207:. (Oxford University Press 2005 5195: 4868:The Making of the President 1960 4794:Eleanor Roosevelt, as quoted in 3684:(1995) pp 154-55, quote p 155.. 3009:University of Pennsylvania Press 2952:10.5149/9780807895955_corrigan.5 2516:, the historic tensions between 2427: 1898:Branford Clarke illustration in 1271:settlers from Europe during the 1206: 423:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 21: 5843:The Journal of American History 5480:"The Last Acceptable Prejudice" 5174:Langlois, Ed (April 29, 2000). 5167: 5139: 5010: 4995: 4982: 4970: 4939: 4912: 4885: 4858: 4845: 4817: 4803: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4695: 4682: 4669: 4656: 4643: 4627: 4600: 4591: 4574: 4561: 4545: 4532: 4519: 4510: 4493: 4480: 4467: 4454: 4447:Eddie Weller and Cecil Weller, 4441: 4428: 4415: 4358: 4334: 4321: 4308: 4292: 4279: 4266: 4215: 4206: 4193: 4164: 4148: 4135: 4122: 4109: 4088: 4067: 4016: 3983: 3970: 3929: 3898: 3867: 3840: 3813: 3786: 3749: 3722: 3706: 3690: 3674: 3644: 3628: 3601: 3583: 3503: 3459: 3446: 3209:(Oxford University Press, 2004) 2850:Xenophobia in the United States 2719:According to the Jesuit priest 2573:to politicians who advocated a 2223: 2010:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 1832: 1722:set fire to an Ursuline convent 1678:American Protective Association 1596: 1031:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 994:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 6053:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 5923:, as well as priest-novelists 5777:(1987), esp. pp. 146–204; 5636:. Cambridge University Press. 5567:67#2 (1981), pp. 236–55. 5072:Langlois, Ed (July 27, 2001). 4871:. HarperCollins. p. 355. 4770:Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia 4757:Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia 4649:John C. Culver and John Hyde, 4365:David Joseph Goldberg (1999). 4329:Separation of Church and State 3185: 3151: 3041: 2361:wrote in his bestselling book 1780:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 1631: 1368:Catholics in the United States 1352:history of the American people 1120:Catholic Church in North Korea 984:Dissolution of the Monasteries 124:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 1: 5867:A Catholic Runs for President 5630:Farrelly, Maura Jane (2017). 5611:Farrelly, Maura Jane (2012). 5146:Langlois, Ed (June 6, 2002). 4117:Religion and American Culture 4025:Religion and American Culture 3990:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2005). 3714:Religion and American Culture 3354:10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80245-2 3051:vol 4, No. 1 (1981). Pp. 1-9 2857: 2580:Starting in 1993, members of 2493:Second Council of the Vatican 1515:Following the passage of the 1160:2021 Canadian church burnings 922:Religious violence in Nigeria 455:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 74:Eastern Catholic persecutions 6371:United States Virgin Islands 6095:(added to later printings). 6070:The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy 6022:Rev. Isaac J. Lansing, M.A. 5899:Florida Historical Quarterly 5869:(1956) on Al Smith in 1928. 5798:32#4 (2002). pp : 639+. 4825:Derek H. Davis, ed. (2017). 4300:Christianity Today Editorial 3874:Jimmy Akin (March 1, 2001). 3853:. Georgetown UP. p. 4. 2649:has noted that according to 2508:Late 20th–early 21st century 2236: 2032:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 2000:anti-Catholic organization. 1955:Southern Methodist Episcopal 1900:The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy 1874:'s 1913 anti-Catholic book, 1344:history of the United States 1331:. It usually focused on the 1254:colonial history of the U.S. 1037:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 209:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 7: 5917:Jedediah Vincent Huntington 5880:, 24 (Fall 1990): 341–358. 