Management - Knowledge

2631:, section leaders, forepersons, and team leaders. They focus on controlling and directing regular employees. They are usually responsible for assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quantity of production and/or service, making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work, and channeling employee concerns that they cannot resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators. Low-level or "front-line" managers also act as role models for their employees. In some types of work, front-line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do, at least some of the time. For example, in some restaurants, the front-line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day. In general, line managers are considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's proper management despite performing traditional management functions. 2454:

managers are often called supervisors, but may also be called line managers, office managers, or even foremen. Middle managers include all levels of management between the low level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of low-level managers and may have titles such as department head, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. Top managers are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or board chairman.

2964:. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available evidence. As with other evidence-based practice, this is based on the three principles of published peer-reviewed (often in management or social science journals) research evidence that bears on whether and why a particular management practice works; judgment and experience from contextual management practice, to understand the organization and interpersonal dynamics in a situation and determine the risks and benefits of available actions; and the preferences and values of those affected. 2598:, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the top management's objectives, defining and discussing information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly, inspiring and providing guidance to lower-level managers towards better performance. 7088: 2008: 2529:, and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources. Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders, the general public, and public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations. Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization, and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in 62: 7052: 6395: 2927:

working hours, better retraining, and innovative (and usually industry-specific) performance markers. Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques, better worker support, and more charismatic leadership styles. Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success (or failure) of management actions with employees.

7077: 5567: 3873: 1353: 2438: 7064: 5555: 1441:, who oversee the work of regular employees, or volunteers in some voluntary organizations, and provide direction on their work. Line managers often perform the managerial functions that are traditionally considered the core of management. Despite the name, they are usually considered part of the workforce and not part of the organization's management class. 3278:

grown to over one-third. Formal management education became standardized at colleges and universities. Colleges and universities capitalized on the needs of corporations by forming business schools and corporate placement departments. This shift toward formal business education marked the creation of a corporate elite in the US.

3663:. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In case of nonprofit management, one of the main functions is, keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management and 2926:

While management trends can change fast, the long-term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry. Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace, by offering increased flexibility in

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Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization, being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members. An operational manager may be well-thought-out by middle management or may be categorized as a non-management operator, liable to the

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is the guardian of roles, rules, and relationships; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book. In the Weberian tradition, managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from the head

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of 1854 recommended that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, and promotion should be through achievement rather than "preferment, patronage, or purchase". This

2272:. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. 2309:

outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of animals, and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment. From an individual's perspective, management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise

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At the turn of the twentieth century, the need for skilled and trained managers had become increasingly apparent. The demand occurred as personnel departments began to expand rapidly. In 1915, less than one in twenty manufacturing firms had a dedicated personnel department. By 1929 that number had

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duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day-to-day activities of the organization. However, this varies depending on the type (e.g., public versus private), size, and culture of the organization. These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and are typically

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Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition, world economies, and politics. In addition, the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining (within the board's framework) the broad policies of the organization.

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Lupton's (1983: 17) notion that management is 'what managers do during their working hours', if valid, could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management, where 'management' is effectively synonymous with 'managing', and where 'managing' refers to an activity, or set of activities

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There is a difference between management and manipulation. The difference is thin If management is handling, then manipulation is skillful handling. In short, manipulation is skillful management. Manipulation is in essence leveraged management. It is an alive thing while management is a dead

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in the field of business and management. Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods, statistical analysis, and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers, senior consultants, and/or professors in

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A common management structure of organizations includes three management levels: low-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Low-level managers manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products. Low-level

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Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century. As large corporations began to overshadow small family businesses the need for personnel management positions became more necessary. Businesses grew into large corporations and the need for clerks,

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Executive management accomplishes the day-to-day details, including instructions for the preparation of department budgets, procedures, and schedules; appointment of middle-level executives such as department managers; coordination of departments; media and governmental relations; and

2862:(MBA) is the most popular professional degree at the master's level and can be obtained from many universities in the United States. MBA programs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students. Other master's degrees in business and management include 2751:(B.Com.). These typically comprise a four-year program designed to give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization. Course topics include accounting, financial management, statistics, marketing, strategy, and other related areas. 4039:"Oikonomikos. Oder Xenophon vom Haus-Wesen, aus der Griechischen- in die Teutsche Sprache übersetzet von Barthold Henrich Brockes, dem jüngern. Mit einer Vorrede S.T. Herrn Jo. Alb. Fabricii ... Nebst den wenigen Stücken, die aus der Lateinischen Uebersetzung Ciceronis noch übrig" 4842:

In the army barracks, and in the mass co-ordination of men on the battlefield (epitomized by the military innovations of Prince Maurice of Orange and Nassau in the sixteenth century) are to be found the prototype of the regimentation of the factory – as both Marx and Weber

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office to the shop floor and back. This style of management assumes a world view in which the bureaucratic role is seen as separate from, and taking precedence over, other constructions of self (including the obligations of citizenship), at least for the working day.

3647:) has become both more common and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue and may occur more naturally than does a 3124:

advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. French civil service examinations adopted in the late 19th century were also heavily based on general cultural studies. These features have been likened to the earlier Chinese model.

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Good practices identified for managers include "walking the shop floor", and, especially for managers who are new in post, identifying and achieving some "quick wins" which demonstrate visible success in establishing appropriate objectives. Leadership writer

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Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in management; generally within their colleges of business, business schools, or faculty of management but also in other related departments.

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directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties, and median compensation was $ 212,512 in 2010. The board sets corporate strategy, makes major decisions such as major acquisitions, and hires, evaluates, and fires the top-level manager

3099:(1847) that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution 2917:

in business administration, the Ph.D. in management, and the Ph.D. in political science with a concentration in public administration. In the 2010s, doctorates in business administration and management were available with many specializations.

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Mary Parker Follett, the 'prophet of management' reputedly defined management as the 'art of getting things done through people.' Whether or not she said it, Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than

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of an organization. They set the strategic goals and policy of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-level professionals who provide direction to middle

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of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with the growing size and complexity of organizations, a distinction between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties, or groups of

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bookkeepers, secretaries and managers expanded. The demand for trained managers led college and university administrators to consider and move forward with plans to create the first schools of business on their campuses.

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roles include branch managers, regional managers, department managers, and section managers. They provide direction to front-line managers and communicate the strategic goals and policies of senior management to

2318:. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application. Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or through independent pursuit. Plans, 2404:. More broadly, every organization must "manage" its work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as " 3257:. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi- 3526:

As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for

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When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century, it was not obvious who they were, what they did, or why they should be entrusted with the task of running

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To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics

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tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting

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degrees), management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees. Some well-known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include

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Lilienfeld SO, Ritschel LA, Lynn SJ, Cautin RL, Latzman RD (November 2013). "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: root causes and constructive remedies".

