1692:
propaganda against the
Catholic Church and religion in general. On the other, the predominantly Catholic population in Poland met the election of the Polish pope with such great jubilation that the Soviet leadership averted direct attacks against the Pope, even allowing him to visit Poland in 1979. The Kremlin was alarmed that the Polish government allowed the visit. Despite the visit, the Soviets took measures to reduce the impact of the visit where possible; sending constant status reports to the Kremlin and limiting media coverage. The first extensive critique of the pope to appear in the press was an article approved by Soviet leadership to run across the USSR between May and September 1980. The article was published by
3374:
1255:
1708:
meeting of government religious affairs agencies met to discuss strategies and tactics aimed at reducing the influence of the
Vatican and countering their activity. Part of the effort included mandatory "patriotic education" in Catholic seminaries to teach clergy about Soviet laws. Further, the Polish authorities held workshops with the media sources in the country to prepare them to respond to difficult questions about religious freedom that would arise domestically and internationally following the visit.
24:
1487:
particularly country altogether, some effort was made to create ânationalâ churches. These churches would be self-governing, maintain the outward symbols of the original liturgy and practice, and instead have clergy which were either obedient to the state or agents of the state. The
Soviets sent loyal agents to study at seminaries to learn how to perform the liturgy so that they could then install those clergymen in place of the validly ordained clergy.
1527:
Carrying packs which read âReligious Drugâ (red canister) and âChoking Gasâ (blue canister), and titled âImperialism and
Religion,â this piece of propaganda has the following message: "The popes and missionaries are laying tracks for capitalism and imperialistic oppression in the colonies, with the help of the poison drug of religion." It was a common practice in Soviet propaganda to link Catholicism with capitalism and imperialism. For example,
3362:
1209:
1518:, one of the first countries to fall under the Soviet rule, there was such a strong Catholic identity that it was not feasible to destroy it altogether. The Soviets instead kept one Catholic seminary open, infiltrated it with KGB agents, recruited seminarians, put mandatory pro-Soviet education in place, and attempted to use the Church to become a means of anti-religious policy.
1480:, Catholicism saw much growth in Russia. Russian nobility wanted to be more âWesternized,â and in their eyes, Russia was a âbackwardsâ state. Thus, to be Catholic was to embrace Western innovation and culture. By the time of the Revolution of 1917, there were two Latin-rite Catholic dioceses, one Eastern-rite Catholic exarchate, and 331 parishes on Russian territory.
1608:
the
Catholic hierarchy & conservatives on one side and the leftist Catholics on the other. For example, the âZnakâ publication in Poland blended intellectuals and religious talk, promoting Catholicism and attacking Communism. On the other hand, The publication âNeo-Znakâ was set up as a splinter group to publish anti-Vatican or pro-Soviet Catholic materials.
1547:
their existing religious rites, and promoted the spread of atheistic propaganda. While ostensibly permissive of religion compared to other Soviet states, in practice all religions, including
Catholicism, were persecuted and repressed. The state institutionalized this suppression & propagation of atheistic principles through the creation of the
1551:. Some efforts were institutionalized across the Soviet Union. For example, one publishing company started an atheist magazine, Nauka i Religiya, âScience and Religion.â The first issue, which included articles on the origins of the universe and a report on contemporary Russian Orthodoxy, ran an article attacking
1707:
During the Pope's visit to Poland in 1979, the pope distanced himself from the breakaway
Catholic groups, such as the âNeo-Znakâ publication, as he did not want to provide legitimacy to the groups which promoted Soviet goals & propaganda, according to one author. In response to the papal visit, a
1729:
If you choose the example of what we Poles have in our pockets and in our shops, then⊠communism has done very little for us. But if you choose the example of what is in our souls, I answer that communism has done very much for us. In fact our souls contain exactly the opposite of what they wanted.
1622:
wrote in 1987 of one instance where the state-controlled Polish media ran articles labeling priests as âpractitioners of black magic who, with the assistance of the Devil, serves the black mass of anticommunism in the church of St. Stanislaw Kostka,â and murdering the particularly anti-Soviet ones.