5617:. Oxford University Press. 5604:21#4 (2003), pp. 1–16 4990:Journal of Church and State 4892:Robert L. Fleegler (2013). 4607:Thomas A. Bruscino (2010). 4553:Journal of American History 4395:Slayton, Robert A. (2001). 4101:Bush, Jeb (March 4, 2009). 3905:Hennesey, James J. (1983). 3729:Bilhartz, Terry D. (1986). 3304:Manchester University Press 2940:Chapel Hill, North Carolina 2845:Racism in the United States 2752: 2682:disrupted a Sunday Mass at 2343:, who were both Catholics. 2149: 1941:On August 11, 1921, Father 1934:was first built in 1925 in 1931:Church of the Little Flower 1651: 1185:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 1045:Philadelphia nativist riots 10: 6413: 5949:Catholic Historical Review 5939:Catholic Historical Review 5901:45 (October 1966): 101–117 5857:America: The Jesuit Review 5565:Catholic Historical Review 5547:Catholic historical review 4865:Theodore H. White (2009). 4501:Catholic Historical Review 3955:10.1177/233150241700500111 3847:Charles E. Curran (2010). 3698:Catholic Historical Review 3636:William and Mary Quarterly 3466:Ellis, John Tracy (1956). 3222:Miller, Steven P. (2014). 3106:Schwartz, Michael (1984). 2999:. Early American Studies. 2885:Scheb II, John M. (2017). 2712: 2661: 2538:opposition to gay marriage 2442: 2038:1928 presidential election 2007: 1751: 1665: 1655: 1407: 1401: 1397: 1384:opposition to gay marriage 1140:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 709:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 398:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 6346:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6264: 6138: 6036:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 5878:Journal of Social History 5822:32#1 (1991), pp. 101–14. 5767:February 8, 2005, at the 5760:Journal of Social History 5727:46#1 (1998) pp. 12+. 5700:Pacific Historical Review 5002:Lacroix, Patrick (2021). 4785:, New York: Dell, p. 282. 4732:W.W. Norton & Company 4529:(Penn State Press, 2010). 4355:, v41 n2 p36-37 Sum 2001. 4347:October 29, 2008, at the 4156:American Catholic Studies 4037:10.1525/rac.2004.14.2.213 3608:John Tracy Ellis (1969). 3485:Metzger, Charles (1961). 3224:"Left, Right, Born Again" 2895:Santa Barbara, California 2684:Saint Patrick's Cathedral 2400:nominated former General 2085:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1800:The American River Ganges 1428:European wars of religion 1348:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 1281:European wars of religion 302:European wars of religion 6366:Turks and Caicos Islands 5957:Waldman, Steven (2009). 5925:Charles Constantine Pise 5784:(Ignatius Press, 1988). 4726:Eleanor: The Years Alone 4722:Lash, Joseph P. (1972). 4584:(1958) 45#2 pp. 201-230 4571:(1968) Issue 1, pp 3-38. 4486:William B. Prendergast, 3510:Davis, Derek H. (2000). 2391: 1889: 1856:University of Notre Dame 1682:(Art from an 1894 book.) 1644:who is mentioned in the 1512:, and Catholic schools. 1498:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1436:Roman clerical hierarchy 1100:Murder of Andrea Santoro 613:Ad Apostolorum principis 349:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 104:Diocletianic Persecution 5951:100.4 (2014): 695-720. 5725:Communication Quarterly 5602:U.S. Catholic Historian 5573:Curran, Robert Emmett. 4274:Hugo Black: a biography 3756:Beecher, Lyman (1835). 3595:March 27, 2008, at the 3518:Oxford University Press 3288:"The rise of the right" 3286:Durham, Martin (2000). 3236:Oxford University Press 3169:Oxford University Press 2991:Corrigan, John (2011). 