3671:, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare. 2369:

Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management without

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to contribute to the success of the enterprise. Scholars have focused on the management of individual, organizational, and inter-organizational relationships. This implies effective

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recommends (when re-phrased in modern terminology) being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's. The writings of influential

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defines management as "a vulnerable force, under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint, imitation, and imagination, operating on subjective,

3201:. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in the manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled the production of 48,000 pins per day. 2465:

and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers at every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different

2984:. Slave owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting and motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial 6240: 2790:. Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management, which typically require one to two years of full-time study. 2717:

degree. Some major organizations, including companies, non-profit organizations, and governments, require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum

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Deslandes G., (2014), “Management in Xenophon's Philosophy: a Retrospective Analysis”, 38th Annual Research Conference, Philosophy of Management, 2014, July 14–16, Chicago

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policy of the specific organization. The efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization since it bridges the gap between top-level and bottom-level staff.

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At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as

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A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives.

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Behavioural: perception towards others, conflict resolution, time management, self-improvement, stress management and resilience, patience, clear communication.

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Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the Industrial Revolution, it made sense for most

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While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession (e.g., law, medicine, and engineering, which require, respectively the

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English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a

3378:(1866–1936) described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), 3116:

as a systematic, meritocratic civil service bureaucracy. Like the British, the development of French bureaucracy was influenced by the Chinese system.

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The missions, objectives, strengths, and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission.

3001: 1383: 4008: 2558:(CFO) has increased. In 2013, a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were " 5254:

From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession

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Designing and implementing reward systems that support cooperative behavior, as well as making decisions and sharing ideas with top managers

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and other scholars find the influence of Chinese administration in Europe by the 12th century. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in

2366:(1868–1933), allegedly defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as a philosophy. 2542: 2036: 4558:

Kleiman, Lawrence S. "Management and Executive Development."Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Business(2010): n.p. 25 Mar 2011.

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Management is taught across different disciplines at colleges and universities. Prominent major degree programs in management include

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While one person can begin an organization, "it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it".

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in public administration in some universities), for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the

2870:(M.Sc.) in business administration or management, which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors. 3299: 2721:

in a field related to administration or management, or in the case of business jobs, a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree.

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Jacoby, S.M. (1985). "Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945".

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Griffin, Ricky W. CUSTOM Management: Principles and Practices, International Edition, 11th Edition. Cengage Learning UK, 08/2014

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skills" and "board engagement", and 10% of companies never evaluated the CEO. The board may also have certain employees (e.g.,

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Management, Labour, and Industrial Politics in Modern Europe: The Quest for Productivity Growth During the Twentieth Century

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By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see

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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration, Journal of Chinese Philosophy Volume 1.

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Spring B (July 2007). "Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know".

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approach to solving decision problems and can apply directly to multiple management problems, particularly in the areas of

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An organization is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it.

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or CEO). The CEO typically hires other positions. However, board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the

6276: 5091: 2744: 2054: 2517:, and so on. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization. They set a " 6377: 1080: 350: 4986: 4038: 2980:). Others, however, detect management-like thought among ancient Sumerian traders and the builders of the pyramids of 6291: 6281: 6020: 6000: 5486: 5415:

The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste

5225: 4903: 3886: 3561: 3367: 2906: 2859: 2714: 1904: 937: 3688:, management operates through five basic functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. 7068: 5931: 5864: 2235:(1841–1925) stated: "To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate and to control". 1510: 1369: 986: 296: 264: 5571: 4510: 7119: 7004: 3450: 3066: 3017:

A manager seeking to change an established organization "should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs".

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Some front-line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization.

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may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration. American philosopher

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Higher education has been characterized as a necessary factor in the managerial revolution in the 20th century.

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respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and other organizations.

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One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed' in the imperial bureaucracy of China.

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They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization.

2806: 6568: 6424: 5674: 3878: 1914: 1357: 1102: 1012: 663: 4647: 2988:, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, 6909: 6819: 5624: 3500: 2873:

There are also specialized master's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of

2668: 1663: 1495: 1466: 1220: 1006: 834: 3449:(1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management studies. In the 1940s, 3045:) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common. 6461: 6260: 6123: 5757: 5559: 4824:. Social and Politic Theory from Polity Press. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 125. 4455: 3644: 3629: 3352: 2494: 2255: 1967: 1416: 1210: 1097: 1047: 35: 4348:

Administration industrielle et générale – prévoyance organization – commandment, coordination – contrôle

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Langfred, Claus (2000). "The paradox of self-management: individual and group autonomy in work groups".

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or the Bachelor of Public Administration (B.P.A), a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as

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concept. It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach. People cannot be managed.

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The field of management originated in ancient China, including possibly the first highly centralized

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uses the phrase "Short-Term Wins" to express the same idea. As in all work, achieving an appropriate

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Waring, S.P., 2016, Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

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Manager l'essentiel : ce que font vraiment les managers ... et ce qu'ils pourraient faire mieux

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Waring, S.P., 2016. Taylorism Transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

7056: 6904: 6894: 6691: 6417: 6372: 6128: 5592: 5058: 3488: 3294: 2976:) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history – only harbingers (such as 2961: 2514: 1742: 1632: 1260: 1235: 971: 681: 615: 585: 31: 17: 5539: 4572:"Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States: Evidence from General Electric" 7087: 6866: 6754: 6649: 6307: 6153: 6113: 5951: 5815: 5679: 5652: 5642: 4880:

China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"

3660: 3633: 3618: 3598: 3363: 3316: 3304: 2824: 2763: 2694: 2555: 2551: 2510: 2409: 2397: 2389: 2334:, but this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, 1672: 1412: 1250: 1230: 1215: 1170: 996: 741: 721: 672: 658: 653: 649: 610: 404: 383: 291: 4664: 4298: 3695:: Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating action plans (deciding in advance). 6976: 6696: 6524: 6399: 6342: 6337: 6322: 6158: 6108: 6015: 5936: 5762: 5647: 4735: 3891: 3610: 3556: 3508: 3222: 2893:, for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector. 2820: 2509:

executives. Different organizations have various members in their C-suite, which may include a

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Tucker, Mary Evelyn (2009). "Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia".

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Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths And Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management

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Wood, Robert; Bandura, Albert (1989). "Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management".

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business administration or management. There are several types of management doctorates: the

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Servants of the State: Managing Diversity & Democracy in the Federal Workforce, 1933-1953

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In profitable organizations, management's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of

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Creel, 1974 p.4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.

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Creel, 1974 pp. 4–5 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C.

4418:. Voices in Development Management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2012). p. 20. 3586: 3571: 3104: 3062: 2902: 2863: 2832: 2748: 2718: 2710: 2664: 2490: 2425: 2286: 2050: 1839: 1710: 1700: 1685: 1612: 1530: 1255: 1180: 1165: 1052: 1042: 1019: 959: 927: 829: 771: 533: 430: 314: 129: 80: 61: 4362:"Chapter Two: Of Poetry and Politics: The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth-Century England" 3197:. Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of 8: 7114: 7026: 7020: 6946: 6861: 6806: 6681: 6546: 6492: 6219: 5992: 5972: 5788: 5585: 4112:

Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation:

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A weak manager can follow a strong one, but not another weak one, and maintain authority.

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The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment.

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Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies.

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Cruikshank, L (1987). "A Delicate Experiment: The Harvard Business School, 1908-1945".

5317: 4244: 4002: 3707:(or leading): Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it. 3668: 3465: 3194: 2690: 2609:

Designing and implementing effective group and inter-group work and information systems

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Herrlee G. Creel, 1974 p.119. "Shen Pu-Hai: A Secular Philosopher of Administration",

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All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff.