1486:
One confirmed way which the
Soviets attempted to gain influence & control in the Catholic Church was via infiltration. For example, some authors establish that the Soviets attempted to eliminate the subordination of local churches to the Vatican. When not attempting to destroy the Church in a
1691:
caused great alarm within the Soviet leadership. Following the election, the
Politburo in Poland held an emergency session to discuss the election and the impact it could have on heavily Catholic Poland. On the one hand, the Soviets maintained an official policy of atheism and continued atheistic
1607:
to fabricate a view of the Church hierarchy as supporting the cessation of struggles against
Communism, the efforts only backfired. Polish media issued a headline the next day which read, âPrimate of Poland censored!â As in Lithuania and Romania, the Soviets attempted to promote division between
1588:
trade union, the Communist leadership in Poland grew concerned about domestic instability. The result was a âmulti-facetedâ campaign, which included propaganda, suppression of unapproved religious activity, and international mobilization. Internationally, under the guise of a peace movement, the
1505:
Thus, the attempt was to remove any âforeignâ ties of the Church. In Romania in 1949, all Catholic bishops were arrested within the territory, along with priests, and congregations were dissolved. In Ukraine, instead of completely subduing the Church, Stalin conducted a forced integration of the
1563:
Second, propaganda was sent directly to the Catholic faithful, bypassing the Church hierarchy in order to avoid stirring any nationalist sentiments. This was indicative of the view of the Church as a separate, foreign entity that had to be dealt separately from the congregations. For example, the
1559:
Following World War II, the Soviets took over Catholic news sources, scholarly journals, and other means of communication to spread their message. For example, one author writes that once-Catholic theological journals would only sell copies within the Soviet Union, and were focused on converting
1546:
which had established official relations between the Holy See and Lithuania. Instead, the new Soviet Lithuanian constitution attempted to limit the continued spread of religion, particularly Catholicism. The constitution banned the proselytization of religious groups, allowed people to practice
1611:
In 1979, the KGB was given the task of publishing internationally articles capable of decreasing the international opinion of the Vatican. Similar to the censoring of Cardinal WyszyĆski, where only parts of his ideas were expressed in official news sources, the Polish media broadcast widely any
1572:
was portrayed as a type of religious liberation. Orthodox clergy entered Catholic churches and provided sermons giving praise to the Communist leaders for âunitingâ the Christendom in Romania and that this would provide greater liberty and freedom. In an attempt to control the seminaries in
1526:
Examples of specifically anti-Catholic propaganda after 1917 frequently include anti-Western or anti-Imperialism tones. In the example on the left, a depiction of Western Imperialism is pushing along a Catholic priest, who is completely reshaping the landscape of a colonial/tribal location.
1499:
The struggle against organized religion continued; it was especially vicious as far as Roman Catholicism was concerned, because it had ties beyond the limits of the Soviet sphere. Numerous members of the Catholic hierarchy were arrested and tried, including Cardinal Mindszenty in Hungary and
1668:
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, according to statements by former Soviet operatives, the alleged existence of a Soviet anti-Catholic propaganda operation came to light. âOperation Seat 12,â named for the fact that Pius XII was the 12th pope named Pius, was an alleged Soviet plot
1560:
Ukrainian Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy. In Romania, the strategy of the Communist leadership was to take a two-pronged approach to suppressing Catholicism. First, the leadership would deal with the official church hierarchy separately and without much media coverage.
1766:
provided a renewed Catholic resistance to the Soviets and the Soviet-led Orthodox control of Catholic lands, churches, and institutes. This inspired Ukrainian Greek-Catholics to renew their efforts to achieve official recognition from the Soviets.
1412:
1696:, now known to have been an illegal operative of the KGB serving as a diplomat, agent, and expert on Latin America and the Catholic Church. Grigulevich was known as an anti-Catholic voice in the USSR for his attacks on the broadcasts of
1612:
messages from Church hierarchy officials which could be construed to be instructing the people to submit to the Soviets. For example, following the declaration of Marshall Law in Poland in 1981, then archbishop â now cardinal â
1730:
They wanted us not to believe in God, and our churches are full. They wanted us to be materialistic and incapable of sacrifice. They wanted us to be afraid of the tanks, of the guns, and instead we don't fear them at all.
1647:
In 1949, Pius XII issued a decree prohibiting collaboration with communists. The Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults issued a response in the form of a published letter, which labelled the pope as a âwarmonger.â
1195:
1700:
as being âheated propaganda and destructive religious fanaticism.â Further, when the pope issued requests to the faithful to commemorate through prayer the murders of Polish Catholics by the Soviet
1669:
following the death of the pontiff to frame the war-time pope as a Nazi sympathizer and a weak puppet. One allegation was that part of Operation Seat 12 involved the production of the 1963 play,
1419:
1535:, at a meeting of the Romanian Grand National Assembly in 1948 portrayed the Vatican as leading the flock to the âgolden calfâ of America, a reference to greed, licentiousness, and corruption.