2646:The Wall Street Journal 2518:Evangelical Protestants 2412:and Protestant groups. 2310:Francis Joseph Spellman 2199:former president Calles 2164:American Liberty League 2060:Nov 1926, published by 2014:In 1922, the voters of 1949:. The shooter was Rev. 1446:, including those from 1364:Evangelical Protestants 904:1989 murders of Jesuits 6296:British Virgin Islands 5941:11.2 (1925): 217-251. 5584:, 47 (1960), 205–224. 4555:(1967) 54#1 pp. 73-85 4401:. Simon and Schuster. 4076:and Elisabeth Hansot, 3658:. 2010. Archived from 3541:Duncan, Jason (2005). 3452:Robert Emmett Curran, 3423:10.3406/assr.1981.2226 2815:Anti-Mexican sentiment 2746: 2600:Seventh-day Adventists 2440: 2422:Judeo-Christian values 2398:President Harry Truman 2302: 2251:Anglo-Saxon Federation 2208: 2092: 2064: 2050: 1982: 1914: 1878: 1830: 1783: 1771: 1698: 1684: 1614: 1424:Protestant Reformation 1277:Protestant Reformation 1213:Catholicism portal 1050:Ursuline Convent riots 979:Irish Catholic Martyrs 874:Four U.S. missionaries 583:Martyr Saints of China 249:Maspero demonstrations 144:Massacre of the Latins 6236:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5702:1962 31(2): 121–137. 5652:21.3 (2020): 269-287. 5642:10.1017/9781316690932 5556:Cogliano; Francis D. 4958:on September 11, 2007 4730:. Scarborough, Ont.: 4525:Kenneth J. Heineman, 4316:Liberty of conscience 4203:12.4 (2013): 434-474. 4145:18.2 (2009): 237-264. 3980:(1977), pp. 21, 37–8. 3656:The Bostonian Society 3333:Women's Health Issues 2825:Anti-Slavic sentiment 2820:Anti-Polish sentiment 2800:Anti-French sentiment 2725: 2713:Further information: 2693:On January 30, 2007, 2435: 2396:On October 20, 1951, 2299:Pillar of Fire Church 2279: 2203: 2180:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 2156:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2144:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2089:Pillar of Fire Church 2078: 2062:Pillar of Fire Church 2056: 2045: 2008:Further information: 1981:, on August 11, 1921. 1968: 1908:Pillar of Fire Church 1897: 1869: 1825: 1777: 1761: 1712:Beecher's well-known 1690: 1675: 1604: 1525:British North America 1521:Catholic emancipation 1492:In 1642, the English 1467:religious persecution 1408:Further information: 1265:British North America 720:In Poloniae annalibus 669:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 619:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 229:Christianity in Sudan 5886:Moran, Katherine D. 5845:, 84 (1997): 97–131. 5773:Jorgenson, Lloyd P. 5429:on February 18, 2007 5417:(February 6, 2007). 5395:on February 10, 2007 4919:Shaun Casey (2009). 4170:Katherine D. Moran, 3886:on September 7, 2008 3611:American Catholicism 3470:American Catholicism 3141:American Catholicism 2901:. pp. 131–132. 2805:Anti-Irish sentiment 2674:In 1989, members of 2623:In August 2012, the 2466:Norman Vincent Peale 2418:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2282:Guardians of Liberty 1697:, February 14, 1855. 1676:Propaganda from the 1502:Province of Maryland 543:Bernhard Lichtenberg 522:Mit brennender Sorge 460:José María of Manila 393:José Sánchez del Río 375:Iniquis afflictisque 344:Martyrs of Compiègne 6251:Trinidad and Tobago 6146:Antigua and Barbuda 6085:Secrets of Romanism 6083:Zacchello, Joseph. 6067:Alma White (1925). 6050:Alma White (1926). 6033:Alma White (1928). 5986:White, Theodore H. 5850:Ohio Valley History 5831:Lichtman, Allan J. 5762:36.2 (2002) 405–429 5666:Greeley, Andrew M. 5511:Barnes, Kenneth C. 5457:. February 16, 2007 5322:Wall Street Journal 5106:Rocky Mountain News 5053:. November 26, 1989 4992:39 (1997): 297-317. 4503:79.1 (1993): 65-82 4473:Allan J. Lichtman, 4223:Shannon, William V. 4119:9.1 (1999): 97-128. 