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Heavy Vetting: Boards of directors now want to talk to would-be CFOs — and vice versa

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Mid and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.

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https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_

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The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a

2378: 2122: 2112: 1934: 1690: 1544: 1332: 1150: 1092: 917: 912: 874: 711: 706: 465: 183: 152: 6966: 6733: 6728: 6541: 6245: 6186: 6143: 6138: 6050: 6030: 5847: 5767: 5543: 5476: 5430: 5252: 5215: 5142: 5078: 4819: 4690: 4517: 4479: 4413: 4368:. Jepson Studies in Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan (published 2013). p. 17. 4361: 4115: 3713:: Creating a structure through which an organization's goals can be accomplished. 3625: 3516: 3395: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 2957: 2897: 2816: 2706: 2686: 2660: 2595: 2571: 2518: 2506: 2405: 2098: 2012: 1994: 1819: 1804: 1430: 1285: 1137: 1030: 894: 824: 814: 731: 628: 595: 560: 480: 460: 233: 197: 143: 134: 103: 7081: 6929: 6841: 6836: 6593: 6514: 6509: 6440: 6347: 5248: 3701:(or staffing): Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place. 3536: 3532: 3324: 3286: 3075: 2882: 2498: 2238: 2191: 2062: 1890: 1809: 1763: 1705: 1315: 844: 839: 766: 761: 751: 605: 580: 555: 309: 300: 215: 170: 147: 125: 4784: 4450: 3464:, initially for military operations. Operations research, sometimes known as " 3140:

listed several leadership traits in AD 900. Other examples include the Indian

2310:

point of view, because management is an essential function in improving one's

2241:(1944– ) defines management as "the transformation of resources into utility". 2175: 7108: 7032: 6988: 6951: 6881: 6856: 6766: 6664: 6610: 6605: 6367: 6312: 6214: 6163: 5390: 5313: 4591: 4240: 4178: 3940: 3796:: ability to communicate a vision and inspire people to embrace that vision. 3776: 3614: 3580: 3446: 3421: 3411: 3407: 2981: 2477:

The top or senior layer of management is a small group which consists of the

2401: 2374: 2311: 2298: 2290: 2261: 2108: 1814: 1792: 1767: 1597: 1290: 726: 573: 287: 273: 260: 4876:

India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations

2956:

is an emerging movement to use the current, best evidence in management and

2793:

To manage technological areas, one often needs an undergraduate degree in a

6831: 6771: 6519: 6477: 4792: 4757: 3964:"What Is Evidence-Based Management? – Center for Evidence-Based Management" 3787: 3439: 3431: 3391: 3262: 3198: 3142: 3100: 2382: 2319: 2151: 1577: 869: 746: 736: 448: 318: 188: 4571: 2754:

Many other undergraduate degrees include the study of management, such as

6983: 6871: 6796: 6713: 6632: 6625: 6482: 6191: 5187: 5181: 4941: 4935: 4583: 4530: 3685: 3371: 3362:

The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The

3336: 3230: 3069:

as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general

3058: 3054: 3042: 3029:

theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly popular

2932: 2852: 2583: 2546: 2420: 2335: 2232: 2186: 1881: 1846: 1749: 1737: 1602: 1438: 1325: 864: 505: 490: 485: 224: 107: 5382: 5305: 2131:

can also mean to rule the horses. These three terms derive from the two

2007: 7037: 6718: 6676: 6620: 6196: 5472: 4985:

Paul R. Goldin, p.16 Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism.

4749: 3802:: the ability to understand the effects of culture on leadership style. 3793: 3664: 3624:

Many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from

3520: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3234: 3210: 3177: 3152: 3084: 2989: 2836: 2783: 2702: 2698: 2628: 2323: 2302: 2269: 1971: 1961: 1956: 1695: 1557: 1434: 418: 192: 179: 138: 5437:. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia (published 2006). p. 13. 5367:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940" 5290:"A "Good Mixer": University Placement in Corporate America, 1890–1940" 4248: 2743:

At the undergraduate level, the most common business programs are the

6811: 6708: 6637: 6531: 6504: 6098: 5941: 3617:

organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and

3496: 3477: 3415: 3399: 3340: 3282: 3092: 3037: 2973: 2559: 2537: 2530: 2458: 2265: 2201: 1856: 1754: 1637: 1592: 1572: 1397: 799: 701: 694: 4467:– "Meaning 'governing body' (originally of a theater) is from 1739." 4169: 4152: 2172:

for "household"), also encompasses taking care of domestic animals.

4232: 4206:

10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5<563::AID-JOB31>3.0.CO;2-H

4069:

Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan

3780: 3515:(so-named from 2001), as well as group-management theories such as 3424:(1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: 3332: 3181: 3147: 3137: 3117: 3026: 2985: 2874: 2423:. Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term 2393: 2294: 2181: 1979: 1939: 1622: 1607: 1587: 1456: 635: 590: 371: 76: 53: 7076: 6409: 5115: 3848: 3829:

Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes.

3743:: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information. 6558: 5566: 4153:"Competitive advantage: logical and philosophical considerations" 3832:

Top-level managers should carry out regular progress assessments.

3732:: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees. 3546: 3473: 3457: 3328: 3226: 3070: 3057:

state, and the earliest (by the second century BC) example of an

3030: 2575: 2437: 1894: 1552: 470: 165: 5554: 5182:

Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).

5118:

The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform

4936:

Gomez-Mejia, Luis R.; David B. Balkin; Robert L. Cardy (2008).

4705:(first ed.). Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press. 4399:

Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People

3872: 3241:(1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as 3184: 2526: 2306: 1944: 1886: 1784: 1352: 6241:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

4999:

Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt 2005 p.30,

4299:"Managerial Skills - 3 Types of Skills Each Manager Will Need" 3132:" books, which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern. 5577: 5177: 5175: 5173: 4918:

Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities

4023: 3925:(8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Business & Economics. 3344: 3133: 2914: 2615:

Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among workgroups

2449:

shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization.

2195: 2132: 1273: 435: 370:) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a 5429:

Legge, David; Stanton, Pauline; Smyth, Anne (October 2005).

4770: 4401:

by Richard Barrett – Business & Economics – 2003. p. 51.

4324:"Management is Universal Process and Phenomenon (Explained)" 3857:

A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made.

3811: 3442:. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein. 3285:

for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include

4022:

Real Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua española.

3414:(born 1923) approached the phenomenon of management from a 3402:(1864–1920), who saw what he called the "administrator" as 3254: 3120:

claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and

2972:

Some see management as a late-modern (in the sense of late

2466: 2373:, the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of 2331: 2327: 322: 278: 5170: 4929: 4854:

Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (2005)

2612:

Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators

2388:

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "

2216:) influenced the semantic development of the English word 2111:

language "to hold in hand the reins of a horse". Also the

6600: 3835:

The business requires team spirit and a good environment.

3758:

Entrepreneur, negotiator, allocator, disturbance handler

2939:

for self and others is an important management practice.