1237:
3293:
3298:
1500:
Archbishop Beran in Czechoslovakia. The religious persecution survived even Stalin's demise; the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, was arrested in September 1953.
1577:
1230:
334:
1395:
169:
1405:
1223:
2973:
969:
1787:
1469:
in the 16th Century and before. In the eyes of the Russian leadership, Catholicism was intrinsically linked with the West; therefore, attempts by the
516:
689:
1797:
1642:
874:
849:
64:
1802:
1360:
74:
1331:
3399:
2615:
1832:
1792:
99:
3404:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1755:; a large crowd took him to the episcopal palace in the city, and his first free action was to celebrate mass in honour of the resistance.
1842:
269:
79:
1548:
3031:
2966:
1573:
Romania, the Orthodox hierarchy conducted conferences where anti-Vatican theological journals would be presented and discussed.
964:
904:
3238:
3051:
1007:
3321:
3258:
3243:
3076:
1740:
Thus, it is clear that Polish nationalists linked their struggle against the Soviet Union with a struggle against atheism.
844:
1514:, thus despite an official policy of state atheism, some attempt to use religion to control the population was made. In
480:
3336:
3288:
3163:
3158:
2959:
2242:
1704:, the Soviets lumped the entire Church in with others taking part in âanti-Soviet action⊠with other hostile groups.â
1271:
974:
2939:
2906:
2875:
2790:
2546:
2521:
2463:
2413:
2275:
2095:
2062:
2031:
1979:
1948:
1782:
3123:
2361:
Leustean, Lucian (2007). "Constructing Communism in the Romanian People's Republic. Orthodoxy and State, 1948-49".
2326:
Leustean, Lucian (2007). "Constructing Communism in the Romanian People's Republic. Orthodoxy and State, 1948-49".
2291:
Leustean, Lucian (2007). "Constructing Communism in the Romanian People's Republic. Orthodoxy and State, 1948-49".
2138:
Leustean, Lucian (2007). "Constructing Communism in the Romanian People's Republic. Orthodoxy and State, 1948-49".
423:
1616:, called for nonviolence in Poland. The media portrayed the message as a call for submission to the authorities.
1585:
1507:
1263:
1031:
994:
3223:
1688:
1120:
984:
699:
669:
124:
1323:
3193:
3153:
3133:
3113:
3016:
1346:
1160:
922:
455:
1837:
1724:, summed up the contrasting Polish view of the Soviets and of Religion (specifically Catholicism) this way:
3326:
3128:
1777:
1748:
1037:
664:
209:
393:
3346:
3331:
3278:
3253:
3208:
3203:
3178:
3036:
2587:
Narkuté, Vilma (2006). "The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime".
2200:
Narkuté, Vilma (2006). "The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime".
2173:
Narkuté, Vilma (2006). "The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime".
2111:
Narkuté, Vilma (2006). "The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime".
1995:
Narkuté, Vilma (2006). "The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime".
1185:
1045:
709:
3316:
659:
3248:
3233:
3183:
3143:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3041:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
1580:
passed measures which called for increased & intensified atheistic propaganda, including enhancing
1140:
398:
388:
3341:
3283:
3228:
3218:
3198:
3188:
3173:
3168:
3148:
3118:
3086:
3071:
3046:
2982:
1597:
1491:
1452:
1275:
460:
302:
59:
32:
3213:
3138:
3108:
1569:
1532:
889:
714:
613:
349:
104:
69:
2756:
Ouimet, Matthew J. (2000). "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland".
2737:
Ouimet, Matthew J. (2000). "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland".
2718:
Ouimet, Matthew J. (2000). "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland".
2429:
Ouimet, Matthew J. (2000). "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland".
1898:
Filatov, Sergei; Vorontsova, Lyudmila (2000). "Catholic and Anti-Catholic Traditions in Russia".
1863:
Filatov, Sergei; Vorontsova, Lyudmila (2000). "Catholic and Anti-Catholic Traditions in Russia".
1511:
1282:
593:
2898:
2892:
2867:
2861:
2054:
2048:
1971:
1965:
1940:
1934:
1443:
to defame, undermine, or otherwise decrease or limit the role of the Catholic Church in Europe.
344:
2234:
2228:
1581:
1528:
1473:
to expand into Russia meant attempts by the West to expand its culture into Russian territory.