3759:A Plea for the West 3414:Éditions de l'EHESS 2701:as blogmaster. The 2241:In 1946, the judge 2230:religious tolerance 2217:Knights of Columbus 1995:scholar, Professor 1979:Birmingham, Alabama 1947:Birmingham, Alabama 1936:Royal Oak, Michigan 1872:Jeremiah J. Crowley 1852:William Howard Taft 1658:Nativism (politics) 1607:nuncio (ambassador) 1568:American Revolution 1545:Battle of Lexington 1533:American Revolution 1510:church's sacraments 1438:in general and the 1180:Martyrs of Pratulin 889:Ignacio Martín-Baró 588:Auguste Chapdelaine 475:522 Spanish Martyrs 470:498 Spanish Martyrs 465:233 Spanish Martyrs 6186:Dominican Republic 6012:Samuel W. Barnum. 5913:George Henry Miles 5859:(March 25, 2000) 5852:15.4 (2015): 3-21. 5811:Lacroix, Patrick. 5805:(1964), on 1890s 5594:1991 11(1): 21–49 5518:Bennett; David H. 5385:"Pandagon changes" 5363:The New York Times 5254:. April 15, 2008. 5050:The New York Times 4797:The New York Times 4746:, pp. 156–65, 282. 4542:(1972) vol 1, p. 3 4538:George H. Gallup, 4460:John T. McGreevy, 4434:George J. Marlin, 4327:Philip Hamburger, 3976:James W. Sanders, 3908:American Catholics 3680:Francis Cogliano, 3456:(2014), pp. 201-2. 3238:. pp. 32–59. 3011:. pp. 53–74. 2946:. pp. 17–48. 2582:Historic Adventist 2562:The New York Times 2479:The New York Times 2441: 2303: 2289:caricature by the 2271:Conservative Party 2140:New Deal Coalition 2116:Southern Methodist 2095:In 1928, Democrat 2093: 2065: 2051: 1992:Christianity Today 1983: 1915: 1879: 1784: 1772: 1738:Know-Nothing Party 1699: 1685: 1662:Know-Nothing Riots 1646:Book of Revelation 1615: 1531:which sparked the 1494:colony of Virginia 1463:Congregationalists 1392:White Evangelicals 1252:dates back to the 854:Devasahayam Pillai 649:Vietnamese Martyrs 445:Martyrs of Daimiel 434:Dilectissima Nobis 117:Neo-Persian Empire 6379: 6378: 6268:other territories 6014:Romanism as It Is 6005:Blanshard, Paul. 5921:Mary Anne Sadlier 5865:Moore, Edmund A. 5747:Jensen, Richard. 5733:Jenkins, Philip. 5684:Hennesey, James. 5655:Franchot, Jenny. 5528:Billington, Ray. 5504:Anbinder, Tyler. 5181:Catholic Sentinel 5153:Catholic Sentinel 5132:Salt Lake Tribune 5079:Catholic Sentinel 4952:American Rhetoric 4932:978-0-19-974363-6 4851:Martin E. Marty, 4701:Culver and Hyde, 4688:Culver and Hyde, 4675:Culver and Hyde, 4662:Culver and Hyde, 4340:Howard, J. Paul. 4276:(1997) pp 87, 104 4272:Roger K. Newman, 4261:Columbia Magazine 4238:978-0-87023-689-1 4009:978-0-7867-1686-9 3922:978-0-19-503268-0 3833:978-0-87973-669-9 3793:Matthews, Terry. 3700:(1936): 283-296. 3638:(1960): 486-506. 3344:on behalf of the 3306:. pp. 1–23. 3205:William M. Shea, 3161:(April 1, 2003). 3119:978-0-87973-715-3 3077:978-1-136-68891-1 2498:William E. Miller 2333:Elliott Roosevelt 2325:Spanish Civil War 2306:Eleanor Roosevelt 2210:In 1935, Senator 2187:Spanish Civil War 2028:parochial schools 1906:published by the 1839:Jacques Marquette 1714:Plea for the West 1694:The Baltimore Sun 1683: 1611:Francesco Satolli 1572:George Washington 1547:, people such as 1471:Church of England 1444:Thirteen Colonies 1354:." The historian 1261:Thirteen Colonies 1247: 1246: 879:Ignacio Ellacuría 790:Aloysius Stepinac 760:József Mindszenty 740:Jerzy Popiełuszko 727:Gloriosam Reginam 694:Maksymilian Kolbe 654:Andrew of Phú Yên 599:Ad Sinarum gentem 548:Max Josef Metzger 339:War in the Vendée 309:Thirty Years' War 262:Islamic terrorism 179:Assyrian genocide 174:Armenian genocide 6404: 6336:Saint Barthélemy 6266:Dependencies and 6139:Sovereign states 6127: 6120: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6078: 6075:The Good Citizen 6061: 6058:The Good Citizen 6044: 6041:The Good Citizen 5972: 5961:. Random House. 5904:Thorp, Willard. 5820:American Studies 5801:Kinzer, Donald. 