2502: 2264:(1909–2005) saw the basic task of management as twofold: 2228:

Views on the definition and scope of management include:

2121:(to handle, especially tools or a horse) is possible. In 879: 3483:

Some of the later 20th-century developments include the

5478:

Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution

3770:

Political: used to build a power base and to establish

5431:"Learning management (and managing your own learning)" 4415:

The Dominance of Management: A Participatory Critique

4264:"Chapter 1: Introducing Organizational Communication" 3597:

Branches of management theory also exist relating to

3542:

Business management includes the following branches:

3128:

Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced "

3097:

Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China

5508: 5147:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 8, 200–201. 4938:

Management: People, Performance, Change, 3rd edition

3868: 3382:(1869–1955) and J. Mooney applied the principles of 2338:(1841–1925) considers management to consist of five 3826:

Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly.

3823:

An action plan must be devised for each department.

2081:. In recent decades, there has been a movement for 4887: 4698: 4021: 5428: 4821:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism 3920: 3217:(1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to 3193:discussed efficient organization of work through 3004:for management assessment, planning and control. 2731:Business education § Undergraduate education 2392:" and thus excludes management in places outside 7106: 5037:Otto B. Van der Sprenkel, "Max Weber on China", 5024:Creel, "The Origins of Statecraft in China, I", 4848: 2996:(5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of 2807:Business education § Postgraduate education 2305:and implies some sort of successful progress or 5435:Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice 4477: 3849:Policies and strategies in the planning process 5217:Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management 4478:Melling, Joseph; McKinlay, Alan, eds. (1996). 4261: 2566:) report to them or directly hire independent 30:"Manager" redirects here. For other uses, see 6425: 5593: 5502: 5116:Mark W. Huddleston; William W. Boyer (1996). 4878:. University of Michigan Press. p. 128. 4689: 4024:"manejar | Diccionario de la lengua española" 3539:than with scientific theories of management. 3531:to peddle their wares. In this context, many 3327:'s charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first 3229:issues. About the same time, innovators like 2126: 2116: 2030: 1377: 344: 5481:. Perennial Library. Vol. 7184. Knopf. 5120:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15. 4683: 4511:Board of Directors: Duties & Liabilities 4007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3136:described job specialization in 350 BC, and 2960:. It is part of the larger movement towards 2942: 2896:Management doctorates are the most advanced 2211: 2205: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2102: 1400:levels of managers, in a pyramid structure: 5072:Full text of the Northcote-Trevelyan Report 4218: 2412:) use that name, while others (such as the 2248:– along with machines, materials and money. 2142: 2136: 6432: 6418: 5600: 5586: 5349: 3747:Nerve centre, disseminator, spokesperson 3613:. Further, management programs related to 3355:". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese 2543:directors and officers liability insurance 2258:, institutional and environmental levels". 2037: 2023: 1396:Larger organizations generally have three 1384: 1370: 351: 337: 5257:. Princeton University Press. p. 3. 5210: 4867:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. 4739: 4648:Five benefits of walking the 'shop floor' 4168: 3982: 3812:Implementation of policies and strategies 3438:until 1956) commissioning a study of the 2654: 5052: 5050: 5001:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management 4856:The Oxford Handbook of Public Management 4569: 4191: 4117:People Manipulation: A Positive Approach 4036: 2436: 2416:) employ the broader term "management". 5364: 5287: 5247: 5184:Management: People, Performance, Change 4910:China is the world's oldest meritocracy 4873: 4814: 4549:. Stanford Graduate School of Business. 4520:. Stanford Graduate School of Business. 4262:Julie Zink, Ph D.; Zink, Julie (2017). 4053:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary" 3529:popularised systems of management ideas 3300:The Principles of Scientific Management 2634:Front-line managers typically provide: 2408:". Some such institutions (such as the 2097:has its roots in the fifteenth-century 14: 7107: 5471: 5365:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018). 5334: 5288:Groeger, Cristina V. (February 2018). 5089: 4915: 4890:Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews 4885: 4725: 4547:2013 CEO Performance Evaluation Survey 4411: 4150: 4065: 4059: 3430:(published in 1946). It resulted from 3386:to management. Other writers, such as 2570:; for example, the board (through the 6413: 5581: 5047: 4665:The 8-Step Process for Leading Change 4359: 4113: 3790:appropriate responses to a situation. 3754:: roles that require decision-making. 2244:Management is included as one of the 7063: 5411: 5140: 5134: 4861: 4678:14 Ways To Improve Work-Life Balance 3103:. Influenced by the ancient Chinese 3021:With the changing workplaces of the 2843:, entertainment, global management, 2589: 2429:– referring to those being managed. 2281:Management involves identifying the 2276: 6439: 6277:Bachelor of Business Administration 4874:Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzheng (2005). 4620:"The Role of HR in Uncertain Times" 3253:, interchangeability of parts, and 2745:Bachelor of Business Administration 2457:These managers are classified in a 27:Coordinating the efforts of persons 24: 6378:Organizational behavior management 4576:Review of Economics and Statistics 4448: 4366:Leadership and Elizabethan Culture 4194:Journal of Organizational Behavior 4072:. Excel Books India. pp. 6–. 3719:: Checking progress against plans. 3370:degree (MBA) in 1921. People like 2778:(PoliSci) with a concentration in 2622: 25: 7136: 6292:Doctor of Business Administration 6282:Master of Business Administration 5533: 5056: 3887:Certificate in Management Studies 3654: 3562:information technology management 3453:worked in the development of the 3368:Master of Business Administration 2921: 2907:Doctor of Business Administration 2860:Master of Business Administration 2715:Master of Business Administration 2647:Performance feedback and guidance 2472: 1905:Biology and political orientation 1358:Business and economics portal 7086: 7075: 7062: 7051: 7050: 6393: 5565: 5553: 4364:. In Kaufman, Peter Iver (ed.). 4221:The Academy of Management Review 3871: 3048: 3025:in the 18th and 19th centuries, 2881:(MPA) degree (also offered as a 2724: 2289:, rules and manipulation of the 2220:in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2006: 1351: 60: 7005:List of social science journals 5465: 5422: 5405: 5358: 5343: 5328: 5281: 5241: 5204: 5161: 5109: 5083: 5065: 5031: 5018: 5005: 4993: 4967: 4958: 4808: 4799: 4764: 4719: 4670: 4657: 4640: 4612: 4598: 4563: 4552: 4540: 4523: 4504: 4470: 4442: 4404: 4392: 4360:Jones, Norman L. (2013-10-02). 4353: 4341: 4316: 4291: 4255: 4212: 4185: 4144: 4106: 4097: 3592: 3272: 3204: 2911:Doctor of Public Administration 2891:Master of Health Administration 2879:Master of Public Administration 6962:Science and technology studies 6256:Chartered Management Institute 5607: 5371:History of Education Quarterly 5294:History of Education Quarterly 4728:Journal of Clinical Psychology 4412:Holmes, Leonard (2012-11-28). 4086: 4045: 4030: 4015: 3976: 3956: 3947: 3914: 3902:Outline of business management 3723: 3566:management information systems 3468:" (but distinct from Taylor's 2680: 2223: 2069:, investigating areas such as 1900:Theories of political behavior 1526:Political history of the world 13: 1: 5509:Jean-Louis Peaucelle (2015). 5418:– via Internet Archive. 