1050:
1024:
979:
654:
583:
249:
144:
2782:
2776:
2513:
2507:
2267:
2087:
2931:
2455:
2449:
2405:
1565:
720:
619:
229:
1339:
543:
522:
375:
309:
1752:
1624:
879:
760:
740:
339:
8:
1721:
1687:
The 1978 election of Karol JĂłzef WojtyĆa as John Paul II as the first Polish pope in the
1180:
989:
809:
588:
475:
470:
465:
1604:
704:
450:
3366:
2562:
2378:
2343:
2308:
2155:
1915:
1880:
1458:
1213:
854:
649:
445:
434:
428:
2935:
2924:
2902:
2871:
2786:
2600:
2542:
2517:
2459:
2409:
2398:
2382:
2347:
2312:
2271:
2260:
2238:
2213:
2186:
2159:
2124:
2091:
2080:
2058:
2027:
2008:
1975:
1944:
1693:
1657:
1601:
1590:
1543:
1466:
790:
727:
694:
599:
548:
262:
179:
174:
1919:
1884:
2842:
2815:
2700:
2673:
2646:
2596:
2488:
2370:
2335:
2300:
2209:
2182:
2147:
2120:
2004:
1907:
1872:
1717:
1627:(later beatified) was murdered within an unauthorized Internal Security operation.
1373:
1315:
1299:
770:
765:
734:
606:
440:
289:
189:
137:
40:
1751:, one of the first actions of the resistance was to retrieve imprisoned Cardinal
1552:
1477:
1254:
1075:
824:
796:
785:
558:
164:
117:
45:
1619:
899:
1759:
1697:
1291:
1100:
940:
894:
884:
753:
498:
184:
2846:
2833:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet Reaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2819:
2806:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet Reaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2704:
2691:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet Reaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2677:
2664:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet Reaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2650:
2637:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet REaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2492:
2479:
Corley, Felix (1994). "Soviet Reaction to the Election of Pope John Paul II".
2374:
2339:
2304:
2151:
1613:
3393:
3378:
1763:
1600:
proved futile. While Communist leadership attempted to use the words of the
1539:
953:
814:
780:
2951:
1682:
1440:
1070:
1019:
819:
629:
553:
538:
382:
369:
202:
157:
92:
23:
1720:, Chairman of the Solidarity movement, and, after the fall of communism,
1113:
1063:
1014:
867:
775:
563:
533:
528:
493:
314:
2026:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 302.
1807:
1670:
1663:
803:
624:
403:
1911:
1876:
2230:
Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States
1515:
933:
1673:, which is a dramatization depicting the Pope in a negative light.
3361:
1636:
1470:
1208:
1080:
1744:
1307:
957:
917:
642:
509:
1584:
training in the schools. In 1979, prior to the creation of the
1462:
1173:
1153:
1133:
1093:
682:
362:
327:
1494:
described the Stalinist view of the Catholic Church this way:
837:
576:
416:
282:
242:
222:
1578:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1701:
1387:
1303:
1589:
Soviets attempted to label the Vatican and newly elected
335:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
170:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
1843:
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union
1576:
In 1967, in response to growing Catholic unrest, the
1542:, including Lithuania. The government revoked the
970:
List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
2923:
2397:
2259:
2079:
1788:Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries
517:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
2233:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1897:
1862:
690:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
3391:
1798:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
1643:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
1439:, refer to those concerted efforts taken by the
850:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
1803:Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
1476:Particularly during and following the reign of
1465:had an Anti-Catholic Tradition, dating back to
1361:Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
1196:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions
1538:During World War II, the Soviets occupied the
2981:
2967:
2512:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
1793:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
1413:
1386:1991 return of exiled priests and bishops to
1231:
100:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2781:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
2454:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
2021:
270:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
80:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
2974:
2960:
2897:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. pp.
2866:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. pp.
2539:Open Letters: Selected Writings, 1965-1990
1970:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. pp.
1939:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. pp.
1549:Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults
1420:
1406:
1238:
1224:
2053:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. p.
1833:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970sâ1990)
70:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism
2541:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 289.
2360:
2325:
2290:
2226:
2137:
1828:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958â1964)
1823:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928â1941)
1818:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921â1928)
1813:USSR anti-religious campaign (1917â1921)
700:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945â1990
2930:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p.
2890:
2859:
2613:
2586:
2404:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p.
2266:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p.
2199:
2172:
2110:
2086:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p.
2046:
1994:
1963:
1932:
3392:
2894:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
2863:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
2832:
2805:
2755:
2736:
2717:
2690:
2663:
2636:
2478:
2428:
2050:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
1967:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
1936:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
965:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
65:Catholic Church persecutions 1939â1958
2955:
2921:
2758:The Slavonic and East European Review
2739:The Slavonic and East European Review
2720:The Slavonic and East European Review
2536:
2431:The Slavonic and East European Review
2395:
2257:
2077:
1285:to forced dissolution in Soviet Union
3400:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
2616:"KGB bid to depict pope as anti-Jew"
1676:
1651:
1433:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
1354:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
1191:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
845:Violence against Christians in India
60:Historical persecution of Christians
3405:Religious persecution by communists
2774:
2614:Follain, John (February 19, 2007).