5645: 5626: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5425:. Archived from 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5391:. Archived from 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5228:. June 8, 2007. 5222: 5216: 5201:Philip Jenkins, 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5127:Associated Press 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4954:. 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Grant 1754:Blaine Amendment 1742:Millard Fillmore 1681: 1642:Whore of Babylon 1537:American Patriot 1529:Intolerable Acts 1475:John Tracy Ellis 1420:anti-Catholicism 1372:Republican Party 1346:. The historian 1289:Whore of Babylon 1239: 1232: 1225: 1211: 1210: 770:Severian Baranyk 765:Eugene Bossilkov 734:Invicti athletae 704:Stefan Wyszyński 659:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 606:Cupimus Imprimis 450:Bartolomé Blanco 440:Martyrs of Turon 289:Martyrs of Japan 189:Kosheh massacres 164:Muslim conquests 137:Byzantine Empire 25: 18: 17: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6269: 6267: 6260: 6134: 6131: 6002: 5997: 5969: 5780:Keating, Karl. 5769:Wayback Machine 5716:7.1 (2015): 2+ 5577:(2014) pp 201–2 5500: 5498:Further reading 5495: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5423:Anti-Catholics" 5415:Catholic League 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5288: 5284: 5280:14 August 2012. 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4977:New York Times, 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4804: 4793: 4789: 4783:An Untold Story 4780: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4720: 4709: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4349:Wayback Machine 4339: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4239: 4231:. p. 298. 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4110: 4093: 4089: 4082:(1986) Page 77 4072: 4068: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3988: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3801:on May 29, 2001 3791: 3787: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3662:on June 2, 2008 3650: 3649: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3597:Wayback Machine 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3520:. p. 153. 3508: 3504: 3497: 3483: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3392: 3385: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3284: 3277: 3254: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3159:Jenkins, Philip 3156: 3152: 3144: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3019: 2989: 2985: 2962: 2928: 2924: 2909: 2893:. Vol. 1. 2883: 2864: 2860: 2810:Anti-Italianism 2755: 2717: 2711: 2703:Catholic League 2699:Amanda Marcotte 2688:Andrew Sullivan 2666: 2660: 2530:Christian right 2528:and formed the 2522:Roman Catholics 2510: 2451:John F. Kennedy 2447: 2437:John F. Kennedy 2430: 2420:emphasized how 2394: 2318:Catholic Church 2259: 2239: 2226: 2176:Frank C. Walker 2152: 2081:Branford Clarke 2040: 2012: 2006: 1902:1925 by Bishop 1892: 1835: 1821: 1804:James G. Blaine 1756: 1750: 1707:Horace Bushnell 1670: 1664: 1656:Main articles: 1654: 1634: 1599: 1541:George Rex Flag 1416: 1406: 1400: 1376:Christian right 1374:and formed the 1243: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1125: 1124: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1095: 1085: 1084: 1075:Pedro Calungsod 1065: 1055: 1054: 1009: 999: 998: 959: 945: 944: 935: 925: 924: 919: 909: 908: 869: 859: 858: 839: 829: 828: 824:Theodore Romzha 796:Meminisse iuvat 785:Zynoviy Kovalyk 755: 745: 744: 684: 674: 673: 664:Trương Bửu Diệp 644: 634: 633: 578: 568: 567: 558:Erich Klausener 511: 501: 500: 495: 485: 484: 418: 408: 407: 364: 354: 353: 329: 319: 318: 304: 294: 293: 284: 274: 273: 264: 254: 253: 244: 234: 233: 224: 214: 213: 204: 194: 193: 159: 149: 148: 139: 129: 128: 119: 109: 108: 94: 84: 83: 54: 45:Catholic Church 42: 12: 11: 5: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Sint Eustatius 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Cayman Islands 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6080: 6079: 6063: 6062: 6046: 6045: 6030: 6020: 6010: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5975:Wills, Garry. 