5352:Harvard Business School Press 5013:Journal of Chinese Philosophy 4606:"AOM Placement Presentations" 3907: 3879:Business and economics portal 3736:Figurehead, leader, liaison 3535:may have had more to do with 3209:Classical economists such as 3161: 3150:(written around 300 BC), and 3059:administration based on merit 2180:is the French translation of 1915:Critique of political economy 1013:management information system 664:Chief human resources officer 5625:Index of management articles 5433:. In Harris, Mary G. (ed.). 5220:. Harvard University Press. 5090:Walker, David (2003-07-09). 5059:"China: A Teaching Workbook" 4157:Strategic Management Journal 3667:, shareholders vote for the 3501:management by walking around 3065:. Some theorists have cited 2669:College of Arts and Sciences 2362:In another way of thinking, 2088: 1496:Outline of political science 1007:Enterprise resource planning 835:Financial statement analysis 7: 7125:Majority–minority relations 6261:Critical management studies 6124:Full range leadership model 5515:. Routledge. pp. 55–. 4973:Creel, What Is Taoism?, 94 4627:Economist Intelligence Unit 4456:Online Etymology Dictionary 3983:Mintzberg, Henry,. (2014). 3864: 3766:Management skills include: 3630:critical management studies 3601:and to government: such as 3114:Her Majesty's Civil Service 3073:in his 6th-century BC work 2800: 2200:) on household matters and 36:Management (disambiguation) 10: 7141: 6251:Certified Business Manager 5412:Gilbreth, Lillian Moller. 5141:Rung, Margaret C. (2002). 4894:. Viking Compass. p. 4773:Clinical Psychology Review 4151:Powell, Thomas C. (2001). 3921:DuBrin, Andrew J. (2009). 3643:(sometimes referred to as 3513:agile software development 3427:Concept of the Corporation 3265:eclipsed chattel slavery. 3169: 3109:Northcote–Trevelyan Report 2967: 2946: 2804: 2728: 2658: 2638:Training for new employees 2196: 2166:("to keep house"; compare 2107:, which often referred in 1501:Index of politics articles 29: 7046: 7013: 6997: 6744: 6470: 6447: 6391: 6300: 6269: 6233: 6205: 6177: 6119:Evidence-based management 6089: 6063: 5991: 5965: 5922: 5890: 5846: 5835: 5781: 5716: 5709: 5698: 5633: 5615: 5337:Columbia University Press 4785:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008 3800:cross-cultural leadership 3761: 3679: 3674: 3552:human resource management 3519:(1972) and the notion of 3511:-driven theories such as 3353:Japanese management style 3112:led to implementation of 2998:double-entry book-keeping 2954:Evidence-based management 2949:Evidence-based management 2943:Evidence-based management 2605:Their functions include: 2505:and other members of the 2447:United States Coast Guard 2432: 2414:Yale School of Management 2083:evidence-based management 2079:organizational leadership 2075:organizational adaptation 669:Chief information officer 501:Limited liability company 6373:Organization development 6129:Management by objectives 5542:, and library resources 5512:Henri Fayol, the Manager 5186:(3 ed.). New York: 5077:22 December 2014 at the 4680:, accessed 11 March 2023 4667:, accessed 11 March 2023 4654:, accessed 11 March 2023 4437:carried out by managers. 3923:Essentials of management 3645:Workers' self-management 3491:(systematized in 1954), 3489:management by objectives 3309:Psychology of Management 3295:Frederick Winslow Taylor 2962:evidence-based practices 2762:degrees with a major in 2574:) typically selects the 2515:chief technology officer 2377:with the existence of a 682:Chief technology officer 616:Mergers and acquisitions 586:Constitutional documents 411:Management of a business 32:Manager (disambiguation) 6650:international relations 6154:Social entrepreneurship 6114:Earned value management 5026:The Western Chou Empire 4886:Konner, Melvin (2003). 4114:Frank, Prabbal (2007). 3786:Diagnostic: ability to 3779:: used to communicate, 3634:anti-corporate activism 3619:social entrepreneurship 3364:Harvard Business School 2825:organizational behavior 2764:business administration 2695:Bachelor of Engineering 2556:chief financial officer 2552:chief executive officer 2511:chief financial officer 2483:non-executive directors 2469:and likely job titles. 2410:Harvard Business School 2390:business administration 2065:study management as an 2055:Business Administration 1910:Political organisations 1673:International relations 1511:Politics by subdivision 1413:chief executive officer 742:Environmental economics 722:International economics 673:Chief marketing officer 659:Chief financial officer 654:Chief operating officer 650:Chief executive officer 611:International trade law 405:Business administration 384:business administration 7120:Management occupations 6977:Quantum social science 6400:Systems science portal 6343:Management development 6338:Management cybernetics 6323:Executive compensation 6159:Sustainable management 6021:Information technology 6001:Environmental resource 5570:Quotations related to 5061:. Columbia University. 4570:Nicholas, Tom (2024). 4279:Cite journal requires 3892:Engineering management 3783:, mentor and delegate. 3611:educational management 3557:Management cybernetics 3509:information-technology 3487:(introduced in 1984), 3472:), attempts to take a 3223:production (economics) 3067:ancient military texts 2992:such as the spread of 2821:international business 2766:or management and the 2655:Training and education 2627:Line managers include 2450: 2346:planning (forecasting) 2212: 2206: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2143: 2137: 2127: 2117: 2103: 1311:International business 1296:Business judgment rule 641:Chief business officer 541:Annual general meeting 521:State-owned enterprise 511:Privately held company 376:nonprofit organization 7014:Other categorizations 6867:International studies 6852:History of technology 6787:Communication studies 6670:public administration 6363:Managerial psychology 6328:Management consulting 6149:Scientific management 5932:Customer relationship 5620:Outline of management 5457:manager as bureaucrat 3897:Outline of management 3603:public administration 3577:operations management 3485:theory of constraints 3470:scientific management 3349:management consultant 3347:and became the first 3291:Science of management 3190:The Wealth of Nations 3170:Further information: 3023:Industrial Revolution 2851:, sustainability and 2849:investment management 2845:healthcare management 2829:organizational theory 2805:Further information: 2780:public administration 2739:Public administration 2729:Further information: 2659:Further information: 2491:independent directors 2440: 2246:factors of production 2059:Public Administration 1990:Political campaigning 1730:Public administration 1563:Collective leadership 987:Customer relationship 923:Business intelligence 885:Financial institution 860:International finance 810:Cash conversion cycle 717:Development economics 678:Chief product officer 426:Management accounting 396:public administration 306:Business Model Canvas 283:Managerial grid model 220:Competitive advantage 6847:Historical sociology 6358:Managerial economics 6318:Corporate governance 6225:Oliver E. Williamson 6104:Collaborative method 5562:at Wikimedia Commons 4584:10.1162/rest_a_01400 4350:, Paris: Dunod, 1966 3639:As one consequence, 3587:strategic management 3572:marketing management 3547:financial management 3507:(1972), and various 3321:Applied motion study 3105:imperial examination 2903:Doctor of Management 2864:Master of Management 2833:strategic management 2749:Bachelor of Commerce 2711:Bachelor of Commerce 2665:Public policy school 2375:managerial practices 2150:The French word for 1840:Separation of powers 1711:Political psychology 1686:Comparative politics 1664:political scientists 1651:Academic disciplines 1531:Political philosophy 928:Business development 772:Economic development 534:Corporate governance 431:Financial accounting 388:nonprofit management 315:Strategic Grid Model 255:Frameworks and tools 130:Rita Gunther McGrath 81:Strategic management 7027:Geisteswissenschaft 7021:Behavioral sciences 6947:Political sociology 6862:Information science 6807:Development studies 6220:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 5383:10.1017/heq.2017.48 5306:10.1017/heq.2017.48 3641:workplace democracy 3521:"thriving on chaos" 3505:Viable system model 3495:(the early 1990s), 3462:operations research 3455:applied-mathematics 3392:Mary Parker Follett 3219:resource allocation 3176:Written in 1776 by 3172:Mirrors for princes 3158:Niccolò Machiavelli 3130:mirrors for princes 2772:Bachelor of Science 2760:Bachelor of Science 2487:executive directors 2364:Mary Parker Follett 2071:social organization 2067:academic discipline 2013:Politics portal 1862:Election commission 1833:Government branches 1716:Political sociology 1568:Confessional system 1506:Politics by country 1338:Business statistics 1321:International trade 1306:Business operations 1002:Electronic business 907:Types of management 795:Financial statement 777:Economic statistics 645:Chief brand officer 601:Corporate liability 516:Sole proprietorship 496:Joint-stock company 292:Growth–share matrix 236: • 229:Performance effects 227: • 218: • 191: • 182: • 175:Alfred Thayer Mahan 173: • 164: • 162:Carl von Clausewitz 155: • 146: • 137: • 128: • 106: • 97: • 88: • 79: • 7082:Society portal 6569:auxiliary sciences 6383:Pointy-haired Boss 6333:Management control 6169:Virtual management 5548:in other libraries 5212:Rosenthal, Caitlin 5039:History and Theory 5028:, Chicago, pp.9–27 4750:10.1002/jclp.20373 4529:DeMars L. (2006). 