2505:
2447:
481:Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
13:
2563:"Polish priest 'martyr' beatified"
1838:Persecution of Muslims in the USSR
1394:2005 transfer of See from Lviv to
1272:History of Christianity in Ukraine
975:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
594:Persecution of Christians in China
14:
3416:
2778:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
2509:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
2451:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
1783:Soviet anti-religious legislation
3372:
3360:
2601:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2006.00105.x
2214:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2006.00105.x
2187:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2006.00105.x
2125:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2006.00105.x
2009:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2006.00105.x
1630:
1381:Since re-legalization in Ukraine
1253:
1207:
424:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
22:
2915:
2884:
2853:
2826:
2799:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2684:
2657:
2630:
2607:
2580:
2555:
2530:
2499:
2472:
2441:
2422:
2389:
2354:
2319:
2284:
2251:
2220:
2193:
2166:
2131:
2024:Russia in the twentieth century
1593:as belligerents against peace.
1508:Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
1264:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
1032:Oregon Compulsory Education Act
995:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2104:
2071:
2040:
2015:
1988:
1957:
1926:
1891:
1856:
1689:history of the Catholic Church
1437:Soviet Anti-Catholic Campaigns
1121:Catholic Church in North Korea
985:Dissolution of the Monasteries
125:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1:
2835:Religion, State & Society
2808:Religion, State & Society
2693:Religion, State & Society
2666:Religion, State & Society
2639:Religion, State & Society
2481:Religion, State & Society
1900:Religion, State & Society
1865:Religion, State & Society
1849:
1711:
1521:
1347:Council for Religious Affairs
1161:2021 Canadian church burnings
923:Religious violence in Nigeria
456:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
75:Eastern Catholic persecutions
2775:Ash, Timothy Garton (2002).
2506:Ash, Timothy Garton (2002).
2448:Ash, Timothy Garton (2002).
2022:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
1778:Religion in the Soviet Union
1749:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1564:forcible integration of the
1038:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
210:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
7:
1770:
1531:, General Secretary of the
1324:Conversion of CheĆm Eparchy
1186:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy
1046:Philadelphia nativist riots
10:
3421:
2983:Catholic Church in Europe
1680:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1596:The attempts to quell the
1450:
1446:
1141:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
710:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
399:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
16:Soviet cultural phenomenon
3355:
3307:
3269:
2989:
2922:Davis, Nathaniel (2003).
2847:10.1080/09637499408431622
2820:10.1080/09637499408431622
2705:10.1080/09637499408431622
2678:10.1080/09637499408431622
2651:10.1080/09637499408431622
2493:10.1080/09637499408431622
2396:Davis, Nathaniel (2003).
2375:10.1080/09668130601127060
2340:10.1080/09668130601127060
2305:10.1080/09668130601127060
2258:Davis, Nathaniel (2003).
2152:10.1080/09668130601127060
2078:Davis, Nathaniel (2003).
1598:Catholic Church in Poland
1453:Catholic Church in Russia
1276:Eastern Catholic Churches
303:European wars of religion
1570:Romanian Orthodox Church
1533:Romanian Communist Party
1101:Murder of Andrea Santoro
614:Ad Apostolorum principis
350:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
105:Diocletianic Persecution
2891:Crozier, Brian (1999).
2860:Crozier, Brian (1999).
2227:Anderson, John (1994).
2047:Crozier, Brian (1999).
1964:Crozier, Brian (1999).
1933:Crozier, Brian (1999).
1623:Indeed, in 1984 priest
1512:Russian Orthodox Church
1283:Ruthenian Uniate Church
905:1989 murders of Jesuits
3367:Catholicism portal
3032:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2537:Havel, VĂĄclav (1992).