5973: 5968:978-0812974744 5967: 5959:Founding Faith 5954: 5945: 5935: 5902: 5895: 5884: 5874: 5863: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5829: 5826: 5816: 5809: 5799: 5792: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5745: 5731: 5728: 5721: 5714:The Confluence 5710: 5696: 5691:Higham; John. 5689: 5682: 5675: 5664: 5653: 5646: 5627: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5578: 5571: 5561: 5554: 5549:(2013): 52-77 5543: 5536: 5526: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5468: 5440: 5406: 5375: 5349: 5327: 5308: 5282: 5278:New York Times 5269: 5243: 5217: 5194: 5166: 5138: 5118: 5092: 5064: 5036: 5029: 5009: 4994: 4981: 4969: 4938: 4931: 4911: 4905:978-0812208092 4904: 4884: 4877: 4857: 4844: 4837: 4816: 4802: 4787: 4774: 4761: 4748: 4740: 4707: 4694: 4681: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4626: 4619: 4599: 4590: 4588:; quote p. 207 4573: 4560: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4509: 4492: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4440: 4427: 4414: 4407: 4384: 4377: 4357: 4333: 4320: 4307: 4291: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4237: 4214: 4212:Dumenil (1991) 4205: 4192: 4176: 4163: 4158:(2000): 1-21. 4147: 4134: 4121: 4108: 4087: 4074:David B. Tyack 4066: 4015: 4008: 3982: 3969: 3948:(1): 217–235. 3928: 3921: 3897: 3866: 3860:978-1589017641 3859: 3839: 3832: 3812: 3785: 3768: 3748: 3741: 3721: 3705: 3689: 3673: 3643: 3627: 3620: 3600: 3582: 3558: 3551: 3533: 3526: 3502: 3495: 3477: 3458: 3445: 3383: 3319: 3312: 3275: 3252: 3211: 3193: 3191:Mannard, 1981. 3184: 3177: 3171:. p. 23. 3150: 3118: 3076: 3056: 3040: 3017: 2983: 2960: 2922: 2907: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2710: 2707: 2662:Main article: 2659: 2656: 2625:New York Times 2606:Philip Jenkins 2546:secularization 2509: 2506: 2502:Robert Kennedy 2443:Main article: 2429: 2426: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2359:Paul Blanshard 2352:New York Times 2314:Paul Blanshard 2258: 2255: 2245:, called upon 2238: 2235: 2225: 2222: 2151: 2148: 2112:Herbert Hoover 2069:pyramid scheme 2039: 2036: 2005: 2002: 1891: 1888: 1861:Junípero Serra 1834: 1831: 1820: 1817: 1811:supported the 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1653: 1650: 1633: 1630: 1598: 1595: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 940:Stanley Rother 936: 931: 930: 927: 926: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 894:Segundo Montes 891: 886: 884:Rutilio Grande 881: 876: 870: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 851: 846: 840: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Sára Salkaházi 806: 799: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 756: 753:Eastern Europe 751: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 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5893: 5892:online review 5889: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5790:0-89870-177-5 5787: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743:0-19-517604-9 5740: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5542:(1972), 1–20. 5541: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5213:0-19-515480-0 5210: 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