4516:2014-03-24 at the 3987:. Paris: Vuibert. 3669:board of directors 3466:management science 3366:offered the first 3195:division of labour 3156:by Italian author 2691:Doctor of Medicine 2479:board of directors 2451: 2443:organization chart 2252:Ghislain Deslandes 2204:. The French word 1696:Political analysis 1628:Semi-parliamentary 1409:board of directors 1407:roles include the 1301:Consumer behaviour 1103:Product life-cycle 890:Capital management 855:Managerial finance 546:Board of directors 321: • 317: • 308: • 299: • 290: • 281: • 272: • 270:Balanced scorecard 263: • 238:Generic strategies 99:Strategic thinking 95:Strategic planning 7102: 7101: 6942:Political economy 6937:Political ecology 6792:Community studies 6782:Cognitive science 6745:Interdisciplinary 6645:Political science 6407: 6406: 6353:Management system 6287:PhD in management 6059: 6058: 5918: 5917: 5831: 5830: 5799:Product lifecycle 5558:Media related to 5522:978-1-317-31939-9 5473:Peters, Thomas J. 5444:978-0-7295-3759-9 5264:978-1-4008-3086-2 5197:978-0-07-302743-2 4979:Creel 1964: 155–6 4951:978-0-07-302743-2 4831:978-0-520-04490-6 4712:978-1-59139-862-2 4491:978-1-85898-016-4 4476:See for examples 4449:Harper, Douglas. 4425:978-1-4094-8866-8 4375:978-1-137-34029-0 4303:Entrepreneurs Box 4127:978-81-207-4352-6 4079:978-93-5062-099-1 4037:Xenophon (1734). 3994:978-2-311-40094-6 3932:978-0-324-35389-1 3649:command hierarchy 3607:public management 3564:(responsible for 3410:(1903–1981), and 3357:quality assurance 3335:in 1911. In 1912 3237:(1736–1819), and 3185:moral philosopher 2937:work-life balance 2887:Master of Science 2868:Master of Science 2841:corporate finance 2776:political science 2735:Political science 2719:bachelor's degree 2641:Basic supervision 2590:Middle management 2564:internal auditors 2396:, for example in 2277:Theoretical scope 2093:The English verb 2063:Social scientists 2047: 2046: 1995:Political parties 1935:Electoral systems 1659:Political science 1633:Semi-presidential 1545:Political systems 1521:Political history 1516:Political economy 1424:Middle management 1405:Senior management 1394: 1393: 1281:Business analysis 850:Corporate finance 820:Capital budgeting 757:Knowledge economy 551:Supervisory board 392:political science 361: 360: 243:Mission statement 90:Strategic studies 86:Military strategy 16:(Redirected from 7132: 7090: 7080: 7079: 7066: 7065: 7054: 7053: 6957:Regional science 6802:Cultural studies 6777:Business studies 6434: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6397: 6134:Management style 5844: 5843: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5569: 5557: 5550:about Management 5527: 5526: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5452: 5451: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5179: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5087: 5081: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4912: 4893: 4882: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4816:Giddens, Anthony 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4743: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4704: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4567: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4484:. Edward Elgar. 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4328:www.iedunote.com 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3918: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3480:and operations. 3451:Patrick Blackett 3376:Alexander Church 3374:(1841–1925) and 3317:Lillian Gilbreth 3305:Lillian Gilbreth 3215:John Stuart Mill 3213:(1723–1790) and 3166: 3163: 3122:François Quesnay 3095:, argued in his 3089:Herrlee G. Creel 3081:Chinese Legalist 3000:(1494) provided 2898:terminal degrees 2813:entrepreneurship 2768:Bachelor of Arts 2756:Bachelor of Arts 2596:general managers 2527:company policies 2467:responsibilities 2406:business schools 2379:managerial cadre 2215: 2209: 2199: 2198: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2120: 2106: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2011: 2010: 1801: 1746: 1701:Political theory 1691:Election science 1681: 1667: 1445: 1444: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1356: 1355: 1333:Business process 875:Financial market 712:Labour economics 707:Public economics 466:Corporation sole 401: 400: 353: 346: 339: 184:Adrian Slywotzky 71:Analysis methods 64: 41: 40: 21: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7074: 7042: 7009: 6993: 6967:Science studies 6751:Administration 6740: 6466: 6443: 6441:Social sciences 6438: 6408: 6403: 6387: 6296: 6265: 6246:Business school 6229: 6207: 6201: 6187:Decision-making 6179: 6173: 6144:Micromanagement 6139:Macromanagement 6091: 6085: 6055: 6011:Human resources 6006:Field inventory 5987: 5961: 5924: 5914: 5886: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5777: 5720: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5636:of organization 5635: 5629: 5611: 5606: 5544:in your library 5536: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5466: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5363: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5333: 5329: 5286: 5282: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5249:Khurana, Rakesh 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5180: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5088: 5084: 5079:Wayback Machine 5070: 5066: 5055: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4934: 4930: 4906: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4769: 4765: 4741:10.1.1.456.9970 4724: 4720: 4713: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4524: 4518:Wayback Machine 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4217: 4213: 4190: 4186: 4170:10.1002/smj.173 4149: 4145: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093:Ann Viola Ulvin 4091: 4087: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4035: 4031: 4020: 4016: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3933: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3851: 3814: 3764: 3726: 3682: 3677: 3657: 3626:business-ethics 3595: 3533:management fads 3396:Chester Barnard 3275: 3259:mass production 3251:cost-accounting 3247:quality-control 3243:standardization 3239:Matthew Boulton 3207: 3174: 3164: 3051: 2994:Arabic numerals 2970: 2958:decision-making 2951: 2945: 2924: 2817:human resources 2809: 2803: 2788:government jobs 2741: 2727: 2707:Mark Zuckerberg 2687:Bachelor of Law 2683: 2671: 2661:Business school 2657: 2625: 2623:Line management 2592: 2586:communication. 