1732:
1582:Scientific materialism
1529:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1502:
1214:Catholicism portal
1051:Ursuline Convent riots
980:Irish Catholic Martyrs
875:Four U.S. missionaries
584:Martyr Saints of China
250:Maspero demonstrations
145:Massacre of the Latins
2926:A Long Walk to Church
2400:A Long Walk to Church
2262:A Long Walk to Church
2082:A Long Walk to Church
1727:
1566:Greek Catholic Church
1497:
1332:First diaspora bishop
721:In Poloniae annalibus
670:Marcel Nguyá»
n TĂąn VÄn
620:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
230:Christianity in Sudan
544:Bernhard Lichtenberg
523:Mit brennender Sorge
461:JosĂ© MarĂa of Manila
394:JosĂ© SĂĄnchez del RĂo
376:Iniquis afflictisque
345:Martyrs of CompiĂšgne
3270:States with limited
2363:Europe-Asia Studies
2328:Europe-Asia Studies
2293:Europe-Asia Studies
2140:Europe-Asia Studies
1722:President of Poland
1181:Martyrs of Pratulin
890:Ignacio MartĂn-BarĂł
589:Auguste Chapdelaine
476:522 Spanish Martyrs
471:498 Spanish Martyrs
466:233 Spanish Martyrs
1459:Russian Revolution
855:Devasahayam Pillai
650:Vietnamese Martyrs
446:Martyrs of Daimiel
435:Dilectissima Nobis
118:Neo-Persian Empire
3387:
3386:
3379:Europe portal
1912:10.1080/713694747
1877:10.1080/713694747
1753:JĂłzsef Mindszenty
1694:Iosif Grigulevich
1677:Pope John Paul II
1658:Operation Seat 12
1652:Operation Seat 12
1602:Primate of Poland
1591:Pope John Paul II
1586:Polish Solidarity
1544:Concordat of 1925
1467:Ivan the Terrible
1430:
1429:
1298:1806 transfer of
1248:
1247:
880:Ignacio EllacurĂa
791:Aloysius Stepinac
761:JĂłzsef Mindszenty
741:Jerzy PopieĆuszko
728:Gloriosam Reginam
695:Maksymilian Kolbe
655:Andrew of PhĂș YĂȘn
600:Ad Sinarum gentem
549:Max Josef Metzger
340:War in the Vendée
310:Thirty Years' War
263:Islamic terrorism
180:Assyrian genocide
175:Armenian genocide
3412:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3308:Dependencies and
3249:Northern Ireland
2990:Sovereign states
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2929:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:. The Australian
2611:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1860:
1747:, following the
1736:
1605:Stefan WyszyĆski
1435:, including the
1422:
1415:
1408:
1374:Major Archbishop
1316:Synod of Polotsk
1300:Metropolitan See
1257:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1212:
1211:
771:Severian Baranyk
766:Eugene Bossilkov
735:Invicti athletae
705:Stefan WyszyĆski
660:Nguyá»
n VÄn Thuáșn
607:Cupimus Imprimis
451:Bartolomé Blanco
441:Martyrs of Turon
290:Martyrs of Japan
190:Kosheh massacres
165:Muslim conquests
138:Byzantine Empire
26:
19:
18:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3359:
3351:
3309:
3303:
3289:Northern Cyprus
3271:
3265:
3164:North Macedonia
2985:
2980:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2854:
2831:
2827:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2773:
2769:
2754:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2689:
2685:
2662:
2658:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2589:New Blackfriars
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2504:
2500:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2446:
2442:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2394:
2390:
2359:
2355:
2324:
2320:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2225:
2221:
2202:New Blackfriars
2198:
2194:
2175:New Blackfriars
2171:
2167:
2136:
2132:
2113:New Blackfriars
2109:
2105:
2098:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2016:
1997:New Blackfriars
1993:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1927:
1896:
1892:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1773:
1738:
1734:
1714:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1558:
1553:Pope John XXIII
1524:
1503:
1478:Peter the Great
1455:
1449:
1426:
1367:Church in Exile
1262:History of the
1244:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1076:Pedro Calungsod
1066:
1056:
1055:
1010:
1000:
999:
960:
946:
945:
936:
926:
925:
920:
910:
909:
870:
860:
859:
840:
830:
829:
825:Theodore Romzha
797:Meminisse iuvat
786:Zynoviy Kovalyk
756:
746:
745:
685:
675:
674:
665:TrÆ°ÆĄng Bá»u Diá»p
645:
635:
634:
579:
569:
568:
559:Erich Klausener
512:
502:
501:
496:
486:
485:
419:
409:
408:
365:
355:
354:
330:
320:
319:
305:
295:
294:
285:
275:
274:
265:
255:
254:
245:
235:
234:
225:
215:
214:
205:
195:
194:
160:
150:
149:
140:
130:
129:
120:
110:
109:
95:
85:
84:
55:
46:Catholic Church
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3310:other entities
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3239:United Kingdom
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Czech Republic
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2914:
2907:
2883:
2876:
2852:
2825:
2798:
2791:
2767:
2748:
2729:
2710:
2683:
2656:
2629:
2606:
2579:
2554:
2547:
2529:
2522:
2498:
2471:
2464:
2440:
2421:
2414:
2388:
2353:
2318:
2283:
2276:
2250:
2244:978-0521467841
2243:
2219:
2192:
2165:
2130:
2103:
2096:
2070:
2063:
2039:
2032:
2014:
1987:
1980:
1956:
1949:
1925:
1890:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1760:Czechoslovakia
1726:
1713:
1710:
1698:Radio Vaticana
1681:Main article:
1678:
1675:
1656:Main article:
1653:
1650:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1523:
1520:
1496:
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:1963 Title of
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1292:Union of Brest
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
941:Stanley Rother
937:
932:
931:
928:
927:
921:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
897:
895:Segundo Montes
892:
887:
885:Rutilio Grande
882:
877:
871:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
841:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:SĂĄra SalkahĂĄzi
807:
800:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
754:Eastern Europe
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
731:
724:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
646:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
610:
603:
596:
591:
586:
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
519:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:Titus Brandsma
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
431:
426:
420:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
379:
372:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
306:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
226:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
206:
201:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
187:
185:Greek genocide
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
96:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Faroe Islands
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:South Ossetia
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Liechtenstein
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2943:
2941:0-8133-4067-5
2937:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2910:
2908:0-7615-2057-0
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2877:0-7615-2057-0
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2792:0-300-09568-6
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2595:(1011): 471.
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2548:0-679-73811-8
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2523:0-300-09568-6
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2465:0-300-09568-6
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2415:0-8133-4067-5
2411:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2277:0-8133-4067-5
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2208:(1011): 468.
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2181:(1011): 458.
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2119:(1011): 469.
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2097:0-8133-4067-5
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2064:0-7615-2057-0
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2033:0-13-097852-3
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2003:(1011): 465.
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1981:0-7615-2057-0
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1950:0-7615-2057-0
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1764:Prague Spring
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1631:Pope Pius XII
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1540:Baltic States
1536:
1534:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:Prior to the
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:Synod of Lviv
1337:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:United States
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:Great Britain
950:
949:
942:
939:
938:
935:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
913:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
864:
863:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Walter Ciszek
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:
801:
799:
798:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:Drina Martyrs
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
489:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:
380:
378:
377:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
324:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
298:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
267:
264:
259:
258:
251:
248:
247:
244:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:
211:
208:
207:
204:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
126:
123:
122:
119:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
94:
89:
88:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
47:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3299:Transnistria
2925:
2917:
2893:
2886:
2862:
2855:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2699:(1): 41â42.
2696:
2692:
2686:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2609:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2569:. 2010-06-06
2566:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2508:
2501:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2399:
2391:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2261:
2253:
2229:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2081:
2073:
2049:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1966:
1959:
1935:
1928:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1871:(1): 69â84.
1868:
1864:
1858:
1757:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1715:
1706:
1686:
1683:John Paul II
1667:
1646:
1620:VĂĄclav Havel
1618:
1610:
1595:
1575:
1562:
1557:
1537:
1525:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1456:
1441:Soviet Union
1436:
1432:
1431:
1353:
1270:
1190:
1071:Lorenzo Ruiz
1036:
1025:
1020:Know Nothing
900:Ăscar Romero
820:Pietro Leoni
802:
795:
733:
726:
719:
630:Dominic Tang
612:
605:
598:
554:Karl Leisner
539:Rupert Mayer
521:
433:
383:Acerba animi
381:
374:
370:Cristero War
203:Saudi Arabia
158:Muslim world
93:Roman Empire
41:Persecutions
3337:Isle of Man
3272:recognition
3224:Switzerland
3159:Netherlands
2622:November 3,
1762:, the 1968
1735:Lech WaĆÄsa
1718:Lech WaĆÄsa
1716:In Poland,
1625:PopieĆuszko
1614:JĂłzef Glemp
1114:North Korea
1064:Philippines
1015:James Coyle
868:El Salvador
776:Josef Beran
564:Kulturkampf
534:Alois Grimm
529:Alfred Delp
494:Netherlands
315:Reformation
3394:Categories
3194:San Marino
3154:Montenegro
3134:Luxembourg
3114:Kazakhstan
3017:Azerbaijan
2573:2016-02-28
2369:(2): 325.
2334:(2): 314.
2299:(2): 312.
2146:(2): 311.