2572:audit committee 2523:strategic plans 2519:tone at the top 2475: 2435: 2322:, motivational 2279: 2226: 2184:'s famous book 2160:, derived from 2091: 2043: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1930: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1835: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1820:Public interest 1805:Domestic policy 1795: 1788: 1787: 1776: 1775: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1548: 1547: 1536: 1535: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1450:Politics series 1437:and front-line 1431:Line management 1390: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1286:Business ethics 1276: 1266: 1265: 1206: 1198: 1197: 908: 900: 899: 895:Venture capital 825:Commercial bank 815:Insider dealing 790: 782: 781: 732:Planned economy 697: 687: 686: 631: 629:Corporate title 621: 620: 596:Corporate crime 576: 566: 565: 561:Audit committee 536: 526: 525: 481:Holding company 461:Corporate group 456: 449:Business entity 441: 440: 421: 380:government body 357: 328: 327: 256: 248: 247: 234:Core competency 211: 203: 202: 198:Henry Mintzberg 144:Candace A. Yano 135:Bruce Henderson 121: 113: 112: 104:Decision theory 72: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7138: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6910:social science 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:Global studies 6839: 6837:Gender studies 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6820:social science 6816:Environmental 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6515:macroeconomics 6512: 6510:microeconomics 6502: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Management fad 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308:Administration 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5841: 5836:On activity or 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5535: 5534:External links 5532: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5501: 5487: 5464: 5443: 5421: 5404: 5357: 5342: 5327: 5280: 5263: 5240: 5226: 5203: 5196: 5190:. p. 20. 5169: 5160: 5153: 5133: 5126: 5108: 5082: 5064: 5057:Bodde, Derke. 5046: 5030: 5017: 5004: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4966: 4957: 4950: 4944:. p. 19. 4928: 4926: 4925: 4913: 4904: 4883: 4860: 4847: 4830: 4807: 4798: 4779:(7): 883–900. 4763: 4718: 4711: 4697:(March 2006). 4682: 4669: 4656: 4652:People Puzzles 4639: 4611: 4597: 4562: 4551: 4539: 4522: 4503: 4490: 4469: 4441: 4424: 4403: 4391: 4374: 4352: 4340: 4315: 4290: 4281:|journal= 4254: 4233:10.2307/258173 4227:(3): 361–384. 4211: 4200:(5): 563–585. 4184: 4163:(9): 875–888. 4143: 4126: 4105: 4096: 4085: 4078: 4058: 4044: 4029: 4014: 3993: 3975: 3955: 3946: 3931: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3784: 3774: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3656: 3655:Nature of work 3653: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3537:pop psychology 3493:re-engineering 3436:General Motors 3325:Henry L. Gantt 3293:in the 1890s, 3287:Henry R. Towne 3274: 3271: 3206: 3203: 3076:The Art of War 3050: 3047: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 2969: 2966: 2947:Main article: 2944: 2941: 2923: 2922:Good practices 2920: 2883:Master of Arts 2877:, such as the 2802: 2799: 2726: 2723: 2682: 2679: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2591: 2588: 2541:insured under 2521:" and develop 2499:vice-president 2474: 2473:Top management 2471: 2434: 2431: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2330:, and meeting 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2259: 2249: 2242: 2239:Fredmund Malik 2236: 2225: 2222: 2090: 2087: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1884: 1878: 1875:Related topics 1874: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810:Foreign policy 1807: 1802: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1706:Policy studies 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1671: 1669: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1489:Primary topics 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1433:roles include 1428: 1421: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1316:Business model 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1025:Human resource 1022: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 967:Communications 964: 963: 962: 952: 951: 950: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 845:Public finance 842: 840:Financial risk 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 769: 767:Macroeconomics 764: 762:Microeconomics 759: 754: 752:Market economy 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 675: 666: 661: 656: 647: 638: 632: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 606:Insolvency law 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 581:Commercial law 577: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 556:Advisory board 553: 548: 543: 537: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 457: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 422: 417: 416: 413: 412: 408: 407: 359: 358: 356: 355: 348: 341: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 312: 310:Kraljic matrix 303: 301:MECE principle 294: 285: 276: 267: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 231: 222: 216:Business model 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 195: 186: 177: 171:Julian Corbett 168: 159: 150: 148:C. K. Prahalad 141: 132: 126:Michael Porter 122: 120:Major thinkers 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 101: 92: 83: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7137: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:Human science 7031: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6989:Vegan studies 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Public health 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886:Philosophies 6885: 6883: 6882:Media studies 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6857:Human ecology 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Anthrozoology 6765: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6692:developmental 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665:public policy 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616:legal systems 6614: 6612: 6611:legal history 6609: 6607: 6606:jurisprudence 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Managerialism 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:Collaboration 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215:Peter Drucker 6213: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:Team building 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:Communication 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5490: 5488:9780394560618 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5458: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5276:corporations. 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5229: 5227:9780674988576 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5164: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4905:9780670032440 4901: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4734:(7): 611–31. 4733: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4473: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4273: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4026:(in Spanish). 4025: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3965: 3959: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3777:Interpersonal 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3741:Informational 3739: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3730:Interpersonal 3728: 3727: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3684:According to 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3615:civil society 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3503:(1970s), the 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447:Ronald Fisher 3443: 3441: 3437: 3434:(chairman of 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422:Peter Drucker 3419: 3418:perspective. 