1850:References
1808:Red Terror
1712:Resistance
1671:The Deputy
1664:The Deputy
1662:See also:
1641:See also:
1522:Propaganda
1026:The Menace
990:Penal Laws
804:Anni sacri
625:Beda Chang
429:Red Terror
404:Miguel Pro
3327:Gibraltar
3129:Lithuania
2841:(1): 43.
2814:(1): 42.
2764:(4): 719.
2745:(4): 715.
2726:(4): 714.
2672:(1): 41.
2645:(1): 40.
2487:(1): 44.
2437:(4): 713.
2383:143461827
2348:143461827
2313:143461827
2160:143461827
1906:(1): 71.
1568:with the
1516:Lithuania
1510:with the
1461:of 1917,
1376:conferred
934:Guatemala
3347:Svalbard
3332:Guernsey
3279:Abkhazia
3254:Scotland
3209:Slovenia
3204:Slovakia
3179:Portugal
3037:Bulgaria
1920:73604064
1885:73604064
1771:See also
1637:Pius XII
1471:Holy See
1081:Gomburza
715:Policies
54:Overview
33:a series
31:Part of
3244:England
3234:Ukraine
3184:Romania
3144:Moldova
3102:Ireland
3097:Iceland
3092:Hungary
3082:Germany
3077:Georgia
3067:Finland
3062:Estonia
3057:Denmark
3042:Croatia
3027:Belgium
3022:Belarus
3012:Austria
3007:Armenia
3002:Andorra
2997:Albania
1745:Hungary
1447:History
1308:Lemberg
958:Ireland
918:Nigeria
643:Vietnam
510:Germany
44:of the
3342:Jersey
3284:Kosovo
3229:Turkey
3219:Sweden
3199:Serbia
3189:Russia
3174:Poland
3169:Norway
3149:Monaco
3119:Latvia
3087:Greece
3072:France
3047:Cyprus
2938:
2905:
2874:
2789:
2545:
2520:
2462:
2412:
2381:
2346:
2311:
2274:
2241:
2158:
2094:
2061:
2030:
1978:
1947:
1918:
1883:
1492:author
1463:Russia
1174:Russia
1154:Canada
1134:Norway
1094:Turkey
683:Poland
389:Saints
363:Mexico
328:France
3317:Ă
land
3259:Wales
3214:Spain
3139:Malta
3109:Italy
2379:S2CID
2344:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2156:S2CID
1916:S2CID
1881:S2CID
1338:1946
1330:1907
1322:1875
1314:1839
1302:from
1290:1595
838:India
577:China
417:Spain
283:Japan
243:Egypt
223:Sudan
2936:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2624:2012
2543:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1702:NKVD
1490:One
1396:Kyiv
1388:Lviv
1304:Kyiv
956:and
2899:191
2868:358
2843:doi
2816:doi
2783:176
2701:doi
2674:doi
2647:doi
2597:doi
2567:BBC
2514:280
2489:doi
2371:doi
2336:doi
2301:doi
2268:203
2210:doi
2183:doi
2148:doi
2121:doi
2088:240
2055:101
2005:doi
1972:112
1941:107
1908:doi
1873:doi
1758:In
1743:In
1306:to
3396::
2934:.
2932:49
2901:.
2870:.
2839:22
2837:.
2812:22
2810:.
2785:.
2762:78
2760:.
2743:78
2741:.
2724:78
2722:.
2697:22
2695:.
2670:22
2668:.
2643:22
2641:.
2593:87
2591:.
2565:.
2516:.
2485:22
2483:.
2458:.
2456:65
2435:78
2433:.
2408:.
2406:48
2377:.
2367:59
2365:.
2342:.
2332:59
2330:.
2307:.
2297:59
2295:.
2270:.
2237:.
2235:44
2206:87
2204:.
2179:87
2177:.
2154:.
2144:59
2142:.
2117:87
2115:.
2090:.
2057:.
2001:87
1999:.
1974:.
1943:.
1914:.
1904:28
1902:.
1879:.
1869:28
1867:.
1555:.
1483:.
35:on
2975:e
2968:t
2961:v
2944:.
2911:.
2880:.
2849:.
2845::
2822:.
2818::
2795:.
2707:.
2703::
2680:.
2676::
2653:.
2649::
2626:.
2603:.
2599::
2576:.
2551:.
2526:.
2495:.
2491::
2468:.
2418:.
2385:.
2373::
2350:.
2338::
2315:.
2303::
2280:.
2247:.
2216:.
2212::
2189:.
2185::
2162:.
2150::
2127:.
2123::
2100:.
2067:.
2036:.
2011:.
2007::
1984:.
1953:.
1922:.
1910::
1887:.
1875::
1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1239:e
1232:t
1225:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