3417: 3413: 3412:Chris Argyris 3409: 3408:Rensis Likert 3405: 3401: 3398:(1886–1961), 3397: 3394:(1868–1933), 3393: 3390:(1880–1949), 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255:work-planning 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233:(1765–1825), 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049:Early writing 3046: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982:ancient Egypt 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2866:(MM) and the 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725:Undergraduate 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:public sector 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:psychological 2321: 2317: 2316:relationships 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:communication 2296: 2292: 2291:human capital 2288: 2285:, objective, 2284: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:Peter Drucker 2260: 2257: 2256:interpersonal 2253: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2203: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815:Civil society 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1793:Public policy 1791: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Parliamentary 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Hybrid regime 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291:Business plan 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221:Communication 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181:administrator 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063:administrator 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 972:Configuration 970: 968: 965: 961: 958: 957: 956: 953: 949: 946: 945: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 786: 785: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 727:Mixed economy 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 696: 691: 690: 683: 679: 676: 674: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 651: 648: 646: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 630: 625: 624: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574:Corporate law 570: 569: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 535: 530: 529: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 450: 445: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 420: 415: 414: 410: 409: 406: 403: 402: 399: 397: 394:sub-field of 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 334: 332: 331: 324: 320: 316: 313: 311: 307: 304: 302: 298: 295: 293: 289: 288:PEST analysis 286: 284: 280: 277: 275: 274:Ansoff matrix 271: 268: 266: 262: 259: 258: 252: 251: 244: 241: 239: 235: 232: 230: 226: 223: 221: 217: 214: 213: 207: 206: 199: 196: 194: 190: 187: 185: 181: 178: 176: 172: 169: 167: 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 149: 145: 142: 140: 136: 133: 131: 127: 124: 123: 117: 116: 109: 105: 102: 100: 96: 93: 91: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 74: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7091: 7067: 7055: 7025: 6876: 6832:Food studies 6772:Area studies 6525:mathematical 6520:econometrics 6478:Anthropology 6398: 5952:Supply chain 5925:relationship 5923:On aspect or 5816:Construction 5782:On component 5703:organization 5675:Intelligence 5608: 5574:at Wikiquote 5540:Online books 5511: 5504: 5492:. Retrieved 5477: 5467: 5456: 5454: 5448:. Retrieved 5434: 5424: 5414: 5407: 5377:(1): 33–64. 5374: 5370: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5300:(1): 33–64. 5297: 5293: 5283: 5274: 5268:. Retrieved 5253: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5216: 5206: 5183: 5163: 5143: 5136: 5117: 5111: 5100:. Retrieved 5098:. London, UK 5096:The Guardian 5095: 5085: 5067: 5044:(1964), 357. 5041: 5038: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4969: 4960: 4940:. New York: 4937: 4931: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4889: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4841: 4835:. Retrieved 4820: 4810: 4801: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4700: 4685: 4672: 4663:Kotter, J., 4659: 4651: 4646:Verity, J., 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4626: 4614: 4600: 4575: 4565: 4554: 4542: 4535:CFO Magazine 4534: 4525: 4506: 4495:. Retrieved 4480: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4454: 4451:"management" 4444: 4435: 4429:. Retrieved 4414: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4379:. Retrieved 4365: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4332:. Retrieved 4330:. 2018-06-12 4327: 4318: 4307:. Retrieved 4305:. 2021-06-06 4302: 4293: 4272:cite journal 4257: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4137: 4131:. Retrieved 4116: 4108: 4099: 4088: 4068: 4066:SS Gulshan. 4061: 4047: 4032: 4017: 3984: 3978: 3967:. Retrieved 3958: 3949: 3922: 3916: 3772:connections. 3765: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3716: 3711:Coordinating 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3661:stakeholders 3658: 3638: 3628:viewpoints, 3623: 3596: 3593:21st century 3541: 3525: 3517:Cog's Ladder 3482: 3444: 3440:organization 3432:Alfred Sloan 3425: 3420: 3416:sociological 3380:Walter Scott 3361: 3323:(1917), and 3320: 3308: 3298: 3290: 3280: 3276: 3273:20th century 3267: 3263:wage slavery 3249:procedures, 3208: 3205:19th century 3188: 3175: 3151: 3143:Arthashastra 3141: 3127: 3101:meritocratic 3096: 3083:philosopher 3074: 3055:bureaucratic 3052: 3043:shareholders 3035: 3020: 2971: 2952: 2929: 2925: 2895: 2872: 2857: 2810: 2792: 2753: 2742: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2650: 2633: 2626: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2580: 2535: 2476: 2456: 2452: 2424: 2418: 2387: 2368: 2361: 2355:coordinating 2320:measurements 2280: 2227: 2217: 2185: 2152:housekeeping 2149: 2094: 2092: 2048: 1743:street-level 1618:Presidential 1578:Dictatorship 1448:Part of the 1439:team leaders 1398:hierarchical 1395: 1211:Architecture 1205:Organization 1171:Supply chain 997:Earned value 870:Stock market 747:Open economy 737:Econometrics 476:Conglomerate 367: 363: 362: 319:Strategy map 189:Sharon Oster 157:Liddell Hart 7093:Wikiversity 6984:Social work 6872:Linguistics 6797:Criminology 6714:criminology 6697:personality 6655:comparative 6633:Linguistics 6626:private law 6483:archaeology 6192:Forecasting 6109:Distributed 6016:Information 5993:On resource 5937:Engineering 5763:Performance 5721:(top-level) 5648:Association 5494:7 September 5188:McGraw-Hill 5092:"Fair game" 4942:McGraw-Hill 4676:Britt, H., 3724:Basic roles 3717:Controlling 3372:Henri Fayol 3339:introduced 3337:Yoichi Ueno 3331:management 3231:Eli Whitney 3165: 1515 2990:innovations 2986:enterprises 2933:John Kotter 2913:(DPA), the 2909:(DBA), the 2853:real estate 2784:bureaucrats 2681:Requirement 2629:supervisors 2594:Consist of 2584:shareholder 2568:contractors 2547:Fortune 500 2481:(including 2421:corporation 2400:and in the 2371:circularity 2358:controlling 2336:Henri Fayol 2233:Henri Fayol 2224:Definitions 2207:mesnagement 2197:Οἰκονομικός 2187:Oeconomicus 2147:(to act). 2141:(hand) and 1882:Sovereignty 1847:Legislature 1750:Technocracy 1738:Bureaucracy 1603:Meritocracy 1583:Directorial 1435:supervisors 1420:management. 1415:(CEO) or a 1326:Trade route 1241:Engineering 1236:Development 1088:Performance 1031:development 992:Distributed 865:Liquidation 506:Partnership 491:Corporation 486:Cooperative 265:Five forces 225:Value chain 153:Jim Collins 108:Game theory 7115:Management 7109:Categories 7038:Humanities 6972:historical 6905:psychology 6877:Management 6719:demography 6677:Psychology 6660:philosophy 6621:public law 6552:integrated 6197:Leadership 6180:activities 6092:approaches 6046:Technology 5966:On problem 5947:Perception 5900:Accounting 5865:production 5861:Operations 5838:department 5753:Innovation 5728:Capability 5690:Reputation 5670:Healthcare 5658:Restaurant 5609:Management 5572:Management 5560:Management 5450:2014-07-11 5270:2013-08-24 5154:0820323624 5127:0822974738 5102:2003-07-09 4837:2013-12-29 4632:18 January 4497:2015-08-29 4462:2015-08-29 4431:2015-08-29 4381:2015-08-29 4334:2022-06-18 4309:2022-06-18 4133:2015-09-05 3969:2022-03-03 3908:References 3794:Leadership 3705:Commanding 3699:Organizing 3665:governance 3599:nonprofits 3583:management 3581:production 3474:scientific 3445:H. Dodge, 3404:bureaucrat 3388:Elton Mayo 3384:psychology 3235:James Watt 3211:Adam Smith 3178:Adam Smith 3153:The Prince 3085:Shen Buhai 2905:(DM), the 2837:accounting 2747:(BBA) and 2703:Bill Gates 2699:Steve Jobs 2644:Motivation 2352:commanding 2349:organizing 2303:motivation 2295:enterprise 2287:procedures 2270:innovation 2218:management 2213:ménagement 2118:maneggiare 2109:equestrian 2051:Management 1972:Governance 1962:Government 1957:Federalism 1558:City-state 1193:Technology 1075:Operations 955:Commercial 948:innovation 938:Capability 830:Derivative 419:Accounting 364:Management 193:Chris Zook 180:J.C. 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